Chapter XXVI: What Germany Must Learn

The German plot.—What the Czar’s prohibition order did.—Where
Germany miscalculated.—Where England and America failed to
understand.—An appeal to force must be answered by force.—Effect
of the Russian revolution.—“It never must happen again.”—The
league to enforce peace.—The final lesson.

Before 1914 friends of peace in all countries, but especially in
English speaking lands, had hoped that there would never again be
a real war between civilized nations.

Among the people of the United States and Great Britain it was
unbelievable that any group of responsible rulers would
deliberately plot, in the twentieth century, the enslaving of the
world through military force, as we now know that the war lords
of Prussia and Austria planned it. However, the plot was not only
made but was almost successful. They made, though, a great
mistake in the case of England. They were sure that she would not
enter the war. Her turn was to come later on, after France and
Russia had been crushed. The German leaders were also mistaken in
calculating the time that Russia would take to mobilize her
troops. In 1904, at the outbreak of the war against Japan, the
Russian soldiers had become so drunk that it was many weeks
before they could be gotten into any kind of military shape. But
at the outbreak of the great “world-war” the order of the Czar
which stopped the sale of strong drink changed all of Prussia’s
plans. Instead of taking two or three months to assemble her
army, Russia had her troops marching in a mighty force through
the German province of East Prussia three weeks after the war had
opened. The result was that the German soldiers had to be sent
back from northern France to stop the victorious march of the
Slavs. The battle of the Marne, fought in the first week of
September, 1914, decided the fate of the world. It hung in the
balance long enough to prove that a small addition to the forces
on either side might have made all the difference in the world in
the final outcome. The little British army, which was less than
one-eighth of the force of the Allied side, probably furnished
the factor that defeated the Germans. The presence in the battle
of the German troops who had been withdrawn to stop the Russians,
might have given victory to the invaders.

Germany made a mistake, also, in expecting Italy to join in the
attack on France. Any one of these three factors might have won
the war in short order for the forces of Austria and Germany.
With France crushed, as she might have been, in spite of her
heroic resistance, without the help of the tiny British army, or
with the intervention of Italy on the side of her former allies,
it would have been no difficult task for the combined forces of
Germany and Austria to pound the vast Russian armies into
confusion, collect a big indemnity from both France and Russia,
and be back home, as the Kaiser had promised, before the leaves
fell from the trees.

As has been said, the great majority of the citizens in nations
where the people rule, could not believe that in this day and age
the rulers of any civilized country would deliberately plot
robbery and piracy on so grand a scale. They had looked forward
to the time when all nations might disarm and live in peace with
their neighbors. In France alone, of all the western nations, was
there any clear idea of the Prussian plan. France, having learned
the temper of the Prussian war lords in 1870, France, burdened by
a national debt heaped high by the big indemnity collected by the
Germans in ’71, looked in apprehension to the east and leaped to
arms at the first rattling of the Prussian saber.

Germany, up to 1866 renowned chiefly for her poets, musicians,
and thinkers, had since been fed for nearly fifty years upon the
doctrine that military force is the only power in the world worth
considering. Some of the German people still cling to the high
ideals of their ancestors, but the majority had drunk deeply of
the wine of conquest and were intoxicated with the idea that
Germany’s mission in life was to conquer all the other nations of
the world and rule them for their own good by German thoroughness
and by German efficiency. It may take many years to stamp this
feeling out of the German nation. As they have worshipped force
and appealed to force as the settler of all questions, so they
will listen to reason only after they have been thoroughly
crushed by a superior force. The sufferings brought upon the
German nation by the war have had a great effect in making them
doubt whether, after all, force is a good thing. As long as the
people could be kept enthusiastic through stories of wonderful
victories over the Russians, the Serbians, and then the
Roumanians, they were contented to endure all manner of
hardships.

Someone has said that no people are happier than those living in
a despotism, if the right kind of man is the despot. So the
German people, although they were governed strictly by the
military rule, nevertheless, were contented as long as they were
prosperous and victorious in war. With the rumors and fears of
defeat, however, they began to doubt their government. There are
indications that sweeping reforms in the election of
representatives in the Reichstag and in the power of that body
itself will take place before long.

The Russian revolution was in some respects a blow to the central
powers. In the first place the fact that Russia had a despot for
a ruler while England, France, and Italy were countries where the
people elected their law makers, made it impossible that there
should be the best of understanding between the allies. Then,
again, the various peoples of Austria-Hungary, while they were
not happy under the rule of the Hapsburg family, were afraid
lest, if they became subjects of the Czar, it would be “jumping
from the frying pan into the fire.” They would rather bear the
evils of the Austrian rule than risk what the Czar and the grand
dukes might do to them. Turkey, likewise, was bound to stick to
Germany to the end, because of her fear that Russia would seize
Constantinople. When the new government of Russia, then,
announced that they did not desire to annex by force any
territory, but only wished to free the peoples who were in
bondage, it removed the fear of the Turks as far as their capital
city was concerned; it showed the Poles, Ruthenians, and Czechs
of Austria that they were in no danger of being swallowed up in
the Russian empire, but that, on the other hand, the Russians
wanted them to be free, like themselves; it showed the German
people how easily a whole nation, when united, could get rid of
its rulers, and encouraged the bold spirits who had never favored
the military rule.

The nations of the Entente, including the United States, are now
united in an effort to stamp out the curse of feudalism in
Austria and in Germany—a curse which has disappeared from all
other parts of the civilized world. They are united to crush the
military spirit of conquest which exists among the war leaders of
the Prussians. They are pledged “to make the world safe for
democracy” as President Wilson has said; to do away with the rule
of force. So long as the governments of Germany, Austria, and
Turkey place the military power at all times above the civil
power, so long will it be necessary to police the world. There
must be no repetition of the savage attack of August, 1914. There
was a time when many of us believed that some one nation, by
disbanding its army and refusing to build warships, might set an
example of disarming which all the world would finally follow. It
now is plain that there must be a “League to Enforce Peace” as
Ex-President Taft and other American statesmen have declared. The
United States, Great Britain, Russia, France, Italy, Belgium,
Portugal, Serbia, Greece, together with Spain, Holland, Norway,
Sweden, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and other nations where the
will of the people is the law, must unite in an alliance which
will insist on arbitration as a means of settling disputes.

In 1870, Great Britain and the United States had a dispute which
might well have led to war. Instead of fighting over it, however,
they laid their trouble before a court of five men, a Swiss, an
Italian, a Brazilian, an Englishman, and an American. This court,
by a vote of four to one, decided against England, and England
accepted the decision as final, although it cost her many
millions of dollars.

The League to Enforce Peace must insist that each nation in the
world maintain only a small force of soldiers, to be used as
police for its own affairs, and there must be an international
police to settle all differences between nations and to enforce
the orders of the court of arbitration. In time (no one knows how
soon) the people of Germany and Austria will be freed from the
military rule which now has the power to hurl them into war. When
that day arrives and they learn that they have been led astray by
Treitschke and Bernhardi, who preached that war was a blessing to
a nation and that only the powerful nations had the right to
survive, they will know that “Thou shalt not kill” is just as
strong a commandment today as when it first was uttered.

Sometime, nations will learn that other nations have the right to
live, and that no country can wrong another through force of arms
without suffering for it in the end. In a blunted conscience, in
the loss of the sympathy of the rest of the world, in a lessening
of the Christ-spirit of doing good to others, the nation which
resorts to force to gratify its own selfish ends, like the
individual, pays the full penalty for its misdeeds. It, was a
great American who said, “The world is my country and mankind are
my brothers.”

Questions for Review

Why did England and the United States fail to understand
Germany?

What right would Germany have had to an indemnity?

What great change took place in Germany after 1866?

Why must the war go on till Germany is crushed?

What lesson must Germany learn?

Why have the South American republics fought so many wars?

Suggest some solution for the problem of war.

What is meant by arbitration?

What was the greatest mistake of those who planned the war?

How did the Russian Revolution help the cause of the Entente?

What is the greatest lesson taught by the war?

Pronouncing Glossary

In this glossary it will be noted that as a general rule the
English pronunciation is given for names that have become at all
familiar in history or geography. Thus the English Crā′cōw is
given instead of the Polish Krȧ′ko͝of or the German Krä′kau.

On the other hand names like Koumanova or Dobrudja must be given
as the natives of these places pronounce them, as there is no
recognized English pronunciation.

In certain cases where there are several current pronunciations,
the author has been forced to make a selection, arbitrarily. Thus
a seaport in Greece, which has changed hands recently, has no
less than five names. Its Greek name is pronounced
Thĕssȧlōnyi′ki, while other nations term it variously
Sȧlōni′kā, Sĕlȧnïk′, Sō′lōn, Sȧlōni′ki or Salō′nicȧ.

Some sounds, again, it is almost impossible for English speaking
people to reproduce. These are indicated by English syllables
which approximate them as nearly as possible.

Not every proper noun which is used in the text will be found
pronounced in the glossary. It is assumed that such names as
Austria, Bismarck, etc., can hardly be mispronounced.

Aboukir (ä′bö̈ kïr) Aegean (ē jē′ăn) Agadir (ȧ gȧ dïr′) Aix-la-Chapelle (āks lä shȧpĕl′) Albania (ăl bā′nï ȧ) Algeciras (ăl jĕ si′rȧs) or (ȧljĕ sï′rȧs) Alsace (ȧl sȧs′) Andrassy (ȧn drȧs′sy̆) Aragon (ă′rȧ gŏn) Armada (är mä′dȧ) Armenians (är mē′nï ȧns) Arminius (är mĭn′ï ŭs) Avlona (ȧv lō′ṅa) Baden (bä′dĕn) Balkan (bȧl kän′) or (bôl′kän) Banat (bȧn′ȧt) Basques (bȧsks) Bastille (bȧ stïl′) Bavaria (bȧ vā′rï ȧ) Belfort (bĕl′fôr) Bernadotte (bēr′nȧ dŏt) Bessarabia (bĕs sȧ rā′bï ȧ) or (bĕs sȧ rä′bï ȧ) Bismarck-Schönausen (shẽn how′zĕn) Blenheim (blĕn′ĕm) or (blĕn′hīm) Boer (bo͞or) Bohemia (bōhē′mīȧ) Bonaparte (bō′nȧ pärt) Bosnia (bŏz′ni̇ ȧ) Bourbon (bo͞or′bŭn) Brandenburg (brăn′dĕn bûrg) Breton (brē′ton) or (brĕt′ŭn) Brusiloff (brū si′lŏff) Bukowina (bo͝o kō vï′nȧ) Bulgaria (bŭl gā′ri̇ ȧ) Burgundians (bûr′gŭn’dï ȧns) Burgundy (bûr′gŭn dy) Byzantium (by̆ zăn′tï ̆um) Caesar (sēz′ēr) Carniola (cȧr nï ō′lȧ) Carpathian (cãr pā′thï ȧn) Carthage (cȧr′thāj) Castile (cȧs til′) Castlereagh (căs′l rā) Cavour (cȧ vo͞or′) Charlemagne (shär lĕ mān′) Chauvinists (shō′vĭn ĭsts) Cicero (sĭs′ē rō) Cimbri (sĭm′brï) Cincinnatus (sĭn sĭn nä′tŭs) Constantine (cŏn′stăn tïn) Cracow (crā′cō) Crimea (crĭ mē′ȧ) Croatia (crō ä′tï ȧ) or (crōä′shȧ) Czech (chĕk) Dacians (dā′shŭnz) Dalmatia (dăl mā′shï ȧ) Théophile Delcassé (tā′ō fïl dĕl cȧ sä′) Deutschland (doitsh′lȧnd) Devonshire (dĕv′ŏn shïr) Disraeli (dĭz rā′lĭ) Dobrudja (dō bro͝od′jȧ) Dreibund (drī′bo͝ond) Durazzo (dū rȧt′zö) Emmanuel (ĕm măn′ū ĕl) Entente Cordiale (ȧn tȧnt′côr dyȧl′) Enver Bey (ĕn′vẽr bā′) Epinal (ĕp′ï nȧl) Epirus (ĕp ī′rŭs) Erse (ērs) Esthonians (ĕs thō′nï ănz) Etruscans (ē trŭs′cănz) Euphrates (ū frā′tēz) Fashoda (fȧ shō′dȧ) Fiume (fï ū′me) Gaelic (gā′lĭc) Galicia (găl ĭ′shȧ) Gallipoli (găl ĭ′pōlï) Garibaldi (gȧr ï bȧl′dï) Gerard (jĕr ärd′) Germanic (jẽr măn′ĭc) Glamis (glăm′ĭs) Gortchakoff (gôr′chȧ kŏf) Goths (gŏths) Granada (grȧ nä′dȧ) Hannibal (hăn′nĭ bl) Hanover (hăn′ō vẽr) Herzegovina (hārt′sĕ gō vï′nȧ) Hesse-Darmstadt (hĕs sĕ därm′stȧt) Hindustan (hĭn do͞o stän′) Hohenzollern (hō ĕn tsŏl′ẽrn) Holstein (hōl′stīn) Illyrians (ĭ ly̆r′ĭ ȧns) Istria (ĭs′trï ȧ) Janina (yȧ nï′nȧ) Janus (jā′nŭs) Jonescu (jō nĕs′ko͞o) Jutes (jūts) Kaiser (kī′zẽr) Kaspar (kăs′pär) Kavala (kȧ vä′ lȧ) Kerensky (kĕ rĕn′skĭ) Khartoom (kär to͞om′) Korea (kō rē′ȧ) Kȯrniloff (kor nï′lŏff) Koumanova (ko͞o mä′nō vȧ) Lamar (lȧ mär′) Leon (lē′ŏn) Liege (lï ĕzh′) Lithuania (lĭth o͞o ā′nīȧ) Longwy (lŏng′vy̆) Lorraine (lôr rān′) Macedonia (mă sē dō′nï ȧ) Magyar (mŏd′yär) Manchuria (măn chū′rï ȧ) Marathon (măr′ȧ thŏn) Marchand (mär shän′) Maria Theresa (mä rī′ä tĕr ēs′ä) Marlborough (märl′bō rō) Marsala (mär sä′lȧ) Marseillaise (mär sĕl yāz′) Mazzini (mȧt sï′nï) Mesopotamia (mĕs ō pō tā′mĭ ä) Metternich (mĕt′tẽr nĭkh) Milioukoff (mĭl yo͞o′kŏff) Mirabeau (mĭr′ȧ bō) Modena (mō dē′nȧ) or (mō′dā nȧ) Mohammedan (mō hăm′mĕd ȧn) Moltke (mōlt′kȧ) Monastir (mō nȧ stïr′) Montenegrin (mŏn tē nē′grĭn) Montenegro (mŏn tē nē′grō) Moslems (mŏz′lĕmz) Murat (mü′rä) Napoleon (nȧ pō′lē ŏn) Nice (nïs) Northumberland (nôrth ŭm′bẽr lănd) Novibazar (nō′vĭ bȧ zär′) Ostrogoths (ŏs′trō gŏths) Ottoman (ŏt′tō mȧn) Parma (pär′mȧ) Piedmont (pēd′mŏnt) Pola (pō′lä) Poland (pō′lănd) Pomerania (pŏm ĕr ā′nï ȧ) Pyrenees (pĭr′ĕn ēēz) Rasputin (räs po͞o′tïn) Reichstag (rīkhs′tägh) Riga (rï′gȧ) Romansh (rō mȧnsh′) Roon (rōn) Roumani (ro͞o mä′nï) Roumania (ro͞o mā′nï ȧ) Ruthenian (ro͝o thē′nï ȧn) Sadowa (sä′dō vȧ) Salonika (sȧ′lō nï′kȧ) Sanjak (sȧn jȧk′) San Stephano (sȧn stĕ fä′nö) Saône (sōn) Sarajevo (sä rä yĕ′vō) Sardinia (sär dĭn′i̇ ȧ) Sarrail (sȧr rī′) Savoy (sȧ voy′) Saxony (săx′ōn y̆) Sazanof (sä′zä nŏff) Scandinavian (scăn dĭ nā′vĭ ȧn) Schleswig (shlĕs′vĭg) Scutari (sko͞o′tä rï) Serbia (sẽr′bĭ ȧ) Silesia (sĭl ē′shȧ) Skipetars (skïp′ĕ tarz) Slavic (slä′vĭc) Slavonia (slȧ vō′nï ȧ) Slavonic (slȧ vŏn′ĭc) Slavs (slävz) Slovak (slō väk′) Slovenes (slō vēnz′) Slovenian (slō vē′nï ȧn) Sobieski (sō bĭ ĕs′kĭ) Stoessel (stēs′sĕl) Strasbourg (strȧs′bo͝org) Styria (sty̆′rĭ ȧ) Suevi (swē′vï) Syria (sy̆r′ï ȧ) Take (tä kā) Talleyrand (tȧl′lā rȧn) Teutones (tū tō′nēz) Teutonic (tū tŏn′ĭc) Thessaly (thĕs′sȧ ly̆) Thracians (thrā′shŭnz) Tigris (tī′grĭs) Toul (to͞ol) Transylvania (trăn sy̆l vā′nï ȧ) Trentino (trĕn tī′nō) Trieste (trï ĕst′) or (trï ĕs′tā) Tripoli (trĭp′ō lĭ) Tuscany (tŭs′cȧ ny̆) Tyrol (ty̆′rōl) Tzernagorah (tzēr nä′gō′rȧ) Vandals (văn′dlz) Venetia (vĕn ē′shȧ) Venizelos (vĕn ĭ zĕl′ŏs) Vercingetorix (vēr sĭn jĕt′ö rĭks) Verdun (vār dŭn′) Volgars (vŏl′gärz) Von Bernstorff (fŏn bārns′torf) Von Plehve (fŏn plā′vē) Von Tirpitz (fŏn tïr′pĭts) Vosges (vōzh) Walloon (wäl lo͞on′) Westphalia (wĕst fā′lï ȧ) Wied (we͞ed) Wilhelmine (wĭl′hĕl mïn) Yorkshire (yôrk′shīr)

Index

Adriatic Sea, question of the control of. Agadir incident.
Albania, formation of the kingdom of. Albanians, language of;
habits of. Alexander the Great. Algeciras incident. Alliance,
the Holy. Alliance, the Triple.
Alliance, the Dual. Alliance, the Balkan. Alsace.
Ambassador. Angles, the, invade Britain. Arbitration of
national disputes. Arminius. Armor, value of.
Austria-Hungary, origin of; helps to divide Poland; at war with
France; at war with Sardinia and France; at war with Prussia
and Italy; refuses to arbitrate Serbian trouble.
Austrians in Italy.

Balance of Power. Balkan problem. Barons. Bastille, fall of
the. Belgium, joined to Holland to form the Netherlands;
independent; guaranteed its freedom by three powers.
Bernadotte. Bismarck-Schönausen.
Blenheim, battle of (poem). Blockade of Germany. Bohemia,
part of the Holy Roman Empire; part of the Hapsburg domains.
Bolsheviki, revolt of the. Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon.
Bonaparte, Napoleon. Bosnian problem. Bourbon family.
Brandenburg; rise of. Brazil declares war on Germany.
Britons. Bulgaria, freed by Russia; left partially under the
control of Turkey;
independent; at war; with five nations; plunges into world
war; treacherously orders an attack on Greece and Serbia.
Bulgars, origin of; in Macedonia. Bulow, Prince von.
Burgundians. Byzantium becomes Constantinople.

Caesar, Julius. Cape to Cairo Railroad. Catharine II of Russia.
Cavour, Count, prime minister of Sardinia. Celtic languages,
disappearance of. Celts. Charlemagne. Charles V. Charles XII of
Sweden. Chauvinists. Churchill, Winston. Cincinnatus.
Constantine, prince in Crete; king of Greece. Constantinople.
Contraband of war. Cracow, Republic of. Crete. Czechs.

Danes, in Schleswig. Dark Ages. Delcassé.
Denmark, loses Norway; defeated by Prussia and Austria; injured
by submarine campaign.
_Deutschland_, voyages of the. Dialects. Dictator, Roman.
Divine right of kings. Dukes vs. Kings. Duma, the Russian;
asked to form a government.

Edward VII. Elba, Napoleon’s return from. Elector, the Great.
Electors of the Holy Roman Empire. England, power of the king
of; in Egypt; troubles of, in 1914. Entente Cordiale. Entente,
the Triple.
Esthonians. Etruscans.

Fashoda incident. Ferdinand of Bulgaria; enters war on side of
Germany and Austria; attacks Serbia;
ambitions of. Feudal system. Finland annexed to Russia.
Finns; conquered by the Swedes.
Flemish. France, power of king of; execution of king of; in
Africa; wars of.
Franks. Franz Ferdinand. Frederick the Great. French
Revolution.

Gaelic language. Gaels. Garibaldi. Gauls. German Confederation.
German secret agents set fire to American property and kill
Americans; try to stir up war between the U. S. and Japan; stir
up trouble in Russia. German tribes. Germanic languages.
Germany, the Holy Roman Empire of. Germany, the modern Empire
of; encourages France to declare war on England;
makes friends with Turkey; policy toward Balkan nations;
warns Russia; attacks France through Belgium. Goths.
Government, by the people; based on the consent of the
governed;
limited to the ruling class. Governments, newness of
European. Great Britain offers to judge Serbian trouble;
declares war on Germany. Greece,
treaty of, with Serbia; Greek Empire, origin of; fall of.
Greeks; ungenerous to Bulgarians, desert to Venizelos; join
the Entente.

Hague, court of the. Hannibal’s war against Rome. Hapsburgs,
the. Hohenzollern family. Holstein. Homage.
Hungarians. Huns.

Indemnity. Indo-European family of languages. Istria.
Italy, a battle ground of nations; becomes a nation; makes war
on Turkey; declines to support Austria and Germany; declares
war on Austria.

Kavala. Kent, William, on Mexican intervention. Kerensky,
leader of the Russian government. Kings, origin of. Koumanova,
battle of.

Labor troubles, in England; in Russia.
Language, relationship shown by. Latin tongues. Lithuania.
Lombards. Lorraine. Louis XIV of France. _Lusitania_, sinking
of the.

Macedonia. Magyars. Marathon, battle of. Marchand, Major.
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria; helps to divide Poland.
Marlborough, Duke of. Mazzini.
Metternich. Middle Ages. Military service, owed to rulers; in
Prussia; in France.
Mirabeau. Moltke. Montenegro, origin of;
declares war on Austria. Monroe Doctrine. Moors.
Murat.

Napoleon III. Netherlands, foundation of kingdom of.
Newspapers, control of. Normans. Norway, joined to Sweden;
danger from Germany; vigorously protests submarine warfare.
Novibazar, the Sanjak of.

Ostrogoths.

Paris, siege of. Peace, German offer of;
Allies’ terms of; United States’ desire for; Russo-German
conference toward; German desire for. Peasants, attached to
the land;
support fighting classes. Peter the Great. Poland,
kingdom of; partition of; given largely to Russia;
revolutions in. Preparation for war Prussia, origin of
kingdom of; crushed by Napoleon; dominated by Bismarck.

Rasputin; assists Sturmer; is killed.
Reichstag. Reign of Terror. Republic, first French; second
French; third French.
Robber chiefs. Roman Empire, beginnings of. Romansh people.
Rome, wars of, with Carthage. Roon. Rothschild, the banking
house of. Roumani. Roumania; hopes of;
population of; declares war on Austria;
is crushed between two armies. Russia, rise of; attacks
Turkey; policy of;
relations with Bulgaria; defends Serbia;
ignorance of the people of; revolution in;
controlled by the Bolsheviki. Ruthenians.

Sarrail, sent to Salonika; watching Bulgars and Greeks. Saxons.
Saxony, annexed in part to Prussia; allied to Austria.
Salonika, Spanish Jews in. Sardinia, kingdom of. Schleswig.
Scutari. Serbia, trade with Austria; relations with Bulgaria;
trouble with Austria; attacked on three sides. Serbs, origin
of; lands of; language of. Sicilies, Kingdom of the Two.
Silesia, seizure of. Slavic tribes. Slovaks. Slovenes.
Sobieski, John, king of Poland. Socialists, in Germany; in
Italy. Spain, origin of; drives out “unbelievers,”; becomes a
republic. Submarine boats sink British warships;
sink merchant ships; sink the _Lusitania_;
cross the Atlantic; begin to sink all ships without warning;
kill Americans; sink Norwegian ships. Suevi. Sturmer chosen
prime minister of Russia. Sweden, decline of.

Talleyrand. Trentino. Tunis, seized by France. Turkey,
defended by France and England; attacks Russia. Turks;
capture Constantinople; driven back from Vienna; the young
Turks; tolerance of the young; bigotry of the young.

Ulster trouble, the. United States, indignant over the
_Lusitania_; warns Germany; defends munitions trade in reply to
Austria; receives _Deutschland_ hospitably; sends the German
Ambassador home;
declares war; desires nothing but to be safe from attack;
sends an army to Europe.

Vandals. Venice, Republic of. Venizelos, prime minister of
Greece; comes from Crete; opposes King Constantine; once more
prime minister.
Vercingetorix. Victor Emmanuel. Vienna, Congress of.

Walloons. War, four causes of; cost of; diseases caused by;
increasing horror of. Warsaw, Grand-Duchy of. Waterloo, battle
of.
William of Normandy. Wilson, President, patient with Germany;
asks both sides to name their terms;
calls Congress to declare war.