Chapter XLI: Appendix: B.76

1. NET VALUE OF TOTAL
TRADE OF PORTS IN THE
YANGTZE BASIN, 1898.
£
Shanghai 13,296,643
Chungking 2,614,031
Ichang 194,359
Sha-shih 25,666
Hankow 8,065,717
Kiukiang 2,625,083
Wuhu 1,527,079
Chinkiang 3,471,532
Soochow 229,113
Hangchow 1,199,022
—————
£33,248,245
===========

2. TRADE OF SHANGHAI, 1898.
_Foreign Goods_— £ £
Total import =19,073,534=
Less re-exported—
(_a_) To foreign countries and Hongkong 745,000
(_b_) To Chinese ports (chiefly to
northern and Yangtze ports) 13,914,558
——————————
14,659,558
Making net total foreign imports =4,413,976=
_Native Produce_—
Imported (chiefly from northern and Yangtze
ports, Ningpo, Swatow, Canton, and =11,413,637=
Hangchow)
Less re-exported to foreign countries and
Chinese ports 9,724,673
——————————
Making net total Native imports =1,688,964=
Native produce of local origin exported =7,193,704=
to foreign countries =4,676,674=
Ditto to Chinese ports =2,517,029= „
—————————— ——————————
Gross value of trade of Shanghai =£37,680,875=
Net „ „ „ =£13,296,643= ==========
==========

3. TOTAL NET IMPORT OF
OPIUM INTO CHINA FOR
1898.
Quantity 6,638,333 lbs.
Value £4,388,365

4. TOTAL VALUE OF FOREIGN TRADE OF CHINA IN 1898.
= Hk. Taels 368,616,483 = £55,292,472.

5. SHARE OF ENGLAND IN CHINA’S TRADE FOR 1898.[77]
I. _Shipping._
───────────────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────────────────────
Flag. │Entries and│ Tonnage. │ Percentages of Tonnage.
│Clearances.│ │
───────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────────┬─────────────
„ │ „ │ „ │ (A.) │ (B.)
│ │ │ Including │ Excluding
│ │ │ Chinese. │ Chinese.
British │ 22,609│ 21,265,966│ 62·12│ 81·65
Chinese │ 23,547│ 8,187,572│ 23·92│
Other nationalities│ 6,505│ 4,780,042│ 13·96│ 18·35
───────────────────┼───────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ 52,661│ 34,253,580│ 100│ 100
───────────────────┴───────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴─────────────

II. _Trade._
───────────────────┬───────────┬─────────┬───────────┬─────────────────
Flag. │ Total │ Transit │ Total. │ Percentages of
│ Values │ Trade. │ │ Value.
│ Foreign & │ │ │
│ Coast │ │ │
│ Trade. │ │ │
───────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼───────────┼────────┬────────
│ £ │ £ │ £ │ (A.) │ (B.)
British │ 76,236,290│2,695,437│ 78,931,727│ 51·88│ 79·40
Chinese │ 50,163,445│2,410,663│ 52,574,108│ 34·56│
Other nationalities│ 19,385,235│1,217,343│ 20,602,578│ 13·56│ 20·60
───────────────────┼───────────┼─────────┼───────────┼────────┼────────
│145,784,970│6,323,443│152,108,413│ 100│ 100
───────────────────┴───────────┴─────────┴───────────┴────────┴────────

6. PRINCIPAL IMPORTS INTO CHINA FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES,
1898.[78]
Quantity. Value.
Opium 6,638,000 lbs. £4,388,385
Cotton goods 11,642,824
Raw cotton 30,534,000 lbs. 425,959
Woollen Goods 478,525
Metals 1,468,061
Matches (mainly Japanese) 11,352,304 gross 389,561
Oil (Kerosene) 96,882,126 gallons 1,787,205
Sugar 10,793 tons 2,029,267
Other imports 8,827,113
———————————
Total £31,436,900
===========

7. PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM CHINA TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES,
1898.[78]
Quantity. Value.
Silk, of all kinds 35,651,333 lbs. £8,415,584
Tea „ „ 205,146,667 lbs. 4,331,922
Other Exports 11,108,066
———————————
Total £23,855,572
===========

INDEX

A.

Aconite, Trade in, 339.

_Agricultural Chemistry_, Circulation of the vol. on, 541.

Albumen factories, 65.

Allen, Consul Clement, his report on mission hospitals, 47.

Altar of Incense, An, 418.

American Baptists, The, 471.

Ancestor-worship, 522.

An Hui, North, 6.

An-shun Bridge, The, 460.

B.

Baber, Mr., 3, 265, 451;
his papers on Western China, 156;
on rock-dwellings, 467.

Baggage coolies, 196.

Baian Kara range, The, 2.

Baker, Mr., 416.

Bamboo suspension bridges, 378.

“Barbarians,” Villages of the, 376, 377, 382–385.

Barbers, Itinerant, 80.

Be-dien, The author’s interpreter, 55, 155;
his character, 207.

Beggars, Treatment of, 187.

“Bellows” gorge. See Feng Hsiang.

Benevolent guilds, 182.

Benjamin, Bishop, 99, 100, 102.

Beresford, M.P., Lord Charles, 530;
his suggested reforms, 536.

Blakiston, Captain, his description of the “Pillar of Heaven,” 106;
of trackers, 142.

Bourne, Consul, 140, 142, 149 (note), 496 (note), 499;
on opium smoking, 515.

Brick tea factories, 65.

Bridges, 231, 232, 252.

British Merchant, Dependence of the, upon the Chinese compradore, 20,
21;
decrease of his trade, 64.

Buffalo, The water, 232, 235.

Bullock, Mr. and Mrs., 15.

C.

Callum, Mr., 348.

Canadian Mission, The, 519.

_Canons of Filial Duty_, The, 277.

“Canton opium,” 512.

Carles, Consul, 188 (note);
on missionaries helping trade, 47.

Cassels, Bishop, 281, 286.

Census, The taking of a, 270.

_Century of Surnames_, The, 277.

Chai-jen, 211, 390, 393, 396.

Chair travelling, 202.

Chang, 423.

Chang Chih-tung, H. E., on opium smoking, 516;
on education, 541;
influence of Western literature on, 541.

Chang-fei, The temple of, 166, 167, 168 (note).

_Chang-wo_, The s.s., 83.

Chapel of Meditations, The, 358.

Che, 145.

Che-kiang, Province of, 1;
use of _pahs_ or haulovers in, 32;
Christian converts in, 521.

Chengtu, 2, 8, 351, 352, 458, 463;
musk trade of, 339;
canals and bridges of, 355;
population of, 343;
temples of, 357;
wall of, 355.

Chengtu plain, The, 194, 324, 329, 334, 347, 458;
products of, 343, 348.

Chia-ling Fu, 3, 464, 477.

Chia-ling river, The, 3, 273, 280, 281, 314;
affluents of, 4;
walls on, 86.

Chiang-Ku, 463.

Ch’ien Tang river, The, 34.

China, administration of Government in, 532;
books most in demand in, 540;
contradictions in, 534;
examination centres in, 542;
maritime customs of, 155, 531;
newspapers in, 542;
population of, 532;
trade of, 531, 546–548;
travelling necessaries in, 56 (note);
village system in, 535;
Western literature in, 539–542.

“China ink,” 58.

China Inland Mission, The, 471, 477, 495, 519, 527.

Chinese brutality, 420;
Buddhism and Western civilisation, 12;
charities, 181–193;
civilisation, 12;
classics, 276–279;
cotton factory, 59;
curiosity, 210;
currency, 92;
delicacies, 298;
divinities, 193;
drinks and food, 300, 302;
education, 274 _et seq._;
energy and skill, 6, 10;
genius for self-government, 535;
guest-room, 175;
inns, 202, 205;
justice, 214;
medicines, 52;
mob, 219;
proverb, 7;
roads, 243;
social and commercial organisation, 13;
theatricals, 330;
towns, 250;
trading instincts, 12;
views of humanity, 182;
women, 242, 270.

Chinese bondholder, Security of the, 537.

_Chinese Gazetteer_, The, 8.

“Chinese Merchants’ Company,” The, 538.

Ching-chou Fu, 87–89.

Ching-sze-yao, 246.

Chinkiang, 3, 9;
benevolent institutions in, 184 _et seq._;
British concessions at, 56 (and note), 57;
grand canal at, 6;
guilds and trade of, 57, 58;
influence of the Yangtze river at, 7;
situation of, 56.

Chin Sha river, The, 471;
source and course of, 2;
junction with the Min, 2, 3;
navigable portion of, 2.

Chin-shuan river, The, 429.

Chin-tai, 224.

_Chipa_, 118, 128, 147.

_Chod-tens_, 423.

Cho-ko-ki tribe, The, 442, 443.

Christian converts, 524.

Christianity, Influence of, 48, 518, 522, 529.

Chuang-fang, 413.

Chungking, 3, 463, 486;
effect of opening as a treaty port, 142, 155, 180;
importation of cotton into, 8;
Mr. Little’s voyage to, 138;
position of, 490;
products of, 490;
rapids near, 8;
rise of the Yangtze at, 4, 5, 7;
trade of, 339, 496, 499;
union of Chia-ling and Yangtze at, 280.

Chung-ku-lo temple, The, 179.

Church Missionary Society’s Mission, 286, 519, 527.

Chusan archipelago, The, 55.

Chu-ti, 415, 416.

Classics, Chinese school, 276, 277.

“Cloudy Province,” The, 460, 464.

Coal-mine, A visit to a, 481.

Coffins, 313.

Colquhoun, Mr., 530, 536 (note).

Confucianism, 11, 12, 528, 532.

_Cores de Vries_, The s.s., 184.

Cormack, Mr. and Mrs., 323.

Cottons, English, 308.

Couching Dragon, Gorge of the, 338.

“Cross Beam” rapid, The, 136.

“Cycle of Cathay,” A, 541.

D.

Davies, Mr., 176.

Dudgeon, Dr., 513.

Dust storms, Agency of, 5.

_Dzai-zen-pusa_, or the God of Wealth, 356.

Dzo, Herds of, 422, 425, 455.

E.

Educated, Ignorance of the, 177.

Education in China, 274 _et seq._

“Eight Cliffs,” Gorge of the, 171.

Elephantiasis, A case of, 442.

Elgin, Lord, his visit to Hankow, 61.

“Emily Clayton Memorial,” The, 320.

Endacott, Mr., 83, 114, 149;
rock-dwellings in his garden, 467.

Erh-Wang temple, The, 340.

_Esk_, the gunboat, Accident on, 96.

F.

Faber’s _Civilization East and West_, Dr., 541.

Fans, Export and manufacture of, 37, 478;
use of, 478.

Feng Hsiang gorge, The, 110, 151, 155, 505.

Fire wells, 273.

“Five Duties of Man,” The, 536.

“Five Hundred Disciples,” Temple of the, 38.

Foot-binding, The practice of, 240.

“Foreign smoke,” 508.

Fou river, The, 316, 319.

Fox, Mr., escorts the author over native Shanghai, 25.

Fu river, The, 280.

Fu-chow, 4, 501, 502.

Fuh-ri-gan pass, 224, 227.

Fu-ki, 366.

Fu-kien, Christianity in, 518.

Fu-ling river, The, 3, 4, 501, 502.

Funeral ceremonies, 314.

Fung Shui mystery, The, 96.

G.

Gandar, Père, 6.

Gardner, Consul, 114.

Gerard, M., 101.

“Get-down-from-horse” rapid, The, 151.

Gill, Capt., 142, 357 (note), 377, 389, 393 (note), 424, 457 (note).

“Glorious Rapid,” The, 140.

“Glory of Buddha,” Pilgrimage to the, 464.

Goitre, Prevalence of, 442, 449.

“Goose-tail” rock, The, 152.

Government administration, Corruption of, 532.

Gowers, Miss, 291.

Grainger, Mr., 339, 343.

Grand Canal, The, 3;
at Chinkiang, 6;
between Hangchow and Chinkiang, 31.

“Great Gold River,” The, 424, 434, 514.

Great Plain, The, 4;
characteristics of, 5;
dust storms in, 5;
annual inundations on, 10, 501.

Guilds, 58, 66, 499, 534.

H.

Han river, The, 4;
trade on, 6, 9;
at Hankow, 77.

Hangchow, 29–54;
the entrance to, 33;
silk looms at, 37;
situation of, 38;
the “bore,” 38;
wall of, 43;
population of, 43;
Japanese settlement in, 43;
the Medical Mission Hospitals at, 44–54.

Hang-kia, 425.

Hankow, 4, 505;
rise of the Yangtze at, 4, 7, 8, 62;
communication with, 9;
first impressions of, 59;
the Bund, 61;
Lord Elgin’s visit to, 61;
chief buildings in, 61;
foreign community in, 62;
climate of, 62;
currency in, 63;
trade in, 63, 64, 65, 66;
loss of English trade in, 64;
guilds of, 66;
native quarter, 67;
the wall and streets of, 67, 68;
coffin shops of, 72;
the harbour of, 78, 79;
English Wesleyan missionaries in, 81;
charities at, 189.

_Hankow Times_, The, 62.

Han Yang, 61.

Hart, G.C.M.G., Sir Robert, 540.

Heng-liang-tze rapid, The, 128.

“Henrietta Bird” Hospital, The, 291.

Henry of Canton, Dr., 182.

Hicks, Mr., 104.

Hill, Rev. David, 82, 181.

Hing-lung-t’an rapid, The, 140.

Hirst, Consul, on opium smoking, 515.

Hoang Ho, The, 6.

Ho, Admiral, 149.

Ho-chow, 4.

Holland, Mr., 99.

Honan, Province of, 1, 6.

Hongkew, the American settlement of Shanghai, 17.

Honton, or Fu river, The, 4.

Horsburgh, Rev. Heywood, 323, 324, 361.

Hsai-shan-po, 239.

Hsiang river, The, 4;
trade on, 6.

Hsin-tan rapid, The, 118, 121, 123, 127, 505.

Hsin-tan village, 121.

Huai and its tributaries, Commercial routes on the, 6.

Huang-pu river, Trade on the, 16, 24.

Hunan, Province of, 1;
possibilities for Lancashire trade in, 65.

“Hunan Tracts,” The, 257.

Hunan “braves,” 88.

Hupeh province, 1.

—— ranges, The, 8.

I.

Ichang, 4, 505;
cotton imports into, 8;
first view of, 95;
foreigners in, 96;
junks at, 95;
mission buildings at, 95;
rapids near, 8;
Roman missions at, 99–101;
the Yangtze at, 8.

Ichang gorge, The, 106, 109, 505.

Idols, Dealers in, 71.

Indian opium, Use of, 512.

Inland mission work, 285 _et seq._

—— sanitarium, 292.

I-ren, The. See Mantze.

“Iron Coffin Gorge,” The, 150.

Itinerary, The author’s, 545.

J.

James, Mr., 477.

Jamieson, Consul-General, 221.

Japanese commercial activity, 65, 91;
adoption of Chinese classics and Western methods, 539.

Ja-ra Peak, The, 457.

Jardine, Matheson, and Co., 18.

John, Dr. Griffith, 60.

Jsai li Sect, The, 511.

Junks, 79, 95, 138–149;
at Fu-chow, 502.

_Juvenile Instructor_, The, 278.

K.

Kanpo, Towers at, 383.

Kan river, The, 4;
junction with the Yangtze, 6.

Kansuh, S.E. drainage area of, 1, 3;
the Mohammedan rebellion in, 530;
trade of, 280.

Kay, Mr., 361, 362, 393, 394, 396, 419, 420, 425, 429, 438, 441.

Kelly and Walsh, Book-store of, 20.

Kerosene oil, Import of, 66.

Kiang-peh, 490.

Kiangsi china, 66.

—— Province of, 1.

Kiangsu, Province of, 1;
influence of the Yangtze on, 7.

Kien-ing, Anti-Christian riots at, 518.

Kimber, Dr., 44, 54 (note).

_Kin hwa_, or “golden flowers,” 161.

King Ho stream, The, 249.

King-kiang-sze, 269.

King-mien-sze, 249.

Kin-ta river, The, 434.

“Kitten” rapid, The, 151.

Kiu-ho river, The, 244.

Kiu Hsien, 244.

Kiu-kiang, 9, 59.

Koko Nor, The, 339.

Ku river, The, 4, 280.

Kuan, 458.

Kuang Yuen, 280.

Kuan Hsien, 2, 338;
the city temple of, 362;
hostility to foreigners, 347.

Kueichow, 31, 128.

—— Province of, 1;
import of opium into, 507, 515;
demand for Western literature in, 542.

—— City, dust storm in, 5.

Kueichow Fu, or Kuei Fu, 8, 152–165;
inhabitants’ hostility to foreigners, 153;
value of _Likin_ at, 154;
New Year’s Day at, 160–165.

Ku-erh-kio, 415, 456.

Kukiang, Benevolent institutions at, 189.

Kung-tan river, 501.

_Kwan Yin_, the goddess of Mercy, 55.

Kwa-tung rapid, The, 118.

Kyin-pan-si pass, 244.

L.

Lamas, Earnings of, 445.

Lao-ma, or “Old Horse” rapid, 166.

Lao-min-tze, 117.

Lao-pan, or skipper, The, 104, 124, 141, 145, 149.

Lawton, Rev. W., 181, 188 (note).

Liang-shan Hsien, 219, 222.

Li-fan Ting, 361, 377, 382, 384, 389, 457;
a custom at, 390.

_Likin_, 93, 537;
at Kuei Fu, 154, 155.

Limin-fu, 490.

Li Ping, Temple of, 339, 343;
irrigation works of, 344.

Literary examinations, 532.

Literati and Christianity, The, 525;
Western literature chiefly circulated amongst, 540;
its influence, 542, 544.

Literature, The god of, 312, 313.

—— of the West, Circulation of, 539–542.

Little, Mr. A., at Chung-King, 495;
his description of the “Pillar of Heaven,” 106;
estimate of volume of water in Yeh-tan rapid, 132;
his voyage on the Yangtze, 138;
estimate of the loss of junks, 140;
on Sze Chuan, 477;
on trackers, 142;
on the influence of books, 542.

—— Mrs. Archibald, 241 (note).

Litton, Mr., 280;
his report on Sze Chuan, 11 (note), 194;
on the use of “water tobacco,” 513 (note).

Lo-kia-chan, 331;
assault on the author at, 332.

Lolo tribes, The, 471.

Longevity, The temple of, 166.

Loti-shui, 537.

Louvets, Mons., 518 (note).

Lu, Dr., 48.

Lu-chien, 485.

Lu-chow, 3, 477.

Lu-fang, 311.

Lu Yew, the traveller, 31, 32.

M.

Mackenzie’s _History of the Nineteenth Century_, 540.

Main, Dr., 33, 44, 48, 49, 50, 54 (note), 510, 513.

Maitreya Buddha, Figure of, 467.

Malcolm, Dr., 54 (note).

Manchuria, Scottish and Irish missions in, 518.

Mandarins or _kuans_, 253, 533.

Mantze cultivation, 422;
custom, 415;
dwellings, 377, 382–386, 389, 395, 408, 410, 413, 415;
hospitality, 413.

Mantze, The, absence of disease amongst, 442;
burials amongst, 445;
character of, 450;
customs of, 444;
dress of, 451;
language of, 449;
maladies and morals of, 449;
position of women amongst, 446;
religion of, 445;
trade and commerce of, 450.

Mao-erh-tiao, 302.

Martin, Rev. W., 541.

Matang, 339, 430, 455;
beauty of Mantze women at, 430.

Matang river, The, 433, 434.

Meadows, Mr., 534 (note).

Medical missions, 44–54.

Meichow, 463.

Mei-ling pass, The, 6.

Meitel, Bishop, 102.

Melon seeds, Games with, 299.

Mia-ko, 421–423.

Miao Chitze, or “Temple Stairs” rapid, 166.

_Middle Kingdom_, Dr. W. Williams’s, 276 (note), 314 (note).

Mien-chow, 319;
temple of Confucius at, 320.

Mien-chuh Hsien, 324;
C.M.S. House at, 329.

“Military Code,” Gorge of the, 128.

_Millenary_, The, 277.

Min, or Fu river, 337, 338, 339, 340, 460;
source of the, 2;
navigable waters of, 2;
junction with the River of Golden Sand, 3;
importance in the eyes of Chinese geographers, 3;
affluents of, 3;
traffic on, 8;
bamboo bridges over, 365;
character of, 366;
branches of, 374, 426;
villages on, 375;
junction with the Ya and Tatu, 464;
rock-dwellings on, 467, 468, 471.

Min gorge, The, 367.

Mission hospitals, 44–54;
Dr. Christie’s at Mukden, 49 (note);
patients in, 52.

Missionaries, Attitude of Chinese towards, 528;
protection afforded to, 258;
troubles of, 320.

Mitan gorge, The, 110, 128.

Money annoyances, 212.

Morphia, Importation of, 510.

Morrison, Dr., of the _Times_, 172.

Mosquitoes, 478.

Mou-kung Ting road, The, 373.

Moule, Bishop, 44.

Mount Omi, 463.

Mukden, 533 (note);
suicides in, 51.

Musk trade, 339.

N.

Nan river, The, 463.

Nanking, 9, 59.

Nan-mu-yurh, 150.

Nan-po glen, The, 505.

Nan-pu, 274, 280.

Nan-to, 110, 117.

Nganhui, Province of, 1;
manufacture of “China ink” in, 58.

Nganking, 9, 59.

Niang-tze-ling pass, 366.

Ningpo, 55.

—— varnish, 44, 72.

Nitrate of soda, 381.

Niu-kan gorge, The, 110, 118.

Niu-kau-tan rapid, The, 128.

O.

_Odes for Children_, 277.

Official visiting, 459.

Omi-shan precipice, The, 4;
pilgrimages to, 366, 464.

“Open door” Policy, The, 537.

Opium poppy and its use, 348, 506–517.

Orphan rocks, The, 59.

P.

_Pah_, The, or haulover, 4, 32.

_Pai-fangs_, 198, 218, 252.

Pai-shui Chiang, 280.

——river, The, 4, 280.

Pa-ko-shan, 490.

Paoning Fu, 86, 280, 282;
solitary journey to, 194;
result of using opium at, 507;
church building at, 520;
mission stations at, 526.

Parkes, Sir Harry, 544.

Passport difficulties, 397, 399.

Passports, 211, 441, 452.

Peh-shi, Trade in coal at, 481;
trees at, 485 (note).

Peh-teo-shan pass, 390, 405.

Pei-shih, 151.

Peking Government, Weakness of the, 13, 14.

Peng Hsien, 333, 334.

Peng-shan Hsien, 463.

Phillips, Mr. and Mrs., 329.

Photographic difficulties, 156.

Pigou, Mr., 24.

“Pillar of Heaven,” The, 106.

Ping Shan, 2, 471.

Ping-shu gorge, The, 121, 124.

_Poyang_, The s.s., 56;
runs down a junk, 59.

Poyang lake, The, 4;
area of, 6.

Prayer-flags, 445.

—— wheels, 408, 422, 445.

“Prince’s Temple,” The, 357.

Prjevalsky, Colonel, his exploration of the Yangtze, 2.

Protestant missionaries, 102, 518 _et seq._

Pruen, Dr., 291.

Putu, The Island of, 55.

Pu-tung Point, 17.

Pyramid Hill, 96.

R.

Railroads, Probable influence of, 543.

Ramsay, Miss, 175–177.

“Red Basin,” The, 16, 63, 246, 247, 248, 264.

Reed-beds of the Yangtze, 85.

Reifsnyder, Dr., 540.

Religious dramas, 329.

_Review of the Times_, The, 541.

Rhubarb, Importation of, 339.

Rice-fields, 7.

Richards, Mr. Timothy, 540.

_River of Golden Sand_, Captain Gill’s, 357 (note).

Rock-dwellings, 467, 468, 471.

Roman missions, 99–103, 523.

Rong-Kia river, The, 433, 434.

Rope bridges, 369.

Rosthorn, Mr. Von, 3, 8, 395, 441.

S.

Sai-pei-tu pass, 228.

Salisbury, The Marquess of, on England’s policy in China, 538.

Salt boilers, 152.

—— wells, 273.

Sampans, 85, 124, 140.

San-tsan-pu, 202.

Sar-pu, 224.

Schjöltz, Mr., 96.

Secret societies, 524.

Shan-Shang-Ren. See Mantze.

Shanghai, Astor House at, 21;
author’s return to, 505;
Benevolent Society at, 22;
British and American settlements in, 19, 23;
Chinese element in, 18, 24–26;
country round, 5, 15, 16;
French settlement in, 23;
hospitality in, 21;
impressions upon landing at, 17;
Ladies’ Benevolent Society at, 22;
missions at, 22;
why called “the model settlement,” 19;
municipality of, 19;
Royal Asiatic Society’s branch at, 23;
Sailors’ Home of Rest, at, 22;
Women’s Hospital in, 540.

Shang-wa-li-tze market-place, 296.

Shanjin, 31.

Shan-rang Ho river, The, 266.

Shan-rang-sar, 224.

Shan-si, Banking talent in, 499.

Shantung, S.E. drainage area of, 1.

Shao Hsing, 55, 161.

Sha-shih, 4, 85, 86, 87;
character of the Yangtze at, 6;
commercial routes from, 93;
cottons of, 308;
fish market at, 90;
missions in, 91;
pagoda at, 89;
population of, 89;
refugees at, 89;
trade of, 91, 92.

Shen-kia-chao, Pass of, 214.

Shensi, trade route to, 93.

Shensi, S.E. drainage area of, 1.

Shih-men, 482.

Shi-Tze-Ping pass, 424.

Shih-pao-chai, 502.

_Shui Li Fu_, or “Prefect of the Waterways,” The, 347.

Shun, The Emperor, 522.

Shuo-chiao, 374;
scarcity of food at, 375.

Shu river, The, 4.

_Siao Hioh_, The, 278.

Siao-Ho, The, 361, 366, 377, 384, 395, 404, 409, 424, 455;
gorge of, 378.

Siao-Kiao, 249.

Sifans, The, 443, 449.

Si-hu, 38, 49.

Silk, Manufacture of, 37.

Silver Island, 56.

Sing-an hamlet, 467.

Sing-fang Hsien, 348.

Sing-king-pa Hsien, 266.

Sin-tien-tze, 292, 296.

Sin-tu Hsien, 311, 348.

Sin-wen-ping, 371.

“Sleeping Buddha,” Temple of the, 471.

Small River, The, 424.

Smith’s _Chinese Characteristics_, Rev. Arthur, 181, 183, 192.

Snowstorm, A blinding, 426.

“Snowy Mountains,” The, 424.

Soil, god of the, Shrines to the, 344.

Soldiers, 81.

Somo, 377, 441;
absence of bird-life in, 452;
the people of, 443;
product of, 450.

—— Castle, 452.

Spearmen, An escort of, 433.

“Sphere of Influence” Policy, The, 530, 537.

Squibb, Dr., 320.

Stevenson, Mrs. Owen, 104, 135, 136, 168.

Su-chow creek; 17, 23, 29.

Suicide in China, 51.

Sui-fu, 2, 3, 429, 471;
rapids between and Kueichow Fu, 8.

Su-ma-tou, 463.

Sun Bridge mountain, The, 2.

Sundius, Mr., 43.

Sung-pan-ting, 339.

—— road, 373.

Sunstroke in Sze Chuan, 478.

Superstitions, 122, 162, 188.

Sze Chuan, Area, climate, population, etc., of, 9–11, 532;
coal-fields of, 4, 224, 239;
cotton fabrics of, 8, 91;
exports from, 149 (note);
fanaticism in, 477;
famine in, 89;
demand for foreign books in, 542;
inns in, 251 (note);
junks of, 95, 138–149;
markets of, 265, 266;
objection to open chairs in, 196;
oil trade of, 71;
opium exports from, 514;
_pai-fangs_ of, 198;
prevalence of sunstroke in, 478;
poppy cultivation in, 506;
province of, 1, 194;
the rebellion in, 530;
“Red Basin” of, 16, 63, 246–248, 264;
resources of, 3, 247, 531;
revenue, sources of, 155;
sale of drugs in, 459;
sale of girls in, 270;
salt exports from, 153;
silver of, 63;
travelling in, 207;
villages in, 264;
women of, 176;
women’s dress in, 242.

T.

Ta Chin, or Ta Kin-Shuan River, 434.

Ta-fan, 386.

Ta-ho, The, 377.

Tai-hu lake, Area of the, 6.

_Tai-kung_, or bowsman, The, 141, 142, 145, 147.

Taiping Fu, 59.

Taiping Rebellion, The, 31, 59.

_Tai-wan-ti_, The, 145.

Ta-Kin Ho river, The, 429.

Ta-ling, 151.

Ta-lu road, The, 311, 313.

Ta-miao, Temples of, 316.

Tang-pa mountain, The, 424.

Taoism, 11, 12.

Ta-tan rapid, The, 118.

Tatu, or Tung river, The, 434, 464.

Ta-tien-lu, 441.

_T’au-lao_, or head tracker, 141.

_T’au-tai-kung_, or pilot, 141.

“Tea Extract,” 511.

Theatrical companies, 330.

Thompson, Mr. and Mrs., 175, 176, 190 (note), 196, 205, 207.

“Three Religions,” The, 525;
temple of, 178.

“Three Water Guardians,” The, 171.

“Throne of Snow,” The, 404.

Tibetan dogs, 430.

—— drugs, 338.

Tien-kia-miao, 307.

Tiger Teeth gorge, 94.

Ting-hai, 55.

Ting Library, The, 34.

Torii of Japan, The, 219.

To river, 3.

_T’ou-jen_, The, 444.

Towers, Ancient, 383.

Trackers, 132, 135, 136, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149;
clothing of, 146;
at dinner, 159.

Trackers’ villages, 118, 123.

Trade requirements, 308.

Travelling outfit, 195.

_Trimetrical Classic_, The, 276.

Tsa-ku-lao, 395, 457;
population of, 400;
situation of, 399.

Tsing-pu hills, The, 5.

Tsu-ku-shan pass, 429, 455.

Tsung-ming, The island of, 7.

Tung or Tatu river, The, 3, 282.

Tungting lake, The, 4;
junction of the Hsiang and Yuan at, 6;
traffic on, 64, 65, 84.

Tung Yangtze cataract, 166.

_Tu-tze_, The, 443.

_Twenty-four Filials_, The, 277.

Tze-tung Hsien, 312, 316.

U.

_Use of Opium_, by Dr. Dudgeon, 513.

V.

Vale, Mr., of Chengtu, 362, 372.

Vegetarians, 525.

Village system, The, 535.

W.

_Wai-pi-ku_ boats, 501.

Wan-cheng Ti Dyke, 85, 86.

Wan Hsien, 104;
charities of, 190;
China Inland Mission house at, 172;
cotton trade of, 180;
first sight of, 171;
junk-building at, 138, 179;
population and trade of, 172, 178;
temple of, 178, 179;
the Yangtze at, 5.

War, The God of, 312.

“Water tobacco,” The use of, 513.

Waterwheels on the Min, 463.

Weichou, 366, 367, 369, 377, 378, 382;
nitre works at, 381.

Wei-gua, 395.

Wen-chuan Hsien, 376.

Wen-shu-Yuan Temple, 357.

Went-Zu, Temple of, 285.

Wesleyan missionaries, 102.

Wheelbarrow traffic, 324.

Widows, care of, 187, 188.

Widows’ arches, 198.

Willett, Mr., 500.

Williams, Rev. E. O., 281, 285, 296.

—— Dr. Wells, 164 (note), 182, 240, 276 (note).

“Wind-box” gorge. See Feng Hsiang.

“Witch’s Mountain” gorge, The, 150, 151.

Women’s work in China, 526.

Woodruff, Mr., 99.

Woo-sung, 15, 16.

Wu-chang, 59, 61.

Wuhu, 9;
trade of, 58;
benevolent institutions at, 188.

Wu-lien, 312.

_Wupans_, 124, 140, 460, 482, 500.

Wushan, 151.

—— gorge, The, 110, 150.

Wu-sueh, 6.

Y.

Ya, The, 3, 464, 485.

Ya-chow, the centre of the brick tea trade, 3.

Yak, Herds of, 425, 455.

_Yamen_ runners, 81, 196, 211.

_Yamens_, 26, 81, 261.

Yangchow, 9, 59.

Yangtze Kiang, Mouth of the, 16.

Yangtze river, alluvial deposit of, 7, 16;
annual rise and fall of, 4, 5, 496;
ascent of British fleet up, 7;
change in character of, 6;
craft on, 501;
a flood on, 482;
at Ichang, 95;
influence of the tide on, 7;
junction with the To, 477;
length of, 2;
navigable affluents of, 3, 4, 471;
navigable portion of, 8;
reed-beds in, 85;
source of, 2;
at Sui Fu, 471, 472;
trade on, 8, 9, 10;
various names of, 3;
volume of water in, 7.

Yangtze, The Lower, trade on, 9.

—— The Upper, bed of, 117;
coal workings on, 131;
life on, 138;
perils on, 149;
rapids of, 114 _et seq._;
steam navigation on, 5;
trackers on, 118 _et seq._;
trade on, 8, 9, 10;
travelling on, 104.

_Yangtze Pilot_, The, 149.

Yangtze valley, Bridges in, 10;
British treaty rights in, 14;
commerce of, 15;
drainage area, 1;
inhabitants of, 10, 11;
as a “sphere of interest,” 13.

Yao-tsai village, 121.

Yates, Dr., 523.

Yeh-tan rapid, The, 128, 131, 505.

Yellow river, Outbreak of the, 31.

Yellow Sea, The, 16.

_Yen-tun_, or “smoke towers,” 171.

“_Yin_,” The, 509.

Ying-san Hsien, 253, 261.

Yo-chow monastery, 84.

Yo-chow Fu city, 84.

Yokohama Specie Bank, Shanghai, 21.

Yuan Ho, The river, 4;
trade on, 6.

_Yulows_, 110, 145.

Yungtze, 93.

Yun-i, 236.

Yun-Yang Hsien, 166;
Roman Christians at, 168.

Yunnan, Province of, 1;
valleys of, 247;
importation of opium into, 507, 515.

PLYMOUTH
WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON
PRINTERS

SKETCH MAP OF THE YANGTZE BASIN SHOWING M^{RS}. BISHOP’S ROUTE.

Stanford’s Geog^l Estab^t, London.

_The red line indicates the Author’s route_

London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.
]

-----

Footnote 1:

Politically, as H.M.’s Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
defined it in the House of Commons on May 9th, 1899, it is “the
provinces adjoining the Yangtze River and Honan and Che Kiang.”

Footnote 2:

The lowest latitude which it is believed to reach is 26° N., east of
its junction with the Yalung at its great southerly bend, and its
junction with the ocean is in lat. 31° N.

Footnote 3:

_The Geographical Journal_, September, 1898, p. 227: “The Yangtze
Chiang,” W. R. CARLES, H.B.M.’s Consul at Swatow.

Footnote 4:

_Land of the Lamas_, p. 218.

Footnote 5:

It is the Mur-usu (“Tortuous River”) in Tibet, the Chin or Kin Sha
where it is the boundary between Tibet and China, and from the
junction of the Yalung to Sui Fu the Chin Ho. Between Sui Fu and Wan
Hsien it is called the Ta Ho (“Great River”) and the Min Chiang. At
and below Sha-shih it is the Ching Chiang, and below Hankow for 400
miles it is called the Chiang, Ch’ang Chiang (“Long River”), or
Ta-Kuan Chiang (“Great Official River”).

Footnote 6:

Lest it should be supposed that I am taking an unduly favourable view
of the position of the Chinese, and especially of the Chinese of Sze
Chuan, under their government, I fortify my opinion by quoting that of
Mr. Litton, British acting consul at Chungking. He writes in his
official report to our Foreign Office, presented to both Houses of
Parliament in May, 1899, thus:—“The government, though obstructive and
unintelligent, is not as a rule actively oppressive; one may travel
for days in West China without seeing any signs of that reserve of
force which we associate with the policeman round the corner. The
country people of Sze Chuan manage their own affairs through their
headmen, and get on very well in spite of, rather than because of, the
central government at Chengtu. So long as a native keeps out of the
law courts, and does not attempt any startling innovations on the
customs of his ancestors, he finds in the general love of law and
order very fair security that he will enjoy the fruit of his labour.”
This general disposition towards law and order, though it may have
something to do with race, is undoubtedly on the whole the result of
the teachings of Confucius.

Footnote 7:

For Shanghai and the other open ports, it is the gross value of trade,
exports and imports, including re-exports, which is given in this
volume.

Footnote 8:

Yachting Club, Golf Club, Athletic Club, Lawn Tennis Club, Polo Club,
Volunteer Club, Boating Club, Bowling Club, Swimming Club, Cricket
Club, Blackbird Club, Drag Hound Club, Steeplechase Club, Racquet
Club, Racing Club, Rifle Club, Fives Court, Gymnasium, Fire Flies
Society, Lurderfatel Society, Amateur Dramatic Company; and of a
graver cast, the Philharmonic and Photographic Societies, the Royal
Asiatic Society, the Fine Art Society, etc., etc. (List by W. S.
Percival, Esq.)

Footnote 9:

Situated a few miles from the junction of the Huang-pu with the
Yangtze, in lat. 31° 10′ N. and long. 121° 30′ E., nearly on the same
parallel as Charleston and Alexandria, the port is the great outlet of
the commerce of the rich and populous provinces of Central China, and
the sole outlet of that of Sze Chuan, besides communicating by
waterways with Hangchow, Soochow, and other great cities on the Grand
Canal, and with cities innumerable by canals innumerable.

Footnote 10:

Hangchow, though not geographically in the drainage area of the
Yangtze, as the capital of Chekiang, which has been declared
officially to be within our “sphere of interest” in the Yangtze
Valley, is treated of here as being specially interesting. Of Ningpo,
Wenchow, and Soochow, open ports in the same province, merely the
_net_ value of their total net trade for 1898 is given, along with
that of Hangchow:—

Ningpo £2,162,780
Wenchow 215,669
Soochow 229,113
Hangchow 1,199,022

Footnote 11:

Another of the crack mission hospitals of the East, of which I had
lengthened opportunities of judging, is Dr. Christie’s hospital at
Mukden, Manchuria, which has been largely instrumental in bringing
about similar results in the friendliness of the officials and people.

Footnote 12:

In a paper called _Medical Missions at Home and Abroad_ for 1898, p.
70, the reader will find such experiences very graphically told by Dr.
Malcolm.

Footnote 13:

These hospitals and dispensaries under the care of Dr. Main and Dr.
Kimber treated 47,000 patients in 1898, of which number 1000 were
in-patients, and besides these 187 would-be suicides received back the
unwelcome gift of life. These benevolent Christian institutions
comprise hospitals for men and women, an opium refuge, three leper
hospitals, two convalescent homes, and a home for the children of
lepers.

Footnote 14:

In China the necessaries of existence, food, clothing, shoes,
waterproofs, and travelling-trunks and baskets are always to be
procured, and there, as everywhere, if a traveller uses native
arrangements, he has much less difficulty in getting them handled or
repaired.

Footnote 15:

Concession is not, as is supposed by many, a synonym for settlement. A
concession is a piece of land leased by the Queen’s Government and let
to Western merchants, a stipulation being made that the land is not to
be sub-let to Chinese, while a settlement is an area within which
Europeans may lease land directly from the native proprietors. In both
cases the Queen’s Government stipulates for the right of policing and
controlling the land, and delegates it to a council of resident
merchants.

Footnote 16:

A specimen of guild rules is given in Appendix A.

Footnote 17:

For brief statistics of the trade of the Yangtze open ports see
Appendix B.

Footnote 18:

For minor causes of the loss of the import trade see _Trade of Central
and Southern China_, BOURNE, Foreign Office, May, 1898.

Footnote 19:

In 1868 the average consumption of tea per head of the population of
the United Kingdom was 3·52 lbs., of which 93 per cent. was Chinese
tea, and 7 per cent. Indian. Since that date the consumption has risen
to an average of 5·73 per head of the population, but only 11 per
cent. is Chinese tea, while the tea grown in India and Ceylon is 89
per cent.

Footnote 20:

“There is no harbour in the world where one may see so many craft as
at Hankow. Anchored in several rows, they reach for miles along the
river banks.”—Consul BULLOCK, _The Geography of China_.

Footnote 21:

Foreign Office Report No. 2086, May, 1898.

Footnote 22:

It is usual for the missionaries of the China Inland Mission and for
those of the SZE CHUAN mission of the C.M.S. to live in Chinese houses
actually among the city populations, a course which is considerably
criticised on grounds of health and safety.

Footnote 23:

Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 458, China, Foreign Office, May,
1898.

Footnote 24:

_Through the Yangtze Gorges_, A. J. LITTLE, p. 246.

Footnote 25:

Consul Bourne “risks” an estimate of the value of goods exported from
Sze Chuan by this route at £3,300,000 annually, while imports coming
up the rapids and passing through the Imperial Customs amounted to
£1,776,586 in 1897. The freight on cotton goods from Ichang to
Chungking is estimated at £3 8_s._ 6_d._ per ton, a scarcely
appreciable increase in cost on every yard after a transit of 500
miles.

Footnote 26:

These pits are reported as producing 132 lbs. of salt daily each.
Captain Gill learned at Kuei Fu that SZE CHUAN salt brings in a
revenue of about £2,000,000 sterling annually, but this seems
incredible, as it would make the annual salt production of the
province about 237,946 tons.

Footnote 27:

Dr. WELLS WILLIAMS, on p. 812 of _The Middle Kingdom_, vol. i., says
that a literary man would have such a sentence as—

“May I be so learned as to secrete in my mind three myriads of
volumes”;
“May I know the affairs of the world for six thousand years.”

While a shopkeeper would adorn his door with such mottoes as these—

“May profits be like the morning sun rising on the clouds”;
“May wealth increase like the morning tide which brings the rain”;
“Manage your occupation according to truth and loyalty.”
“Hold on to benevolence and rectitude in all your trading.”

Dr. Williams adds that the influence of these and countless similar
mottoes which are to be seen throughout the land is inestimable, and
is usually for good. At all events it is better to have a high ideal
than a low one.

Footnote 28:

Although the Temple of Chang-fei stands 200 feet above the river at
low water, the one which preceded it was carried away in a great flood
in 1870, when the water actually rose to the height of the present
roof. The present gorgeous structure cost 10,000 taels.

Footnote 29:

The volume from which this picture was taken and enlarged was printed
in Shanghai.

Footnote 30:

This term “dog-faced” apparently does not bear the meaning which we
put on it, for the woman in the illustration on page 496 with a
head-dress of solid silver and heavy white silk from the mountains of
FU KIEN is a member of what the Fu-chow Chinese call “dog-faced”
tribes.

Footnote 31:

The charities of China have been several times alluded to, and it
seems fitting before leaving Wan Hsien, where they are both numerous
and active, to devote a special chapter to them. The sketch is an
imperfect and limited one, but it may help to point the way to a field
of very interesting inquiry.

Footnote 32:

A mow, roughly speaking, is about one-seventh of an acre.

Footnote 33:

I am indebted for most of the foregoing facts to Mr. W. R. Carles,
lately H.B.M.’s consul at Chinkiang, and to the very careful
investigations made by the Rev. W. W. Lawton for the Christian
Literary Association of Chinkiang.

Footnote 34:

For these very interesting facts regarding Wan, I am indebted to my
host there, Mr. Thompson, of the China Inland Mission. Statistics are
not available.

Footnote 35:

I must also mention, in extenuation of sundry faults of which I am
conscious, that I went to Western China solely for interest and
pleasure, and not with any intention of writing a book, and that,
instead of having careful and copious notes, I have only journal
letters to rely upon.

Footnote 36:

This word, which we apply universally to Chinese officials, is
Portuguese. The Chinese designation is _kuan_.

Footnote 37:

I was told afterwards that a foreign missionary in an open chair had
passed through not long before, and being annoyed at the curiosity and
crowding of the people, had gone with a complaint to the _yamen_, and
it was supposed by some of my friends that they were avenging this on
me.

Footnote 38:

I cannot give the local distances in English miles, because, though
the Chinese _li_ is 1818 English feet, the _li_ of the mountain and
the plain, and even of the good and bad road, differ in length.

Footnote 39:

I was present at a “drawing-room meeting” in Shanghai when Mrs.
Archibald Little, of Chungking, took the humane initiative of
establishing an “Anti-Footbinding Society,” which has now many
branches, and is undoubtedly commending its aims to many men of the
intelligent classes. The mission schools for girls are in general
absolutely against the crippling process, and the wives of many of the
younger Christians have “big feet.”

Footnote 40:

See Mr. Bourne’s Report on the Trade of Central and Southern China,
Foreign Office, May, 1898.

Footnote 41:

I must repeat that there are very good inns in SZE CHUAN in the
cities, _i.e._ good for China, and at the regular stages, but, besides
that I was avoiding cities because of the rough element which they
contain, I was travelling less than the usual distance daily, and had
to put up with the Chinese equivalent of the “hedge alehouse”
accommodation, which the ordinary travelling Chinese would have
disdained.

Footnote 42:

These are all attainable in scholarly translations, and, along with
chapter ix. of Dr. Wells Williams’ invaluable volumes, _The Middle
Kingdom_, should be read by everyone who takes more than a merely
superficial or commercial interest in China.

Footnote 43:

A translation of these is given in the _Chinese Repository_ (vol. vi.,
p. 131).

Footnote 44:

Dr. WELLS WILLIAMS, _Middle Kingdom_.

Footnote 45:

Funeral ceremonies and superstitions are given in detail in _The
Middle Kingdom_, vol. ii., p. 244.

Footnote 46:

A detailed description of this building is given by Captain Gill in
_The River of Golden Sand_, vol. ii., p. 13. Chengtu has been often
visited, and two or three times described by English travellers, so
that I consider myself exonerated from giving more than mere notes of
my impressions of it.

Footnote 47:

The fall of the Min between its bifurcation at Weichou and Kuan Hsien,
taking the altitudes of these two towns as the basis of the
calculation and the Chinese _li_ at its average length, is
twenty-seven feet to the mile, but from Weichou to Li-fan Ting it is
no less than forty-five feet to the mile.

Footnote 48:

I could not hear of any but Captain Gill, and three Russians a few
months before, and all had reasons of their own for doing so.

Footnote 49:

A pony had rolled on my hypsometer, and I spent much of the day at
Li-fan in constructing another with the aid of a tinsmith. It was but
a rude construction, but as it made the height of Li-fan come to
within ten feet of that given by Captain Gill, I venture to present
the altitudes of Tsa-ku-lao and a few other places as approximations
to the truth.

Footnote 50:

In this case a _Tu-tze_ is a tribal chief, recognised as such by the
Chinese Government.

Footnote 51:

Captain Gill met with a mountain of the same name on his Tibetan
journey, so it would appear that Ja-ra is a Tibetan name. I could not
unearth any Chinese name for the mountain.

Footnote 52:

A careful and deeply interesting account of these excavations is given
by Mr. Baber in “A Journey of Exploration in Western _Sze Chuan_.” See
_Supplementary Papers_, vol. i., _Royal Geographical Society_.

Footnote 53:

Among the trees and plants behind Peh-Shih, which were interesting as
growing in one locality, were: the orange, pommeloe, pomegranate,
apricot, peach, apple, pear, plum, persimmon (_Diospyros Virginiana_),
loquat (_Eriobotrya Japonica_), date-plum (_Diospyros Kaki_), the
Chinese date tree (_Rhamnus Theezans_), walnut, Spanish chestnuts, the
_Ficus religiosa_, palms, bamboos, cypresses, pines, the “varnish
tree” (_Rhus-vernicifera_), the Tung oil tree (_Aleurites cordata_),
mulberry, oak, the _Cudrania triloba_, much used for feeding young
silkworms, a hibiscus, plane, the _Sterculia platinifolia_, the
_Paulonia Imperialis_, three varieties of soap trees (_Acacia negata_,
_Gymnocladus Sinensis_, and _Gleditschia Sinensis_), the tallow tree,
and very many others, my specimens of which were so destroyed by damp
as to render subsequent botanical identification impossible. Hemp was
considerably grown, and of two economic shrubs, both new to me, there
were several patches, the _Boehmeria nivea_, from the fibre of which
grass cloth is manufactured, and the _Fatsia papyrifera_, from the
pith of which rice paper is made.

Footnote 54:

The estimated distance to Cheng-tu by the windings of the rivers is:—

Chung-king to Luchow 125 miles.
Luchow to Sui Fu 87 „
Sui Fu to Chia-ling Fu 130 „
Chia-ling Fu to Cheng-tu Fu 133 „
———
Total 475 miles.

Footnote 55:

Mr. Bourne estimates the imports of cotton and cotton goods as
follows:—

Raw cotton £500,000
Native piece goods, home spun 1,000,000
Indian yarn 600,000
Lancashire cottons 300,000
——————————
£2,400,000

And the exports, which are chiefly raw or half-manufactured produce,
as follows:—

Opium £1,800,000 Salt 300,000 Drugs 400,000 Silk 200,000 Miscellaneous articles, insect wax, tobacco, sugar, musk, 600,000 wool-skins, hides, feathers, bristles, etc. —————————— £3,300,000

The returns for 1898, not yet out, are expected to show a very
considerable increase.

Footnote 56:

Readers are referred to sections 28 to 33 of Mr. Bourne’s report on
_The Trade of Central and Southern China_, May, 1898. (Eyre and
Spottiswoode.)

Footnote 57:

In order to avoid the fragmentariness of references to the Opium Poppy
and Protestant Missions, at intervals throughout this volume, I have
adopted the more convenient arrangement of giving a chapter on each of
these subjects.

Footnote 58:

_Report of a Journey to North Sze Chuan_, 1898. By Mr. G. J. L.
LITTON, of H.B.M.’s Chinese Consular Service.

Footnote 59:

This is not from any distrust of the accuracy of their facts, for no
foreigners know the lives and ways of the Chinese so well as they do,
but simply because many people think that they are prejudiced.

Footnote 60:

“This year the value of foreign goods imported amounted to more than
eighty million [taels]. The export of Chinese products might be about
fifty million [taels] or more. The foreign drug [_i.e._, opium] was
valued at more than thirty million [taels]. Thus there was a leakage.
China is not impoverished by commerce, but the impoverishment comes
from the consumption of opium.”

Footnote 61:

In _Les Missions Catholiques_, vol. xxiii. (1891), M. Louvets returns
the number of Roman Catholic converts in Pechili, Manchuria, Mongolia,
and Shantung as 73,620 in 1870, and in 1890, including 2000 in Kansuh,
as 155,900.

Footnote 62:

A servant of my own, not a Christian, gave a quaint reason for liking
to serve missionaries—“I never get boots at my head in the foreign
teachers’ houses.”

Footnote 63:

If I seem to pronounce opinions _ex cathedrâ_ on very insufficient
bases, it is owing to the avoidance of the constant repetition of the
modest phrase “I think,” which in nearly all cases must be understood.

Footnote 64:

Hundreds of temples, however, had undergone recent and thorough
repair.

Footnote 65:

See Appendix B.

Footnote 66:

_Imperial Maritime Customs. Report on the Trade of China for 1898._
King & Son. London.

Footnote 67:

A couplet from a well-known anonymous lampoon, largely current as an
expression of popular opinion, is translated thus:—

“Three hands has every magistrate,
And every officer three feet.”

(The hands to clutch at bribes, the feet to run away from the enemy!)

Footnote 68:

In Mukden, early in that war, I saw Chinese regiments of remarkably
fine physique marching to their doom, armed with matchlock and “Tower”
guns, and pikes, the money which should have provided them with modern
rifles having enriched the officials who had the spending of it. The
modern rifles with which some of the rank and file were armed were of
all patterns, so cartridges of a dozen different makes and sizes were
dumped down on the ground in a vacant space in the city, without any
attempt at classification, and the soldiers fitted them to their arms,
sometimes throwing eight or ten back on the heap before finding one to
suit the weapon. The commissariat officials were grossly dishonest,
and where stores had accumulated, sold them for their own benefit. It
is a common practice for a military mandarin to draw pay for 800 men,
having only 400 with the colours, and, on an inspection day, to
impress 400 coolies of the city, put them into uniforms, and parade
them with the soldiers.

Footnote 69:

Mr. Meadows states that the highest mandarins get about ten times and
the lowest about fifty times the amount of their legal incomes by
means of “squeezes.”

Footnote 70:

Since writing the above pages I have read Mr. A. R. COLQUHOUN’S
chapters on “Government and Administration,” “The Chinese People,” and
“Chinese Democracy,” in which I find views similar to my own stated
with great force, breadth, and intimate knowledge. The last chapter
concludes with these important words: “It is only fitful glimpses
which strangers are able to obtain of the inner working of Chinese
national life—quite insufficient to form a coherent theory of the
whole ... but the data ascertained seem sufficient to warrant the
inference of a vast, self-governed, law-abiding society, costing
practically nothing to maintain, and having nothing to apprehend save
natural calamities and national upheavals.”

Footnote 71:

Many people think that _likin_, an inland tax, levied by the
provincial authorities on foreign goods in transit (_loti-shui_ being
a terminal tax), is an illegal blackmail, but it rests on precisely
the same foundation as every other Chinese ordinance—an Imperial
Decree—and its legality was certainly recognised by the British and
German Governments when they accepted seven _likin_ collectorates as
collateral security for the last Anglo-German loan.

Footnote 72:

The italics are my own.—I. L. B.

Footnote 73:

It was what are known as the “Hunan Tracts,” an infamous literature
circulated throughout the Empire, which accuses Christians of the
vilest crimes, and urges the populace to expel them, which have been
the cause of several of the anti-foreign riots. Now HUNAN is welcoming
Western learning and Christian teachers.

Footnote 74:

_Times’_ Shanghai correspondent.

Footnote 75:

The Chinese _li_ is 1814 English feet, but the mountain and the plain
_li_ differ in length.

Footnote 76:

These tables were kindly prepared for this volume by W. H. Wilkinson,
Esq., H.B.M. Consul at Ningpo, from the Trade Report for 1898 of the
Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs. The Haikwan tael, in which the
Customs accounts are kept, has been taken at 3_s._, as a fairer
current equivalent than the ²⁄₁₀–⁵⁄₈ average, by the advice of Mr.
Jamieson, C.M.G., late Consul-General at Shanghai.

Footnote 77:

Note that these figures include trade conducted by Chinese, or under
the Chinese flag, passing through the Maritime Customs.

Footnote 78:

These tables, giving an excess of imports over exports, will be seen
not to tally with my statement in the final chapter. In other years
similar tables have given rise to the belief that China is being
denuded of silver to pay for the balance, and is drifting towards
bankruptcy. But the Inspector-General, in the Customs Report for 1898,
from which these figures are taken, points out that, taking into
account the value of the gold exported from China, of the tea sent to
Siberia and Russia _viâ_ the Han River, of the twenty million pounds
of tea exported annually to Tibet, of the junk traffic to Korea and
the South, and of other exports of which the Customs take no
cognizance, there is an actual excess of exports over imports, as was
shown by careful statistics in 1897. He also points out as a positive
proof that the nation is well able to pay its way, that the Government
remittances to Europe for the service of loans, amounting in 1898 to
about Hk. Tls. 18,000,000, were made through foreign banks by the
medium of bills of exchange against exports.—I. L. B.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Corrected the Errata. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed bold font in =equals=. ● The caret (^) serves as a superscript indicator, applicable to individual characters (like 2^d) and even entire phrases (like 1^{st}).