Chapter VIII: Appendix

Anatomical description of _Serpophaga albo-coronata_, _Furnarius
cunicularius_, _Uppucerthia dumetoria_, _Opetiorhynchus vulgaris_,
_O. antarcticus_, _O. Patagonicus_, _Pteroptochos Tarnii_, _P.
albicollis_, _Synallaxis maluroides_, _Phytotoma rara_, _Trochilus
gigas_, _Tinochorus rumicivorus_.[31]

BY T. C. EYTON, ESQ., F.L.S., &c.

SERPOPHAGA ALBO-CORONATA. _Gould._ (Male.)

Tongue pointed, furnished with a few short bristles at the sides near
the base. Trachea with the same muscles as among the warblers
generally. Æsophagus slightly funnel-shaped; proventriculus much
expanded at its entrance into the gizzard, which is rounded, not
very muscular, inner coat slightly hardened, smooth. Intestine of
moderate size, furnished with two rudimentary cæca.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 1
of gizzard ⅜
Breadth of ditto ⁵⁄₁₆
Length of intestine from gizzard to cloaca 3¼
from cæca to cloaca 3¼

The skeleton of this bird is precisely that of the smaller and weaker species of Laniadæ.

lines
Length of sternum 5
Breadth anteriorly 3
posteriorly 4¼
Width of fissures 1
Depth of ditto 1½
Depth of keel 2
Length of pelvis 5½
Width anteriorly 2½
posteriorly 5½
Length from occiput to point of bill 12
Breadth of head 5¾
Length of coracoids 4½
No of cervical vertebræ 11
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 9
caudal ditto 6
——
Total 33
——

No. of false ribs 1 1?
true ditto 5
————
Total 7
————

FURNARIUS CUNICULARIUS. _G. R. Gray._ (Male.)

Tongue, trachea, and œsophagus, as in _Uppucerthia_. Proventriculus
longer, and slightly contracted at its entrance into the gizzard,
which is large, flattened, and muscular, more rounded than in
_Opetiorhynchus_, lined with a rugose hardened coat, and filled with
small seeds, and the remains of insects; intestines of small
diameter, and furnished with two rudimentary cæca.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 1¾
of gizzard ¾
Breadth of ditto ⅝
Length from gizzard to cæca 5
cæca to cloaca 1½

Sternum of nearly equal breadth, both posteriorly and anteriorly, but
much narrowed in the middle, the portion to which the ribs are
attached much elongated beyond their junction; posterior margin
furnished with two deep fissures, slightly narrowed at their exit;
keel deep, slightly rounded on its inferior edge, and much scolloped
out anteriorly; pelvis broad and short, the os pubis projecting far
backwards; the ischium terminating posteriorly in an acute process.

Os furcatum thin, much arched, furnished with a flattened reflexed
process at its junction with the sternum; the points of the rami
bent forwards at their junction with the coracoids.

Coracoids of moderate size and length, inserted deeply into the
sternum; scapula of moderate size, broader near the extremity.

lines
Length of sternum 11
Breadth anteriorly 6¼
posteriorly 8¼
Depth of keel 4½
Length of pelvis 12
Width anteriorly 4½
posteriorly 11
Length from occiput to point of bill 19
Breadth of cranium 7½
Length of coracoids 8
No. of cervical vertebræ 12
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 10
caudal ditto 7
———
Total 36
———

No. of true ribs 5
false ditto 2·1
———
Total 8

UPPUCERTHIA DUMETORIA. _Geoff. & D’Orb._ (Female.)

Tongue short, compared with the length of the bill, pointed, armed
with a few spines at the base; trachea of moderate size, acted upon
by one pair of sterno-tracheal muscles, which go off to the sternum,
about ⅛ of an inch above the inferior larynx; from the upper ring of
the bronchiæ on each side, a process proceeds upwards to the point
from which the muscles diverge, to which point only the rings of the
trachea are continued, two spaces therefore, one on the anterior,
the other on the posterior side of the trachea, immediately above
the bronchiæ, are left devoid of osseous matter, being bounded
laterally by the process above mentioned, inferiorly by the upper
rings of the bronchiæ, and superiorly by the lower ring of the
trachea, which is slightly enlarged; œsophagus small, slightly
dilated a little above the proventriculus, which is of moderate
size, and not contracted before entering the gizzard; gizzard large,
oval, very muscular, inner coat hardened, deeply furrowed
longitudinally, and filled with the remains of insects; intestinal
canal of moderate size, without cæca; rectum very slightly enlarged;
liver bilobed.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventiculus 2
of gizzard ¾
Breadth of ditto ½
Length of intestinal canal 10

With the exception of being larger than _Furnarius cunicularius_, and in having the bill more bent and longer, the skeleton presents no material difference from that of the above-named bird.

lines
Length of sternum 13
Breadth anteriorly 6
posteriorly 7¼
Depth of keel 4
of fissures 4
Breadth of ditto 1
Length of pelvis 14¼
Breadth anteriorly 4
posteriorly 9¼
Length from occiput to point of bill 27
Breadth of cranium 8
Length of coracoids 11

No. of cervical vertebræ 11
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 11
caudal ditto 6
———
Total 35

No. of true ribs 5
false ditto 2·1
———
Total 8

OPETIORHYNCHUS VULGARIS. _Gray._ (Male.)

The structure of the soft parts, both in this species of _Opetiorhynchus_, and the two following ones, so closely resemble that of _Furnarius_ and _Uppucerthia_, that one description will almost serve for the whole; those differences that do exist being not more than are generally found in species of the same genus; the external characters also being slight, I cannot but doubt the propriety of separating them; the cæca are slightly developed in this species, measuring ⅛ inch in length.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, proventriculus included 2½
of gizzard ⁶⁄₈
Breadth of ditto ½
Length of intestinal canal from gizzard to the cloaca 7½
from cæca to cloaca ⅞

Skeleton similar in form to that of _Furnarius cunicularius_.

lines
Length of sternum 11¾
Breadth anteriorly 5¼
posteriorly 7½
Depth of keel 3¾
of fissures 5
Breadth of ditto 1½
Length of pelvis 12²⁄₄
Breadth anteriorly 4
posteriorly 9¾
Length from occiput to point of bill 17
Breadth of cranium 7
Length of coracoids 8½

No. of cervical vertebræ 11
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 11
caudal ditto 7
————
Total 36

No. of true ribs 5
false ditto 2·1
————
Total 8

OPETIORHYNCHUS ANTARCTICUS. _G. R. Gray._ (Male.)

Structure of the soft parts as in _O. vulgaris_, but with the rectum of rather larger diameter, and the cæca very minute; gizzard filled with the remains of insects.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 2¼
gizzard ⁶⁄₈
Breadth of gizzard ½
Length of intestinal canal from gizzard to cloaca 7

Skeleton similar in form to _Furnarius cunicularius_, and the other species of this genus.

lines
Length of sternum 11
Breadth anteriorly 6
posteriorly 7½
Depth of keel 4¾
of fissures 4
Breadth of ditto 1¾
Length of pelvis 12
Breadth anteriorly 3¾
posteriorly 10½
Length from occiput to point of bill 18
Breadth of cranium 7½
Length of coracoids 9

No. of cervical vertebræ 11
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 12
caudal ditto 7
———
Total 37

No. of true ribs 5
false ditto 2·1
———
Total 8

OPETIORHYNCHUS PATAGONICUS. _G. R. Gray._ (Male.)

No difference in the structure of the soft parts from the other
species of the genus before spoken of. The trachea, however, does
not differ from the ordinary simple form found in most birds, but
differs from _O. vulgaris_ and _O. antarcticus_, in having the lower
rings continued to the bronchiæ it is acted upon by one pair of
muscles; no cæca are apparent.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 2⅛
gizzard ½
Breadth of gizzard ⅜
Length of cutis from gizzard to cloaca 5½

Skeleton in form similar to that of _Furnarius cunicularius_, and the other species of this genus.

lines
Length of sternum 13
Breadth anteriorly 6½
posteriorly 8½
Depth of keel 5
fissures 4
Breadth of ditto 1½
Length of pelvis 13½
Breadth anteriorly 5
posteriorly 10½
Length from occiput to point of bill 19
Breadth of cranium 8
Length of coracoids 10

No. of cervical vertebræ 11
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 9
caudal ditto 6
———
Total 33
———

No. of true ribs 5
false ditto 2·1
———
Total 8

Remarks:—the last five species approach so nearly, that I doubt the propriety of separating them generically. The skeletons are only distinguishable with the exception of the form of the bill, by the proportions between the different admeasurements.

PTEROPTOCHOS TARNII. _G. R. Gray._ (Female.)

Tongue pointed, armed with two strong lateral spines, and a few
intermediate smaller ones at the base; œsophagus largest at the
upper extremity, and gradually becoming smaller towards the
proventriculus; no vestige of a craw; proventriculus of moderate
size, not much contracted towards the gizzard, which is also of
moderate size, and much flattened; not very muscular, and lined with
a hardened coat, rugose longitudinally; the gizzard was filled with
small pebbles, and a coarse black powder, probably the remains of
insects; intestinal canal small; cæca rudimental; rectum large,
becoming more expanded towards the cloaca, which is also large;
trachea of equal diameter throughout, furnished with one pair of
sterno-tracheal muscles, a portion of each of which is continued
downwards to the upper rings of the bronchiæ, on which it expands;
liver two-lobed.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 3½
of intestinal canal, from gizzard to cloaca 18
of rectum 2¼
Diameter of gizzard ⁹⁄₁₀
Length of ditto 1

The pelvis and ribs of this bird were much damaged; sternum of equal
breadth posteriorly and anteriorly, slightly contracted on its
lateral edge, near the middle indented on its posterior margin with
four deep fissures, the outer ones largest; a large triangular
process projecting forwards between the junctions of the coracoids,
bifid at the apex; the coracoids themselves very strongly
articulated to the sternum, the sides of the sternum to which the
ribs are articulated projecting in the form of a process far beyond
the junction of the coracoids; the sternal keel is narrow, and has
its edge straight; the coracoids are long, thin, with very slight
external lateral processes at their junction with the sternum; os
furcatum very thin, roundish, a very slight process on the point at
which it approaches nearest to the sternum, very slightly arched.

Scapula broad, flattened, much widened at about one-third of its
length from the hinder extremity; wing bones short, and weak; leg
bones long, and strong; the fibula much developed.

lines
Length of sternum 15
Greatest breadth of sternum 9½
Breadth at the narrowest part 7
Width of external fissure 1½
Depth of ditto 6
Width of internal ditto 1¼
Depth of ditto 6½
Depth of keel 3
Length from occiput to point of bill 22¼
Breadth of cranium 10½
Length of coracoids 11
Breadth of scapula in the broadest part 2
Cervical vertebræ 12
Dorsal ditto 6
Sacral, damaged.
Caudal, damaged.

PTEROTOCHOS ALBICOLLIS. _Kittl._ (Male.)

Trachea, tongue, œsophagus, gizzard, and liver of the same form as in
_Pterotochos Tarnii_. The contents of the gizzard also did not
differ.

Inches
Length of intestinal canal 14½
from cæca to cloaca 2½
Length of gizzard ¾
Breadth of ditto ⅝

Only the body, after skinning, of the species, was brought home by Mr. Darwin.

The skeleton of this species does not differ in anything but admeasurements from that of _Pterotochos Tarnii_; the pelvis, however, being so much damaged in that species, that I was not able to make many notes upon it, I shall give a description of that part in the present one.

Pelvis of moderate size; the ossa pubis and ischium much expanded, and
elongated posteriorly, and placed nearly perpendicular to the plane
of the ilium, ischiatic foramina large; two large processes arise on
the ilium on each side of the junction of the caudal vertebræ for
the attachment of the levator muscles of the tail.

lines
Length of pelvis 14
Breadth posteriorly 8½
anteriorly 4
Length of sternum 9½
Breadth of ditto 7
In the narrowest part 5½
Depth of keel 2½
Length of coracoids 7½
Breadth of scapula in the widest part 1
No. of cervical vertebræ, wanting.
dorsal ditto, wanting.
sacral ditto 9
caudal ditto, wanting.

Remarks:—Both this and the foregoing bird are most curious; it is difficult to say in what order they ought to be placed, the external form being equally ambiguous with the internal structure.

The digestive organs nearly agree with that of many insessorial birds; the pelvis also approaches nearly in form to that of the thrush; the sternum, however, differs altogether from any form found in that order, and is precisely that of a _Picus_. The coracoids are lengthened; the os furcatum is furnished with only a slight process where it approaches the sternum, in which particulars, also in the form of the ribs, it agrees with the _Picidæ_.

Having found the internal structure so curious, and so contrary to what I expected, I was led to examine the external more minutely than I had before done. The same form of claw is found in several species among the cuckoos, in the genus _Pelophilus_, for instance; the two outer toes are zygodactyle, being united together as far as the first joint; the bill, at first sight, might be taken for that of a gallinaceous bird; but in searching among the order _Scansores_, for some resemblance, I find the same structure in several of the cuckoo family, with the exception of the nostrils being nearer to the apex of the bill in _Pterotochos_. The Australian genus _Menura_ is, probably, allied to this, but differs in the structure of the nostrils.[32]

SYNALLAXIS MALUROIDES. _D’Orb._ (Female.)

Tongue pointed, furnished at the base with two strong spines, the
sides of which are armed with smaller ones; trachea, œsophagus, and
proventriculus as in _Furnarius_ and _Uppucerthia_; gizzard rounded,
not very muscular, lined with a slightly hardened smooth coat, and
filled with the remains of insects; intestinal canal of moderate
size and length, furnished with two rudimentary cæca.

Inches
Length of œsophagus and proventriculus 1⅛
gizzard ⅜
Breadth of ditto ⁵⁄₁₆
Length of intestinal canal from gizzard to cloaca 4¾
from cæca to cloaca ¾

The parts of the skeleton of this bird which I was able to preserve, were more closely allied to the corresponding ones of Troglodytes than to those of any other genus in my possession, but differ in the following particulars: the lateral processes of the sternum bounding the posterior fissures are not so much expanded, consequently the fissures themselves are smaller; the keel is rather deeper; the portion to which the ribs are attached does not project so far forwards, but the process between the coracoids is rather longer; the interocular portion of the cranium is also rather broader than in the above mentioned genus; the pelvis, coracoids, and scapula agree both in shape and size with Troglodytes.

lines
Length of sternum 6¼
Breadth anteriorly 4
posteriorly 4½
Greatest width of fissures ¾
Depth of ditto 2½
Length of occiput to point of bill 14¾
Breadth of cranium 5¾
Length of pelvis 9
Breadth of ditto posteriorly 5
anteriorly 1¾
No. of cervical vertebræ 12

PHYTOTOMA RARA. _Molina._

This bird being injured about the sexual organs, I could not ascertain
the sex. Tongue pointed, armed at the base on each side with a
flattened tricuspid spine; trachea small, of uniform diameter
throughout its whole length, acted upon by one pair of
sterno-tracheal muscles; œsophagus funnel-shaped at the upper
extremity, when distended capable of containing a common pencil, at
its junction with the proventriculus much smaller; proventriculus
scarcely perceptible; gizzard small, consisting of little more than
a thick skin, inner coat hardened; the entrance of the œsophagus,
and the exit of the intestine placed very near together at the upper
extremity of it; intestinal canal very short, and of large diameter,
entirely devoid of cæca; the whole length with the gizzard and
œsophagus distended with a stringy substance, resembling coarse spun
cotton cut into short lengths.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 3
of intestinal canal 7½
Length of gizzard ⅝
Breadth of ditto ½

Sternum of nearly equal breadth, both posteriorly and anteriorly, much
narrowed near the middle; posterior margin nearly straight, indented
with two large fissures, narrowed at their exit; between the
junctions of the coracoids furnished with a bifid process; the
portion of the sternum to which the ribs are attached, continued
anteriorly beyond the junction of the coracoids; keel of moderate
size; coracoids long, not very strong; os furcatum long, slightly
arched, furnished with a flattened process, turned inwards at the
point it approaches the sternum.

Pelvis broad, and short, narrowest anteriorly, the os pubis and
ischium continued far backwards, beyond the junction of the caudal
vertebræ; ribs strong, and flattened; posterior process large;
scapula long, broadest near the extremity; legs of moderate
strength, the internal processes of the tibia large, and flattened;
bones of the cranium strong.

lines
Length of sternum 12½
Breadth anteriorly 6½
posteriorly 9¼
Width of fissures 1½
Depth of ditto 4
keel 4¾
Length of pelvis 13½
Width anteriorly 5
posteriorly 11
Length from occiput to point of bill 16
Breadth of head 8
Length of coracoids 9
No. of cervical vertebræ 11
dorsal ditto 7
sacral ditto 10
caudal ditto 7
———
Total 35

No. of true ribs 5
false ribs 2·1
———
Total 8

Remarks:—The skeleton and soft parts of this bird very nearly resemble those of the genus _Loxia_, but differ in their superior size, in having the fissures on the posterior margin of the sternum not so deep, and in the margin itself being straighter, the coracoids larger, and in having the process at the end of the os furcatum approaching the sternum smaller than in that genus. The ribs also are stronger.

TROCHILUS GIGAS. _Vieill._ (Male.)

Tongue bifid, each division pointed; hyoids very long, in their
position resembling those in the _Picidæ_; trachea of uniform
diameter; destitute of muscles of voice; bronchia very long;
œsophagus funnel-shaped, slightly contracted on approaching the
proventriculus, which is small, and scarcely perceptible; gizzard
small, moderately muscular, the inner coat slightly hardened, and
filled with the remains of insects; intestine largest near the
gizzard; I could not perceive a vestige of cæca.

Inches
Length of œsophagus, including proventriculus 1¾
Intestinal canal 3½
Length of gizzard ¼
Breadth of ditto ⅓

Sternum with the keel very deep, its edge rounded, and projecting
anteriorly; posterior margin rounded, and destitute of indentation
or fissure; the ridges to which the pectoral muscles have their
attachment, large and prominent, the horizontal portion much
narrowed anteriorly, consequently the junctions of the coracoids are
very near together.

Pelvis short, very broad; os pubis long, curved upwards at the
extremities, projecting far downwards, and posteriorly beyond the
termination of the caudal vertebræ; the ischiatic foramen small, and
linear; femora placed far backwards; coracoids short, very strong,
their extremities much diverging; os furcatum short, slightly arched
near the extremities of the rami, which are far apart, furnished
with only a small process on its approach to the sternum; scapula
flattened, long, broadest near the extremity; humerus, radius, and
ulna short, the metacarpal bones longer than either; the former
furnished with ridges much elevated for the attachment of the
pectoral muscles; caudal and dorsal vertebræ with the transverse
processes long, and expanded; cranium of moderate strength, the
occipital portion indented with two furrows, which pass over the
vertex, and in which the hyoids lie; orbits large, divided by a
complete bony septum; the lachrymal bones large, causing an
expansion of the bill near the nostrils.

lines
Length of sternum 13¼
Breadth anteriorly 4
posteriorly 7¼
Depth of keel 6¾
Length of pelvis 6¼
Width anteriorly 2½
posteriorly 7
Length from occiput to point of bill 27½
Breath of cranium 6½
Length of coracoids 6

No. of cervical vertebræ 10
dorsal ditto 6
sacral ditto 9
caudal ditto 5
———
Total 30

No. of true ribs 5
false ditto 1·3
———
Total 9

Remarks:—The skeleton of this bird does not differ in form from that of _Trochilus pella_, figured at page 270 of the Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology. The whole of the group are more nearly allied to fissirostral birds than any other.

TINOCHORUS RUMICIVORUS. _Eschsch._ (Male.)

Trachea of uniform diameter, furnished with one pair of
sterno-tracheal muscles, from which a few fibres descend on each
side to the upper rings of the bronchiæ; œsophagus of large diameter
to about half its length, where it is furnished with a craw, and
afterwards contracted to the proventriculus; the craw where it is
connected with the œsophagus is much contracted, afterwards it
expands into a large sac; proventriculus small; gizzard large, and
very muscular; the grinding surfaces hard, concave in the middle,
and furnished with longitudinal grooves in the concave part; the
intestinal canal is of moderate length, small next the gizzard,
largest at the entrance of the cæca, from whence it slightly tapers
to the cloaca, which is small; cæca long, of greatest diameter at
the opposite extremity to their entrance into the rectum; the
gizzard and œsophagus were filled with reeds, mixed with very small
pebbles; liver bilobed.

Length of œsophagus from glottis to gizzard 3 inch. from œsophagus to outer extremity of craw ¾ inch. Perpendicular diameter of craw 7 lines Inches Greatest diameter of gizzard obliquely to the grinding surfaces 1 Diameter parallel to the grinding surfaces ¾ Length of intestine from gizzard to cloaca 13 from cæca to cloaca 1¾ of cæca 3

A second specimen, a female, did not differ, except in sex. Skeleton
light; bones in general thin.

Sternum broadest posteriorly, and indented on its posterior margin
with two large fissures; keel deep, its inferior edge rounded, much
scolloped out anteriorly; a moderate size bifid manubrial process
between the junction of the coracoids.

Pelvis broad, of moderate length, similar to that found among the
genus _Strepsilas_.

Os furcatum much arched, furnished with a small flattened process,
where the ligament unites it to the sternum; coracoid of moderate
length, strong, furnished with a large process externally near their
junction with the sternum; ribs flattened, posterior process long,
slightly curved, and narrow.

lines
Length of sternum 16
Breadth anteriorly 7
posteriorly 11
Width of fissures 4
Depth of ditto 6
keel 7
Length of pelvis 16½
Width anteriorly 6
posteriorly 12
Length from occiput to point of bill 16
Breadth of head 6½
Length of coracoids 7½

No. of cervical vertebræ 14
dorsal 6
sacral 12
caudal 7
——
Total 39
——

No. of true ribs 6
false ditto 2
——
Total 8

Remarks. The bill of this curious bird much resembles that of the genus _Glareola_, but the soft skin covering the nostrils is more developed, in which respect it resembles the quails, and other gallinaceous birds. The structure of the tarsi, feet, and nails approach near to that of _Strepsilas_, but differ in the latter being sharper, and in the scales on the feet and tarsi being more apparent, which may, perhaps, have been caused to a certain degree by the bird having been for a long while in spirits.

The wing has precisely the same structure as in _Glareola_, and some of the plovers.

The tail is more lengthened than among the plovers, but not more so than in _Glareola praticola_, which species has, however, the tail forked, but some of the same genus, as the last named bird, although it is not so long in them, have it in the same shape as in _Tinochorus_,—as _Glareola Australis_.

The structure of the digestive organs is altogether that of a gallinaceous bird; the skeleton, however, agrees scarcely in any particular with that order, approaching closely to that of the waders. The sternum differs from any gallinaceous bird with which I am acquainted, in wanting entirely the strong lateral process, and in the fissures on the posterior margin being much smaller; the nearest approach in form which I have been able to find, is that of _Machetes_, from which, if it were not for the superior size of the latter, it could scarcely be distinguished.

The pelvis agrees so perfectly with that of _Strepsilas interpres_, and the _Charadriidæ_ in general, as not to require farther remark.

The remainder of the skeleton resembles both the plovers and sandpipers.

I much regret that I have never had an opportunity of dissecting a specimen of _Glareola_, to which the genus, _Tinochorus_, appears closely allied, and I believe that they will form a connecting link between the orders _Grallatores_ and _Razores_.

INDEX TO THE SPECIES.

_N.B._ The Synonyms are in Italics.

_Ada Commersoni_, 51

Agelaius chopi, 107 —— fringillarius, 106 —— _chrysopterus_, 106 —— _virescens_, 107

Aglaia striata, 97 —— vittata, 98

Agriornis, 55 —— gutturalis, 56 —— striatus, 56 —— micropterus, 57 —— maritimus, 57

_Agriornis leucurus_, 57

Alaudinæ, 87

_Alauda cunicularia_, 65 —— _nigra_, 84 —— _rufa_, 84 —— _fulva_, 84

_Albatuitui à collier noir_, 127

_Alcedo torquata_, 42 —— _Americana_, 42 —— _Senegalensis_, 41

Alecturus guirayetupa, 51

_Alouette noire à dos fauve_, 84 —— _à dos rouge_, 84

_Amblyramphus bicolor_, 109 —— ruber, 109

Ammodramus Manimbè, 90 —— _xanthornus_, 90 —— longicaudatus, 90

_Anas Antarctica_, 134 —— _brachytera_, 136 —— _erythrorhyncha_, 135 —— _creccoïdes_, 135 —— _Magellanica_, 134 —— _urophasianus_, 135 —— _Bahamensis_, 135

Anser melanopterus, 134

Anthus furcatus, 85 —— Chii, 85 —— _fulvus_, 84 —— _variegatus_, 84 —— correndera, 85

_Anumbi rouge_, 80

Anumbius ruber, 80

_Aquila pezopora_, 13 —— _megaloptera_, 21

Ardea leuce, 128 —— _Egretta_, 128 —— Herodias, 128 —— _nycticorax_, 128 —— _violacea_, 128 —— _callocephala_, 128

Athene cunicularia, 31

Attagis Gayii, 117 —— Falklandica, 117

_Becassine, 1^e Espece_, 131

_Bec d’argent_, 51

_Bernicla leucoptera_, 134 —— antarctica, 134

_Buteo tricolor_, 26 —— varius, 26 —— ventralis, 26 —— erythronotus, 26

Buteoninæ, 22

Cactornis assimilis, 105 —— scandens, 104

_Caille des Isles Malouines_, 117

Camarhynchus psittaculus, 103

—— crassirostris, 103

Caprimulgidæ, 36

Caprimulgus bifasciatus, 36

—— parvulus, 37

Cathartes aura, 8

—— atratus, 7

—— urubu, 7

_Certhia antarctica_, 67

Certhidea olivacea, 106

_Certhilauda cunicularia_, 65

Ceryle torquata, 42

—— Americana, 42

Charadrius virgininus, 126

—— _marmoratus_, 126

—— _semipalmatus_, 128

—— _bifasciatus_, 127

—— _trifasciatus_, 127

—— _rubecola_, 126

—— _Azaræ_, 127

—— _collaris_, 127

—— _Cayanus_, 127

_Charpentier des champs_, 113

_Chii_, 85

_Chingolo_, 91

Chionis albâ, 118

Chloephaga Magellanica, 134

Chlorospiza xanthogramma, 96

—— melanodera, 95

_Chopi_, 107

Chrysometris campestris, 89

—— Magellanica, 97

Chrysoptilus campestris, 113

_Churrinche_, 44

_Circaëtus antarcticus_, 15

Circinæ, 29

_Circus histrionicus_, 50

—— megaspilus, 29

—— cinereus, 30

_Clignot ou Lichenops_, 51

Coccothraustinæ, 98

Colaptes Chilensis, 114

Columba Fitzroyii, 114

—— _denisea_, 114

—— _araucana_, 114

—— loricata, 115

_Columba gymnopthalmus_, 115

—— _leucoptera_, 115

—— _picazuro_, 115

—— _Talpacoti_, 116

—— _Boliviana_, 116

—— _aurita_, 115

Columbina strepitans, 116

—— talpacoti, 116

—— _Cabocolo_, 116

_Condor_, 3

Conurus murinus, 112

—— Patachonicus, 113

_La Correndera_, 85

_Coturnix Falklandica_, 117

Craxirex Galapagoensis, 23

Crex lateralis, 132

—— _galeata_, 133

—— _melampyga_, 133

Crithagra? brevirostris, 88

—— Brasiliensis, 88

Crotophaga ani, 114

—— Piririqua, 114

_Cryptura Guaza_, 120

_Crypturus rufescens_, 120

—— _perdicarius_, 119

_Cuculus guira_, 114

—— _nævius_, 114

_Culicivora parulus_, 49

_Curruca macloviana_, 83

Cursores, 120

Cyanotis omnicolor, 86

Cyclarhis Guianensis, 58

Cypselus unicolor, 41

Dafila urophasianus, 135

Daption Capensis, 140

Dendrodramus, 82

—— leucosternus, 82

Diplopterus nævius, 114

—— guira, 114

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 106

_Dragon_, 107

Egretta leuce, 128

_Emberiza melanodera_, 95

—— _carbonaria_, 94

—— _guttata_, 94

—— _Manimbè_, 90

_Emberiza Diuca_, 92

—— _Gayi_, 92

—— _oryivorus_, 106

—— luteoventris, 88

—— _luctuosa_, 94

—— _jacarina_, 92

—— gubernatrix, 88

—— _cristata_, 88

—— _cristatella_, 88

Emberizinæ, 88

Eniberizoides poliocephalus, 98

Eremobius, 69

—— phœnicurus, 69

_Etourneau des terres_, 110

_Euphone jacarina_, 92

Falconidæ, 9

Falconina, 28

_Falco sparverius_, 29

Falco femoralis, 28

—— _degener_, 13

—— _leucurus_, 15

—— _Novæ Zealandiæ_, 15

—— _Australis_, 15

—— _Brasiliensis_, 9

—— _histrionicus_, 50

_Falcunculus Guianensis_, 58

_Figulus albogularis_, 64

Fluvicolinæ, 51

_Fluvicola nengeta_, 54

—— icterophrys, 53

—— Azaræ, 53

—— Irupero, 50

—— _perspicillata_, 53

_Fournier_, 64

Fregata Aquila, 146

Fringilla Gayi, 92

—— carbonaria, 94

—— _campestris_, 89

—— formosa, 92

—— fruticeti, 94

—— _icterica_, 97

—— _Hispaniolensis_, 95

—— _matutina_, 91

—— alaudina, 94

—— _splendens_, 92

—— Diuca, 92

_Fringilla Manimbè_, 90

—— _Magellanica_, 97

—— _luteoventris_, 89

Fringillidæ, 87

Fringillinæ, 90

Fulica galeata, 133

_Furnarius Chilensis_, 67

—— _Lessonii_, 67

—— cunicularius, Anat. Descript. of, 148

—— _fuliginosus_, 67

—— rufus, 64

—— cunicularius, 65

—— _dumetorium_, 66

—— _ruber_, 80

_Gafarron_, 97

Gallinula crassirostris, 133

—— _galeata_, 133

Geospiza magnirostris, 100

—— strenua, 100

—— parvula, 102

—— nebulosa, 101

—— fortis, 101

—— crassirostris, 103

—— dentirostris, 102

—— fuliginosa, 101

—— dubia, 103

Grallatores, 125

_Grande Mouette_, 142

_Grive rousse et noirâtre_, 59

—— _blanche et noirâtre_, 59

_Guirayetupa_, 51

Gyratones, 114

Hæmatopus palliatus, 128

Halcyonidæ, 41

Halcyon erythrorhyncha, 41

_Haliaëtus chimachima_, 13

—— _erythronotus_, 26

—— _chimango_, 14

Hiaticula Azaræ, 127

—— semipalmata, 128

—— trifasciatus, 127

Himantopus nigricollis, 130

Hirundinidæ, 37

_Hirundo purpurea_, 38

—— _concolor_, 39

—— leucopygia, 40

Hirundo frontalis, 40

—— cyanoleuca, 41

_Huppe jaune_, 88

_Hylactes Tarnii_, 70

_Ibis melanops_, 128

—— Ordi, 129

—— _Falcinellus_, 129

_Icterus fringillarius_, 107

—— _niger_, 107

—— _anticus_, 107

—— _maxillaris_, 107

—— _sericeus_, 107

—— _unicolor_, 107

—— _sulcirostris_, 107

_Irupero_, 53

_Ispida torquata_, 42

Laniadæ, 58

_Laniagra Guianensis_, 58

Lanianæ, 58

_Lanius doliatus_, 58

—— _nengeta_, 54

—— _sulphuratus_, 43

Larus fuliginosus, 141

—— hæmatorhynchus, 142

—— dominicanus, 142

—— _cirrocephalus_, 142

—— _maculipennis_, 142

—— _glaucodes_, 142

_Leistes erythrocephala_, 109

—— anticus, 107

_Leptonyx macropus_, 71

—— _Tarnii_, 70

—— _albicollis_, 72

—— _paradoxus_, 73

—— _rubecula_, 73

_Lessonia erythronotus_, 84

Lichenops erythropterus, 52

—— perspicillatus, 51

Limosa Hudsonica, 129

Limnornis, 80

—— rectirostris, 80

—— curvirostris, 81

_Lindo bleu dore et noir_, 97

_Macas cornu_, 137

_Malacorhynchus Chilensis_, 73

_Manimbè_, 90

_Mareca Bahamensis_, 135

_Megalonyx medius_, 72

—— _rufus_, 71

—— _albicollis_, 72

—— _ruficeps_, 70

—— _rubecula_, 73

—— _rufogularis_, 73

Megalopterus stolidus, 145

Melanocorypha cinctura, 87

_Merops rufus_, 64

Micropterus brachypterus, 136

Milvago pezoporos, 13

—— montanus, 19

—— ochrocephalus, 13

—— chimango, 14

—— megalopterus, 21

—— leucurus, 15

—— albogularis, 18

Mimus Patagonicus, 60

—— Orpheus, 60

—— parvulus, 63

—— Thenca, 61

—— _saturninus_, 60

—— melanotis, 62

—— trifasciatus, 62

Molothrus niger, 107

_Motacilla Patagonica_, 67

—— _Gracula_, 67

_Mouette cendrèe_, 142

_Muscicapa psalura_, 51

—— _risoria_, 51

—— _mœsta_, 53

—— _nivea_, 53

—— _parulus_, 49

—— _icterophrys_, 53

—— _pyrope_, 55

—— _polyglotta_, 54

—— _Tyrannus_, 43

—— _vittiger_, 54

Muscicapidæ, 42

_Muscipeta albiceps_, 47

Muscisaxicola brunnea, 84

—— nigra, 84

—— mentalis, 83

—— macloviana, 83

Muscivora Tyrannus, 34

Myiobius parvirostris, 48

—— magnirostris, 48

—— albiceps, 47

—— auriceps, 47

Nothura minor, 119

—— perdicaria, 119

—— major, 119

Numenius Hudsonicus, 129

—— brevirostris, 129

Nycticorax violaceus, 128

—— Americanus, 128

_Œnanthe perspicillata_, 51

_L’Onglet_, 97

_Opetiorhynchus rufus_, 64

—— antarcticus, Anat. Descript. of, 149

—— _lanceolatus_, 68

—— nigrofumosus, 68

—— antarcticus, 67

—— Patagonicus, 67

—— vulgaris, Anat. Descript. of, 149

—— Patagonicus, Anat. Descript. of, 150

—— vulgaris, 66

—— _rupestris_, 67

Oreophilus totanirostris, 125

_Oriolus flavus_, 107

—— _cayennensis_, 106

—— _ruber_, 109

_Ornismya Kingii_, 110

—— _tristis_, 111

_Orpheus Thenca_, 61

—— _melanotis_, 62

—— _trifasciatus_, 62

—— _Patagonicus_, 60

—— _modulator_, 60

—— _parvulus_, 63

—— _calandria_, 60

_Ortyx Falklandica_, 117

Otus Galapagoensis, 32

—— palustris, 33

_Oxyurus ornatus_, 81

—— dorso-maculatus, 82

—— tupinieri, 81

Pachyramphus albescens, 50

—— minimus, 51

Palmipedes, 134

_Parulus ruficeps_, 79

_Passerina discolor_, 107

—— jacarina, 92

—— _guttata_, 94

Passer Hispaniolensis, 95

—— Jagoensis, 95

_Patagon_, 113

_Pattagonian maccaw_, 113

—— _warbler_, 67

Pelecanoides Berardi, 138

—— Garnotii, 139

_Pelecanus carunculatus_, 145

—— _aquilus_, 146

_Pelidna cinclus_, 131

—— _minutilla_, 131

—— Schinzii, 131

_Le Pepoaza proprement dit_, 54

_Pepoaza variegata_, 55

—— _pyrope_, 55

—— _maritima_, 57

—— _gutturalis_, 56

—— _nivea_, 53

_Perdix Falklandica_, 117

_Perruche_, 112

_Perspicilla leucoptera_, 51

_Petit Bout-de-Petun_, 114

_Petrel échasse_, 141

_Phalacrocorax imperialis_, 145

—— carunculatus, 145

_Phalcobœnus montanus_, 19

Philomachus Cayanus, 127

_Phytotoma Bloxami_, 106

—— _rutila_, 106

—— _silens_, 106

—— rara, Anat. Descript. of, 153

—— rara, 106

_Picazuro_, 115

_Picus campestris_, 113

—— _Chilensis_, 114

—— Kingii, 113

—— _melanocephalus_, 113

_Pigeon rougeatre_, 116

Pipilo personata, 98

Pitylus superciliaris, 97

_Platyurus niger_, 74

Podiceps kalipareus, 136

—— Rollandii, 137

—— Chilensis, 137

Pœcilonitta Bahamensis, 135

Polyborinæ, 9

_Polyborus Galapagoensis_, 23

—— _chimango_, 14

—— Brasiliensis, 9

—— _vulgaris_, 9

—— _albogularis_, 18

—— _chimachima_, 13

Porphyrio simplex, 133

Prion vittatus, 141

_Procellaria oceanica_, 141

—— _Capensis_, 140

—— _Berardi_, 138

—— _vittata_, 141

—— _urinatrix_, 139

—— gigantea, 139

—— glacialoïdes, 140

—— _puffinus_, 137

Progne purpurea, 38

—— modesta, 39

_Psarocolius sericeus_, 107

—— _anticus_, 107

—— _chrysopterus_, 106

—— _flaviceps_, 107

_Psittacara Patachonica_, 113

_Psittacus Patagonus_, 113

—— _murinus_, 112

Pteroptochos albicollis, 72

—— albicollis, Anat. Descript. of, 151

—— Tarnii, 70

—— Tarnii, Anat. Descript. of, 150

—— rubecula, 73

—— megapodius, 71

—— paradoxus, 73

_Ptiloleptus cristatus_, 114

_Puffinuria Berardi_, 138

—— _Garnotii_, 139

Puffinus cinereus, 137

Pyrocephalus, 44

—— parvirostris, 44

—— obscurus, 45

—— nanus, 45

—— dubius, 46

_Pyrgita Jagoensis_, 95

Pyrrhalauda nigriceps, 87

Pyrrhulinæ, 88

Querquedula creccoïdes, 135

—— erythrorhyncha, 135

Rallus Philippensis, 133

—— ypecaha, 133

—— sanguinolentus, 133

_Recurvirostra himantopus_, 130

_Regulus omnicolor_, 86

—— _Byronensis_, 86

Rhea Americana, 120

—— Darwinii, 123

Rhinomya lanceolata, 70

Rhynchaspis maculatus, 135

Rhynchæa semicollaris, 131

—— _Hilairea_, 131

—— _occidentalis_, 131

Rhynchops nigra, 143

_Rhynchotus fasciatus_, 120

—— rufescens, 120

Sarcoramphus gryphus, 3

—— _Condor_, 3

Saurophagus sulphuratus, 43

_Sauteur_, 92

Scansores, 112

_Scolopax melanoleuca_, 130

—— _vociferus_, 130

—— Magellanicus, 131

—— _Hudsonica_, 129

—— Paraguaiæ, 131

—— _Brasiliensis_, 131

_Scytalopus fuscus_, 74

—— Magellanicus, 74

Serpophaga, 48

—— parulus, 49

—— nigricans, 50

—— albo-coronata, 49

—— albo-coronata, Anat. Descript. of, 147

_Siuriri noirátre et jaune_, 53

_Sourciroux_, 58

Spermophila nigrogularis, 88

Spheniscus Humboldtii, 137

_Sphenura ruficeps_, 79

Squatarola fusca, 126

—— cincta, 126

_Sterna aranea_, 145

—— _stolida_, 145

Strepsilas interpres, 132

Strigidæ, 31

Striginæ, 34

_Strix cunicularia_, 31

—— flammea, 34

—— punctatissima, 34

—— _brachyota_, 33

—— _rufipes_, 34

_Sturnella rubra_, 109

—— _militaris_, 110

_Sturnus pyrrhocephalus_, 109

—— _militaris_, 110

Surninæ, 31

_Sylvia Magellanica_, 74

—— _velata_, 87

—— _Bloxami_, 49

—— _macloviana_, 83

—— _nigricans_, 50

—— _Patagonica_, 67

—— dorsalis, 84

—— _perspicillata_, 51

—— _rubrigastra_, 86

Sylvicola aureola, 86

Synallaxis humicola, 75

—— major, 76

—— rufogularis, 77

—— maluroides, 77

—— maluroides, Anat. Descript. of, 152

—— flavogularis, 78

—— brunnea, 78

—— ægithaloides, 79

—— ruficapilla, 79

—— _dorso-maculata_, 82

—— _tupinieri_, 81

_Tachuris omnicolor_, 86

—— _roi_, 86

—— _nigricans_, 50

_Le Petit Tachuris noirâtre_, 50

_Tanagra ruficollis_, 91

—— _Guianensis_, 58

—— _vittata_, 98

—— _canicapilla_, 87

—— _Darwinii_, 97

—— _Bonariensis_, 107

—— _superciliaris_, 97

—— _jacarina_, 92

_Tanagra striata_, 97

Tanagrinæ, 97

_Tantalus Mexicanus_, 129

—— _chalcopterus_, 129

_Tetrao Falklandicus_, 117

Thalassidroma oceanica, 141

Thamnophilinæ, 58

Thamnophilus doliatus, 58

Theristicus melanops, 128

_Tinamus minor_, 119

—— _major_, 119

—— _rufescens_, 120

Tinnunculus Sparverius, 29

Tinochorus rumicivorus, 117

—— rumicivorus, Anat. Descript. of, 155

—— _Eschscholtzii_, 117

_Tisserin des Galapagos_, 105

Tityranæ, 50

_Tœnioptera variegata_, 55

_Totanus semicollaris_, 131

—— fuliginosus, 130

—— flavipes, 129

—— macropterus, 129

—— melanoleucos, 130

—— _solitarius_, 130

_Trichas canicapilla_, 87

—— velata, 87

_Tringa Morinellus_, 132

—— _minutilla_, 131

—— _Urvillii_, 126

—— rufescens, 130

—— _semipalmata_, 128

—— _macroptera_, 129

—— _Schinzii_, 131

Trochilidæ, 110

Trochilus flavifrons, 110

—— forficatus, 110

—— gigas, 111

—— gigas, Anat. Descript. of, 154

Troglodytes Magellanicus, 74

—— Platensis, 75

—— _paradoxus_, 73

_Troupiale à tête jaune_, 107

Turdidæ, 59

Turdus Falklandicus, 59

_Turdus Magellanicus_, 59

_Turdus Thenca_, 61 —— rufiventer, 59 —— _varius_, 64 —— _curæus_, 107 —— _Chochi_, 59 —— _leucomelas_, 59 —— _albiventer_, 59 —— _Orpheus_, 60

Tyranninæ, 42

Tyrannula magnirostris, 48 —— _auriceps_, 47 —— _parvirostris_, 48

_Tyrannus Irupero_, 53 —— _pepoaza_, 54 —— _polyglottus_, 54 —— _nengeta_, 54 —— _magnanimus_, 43 —— _sulphuratus_, 43 —— _gutturalis_, 56 —— _coronatus_, 54 —— _Savana_, 43

Ulula rufipes, 34

Ululinæ, 32

Uppucerthia dumetoria, 66 —— dumetoria, Anat. Descript. of, 148 —— _dumetorum_, 66

_Uppucerthia vulgaris_, 66 —— _rupestris_, 67

_Uppucerthia nigro-fumosa_, 68

_Vanellus cinctus_, 126

Viralva aranea, 145

_Vultur gryphus_, 3 —— _aura_, 8 —— _atratus_, 7 —— _jota_, 7

Vulturidæ, 3

_White-rumped snipe_, 130

Xanthornus chrysopterus, 106 —— flavus, 107

Xema cirrocephalum, 142

Xolmis nengeta, 54 —— coronata, 54 —— variegata, 55 —— Pyrope, 55

_Yahana proprement dit_, 133

_Ypecaha_, 133

_Yellow crested grosbeak_, 88

_Yellow shanks snipe_, 129

_Yetapa psalura_, 51

Zaporina notata, 132 —— spilonota, 132

Zenaida aurita, 115 —— Galapagoensis, 115 —— Boliviana, 116

Zonotrichia strigiceps, 92 —— canicapilla, 91 —— matutina, 91

-----

Footnote 1:

I measured a specimen, which I killed there: it was from tip to tip of
wing, eight and a half feet; and from end of beak to end of tail four
feet.

Footnote 2:

I noticed that several hours before any of the Condors died, all the
lice with which they are infested, crawled to the outside feathers. I
was told, that this always happened.

Footnote 3:

In the case of the _Cathartes Aura_, Mr. Owen, in some notes read
before the Zoological Society, (See Magazine of Nat. Hist. New Ser.
vol. i. p. 638.) has demonstrated from the developed form of the
olfactory nerves, that this bird must possess an acute sense of smell.
It was mentioned on the same evening, in a communication from Mr.
Sells, that on two occasions, persons in the West Indies having died,
and their bodies not being buried till they smelt offensively, these
birds congregated in numbers on the roof of the house. This instance
appears quite conclusive, as it was certain, from the construction of
the buildings, that they must have gained the intelligence by the
sense of smell alone, and not by that of sight. It would appear from
the various facts recorded, that carrion-feeding hawks possess both
senses, in a very high degree.

Footnote 4:

Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, vol. iii. p. 24.

Footnote 5:

In this work, whenever the particular name of any colour is given, or
it is placed within commas, it implies, that it is taken from
comparison with Patrick Syme’s edition of Werner’s Nomenclature of
Colours.

Footnote 6:

_Mileago Chimango_ of this work.

Footnote 7:

Novorum Actorum Academiæ Cæsariæ, Leopol. vol. xvi. p. 62.
Observationes Zoologicas, F. J. Meyenii.

Footnote 8:

Tom. iii. p. 162.

Footnote 9:

Voyage dans l’Amérique Meridionale Partie, Oiseaux, p. 52.

Footnote 10:

Perhaps to this genus belong _Muscicapa thamnophiloides_ and
_cinerea_, figured by Spix, in his Aves, pl. 26. f. 1 and 2. _G. R.
Gray._

Footnote 11:

Molina, in his account of Chile, attributes this nest, I believe,
through an error, to _Mimus thenca_.

Footnote 12:

Journal of Researches during the Voyage of the Beagle, p. 60.

Footnote 13:

This genus, and the following sub-genera, were named by Mr. Gould at a
meeting of the Zool. Soc. Jan. 10 1837, p. 4. of Proceedings.

Footnote 14:

Remarks on the Plumage of Birds, Charlsworth’s Mag. of Nat. History,
vol. i. p. 480.

Footnote 15:

Fauna Borealis, Birds, p. 278. Dr. Richardson states that the egg is
only seven lines and a half in length. I presume the measure of eight
lines, instead of twelve to the inch, must in this case have been
used. I am much indebted to the kindness of Mr. Yarrell for lending me
an egg of the _Molothrus pecoris_, forming part of a collection of
North American eggs in his possession.

Footnote 16:

Wilson’s American Ornithology, vol. ii. p. 162.

Footnote 17:

Magazine of Zoology and Botany, vol. i. p. 217.

Footnote 18:

See Azara, vol. iii. p. 170.

Footnote 19:

It appears that the eggs in the same nest with that of the _Molothrus
pecoris_, are turned out by the parent birds before they are hatched,
owing to the egg of the _M. pecoris_ being hatched in an unusually
short time; in the case of the young cuckoo, as is well known, the
young bird itself throws out its foster-brothers. Mr. C. Fox, however,
(Silliman’s American Journal, vol. xxix. p. 292), relates an instance
of three young sparrows having been found alive with a Molothrus.

Footnote 20:

Humboldt, Pers. Narr. vol. v. part 1. p. 352. Cook’s Third Voyage,
vol. ii. and Beechey’s Voyage.

Footnote 21:

Cowley’s Voyage, p. 10, in Dampier’s Collection of Voyages.

Footnote 22:

Dampier’s Voyage, vol. i. p. 103. For some further observations on the
tameness of the birds on this and some other islands, see my Journal
of Researches, p. 475.

Footnote 23:

In Hearne’s Travels in North America, (p. 383), it is stated that the
Northern Indians shoot the varying hare, which will not bear to be
approached in a straight line, in an analogous manner, by walking
round it in a spire. The middle of the day is the best time, when the
shadow of the hunter is not very long.

Footnote 24:

Sturt’s Travels, vol. ii. p. 74.

Footnote 25:

A Gaucho assured me that he had once seen a snow-white, or Albino
variety, and that it was a most beautiful bird.

Footnote 26:

It appears, also, from Mr. Gould’s late most interesting discoveries
regarding the habits of the _Talegalla Lathami_, (an Australian bird,
one of the Rasores,) that several females lay in one nest, and that
the eggs are hatched by the heat engendered by a mass of decaying
vegetable matter. It appears that the males assist the females in
scratching together the leaves and earth, of which the great conical
mound or nest is composed.

Footnote 27:

Burchell’s Travels, vol. i. p. 280.

Footnote 28:

Azara, vol. iv. p. 173.

Footnote 29:

Lichtenstein, however, (Travels, vol. ii. p. 25.) states, that the
hens begin to sit when ten or twelve eggs are laid, and that they
afterwards continue laying. He affirms that by day the hens take turns
in sitting, but that the cock sits all night.

Footnote 30:

The naturalists in Lutke’s voyage, vol. iii. p. 255, seem to consider
a gull, which they obtained at Concepcion, as the _Larus Franklinii_
of North America.

Footnote 31:

I am much indebted to Mr. Eyton for these observations, which greatly
add to the value of the previous descriptions.

Footnote 32:

Since the above was in type, I have had, through the kindness of Mr.
Gould, an opportunity of examining _Menura lyra_, and find my former
supposition to be correct; but neither of these genera can be placed
among the gallinaceous birds where the latter bird has been arranged
by some authors.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Page Changed from Changed to

130 albis, illis obscure, his plane albis, illis obscure, bis plane
grisescenti fusco fasciatis; grisescenti fusco fasciatis;
rostri rubescenti fusco rostri rubescenti fusco

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed blackletter font in =equals=. ● The caret (^) serves as a superscript indicator, applicable to individual characters (like 2^d) and even entire phrases (like 1^{st}).