Chapter I: Preface

Ethical Theory has felt the full force of recent scientific and philosophical agitation. The earlier systems have been subject to earnest and continued discussion. The severest tests available by the progress of knowledge have been applied to both their premises and their conclusions. New theories, based on changed conceptions of man and the world, have been variously elaborated, presenting greatly altered views of the whole phenomenon of morality. While not overthrowing old views these have given instructive suggestions. The ethical field has thus been largely re-surveyed, and whatever light modern science and speculation have furnished has been thrown upon this great and unceasingly important subject. In some respects the agitation has brought confusion and uncertainty. The clash of theories has been disturbing. But on the whole ethical philosophy has been the gainer. The discussions have certified the immovable foundations and essential features of the moral system. The fresh light from the advance of knowledge has proved, as it always does, not destructive, but corrective and confirmatory. The abiding truth has been shown and vindicated by the ordeal through which it has passed.

This volume is largely the outcome of the author's many years of class-room lecturing on the subject. Its object is to furnish for students and general readers a compendious view of the ethical facts and principles as the author believes them to be established by the best accredited knowledge and thought of our times. There seems to be room for such a work. The method is believed to give proper recognition to both the empirical and metaphysical sides of the subject. Starting from the universal phenomenon of moral distinctions in life, it determines the conscience psychologically, as a rationally intuitive power discerning the moral distinction and the reality and authority of moral law. The implications of conscience and moral law necessarily become theistic. The metaphysical examination finds for the real phenomena of the subjective faculty the objective and abiding reality of the ethical law which the faculty discerns, and the right or morally good itself so perceived as consisting proximately in a conformity of conduct with the relations of life in which moral requirement meets human freedom, and as ultimately grounded in the absolute and perfect source of the moral constitution of the universe. The movement carries to the conclusion of eternal and immutable moral law. The disclosures of revelation confirm the ethical law of the natural reason, completing the moral view and supplying, in the divine forces of Christianity, the proper dynamic for the realization of the ethical life.

The volume is humbly sent forth in the hope that it may contribute somewhat to the cause of truth and prove quickening to the life of duty and righteousness.

GETTYSBURG, Dec. 1, 1896.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

DEFINITION AND GENERAL DIVISIONS.

PAGES

1. Definition and Statement of the Subject-matter 15-17

2. Historical Glance at the Beginning and Progress of the
Science 17-20

3. Theoretical and Practical 20-23

4. Relations to Psychology, Natural Theology, and Christian
Theology 23-27

CHAPTER II.

THE FACT OF MORAL DISTINCTIONS.

1. Revealed in Personal Consciousness 28-29

2. Incorporated in the Social Organism 29

3. Witnessed to in History 29-31

4. Shown in the Religious World 31-33

5. Pervades Literature 33-34

6. Ethnic and Anthropological Information 34-35

7. Unaffected by Theories of its Cause or Significance 35-36

CHAPTER III.

FACULTY OF MORAL DISTINCTIONS--THE EXISTENCE OF CONSCIENCE.

1. The Importance of this Question 37-39

2. Proofs of its Existence 39-55

1. The Moral Distinctions in Personal Consciousness
and the World 39-40

2. The Peculiar Character of its Perceptions 40-44

3. Special Feelings from its Perceptions 44-47

4. Objection from Diversity of Moral Judgments Noticed 47-53

5. These Proofs Independent of the Mode of the Origin
of the Power 53-55