Chapter XXVII: Miscellaneous Uses of Electricity

=171. The Many Uses= to which the electric current is put are almost numberless. New uses are being found for it every day. Some of the common applications are given below.

=172. Automatic Electric Program Clocks=, Fig. 252, are largely used in all sorts of establishments, schools, etc., for ringing bells at certain stated periods. The lower dial shown has many contact-points that can be inserted to correspond to given times. As this revolves, the circuits are closed, one after the other, and it may be so set that bells will be rung in different parts of the house every five minutes, if desired.

=173. Call Boxes= are used to send in calls of various kinds to central stations. Fig. 253 shows one form. The number of different calls provided includes messenger, carrier, coupé, express wagon, doctor, laborer, police, fire, together with three more, which may be made special to suit the convenience of the individual customer. The instruments are provided with apparatus for receiving a return signal, the object of which is to notify the subscriber that his call has been received and is having attention.

Fig. 254 shows another form of call box, the handle being moved around to the call desired. As it springs back to the original position, an interrupted current passes through the box to the central station, causing a bell to tap a certain number of times, giving the call and location of the box.

=174. Electric Gas-Lighters.= Fig. 255 shows a _ratchet burner_. The first pull of the chain turns on the gas through a four-way gas-cock, governed by a ratchet-wheel and pawl. The issuing gas is lighted by a wipe-spark at the tip of the burner. Alternate pulls shut off the gas. As the lever brings the attached wire A, in contact with the wire B, a bright spark passes, which ignites the gas, the burner being joined with a battery and induction or spark coil.

_Automatic burners_ are used when it is desired to light gas at a distance from the push-button. Fig. 256 shows one form. Two electromagnets are shown, one being generally joined to a white push-button for turning on the gas and lighting it, the other being joined to a black button which turns off the gas when it is pressed. The armatures of the magnets work the gas-valve. Sparks ignite the gas, as explained above.

=175. Door Openers.= Fig. 257 shows one form. They contain electromagnets so arranged that when the armature is attracted by the pushing of a button anywhere in the building, the door can be pushed open.

=176. Dental Outfits.= Fig. 258 shows a motor arranged to run dental apparatus. The motor can be connected to an ordinary incandescent light socket. In case the current gives out, the drills, etc., can be run by foot power.

=177. Annunciators= of various kinds are used in hotels, factories, etc., to indicate a certain room when a bell rings at the office. The bell indicates that some one has called, and the annunciator shows the location of the call by displaying the number of the room or its location. Fig. 259 shows a small annunciator. They contain electromagnets which are connected to push-buttons located in the building, and which bring the numbers into place as soon as the current passes through them.

INDEX.

Numbers refer to paragraphs. See Table of Contents for the titles of the various chapters.

Action of magnets upon each other, 32.

Adjuster, for lamp cords, 151.

Air pressure, effect of spark upon, 155.

Aluminum-leaf, for electroscopes, 5.

Alternating current, 129, 130;
system of wiring for, 144.

Amalgamation of zincs, 47.

Amber, electrification upon, 3.

Ammeter, the, 74;
how placed in circuit, 77.

Ampere, the, 72.

Annunciators, 177.

Anode, 79, 82.

Apparatus for electrical measurements, Chap. VI.

Appliances, for distribution of currents, 141;
for electric railways, 167;
for heating by electricity, 147.

Arc, the electric, 152.

Arc lamp, the, 153;
how light is produced by, Chap. XXII.;
double carbon, 153;
hand-feed focussing, 153;
for search-lights, 153;
short, for basements, 153;
single carbon, 153;
for theater use, 153.

Armature, of dynamo, 127, 129;
of electromagnets, 98;
of horseshoe magnet, 26;
of motors, 161;
uses of, 39.

Artificial magnets, 25.

Astatic, detectors, 94;
galvanometer, 73;
needles, 94.

Aurora borealis, 23.

Automatic, current interrupters, 104, 115;
gas lighters, 174;
program clocks, 172.

Automobiles, 169;
controllers for, 169;
motors for, 169;
steering of, 169;
storage batteries for, 169.

Bamboo filaments, 149.

Bar magnets, 27;
magnetic figures of, 38.

Batteries, large plunge, 54;
plunge, 53;
secondary, 86;
storage, and how they work, Chap. IX.

Bell, the electric, and some of its uses, Chap. XV.;
electric, 116;
magneto testing, 117;
trembling, etc., 116.

Bell transmitter, 120.

Belts, electricity generated by friction upon, 1.

Benjamin Franklin, 18.

Bichromate of potash cells, 51, etc.

Binding-posts, Chap. V.;
common forms of, 63.

Blasting, by electricity, 147;
electric machines for, 147.

Bluestone cell, 56.

Boats, electric, 168.

Boilers, use of in central stations, 170.

Bones, photographed by x-rays, Chap. XXIII.

Boosters, 136.

Brushes, 129.

Bunsen cells, 56_a_.

Burner, automatic, 174;
for gas-lights, 174;
ratchet, 174.

Buzzers, electric, 118.

Cables and wires, 143.

Call boxes, electric, 173.

Carbon, in arc lamps, 152, 153;
filament, 149;
transmitter, 123.

Carpet, electricity generated upon, 1.

Cars, electric, 164;
controllers for, 165;
heating by electricity, 167;
overhead system for, 166;
underground system for, 166.

Cat, electricity generated upon, 1.

Cathode, definition of, 79;
rays, 157.

Cells, Bunsen, 56_a_;
bichromate of potash, 51;
closed circuit, 50;
dry, 58;
Edison-Lelande, 59;
electricity generated by, Chap. III.;
Fuller, 55;
Gonda, 57;
gravity, 56;
Grenet, 52;
Leclanché, 57;
open circuit, 50;
plates and poles of, 45_a_;
polarization of, 48;
simple, 45, 49;
single-fluid, 49;
two-fluid, 49;
various voltaic, Chap. IV.

Central stations, 170;
a word about, Chap. XXVI.

Chain lightning, 19.

Chafing-dishes, electrical, 147.

Charging condensers, 15.

Chemical action, and electricity, 81.

Chemical effects of electric current, Chap. VII.

Chemical meters, 78.

Church organs, pumped by motors, 162.

Circuits, electric, 50;
for lamps, 144.

Cleats, porcelain, 141;
wooden, 141.

Clocks, automatic electric, 172.

Closed circuit cells, 50.

Coils, induction, and how they work, Chap. XIII.;
induction, construction of, 104;
method of joining, 98;
primary and secondary, 103;
resistance, 69;
rotation of, 95;
of transformers, 135.

Collectors on dynamos, 129.

Commutators, 129.

Compasses, magnetic, 31.

Compound, magnets, 28;
wound dynamo, 131.

Condensation of static electricity, 15.

Condensers, 15;
for induction coils, 104.

Conductors, and insulators, 4, 138.

Conduits, electric, 140.

Connections, electrical, 60;
for telegraph lines, 111.

Controllers, for automobiles, 169;
for electric cars, 165.

Copper sulphate, effects of current on, 82;
formula of, 79.

Copper voltameters, 75.

Cords, adjustable for lamps, 151.

Coulomb, the, 76.

Crater of hot carbons, 152.

Crookes tubes, 156, 158.

Current, detectors, 93;
direction of in cell, 46;
from magnet and coil, 100;
from two coils, 102;
induced, 127;
of induction coils, 105;
interrupters, automatic, 104, 115;
local, 47;
primary and secondary, 102;
transformation of, Chap. XVIII.;
transmission of, 134.

Currents, and motion, 160;
how distributed for use, Chap. XIX.

Current strength, 71;
measurement of, 73;
unit of, 72.

Cylinder electric machines, 9.

Daniell cell, 56.

D'Arsonval galvanometer, 73.

Declination, 41.

Decorative incandescent lamps, 151.

Dental, lamps, 151;
outfits, 176.

Detectors, astatic, 94;
current, 93.

Diamagnetic bodies, 29.

Diaphragm for telephones, 120.

Dip, of magnetic needle, 42.

Direct current, 129, 130.

Direction of current in cell, 46.

Discharging condensers, 15.

Disruptive discharges, 154.

Distribution of currents for use, Chap. XIX.

Door opener, electric, 175.

Dots and dashes, 110.

Drill press, run by motor, 162.

Dry cells, 58.

Dynamo, the, 126;
alternating current, 130;
commutator of, 129;
compound wound, 131;
direct current, 130;
lamps connected to, 132;
series wound, 131;
shunt wound, 131;
used as motor, 161;
use of in central stations, 170;
used with water power, 170.

Dynamos, electricity generated by, Chap. XVII.;
types of, 130;
various machines, 132;
winding of, 131.

Dynamotors, 137.

Earth, inductive influence of, 43;
lines of force about, 40, 42.

Ebonite, electricity by friction upon, 3, 4.

Edison-Lelande cells, 59.

Electric, automobiles, 169;
bell, and some of its uses, Chap. XV.;
boats, 168;
buzzers, 118;
cars, 164;
conduits, 140;
fans, 162;
flat-irons, 146;
gas lighters, 174;
griddles, 147;
kitchen, 147;
lights, arc, Chap. XXII.;
lights, incandescent, Chap. XXI.;
machines, static, 7 to 13;
machines, uses of, 14;
motor, the, 161;
motor, and how it does work, Chap. XXIV.;
soldering irons, 146;
telegraph, and how it sends messages, Chap. XIV.;
telephone, and how it transmits speech, Chap. XVI.;
welding, 146.

Electric current, and work, 133;
and chemical action, 81;
chemical effects of, Chap. VII.;
how distributed for use, Chap. XIX.;
magnetic effects of, Chap. XI.;
how transformed, Chap. XVIII.

Electrical, connections, 60;
horse-power, 77;
measurements, Chap. VI.;
resistance, 68;
resistance, unit of, 69;
units, Chap. VI.

Electricity, about frictional, Chap. I.;
and chemical action, 81;
atmospheric, 18;
heat produced by, Chap. XX.;
history of, 3;
how generated upon cat, 1;
how generated by dynamos, Chap. XVII.;
how generated by heat, Chap. X.;
how generated by induction, Chap. XII.;
how generated by voltaic cell, Chap. III.;
origin of name, 2.

Electrification, kinds of, 6;
laws of, 7.

Electrolysis, 79.

Electrolyte, 79.

Electromagnetic induction, 99.

Electromagnetism, 91.

Electromagnets, 96;
forms of, 97.

Electro-mechanical gong, 116.

Electromotive force, defined, 65, 71;
measurement of, 67;
of polarization, 85;
of static electricity, 17;
unit of, 66.

Electrophorus, the, 8.

Electroplating, 82.

Electroscopes, 5.

Electrotyping, 83.

Experiments, early, with currents, 44;
some simple, 1.

External resistance, 68.

Fan motors, 162.

Field, magnetic, 37.

Field-magnets, 129.

Figures, magnetic, 38.

Filaments, carbon, 149;
bamboo, etc., 149.

Fire, St. Elmo's, 22.

Flat-irons, electric, 147.

Floor mains, 139.

Fluoroscope, 158.

Force, and induced currents, 101;
lines of magnetic, 38;
lines of about a wire, 92, 96;
lines of about a magnet, 37, 38.

Frictional electricity, about, Chap, I.;
location of charge of, 4;
sparks from, 4.

Fuller cell, the, 55.

Fuse, link, 142;
plug, 142;
ribbons, 142;
wire, 142.

Fusible rosettes, 142.

Galvani, early experiments of, 44.

Galvanometers, 73;
astatic, 73;
considered as motor, 161;
D'Arsonval, 73;
tangent, 73.

Galvanoscope, 73;
astatic, 94.

Gas lighters, electric, 174.

Geissler tubes, 156.

Generators, electric, 126.

Glass, electricity generated upon, 4.

Glue pots, electric, 147.

Gold-leaf, for electroscopes, 5.

Gold plating, 82.

Gonda cell, 57.

Gong, electro-mechanical, 116.

Gravity cell, the, 56;
replaced by dynamotors, 137.

Grenet cell, 52.

Griddles, electric, 147.

Guard, for lamps, 151.

Heat, how generated by electricity, Chap. X.;
and magnetism, 35;
and resistance, 145.

Heat lightning, 19.

Heaters, for cars, 167.

History of electricity, 3.

Horse-power, electrical, 77.

Horseshoe, permanent magnets, 26;
electromagnets, 97, 98.

Human body, bones of, photographed by x-rays, Chap. XXIII.

Hydrogen, action of in cell, 48;
attraction of for oxygen, 85.

Incandescence, 148.

Incandescent lamp, 149;
candle-power of, 150;
current for, 150;
light produced by, Chap. XXI.;
construction of, 149;
uses of, 151.

Inclination of magnetic needle, 42.

Indicating push-button, 61.

Induced currents, 127;
and lines of force, 101;
by rotary motion, 128;
of induction coils, 105;
of transformers, 135.

Induced magnetism, 36.

Induction, electricity generated by, Chap. XII.;
electromagnetic, 99.

Induction coils, condensers for, 104;
construction of, 104;
currents of, 105;
how they work, Chap. XIII.;
in telephone work, 124;
uses of, 106.

Inductive influence of earth, 43.

Influence machines for medical purposes, 13.

Ink writing registers, 114.

Insulating tubing, 141.

Insulators, 141;
and conductors, 4, 138;
feeder-wire, 167;
for poles, 167;
porcelain, 141.

Internal resistance, 68.

Interrupters, automatic current, 104, 115.

Ions, 80.

Iron, electricity upon, by friction, 4.

Jar, Leyden, 15.

Jarring magnets, effects of, 33.

Keeper of magnets, 26.

Keys, telegraph, 109.

Kinds of electrification, 6.

Kitchen, electric, 147.

Knife switch, 62.

Lamp, incandescent, candle-power of, 150;
cord, adjustable, 151;
current for, 150;
dental, 151;
for desks, 151;
for throat, 151;
guard for, 151;
incandescent, 149;
socket, 151;
with half shade, 151.

Lamp, the arc, 153;
how light is produced by, Chap. XXII.;
double carbon, 153;
hand-feed focussing, 153;
for search-lights, 153;
single carbon, 153;
short, for basements, 153;
for theater use, 153.

Lamp circuits, alternating system, 144.

Lamps, in parallel, 144;
lamps in series, 144;
three-wire system, 144;
two-wire system, 144.

Laws, of electrification, 7;
of magnetic attraction, 32;
of resistance, 70.

Leaf electroscopes, 5.

Leclanché cell, 57.

Leyden, battery, 16;
jar, 15.

Light, how produced by arc lamp, Chap. XXII.;
how produced by incandescent lamp, Chap. XXI.

Lightning, 19;
rods, 21.

Line, telegraph, Chap. XIV.;
connections for, 111;
operation of, 112.

Line suspension, for trolley-wires, 167.

Line wire, 111.

Lines of force, conductors of, 39, 96;
about the earth, 40, 42;
and induced currents, 101;
about a magnet, 38;
about a wire, 92.

Local currents, 47.

Magnetic, bodies, 29;
declination, 41;
effects of electric current, Chap. XI.;
field, 37;
figure of one bar magnet, 38;
figure of two bar magnets, 38;
figure of horseshoe magnet, 38;
needle, dip of, 42;
needles and compasses, 31.

Magnetism, and heat, 35;
induced, 36;
laws of, 32;
residual, 34;
retentivity, 34;
temporary, 36;
terrestrial, 40;
theory of, 33.

Magneto, signal bells, 117;
testing bells, 117;
transmitter, 120.

Magnets, action upon each other, 32;
artificial, 25;
bar, 27;
compound, 28;
effects of jarring, 33;
electro, 96;
electro, forms of, 97;
horseshoe, 26;
and magnetism, about, Chap. II.;
making of, 30;
natural, 24.

Mains, electric, 139.

Man-holes, in conduits, 140.

Measurements, electric, Chap. VI.;
of current strength, 73;
of E.M.F., 67.

Meters, chemical, 78;
permanent record, 77.

Microphone, the, 122.

Motion and currents, 160.

Motor, acting like dynamo, 163;
armature of, 161;
controlling speed of, 165;
electric, 161;
electric, and how it does work, Chap. XXIV.;
fans, 162;
for automobiles, 169;
for boats, 168;
for pumping bellows, 162;
for running drill press, 162;
parts of, 162;
starting boxes for, 163;
uses of, 162.

Motor-dynamos, 136.

Mouldings, for wires, 141.

Name, electricity, origin of, 2.

Natural magnets, 24.

Needles, astatic, 94;
dipping, 42;
magnetic, 31.

Negative electrification, 5.

Non-conductors, 4.

North pole, magnetic of earth, 40;
of magnets, 26.

Northern lights, 23.

Ohm, the, 69.

Open circuit cells, 50.

Openers, for doors, 175.

Outfits, dental, 175.

Overhead trolley system, 166.

Oxygen, attraction for hydrogen, 85.

Parallel arrangement of lamps, 144.

Peltier effect, 89.

Pendant, electric, 151.

Pith-ball electroscope, 5.

Plate electrical machine, 10.

Plates of cells, 45_a_.

Plunge batteries, 53;
large, 54.

Polarity of coils, 95.

Polarization, 84;
electromotive force of, 85;
of cells, 48.

Pole-changing switch, 62.

Poles, of cells, 45_a_;
of horseshoe magnet, 26.

Positive electrification, 6.

Potential, defined, 65.

Push-buttons, Chap. V.;
indicating, 61;
modifications of, 61;
table clamp, 61.

Quantity of electricity, 76;
unit of, 76.

Rays, cathode, 157;
x-rays, 158.

Receiver, telephone, 121.

Reflectors, for lamps, 151.

Registers, ink writing, 114.

Relay, the, 113.

Residual magnetism, 34.

Resistance, coils and boxes, 69;
electrical, 68;
external, 68;
and heat, 145;
internal, 68;
laws of, 70;
unit of, 69.

Retentivity, 34.

Risers, in buildings, 139.

Rods, lightning, 21.

Roentgen, Prof., 158.

Rosette, fusible, 142.

Running-gear, of automobiles, 169.

Safety, devices, 142;
fuse, 142;
fuse link, 142;
fuse plug, 142;
fuse ribbon, 142;
fuse wire, 142.

Search-lights, 153;
signals sent by, 153.

Secondary batteries, 86;
uses of, 87.

Series arrangement of lamps, 144.

Series wound dynamo, 131.

Service wires, 139.

Shunt-wound dynamo, 131.

Signal bells, magneto, 117.

Simple cell, the, 45, 49.

Single-fluid cells, 49.

Single-point switch, 62.

Single-stroke bell, 116.

Socket, for incandescent lamps, 151.

Soldering irons, electric, 147.

Sounders, telegraph, 110;
home-made, 110.

Spark, effect of air pressure on, 155.

Sparks, from cells, 17;
from frictional electricity, 4.

St. Elmo's fire, 22.

Starting boxes, for motors, 163.

Static electric machines, 8.

Static electricity, condensation of, 15;
electromotive force of, 17;
to test presence of, 5;
uses of, 14.

Steam engines, in central stations, 170.

Steel, inductive influence of earth upon, 43;
retentivity of, 26.

Storage batteries, the, and how they work, Chap. IX.;
for automobiles, 169;
for boats, 168;
for natural sources of power, 87.

Stoves, electric, 147.

Strength of current, 71;
measurement of, 73;
unit of, 72.

Switchboards, 62.

Switches, Chap. V.;
knife, 62;
pole-changing, 62;
single point, 62;
for trolley lines, 167.

Table clamp-push, 61.

Tangent galvanometer, 73.

Teakettles, electric, 147.

Telegraph, electric, and how it sends messages, Chap. XIV.;
ink writing registers, 114;
keys, 109;
relay, 113;
sounders, 110.

Telegraph line, 107, 108;
operation of, 112;
simple connections of, 111.

Telephone, the, and how it transmits speech, Chap. XVI.;
receiver, 121;
transmitter, 120;
use of induction coil with, 124;
various forms of, 125.

Temporary magnetism, 36.

Terrestrial magnetism, 40.

Theory of magnetism, 33.

Thermoelectricity, 88.

Thermopiles, 90.

Three-wire system, 144.

Throat, lamp for, 151.

Thunder, 20.

Toepler-Holtz machines, 11.

Transformers, 135.

Transforming electric current, Chap. XVIII.;
for electric welding, 146.

Transmission of currents, 134.

Transmitter, Bell, 120;
carbon, 123.

Trembling bell, 116.

Trolley-wires, 164;
-poles, 164;
-wheels, 164.

Tubes, Crookes, 156, 158;
Geissler, 156;
vacuum, 156.

Two-fluid cells, 49.

Two-wire system, 144.

Underground trolley system 166;
conduits for, 166.

Unit, of current strength, 72;
of electromotive force, 66;
of quantity, 76;
of resistance, 69.

Units, electrical, Chap. VI.

Uses, of armatures, 39;
of electricity, miscellaneous, Chap. XXVII.;
of induction coils, 106;
of motors, 162;
of storage batteries, 87.

Vacuum-tubes, 156.

Variation, angle of, 41.

Volt, the, 66.

Volta, 66;
early experiments of, 44.

Voltaic cell, electricity generated by, Chap. III.

Voltaic pile, 44.

Voltameters, 75;
copper, 75;
water, 75.

Voltmeters, 67, 77.

Water, decomposition of, 79;
power, source of energy, 170;
voltameters, 73.

Watt, the, 77.

Wattmeters, 77.

Welding, electric, 146.

Wimshurst electric machine, 12.

Wires and cables, 143.

Wiring, for alternating system, 144;
three-wire system, 144;
two-wire system, 144.

Work, and electric current, 133.

X-ray photographs, 159.

X-rays, 156;
and how the bones of the human body are photographed, Chap. XXIII.

Yokes, 97, 98.

Zincs, amalgamation of, 47.

THINGS A BOY SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ELECTRICITY.

By THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, Met. E.

The book contains 180 pages, and 260 illustrations; it measures
5 x 7½ in., and is bound in cloth.

PRICE, POST-PAID, $1.00.

=CONTENTS:= _Chapter_ I. About Frictional Electricity.--II.
About Magnets and Magnetism.--III. How Electricity
is Generated by the Voltaic Cell.--IV. Various
Voltaic Cells.--V. About Push-Buttons, Switches and
Binding-Posts.--VI. Units and Apparatus for Electrical
Measurements.--VII. Chemical Effects of the Electric
Current.--VIII. How Electroplating and Electrotyping are
Done.--IX. The Storage Battery and How it Works.--X. How
Electricity is Generated by Heat.--XI. Magnetic Effects of
the Electric Current.--XII. How Electricity is Generated
by Induction.--XIII. How the Induction Coil Works.--XIV.
The Electric Telegraph, and How it Sends Messages.--XV. The
Electric Bell and Some of its Uses.--XVI. The Telephone,
and How it Transmits Speech.--XVII. How Electricity
is Generated by Dynamos.--XVIII. How the Electric
Current is Transformed.--XIX. How Electric Currents are
Distributed for Use.--XX. How Heat is Produced by the
Electric Current.--XXI. How Light is Produced by the
Incandescent Lamp.--XXII. How Light is Produced by the Arc
Lamp.--XXIII. X-Rays, and How the Bones of the Human Body
are Photographed.--XXIV. The Electric Motor and How it Does
Work.--XXV. Electric Cars, Boats and Automobiles.--XXVI. A
Word About Central Stations.--XXVII. Miscellaneous Uses of
Electricity.

This book explains, in simple, straightforward language, many things about electricity; things in which the American boy is intensely interested; things he wants to know; things he should know.

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It is brimful of illustrations--the best that can be had--illustrations that are taken directly from apparatus and machinery, and that show what they are intended to show.

This book does not contain experiments, or tell how to make apparatus; our other books do that. After explaining the simple principles of electricity, it shows how these principles are used and combined to make electricity do every-day work.

_Everyone Should Know About Electricity._

A VERY APPROPRIATE PRESENT

THIRD EDITION

How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus.

Containing complete directions for making all kinds of
simple electrical apparatus for the study of elementary
electricity. By PROFESSOR THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, New York City.

The book measures 5 × 7½ in., and is beautifully bound in
cloth. It contains 141 pages and 125 illustrations. Complete
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Apparatus for the practical use of students, teachers, and
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The shocking coils, telegraph instruments, batteries, electromagnets, motors, etc., etc., are so simple in construction that any boy of average ability can make them; in fact, the illustrations have been made directly from apparatus constructed by young boys.

The author has been working along this line for several years, and he has been able, _with the help of boys_, to devise a complete line of simple electrical apparatus.

=_THE APPARATUS IS SIMPLE because the designs and methods
of construction have been worked out practically in the
school-room, absolutely no machine-work being required._=

=_THE APPARATUS IS PRACTICAL because it has been designed
for real use in the experimental study of elementary
electricity._=

=_THE APPARATUS IS CHEAP because most of the parts can be
made of old tin cans and cracker boxes, bolts, screws, wires
and wood._=

=Address, THOMAS M. ST. JOHN,=
=407 West 51st Street,=
=New York.=

How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus.

=CONTENTS:= _Chapter_ I. Cells and Batteries.--II. Battery Fluids and Solutions.--III. Miscellaneous Apparatus and Methods of Construction.--IV. Switches and Cut-Outs.--V. Binding-Posts and Connectors.--VI. Permanent Magnets,--VII. Magnetic Needles and Compasses.--VIII. Yokes and Armatures.--IX. Electro-Magnets.--X. Wire-Winding Apparatus.--XI. Induction Coils and Their Attachments.--XII. Contact Breakers and Current Interrupters.--XIII. Current Detectors and Galvanometers.--XIV. Telegraph Keys and Sounders.--XV. Electric Bells and Buzzers.--XVI. Commutators and Current Reversers.--XVII. Resistance Coils.--XVIII. Apparatus for Static Electricity.--XIX. Electric Motors.--XX. Odds and Ends.--XXI. Tools and Materials.

"The author of this book is a teacher and wirier of great ingenuity, and we imagine that the effect of such a book as this falling into juvenile hands must be highly stimulating and beneficial. It is full of explicit details and instructions in regard to a great variety of apparatus, and the materials required are all within the compass of very modest pocket-money. Moreover, it is systematic and entirely without rhetorical frills, so that the student can go right along without being diverted from good helpful work that will lead him to build useful apparatus and make him understand what he is about. The drawings are plain and excellent. We heartily commend the book."--_Electrical Engineer._

"Those who visited the electrical exhibition last May cannot have failed to notice on the south gallery a very interesting exhibit, consisting, as it did, of electrical apparatus made by boys. The various devices there shown, comprising electro-magnets, telegraph keys and sounders, resistance coils, etc., were turned out by boys following the instructions given in the book with the above title, which is unquestionably one of the most practical little works yet written that treat of similar subjects, for with but a limited amount of mechanical knowledge, and by closely following the instructions given, almost any electrical device may be made at very small expense. That such a book fills a long-felt want may be inferred from the number of inquiries we are constantly receiving from persons desiring to make their own induction coils and other apparatus."--_Electricity._

"At the electrical show in New York last May one of the most interesting exhibits was that of simple electrical apparatus made by the boys in one of the private schools in the city. This apparatus, made by boys of thirteen to fifteen years of age, was from designs by the author of this clever little book, and it was remarkable to see what an ingenious use had been made of old tin tomato-cans, cracker-boxes, bolts, screws, wire, and wood. With these simple materials telegraph instruments, coils, buzzers, current detectors, motors, switches, armatures, and an almost endless variety of apparatus were made, In this book Mr. St. John has given directions in simple language for making and using these devices, and has illustrated these directions with admirable diagrams and cuts. The little volume is unique, and will prove exceedingly helpful to those of our young readers who are fortunate enough to possess themselves of a copy. For schools where a course of elementary science is taught, no better text-book in the first-steps in electricity is obtainable."--_The Great Round World._

Exhibit of Experimental Electrical Apparatus

AT THE ELECTRICAL SHOW, MADISON SQUARE GARDEN, NEW YORK.

While only 40 pieces of simple apparatus were shown in this exhibit, it gave visitors something of an idea of what young boys can do if given proper designs.

Gives Proper Designs--Designs for over 150 Things.]

Fun With Photography

BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT.

=PHOTOGRAPHY= is now an educational amusement, and to many it is the most fascinating of all amusements. The magic of sunshine, the wonders of nature, and the beauties of art are tools in the hand of the amateur photographer.

A great many things can be done with this outfit, and it will give an insight into this most popular pastime.

=THE OUTFIT= contains everything necessary for making
ordinary prints--together with other articles to be used
in various ways. The following things are included:
One Illustrated Book of Instructions, called "Fun With
Photography;" 1 Package of Sensitized Paper; 1 Printing
Frame, including Glass, Back, and Spring; 1 Set of Masks for
Printing Frame; 1 Set of Patterns for Fancy Shapes; 1 Book
of Negatives (Patent Pending) Ready for Use; 6 Sheets of
Blank Negative Paper; 1 Alphabet Sheet; 1 Package of Card
Mounts; 1 Package of Folding Mounts; 1 Package of "Fixo."

=CONTENTS OF BOOK:=--=Chapter I.
Introduction.=--Photography.--Magic Sunshine.--The
Outfit.--=II. General Instructions.=--The
Sensitized Paper.--How the Effects are
Produced.--Negatives.--Prints.--Printing Frames.--Our
Printing Frame.--Putting Negatives in Printing
Frame.--Printing.--Developing.--Fixing.--Drying.--Trimming.--Fancy
Shapes.--Mounting.--=III. Negatives and How to Make
Them.=--The Paper.--Making Transparent Paper.--Making
the Negatives.--Printed Negatives.--Perforated
Negatives.--Negatives Made from Magazine Pictures.--Ground
Glass Negatives.--=IV. Nature Photography.=--Aids
to Nature Study.--Ferns and Leaves.--Photographing
Leaves.--Perforating Leaves.--Drying Leaves, Ferns,
etc., for Negatives.--Flowers.--=V. Miscellaneous
Photographs.=--Magnetic Photographs.--Combination
Pictures.--Initial Pictures.--Name Plates.--Christmas,
Easter and Birthday Cards.

_The Book and Complete Outfit will be sent, by mail or
express, Charges Prepaid, upon receipt of 65 Cents, by_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 407 W. 51st St., New York.=

Fun With Magnetism.

BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR SIXTY-ONE EXPERIMENTS IN MAGNETISM...

Children like to do experiments; and in this way, better than in any other, _a practical knowledge of the elements of magnetism_ may be obtained.

These experiments, although arranged to _amuse_ boys and girls, have been found to be very _useful in the class-room_ to supplement the ordinary exercises given in text-books of science.

To secure the _best possible quality of apparatus_, the horseshoe magnets were made at Sheffield, England, especially for these sets. They are new and strong. Other parts of the apparatus have also been selected and made with great care, to adapt them particularly to these experiments.--_From the author's preface._

=CONTENTS.=--Experiments With Horseshoe Magnet.--Experiments
With Magnetized Needles.--Experiments With Needles,
Corks, Wires, Nails, etc.--Experiments With Bar
Magnets.--Experiments With Floating Magnets.--Miscellaneous
Experiments.--Miscellaneous Illustrations showing what very
small children can do with the Apparatus.--Diagrams showing
how Magnetized Needles may be used by little children to
make hundreds of pretty designs upon paper.

=AMUSING EXPERIMENTS.=--Something for Nervous People to
Try.--The Jersey Mosquito.--The Stampede.--The Runaway.--The
Dog-fight.--The Whirligig.--The Naval Battle.--A
String of Fish.--A Magnetic Gun.--A Top Upsidedown.--A
Magnetic Windmill.--A Compass Upsidedown.--The Magnetic
Acrobat.--The Busy Ant-hill.--The Magnetic Bridge.--The
Merry-go-Round.--The Tight-rope Walker.--A Magnetic Motor
Using Attractions and Repulsions.

_The Book and Complete Outfit will be sent, Post-paid,
upon receipt of 35 Cents, by_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 407 W. 51st St., New York.=

FUN WITH SHADOWS

BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR SHADOW PICTURES, PANTOMIMES, ENTERTAINMENTS, Etc., Etc.

=Shadow Making= has been a very popular amusement for several centuries. There is a great deal of _fun_ and instruction in it, and its long life is due to the fact that it has always been a source of keen delight to grown people as well as to children.

In getting material together for this little book, the author has been greatly aided by English, French and American authors, some of whom are professional shadowists. It has been the author's special effort to get the subject and apparatus into a practical, cheap form for boys and girls.

=THE OUTFIT= contains everything necessary for all ordinary
shadow pictures, shadow entertainments, shadow plays, etc.
The following articles are included:

One book of Instructions called "Fun with Shadows"; 1 Shadow
Screen; 2 Sheets of Tracing Paper; 1 Coil of Wire for
Movable Figures; 1 Cardboard Frame for Circular Screen; 1
Cardboard House for Stage Scenery; 1 Jointed Wire Fish-pole
and Line; 2 Bent Wire Scenery Holders; 4 Clamps for Screen;
1 Wire Figure Support; 1 Wire for Oar; 2 Spring Wire Table
Clamps; 1 Wire Candlestick Holder; 5 Cardboard Plates
containing the following printed figures that should be cut
out with shears: 12 Character Hats; 1 Boat; 1 Oar-blade; 1
Fish; 1 Candlestick; 1 Cardboard Plate containing printed
parts for making movable figures.

=CONTENTS OF BOOK:= One Hundred Illustrations and Diagrams,
including Ten Full-page Book Plates, together with Six
Full-page Plates on Cardboard.

_Chapter_ I. Introduction.--II. General Instructions.--III.
Hand Shadows of Animals.--IV. Hand Shadows of Heads,
Character Faces, etc.--V. Moving Shadow Figures and How
to Make Them.--VI. Shadow Pantomimes.--VII. Miscellaneous
Shadows.

_The Book and Complete Outfit will be sent, =POST-PAID=,
upon receipt of 35 cents, by_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 407 West 51st St., New York City.=

Fun With Electricity.

BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR SIXTY EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTRICITY....

Enough of the principles of electricity are brought out to make the book instructive as well as amusing. The experiments are systematically arranged, and make a fascinating science course. No chemicals, no danger.

The book is conversational and not at all "schooly," Harry and Ned being two boys who perform the experiments and talk over the results as they go along.

"The book reads like a story."--"An appropriate present for a boy or girl."--"Intelligent parents will appreciate 'Fun With Electricity.'"--"Very complete, because it contains both book and apparatus."--"There is no end to the fun which a boy or girl can have with this fascinating amusement."

=THERE IS FUN IN THESE EXPERIMENTS.=--Chain Lightning.--An
Electric Whirligig.--The Baby Thunderstorm.--A Race
with Electricity.--An Electric Frog Pond.--An Electric
Ding-Dong.--The Magic Finger.--Daddy Long-Legs.--Jumping
Sally.--An Electric Kite.--Very Shocking.--Condensed
Lightning.--An Electric Fly-Trap.--The Merry Pendulum.--An
Electric Ferry-Boat.--A Funny Piece of Paper.--A Joke on the
Family Cat.--Electricity Plays Leap-Frog.--Lightning Goes
Over a Bridge.--Electricity Carries a Lantern.--And _=40
Others=_.

The =_OUTFIT_= contains 20 different articles. The =_BOOK
OF INSTRUCTION=_ measures 5 x 7½ inches, and has 38
illustrations, 55 pages, good paper and clear type.

_The Book, and Complete Outfit will be sent, by mail or
express, Charges Prepaid, upon receipt of 65 Cents, by_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 407 W. 51st St., New York.=

Fun With Puzzles.

BOOK, KEY, AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR FOUR HUNDRED PUZZLES...

The BOOK measures 5 × 7½ inches. It is well printed, nicely bound, and contains 15 chapters, 80 pages, and 128 illustrations. The KEY is illustrated. It is bound with the book, and contains the solution of every puzzle. The COMPLETE OUTFIT is placed in a neat box with the book. It consists of numbers, counters, figures, pictures, etc., for doing the puzzles.

=CONTENTS:= _Chapter_ (1) Secret Writing. (2) Magic
Triangles, Squares, Rectangles, Hexagons, Crosses, Circles,
etc. (3) Dropped Letter and Dropped Word Puzzles. (4) Mixed
Proverbs, Prose and Rhyme. (5) Word Diamonds, Squares,
Triangles, and Rhomboids. (6) Numerical Enigmas. (7)
Jumbled Writing and Magic Proverbs. (8) Dissected Puzzles.
(9) Hidden and Concealed Words. (10) Divided Cakes, Pies,
Gardens, Farms, etc. (11) Bicycle and Boat Puzzles. (12)
Various Word and Letter Puzzles. (13) Puzzles with Counters.
(14) Combination Puzzles. (15) Mazes and Labyrinths.

"Fun With Puzzles" is a book that every boy and girl should have. It is amusing, instructive,--educational. It is just the thing to wake up boys and girls and make them think. They like it, because it is real fun. This sort of educational play should be given in every school-room and in every home.

"Fun With Puzzles" will puzzle your friends, as well as yourself; it contains some real brain-splitters. Over 300 new and original puzzles are given, besides many that are hundreds of years old.

=Secret Writing.= Among the many things that "F. W. P." contains, is the key to _secret writing_. It shows you a very simple way to write letters to your friends, and it is simply impossible for others to read what you have written, unless they know the secret. This, alone is a valuable thing for any boy or girl who wants to have some fun.

_The Book, Key, and Complete Outfit will be sent, postpaid,
upon receipt of 35 cents, by_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 407 West 51st St., New York City.=

Fun With Soap-Bubbles.

BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT FOR FANCY BUBBLES AND FILMS....

=THE OUTFIT= contains everything necessary for thousands of beautiful bubbles and films. All highly colored articles have been carefully avoided, as cheap paints and dyes are positively dangerous in children's mouths. The outfit contains the following articles:

One Book of Instructions, called "Fun With Soap-Bubbles," 1 Metal Base for Bubble Stand, 1 Wooden Rod for Bubble Stand, 3 Large Wire Rings for Bubble Stand, 1 Small Wire Ring, 3 Straws, 1 Package of Prepared Soap, 1 Bubble Pipe, 1 Water-proof Bubble Horn. The complete outfit is placed in a neat box with the book. (Extra Horns, Soap, etc., furnished at slight cost.)

=CONTENTS OF BOOK.=--Twenty-one
Illustrations.--Introduction.--The Colors of
Soap-bubbles.--The Outfit.--Soap Mixture.--Useful
Hints.--Bubbles Blown With Pipes.--Bubbles Blown
With Straws.--Bubbles Blown With the Horn.--Floating
Bubbles.--Baby Bubbles.--Smoke Bubbles.--Bombshell
Bubbles.--Dancing Bubbles.--Bubble Games.--Supported
Bubbles.--Bubble Cluster.--Suspended Bubbles.--Bubble
Lamp Chimney.--Bubble Lenses.--Bubble Basket.--Bubble
Bellows.--To Draw a Bubble Through a Ring.--Bubble
Acorn.--Bubble Bottle.--A Bubble Within a Bubble.--Another
Way.--Bubble Shade.--Bubble Hammock.--Wrestling
Bubbles.--A Smoking Bubble.--Soap Films.--The Tennis
Racket Film.--Fish-net Film.--Pan-shaped Film.--Bow and
Arrow Film.--Bubble Dome.--Double Bubble Dome.--Pyramid
Bubbles.--Turtle-back Bubbles.--Soap-bubbles and Frictional
Electricity.

"There is nothing more beautiful than the airy-fairy soap-bubble with its everchanging colors."

_THE BEST POSSIBLE AMUSEMENT FOR OLD
AND YOUNG._

_The Book and Complete Outfit will be sent, =POST-PAID=,
upon receipt of 35 cents, by_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 407 West 51st St., New York City.=

The Study of Elementary Electricity and

Magnetism by Experiment.

By THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, Met. E.

The book contains 220 pages and 168 illustrations;
it measures 5 × 7½ in. and is bound in green cloth.

PRICE, POST-PAID, $1.25.

This book is designed as a text-book for amateurs, students, and others who wish to take up a systematic course of elementary electrical experiments at home or in school. Full directions are given for.......

_Two Hundred Simple Experiments._

The experiments are discussed by the author, after the student has been led to form his own opinion about the results obtained and the points learned.

In selecting the apparatus for the experiments in this book, the author has kept constantly in mind the fact that the average student will not buy the expensive pieces usually described in text-books.

The two hundred experiments given can be performed with
simple apparatus; in fact, the student should make at least
a part of his own apparatus, and for the benefit of those
who wish to do this, the author has given, throughout the
work, explanations that will aid in the construction of
certain pieces especially adapted to these experiments. For
those who have the author's "How Two Boys Made Their Own
Electrical Apparatus," constant references have been made to
it as the "Apparatus Book," as this contains full details
for making almost all kinds of simple apparatus needed
in "The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by
Experiment."

_If you wish to take up a systematic course of experiments--experiments that may be performed with simple, inexpensive apparatus,--this book will serve as a valuable guide._

Condensed List of Apparatus

FOR

"The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment."

_Number_ 1. Steel Needles; package of twenty-five.--2. Flat Cork.--3. Candle.--4-15. Annealed Iron Wires; assorted lengths.--16. Horseshoe Magnet; best quality; English.--17. Iron Filings.--18. Parts for Compass.--19, 20. Wire Nails; soft steel.--21, 22. Spring Steel; for bar magnets.--23. Iron Ring.--24. Sifter; for iron filings.--25. Spring Steel; for flexible magnet.--26, 27. Ebonite Sheets; with special surface.--28. Ebonite Rod.--29. Ebonite Rod; short.--30. Flannel Cloth.--31. Tissue Paper.--32. Cotton Thread.--33. Silk Thread.--34. Support Base.--35. Support Rod.--36. Support Wire.--37. Wire Swing.--38. Sheet of Glass.--39. Hairpin.--40. Circular Conductor.--41. Circular Conductor.--42. Electrophorus Cover.--43. Insulating Table.--44. Insulated Copper Wire.--45. Rubber Band.--46. Bent Wire Clamps.--47. Cylindrical Conductor.--48. Discharger; for condenser.--49. Aluminum-Leaf.--50. Wires.

51. Dry Cell.--52. Mercury.--53. Insulated Copper Wire; for connections.--54. Spring Connectors; two dozen.--55. Parts for Key.--56. Metal Connecting Plates.--57. Parts for Current Reverser.--58. Parts for Galvanoscope.--59. Parts for Astatic Galvanoscope.--60-63. Zinc Strips.--64. Carbon Rod.--65, 66. Glass Tumblers.--67, 68. Copper Strips.--69. Galvanized Iron Nail.--70, 71. Wooden Cross-Pieces.--72. Brass Screws; one dozen.--73. Porous Cup.--74. Zinc Rod.--75. Copper Plate.--76. Iron Strip.--77, 78. Lead Strips.--79. Parts for Resistance Coil.--80. Parts for Wheatstone's Bridge.--81. German-Silver Wire; Size No. 30.--82. German-Silver Wire; No. 28.--83--85. Plate Binding-Posts.--86. Copper Sulphate.--87. Copper Burs; one dozen.--88. Combination Rule.--89. Coil of Wire; on spool for electromagnet.--90. Coil of Wire; on spool for electromagnet.--91. Carbon Rod.--92, 93. Soft Iron Cores with Screws.--94. Combined Base and Yoke.--95. Combination Connecting Plates.--96. Long Iron Core.--97. Round Bar Magnet, 5 × 3/8 in.--98. Thin Electromagnet.--99. Degree-Card; for galvanoscope.--100. Scale for Bridge.--101, 102. Soft Iron Cores with Heads.--103, 104. Flat Bar Magnets; these are 6 × ½ × ¼ in.; highly polished steel; poles marked.--105. Compass.

=_Illustrated Price Catalogue upon Application._=

Electrical Apparatus For Sale

A COMPLETE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC CABINET FOR STUDENTS, SCHOOLS AND AMATEURS. SIX EXTRAORDINARY OFFERS

=This Cabinet of Electrical Experiments= contains three main parts: (_A_) Apparatus; (_B_) Text-Book; (_C_) Apparatus List.

(_A_) =The Apparatus= furnished consists of one hundred and five pieces. Over three hundred separate articles are used in making up this set. Most of it is ready for use when received. Seven pieces, however, are not assembled; but the parts can be readily finished and put together. (Sold, also, _all_ pieces assembled.)

(_B_) =The Text-Book=--called "The Study of Elementary Electricity and Magnetism by Experiment"--gives full directions for two hundred experiments. (See table of contents, etc.) Price, post-paid, $1.25.

(_C_) =The Apparatus List= is an illustrated book devoted entirely to this special set of apparatus. Not given with first offer.

_THE APPARATUS IS SIMPLE because the designs and methods of
construction have been worked out with great care._

_THE APPARATUS IS PRACTICAL because it has been designed
for real use in "The Study of Elementary Electricity and
Magnetism by Experiment."_

_THE APPARATUS IS CHEAP because the various parts are
so designed that they can be turned out in quantity by
machinery._

=1st Offer:= Pieces 1 to 50 $1.00
=2d Offer:= Pieces 51 to 105, with part (_C_) 3.50
=3d Offer:= Pieces 1 to 105, with part (_C_) 4.00
=4th Offer:= Complete Cabinet, parts (_A_), (_B_), (_C_) 5.00
=5th Offer:= Apparatus only, all pieces assembled 4.60
=6th Offer:= Complete Cabinet, all pieces assembled 5.60

=_Express charges must be paid by you. Estimates given._=

A "Special Catalogue," pertaining to the above, with complete price-list, will be mailed upon application.

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 407 West 51st St., New York City=

Fun With Telegraphy

BOOK AND COMPLETE OUTFIT.

=TELEGRAPHY= is of the greatest importance to all civilized nations, and upon it depend some of the world's most important enterprises. Every boy and girl can make practical use of telegraphy in one way or another, and the time it takes to learn it will be well spent.

=THE OUTFIT.=--Mr. St. John has worked for a number of years to produce a telegraph outfit that would be simple, cheap, and practical for those who wish to make a study of telegraphy. After making and experimenting with nearly one hundred models, many of which were good, he has at last perfected an instrument so simple, original, and effective that it is now being made in large quantities.

The sounders are so designed that they will work properly with any dry cell of ordinary strength, and this is a great advantage for practice lines. Dry batteries are cheap and clean, and there are no dangers from acids.

The outfit consists of the following articles, placed in a neat box: One Book of Instruction, called "Fun With Telegraphy"; one Telegraph "Key"; one Telegraph "Sounder"; Insulated Copper Wires for connections. The "key" and "sounder" are mounted, with proper "binding-posts," upon a base of peculiar construction, which aids in giving a large volume of sound.

=CONTENTS OF BOOK.=--Telegraphy.--The Outfit.--A Complete Telegraph Line.--Connections.--The Telegraph Key.--The Sounder.--The Battery.--A Practice Line.--A Two-instrument Line.--Operation of Line.--The Morse Telegraph Alphabet.--Aids to Learning Alphabet.--Cautions.--Office Calls.--Receiving Messages.--Remember.--Extra Parts.

=ABOUT BATTERIES.=--For those who cannot easily secure batteries, we will furnish small dry cells, post-paid, at 15 cents each, in order to deliver the outfits complete to our customers. This price barely covers the total cost to us, postage alone being 6 cents.

_=FUN WITH TELEGRAPHY, including Book, Key, Sounder,
and Wire (no battery), post-paid, 50 cents, by=_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 848 Ninth Ave., New York=

Tool Sets for Students

The following tool sets have been arranged especially for those who wish to make use of the designs contained in "How Two Boys Made Their Own Electrical Apparatus," "Real Electric Toy-Making for Boys," "Electric Instrument-Making," etc. It is very poor economy to waste valuable time and energy in order to save the cost of a few extra tools.

=NOTE.=--Save money by buying your tools in sets. We do not pay express or freight charges at the special prices below.

=FOR $1.00.=--One _Steel Punch_; round, knurled head.--One light _Hammer_; polished, nickel-plated, varnished handle.--One _Iron Clamp_; japanned, 2¼ in.--One _Screw-Driver_; tempered and polished blade, cherry stained hardwood handle, nickel ferrule.--One _Wrench_; retinned skeleton frame, gilt adjusting wheel.--One _Awl_; tempered steel point, turned and stained wood handle, with ferrule.--One _Vise_; full malleable, nicely retinned, 1-3/8 in. jaws, full malleable screw with spring.--One pair _Steel Pliers_; 4 in. long, polished tool steel, unbreakable, best grooved jaw.--One pair of _Shears_; carbonized steel blades, hardened edge, nickel-plated, heavy brass nut and bolt.--One _File_; triangular, good steel.--One _File Handle_; good wood, brass ferrule.--One _Foot Rule_; varnished wood, has English and metric system.--One _Soldering Set_; contains soldering iron, solder, resin, sal ammoniac, and directions. One _Center-Punch_; finely tempered steel.

=FOR $2.00.=--All that is contained in the $1.00 set of tools, together with the following: One pair of _Tinner's Shears_; cut, 2¾ in., cast iron, hardened, suitable for cutting thin metal.--One _Hollow Handle Tool Set_; very useful; polished handle holds 10 tools, gimlet, brad-awls, chisel, etc.--One _Try Square_; 6-in. blue steel blade, marked in 1/8s, strongly riveted.--One 1-lb. _Hammer_; full size, polished head, wedged varnished hardwood handle.--One _Hack Saw_; steel frame, 9½-in. polished steel blade, black enamel handle; very useful.

=FOR $3.50.=--Two _Steel Punches_; different sizes, one solid round, knurled head, polished; the other, point and head brightly polished, full nickel, center part knurled.--One _Light Hammer_; polished and nickel plated, varnished handle.--One regular _Machinist's Hammer_; ball peen, solid cast steel, with varnished hardwood handle; a superior article.--Two _Iron Clamps_; one opens 2¼ in., the other 3 in., japanned.--One _Screw-Driver_; tempered and polished blade, firmly set in cherry stained hardwood handle with nickel ferrule.--One _Wrench_; retinned, skeleton frame, gilt adjusting wheel.--One _Awl_; tempered steel blade, ground to point, firmly set in turned and stained handle with ferrule.--One _Steel Vise_; 2¼-in., jaws, steel screw, bright polished jaws and handle; a good strong vise.--One pair of _Steel Pliers_; 6 in. long, bright steel, flat nose, 2 wire-cutters, practically unbreakable.--One pair of _Shears_; carbonized steel blades, hardened edges, nickel plated, heavy brass nut and bolt.--One _File_; triangular and of good steel.--One _File Handle_; good wood, with brass ferrule.--One _Foot Rule_; varnished wood, has both the English and metric systems.--One _Soldering Set_; contains soldering iron, solder, resin, sal ammoniac, and directions; a very handy article.--One _Center-Punch_; finely tempered steel.--One pair of _Tinner's Shears_; these are best grade, inlaid steel cutting edges, polished and tempered, japanned handles; thoroughly reliable.--One _Hollow Handle Tool Set_; very useful; the polished handle holds 10 tools, gimlet, chisel, brad-awl, etc.--One _Try Square_; 6-in. blue steel blade, marked both sides in 1/8s, strongly riveted with brass rivets.--One _Hack Saw_; steel frame, 9½-in. polished steel blade, black enamel handle; very useful for sawing small pieces of wood.

=FOR $5.00= will be included everything in the $3.50 offer, and the following: One _Glue-Pot_; medium size, with brush and best wood glue; inside pot has hinge cover.--One _Ratchet Screw-Driver_; great improvement over ordinary screw-drivers; well made and useful.--One _Hand Drill_; frame malleable iron; hollow screw top holding 6 drills; bores from 1-16 to 3-16-in. holes; solid gear teeth; 3-jawed nickel plated chuck; a superior tool, and almost a necessity.

=GIVE THE BOY A SET OF TOOLS=

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 848 Ninth Ave., New York=

REAL ELECTRIC TOY-MAKING FOR BOYS

_By_ THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, Met. E.

This book contains 140 pages and over one hundred
original drawings, diagrams, and full-page plates.
It measures 5 x 7½ in., and is bound in cloth.

Price, post-paid, $1.00

=CONTENTS:= _Chapter_ I. Toys Operated by Permanent Magnets.--II. Toys Operated by Static Electricity.--III. Making Electromagnets for Toys.--IV. Electric Batteries.--V. Circuits and Connections.--VI. Toys Operated by Electromagnets. VII. Making Solenoids for Toys.--VIII. Toys Operated by Solenoids.--IX. Electric Motors.--X. Power, Speed, and Gearing.--XI. Shafting and Bearings.--XII. Pulleys and Winding-Drums.--XIII. Belts and Cables.--XIV. Toys Operated by Electric Motors.--XV. Miscellaneous Electric Toys.--XVI. Tools.--XVII. Materials.--XVIII. Various Aids to Construction.

While planning this book, Mr. St. John definitely decided that he would not fill it with descriptions of complicated, machine-made instruments and apparatus, under the name of "Toy-Making," for it is just as impossible for most boys to get the parts for such things as it is for them to do the required machine work even after they have the raw materials.

Great care has been taken in designing the toys which are described in this book, in order to make them so simple that any boy of average ability can construct them out of ordinary materials. The author can personally guarantee the designs, for there is no guesswork about them. Every toy was made, changed, and experimented with until it was as simple as possible; the drawings were then made from the perfected models.

As the result of the enormous amount of work and experimenting which were required to originate and perfect so many new models, the author feels that this book may be truly called "Real Electric Toy-Making for Boys."

=Every Boy Should Make Electrical Toys.=

The Electric Shooting Game>

A MOST ORIGINAL AND FASCINATING GAME PATENT APPLIED FOR AND COPYRIGHTED

_=SHOOTING BY ELECTRICITY=_

=The Electric Shooting Game= is an entirely new idea, and one that brings into use that most mysterious something--_electricity_. The game is so simple that small children can play it, and as there are no batteries, acids, or liquids of any kind, there is absolutely no danger. The electricity is of such a nature that it is perfectly harmless--but very active.

The "_game-preserve_" is neat and attractive, being printed in colors, and the birds and animals are well worth hunting. Each has a fixed value--and some of them must not be shot at all--so there is ample opportunity for a display of skill in bringing down those which count most.

"_Electric bullets_" are actually shot from the "_electric gun_" by electricity. This instructive game will furnish a vast amount of amusement to all.

_=The "Game-Preserve,"--the "Electric Gun,"--the
"Shooting-Box,"--the "Electric Bullets,"--in fact, the
entire electrical outfit, together with complete illustrated
directions, will be sent in a neat box, Post-Paid, upon
receipt of 50 cents, by=_

=THOMAS M. ST. JOHN, 848 Ninth Ave., New York=

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Obvious punctuation errors were corrected.

Page 46, "turnnd" changed to "turned" (be turned to 1)

Page 66, word "a" added to text (in a glass jar)