Chapter VIII: Section IV

THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY INCREASES THE VALUE OF SLAVES.

I come now to my fourth charge,--which, although not more serious or consequential than any of the foregoing, may possibly create more surprise,--namely, that the Society _increases the value of slaves, and adds strength and security to the system of slavery_. It is the discovery of this fact that is so wonderfully, and to many superficial observers so inexplicably, increasing the popularity of the Society at the south. It would require more pages of this work than its necessarily contracted limits permit, to sum up minutely the evidence on this point, and to give those illustrations which might serve more clearly to establish its validity. The most common, as it is the most potent, argument used by colonization agents among slave owners, to secure their patronage, is,--'The successful prosecution of our scheme will remove the chief source of danger to yourselves, and enable you to hold your property in greater security: the presence of free persons of color among your slaves is eminently calculated to make them insubordinate, and to procure their violent emancipation.' This argument, I say, is introduced into every conversation, and every public address, and every essay; and whoever carefully consults the numbers of the African Repository, through seven volumes, will find it repeated in almost every appeal to the south.

I choose to consider the testimony of southern men, in regard to the invigorating effects of the colonization enterprise upon the system of slavery, conclusive. Here is a very small portion of it: more may be found under the sixth section of this work.

'The object of the Colonization Society commends itself to every
class of society. The landed proprietor may ENHANCE THE VALUE OF
HIS PROPERTY by assisting the enterprise.'--[African Repository,
vol. i. p. 67.]

'But is it not certain, that should the people of the Southern
States refuse to adopt the opinions of the Colonization Society,
[relative to the gradual abolition of slavery,] and continue to
consider it both just and politic to leave, untouched, a system,
for the termination of which, we think the whole wisdom and
energy of the States should be put in requisition, that they
will CONTRIBUTE MORE EFFECTUALLY TO THE CONTINUANCE AND STRENGTH
OF THIS SYSTEM, by removing those now free, than by any or all
other methods which can possibly be devised? Such has been the
opinion expressed by Southern gentlemen of the first talents and
distinction. Eminent individuals have, we doubt not, lent their
aid to this cause, in expectation of at once accomplishing a
generous and noble work for the objects of their patronage and
for Africa, and GUARDING THAT SYSTEM, the existence of which,
though _unfortunate_, they deem _necessary_, by separating from
it those, whose disturbing force augments its inherent vices,
and darkens all the repulsive attributes of its character. In
the decision of these individuals, as to the effects of the
Colonization Society, _we perceive no error of judgment_: OUR
BELIEF IS THE SAME AS THEIRS.'--[Idem, p. 227.]

'THE EXECUTION OF ITS SCHEME WOULD AUGMENT INSTEAD OF
DIMINISHING THE VALUE OF THE PROPERTY LEFT BEHIND.'--[Idem, vol.
ii. p. 344.]

'The removal of every single free black in America, would be
productive of nothing but safety to the slaveholder, nor would
the emancipation of as many as the benevolence of individual
masters would send off, as far as I can see, be productive of
disaffection among the remainder, more than the example of such
as are every day set free, and sent to the Ohio or elsewhere;
and if so large a part should ever be set free as to create
discontent among the remainder, (and nothing but the
emancipation of a great majority can do this,) yet that
remainder must then, from the terms of the proposition, be so
much diminished, as to be easily kept down by superior
numbers.'--[Idem, vol. iii. p. 202.]

'The tendency of the scheme, and one of its objects, is to
_secure slaveholders and the whole Southern country_, against
certain evil consequences, growing out of the present threefold
mixture of our population.'--[Idem, vol. iv. p. 274.]

'We all know the effects produced on our slaves by the
fascinating, but delusive appearance of happiness, exhibited in
persons of their own complexion, roaming in idleness and vice
among them. By removing the most fruitful source of discontent
from among our slaves, we should render them more industrious
and attentive to our commands; and by rendering them more
industrious and obedient, we should naturally secure their
better treatment--we should ameliorate their condition. Our
enemies have admitted that good would result from the removal of
this class. Caius Gracchus declares, that if the Society could
attain "this single object in good faith, (the removal of the
free people of color) he should, perhaps, be among the last
citizens in the commonwealth--who would raise his voice against
it," and the author of the Crisis (who is doubtless regarded as
authority in South Carolina) acknowledges, "that there is no
doubt but that if we in the South, were relieved of this
population, it would be better for our southern cities, where
they principally reside." Nothing can be more plain then, than
that the Colonization Society, in its efforts to remove the free
people of color, is accomplishing a work to which the citizens
of the South, whether friends or foes to the Society, have given
their decided approbation.'--[Idem, vol. vi. p. 205.]

'If, as is most confidently believed, the colonization of the
free people of color will render the slave who remains in
America more obedient, more faithful, more honest, and,
consequently, _more useful to his master_,' &c.--[Second Annual
Report.]

'There was but one way, [to avert danger,] but that might be
made effectual, fortunately! It was to PROVIDE AND KEEP OPEN A
DRAIN FOR THE EXCESS BEYOND THE OCCASIONS OF PROFITABLE
EMPLOYMENT. Mr Archer had been stating the case in the
supposition, that after the present class of free blacks had
been exhausted, by the operation of the plan he was
recommending, others would be supplied for its action, in the
proportion of the excess of colored population it would be
necessary to throw off, by the process of voluntary manumission
or sale. This effect must result inevitably from the
depreciating value of the slaves ensuing their disproportionate
multiplication. _The depreciation would be relieved and retarded
at the same time, by the process._ The two operations would aid
reciprocally, and sustain each other, and both be in the highest
degree beneficial. It was on the ground of interest, therefore,
the most indisputable _pecuniary interest_, that he addressed
himself to the people and Legislatures of the slaveholding
States.'--[Speech of Mr Archer.--Fifteenth Annual Report.]

'Every motive which operates on the minds of slaveholders,
tending to make the colonization of the free blacks an object of
_interest_ to them, should operate in an equal degree to secure
the hearty co-operation of the government of every slaveholding
State.'--[African Repository, vol. vii. p. 176.]

'None are obliged to follow our example; AND THOSE WHO DO NOT,
WILL FIND THE VALUE OF THEIR NEGROES INCREASED BY THE DEPARTURE
OF OURS.'--[An advocate of colonization in the Western (Ky.)
Luminary.]

'So far from its having a dangerous tendency, when properly
considered, it will be viewed as AN ADDITIONAL GUARD TO OUR
PECULIAR SPECIES OF PROPERTY.'--[An advocate of the Society in
the New-Orleans Argus.]

'The slaveholder, who is in danger of having his slaves
contaminated by their free friends of color, will not only be
relieved from this danger, but THE VALUE OF HIS SLAVE WILL BE
ENHANCED.'--[A new and interesting View of Slavery. By
Humanitas, a colonization advocate. Baltimore, 1820.]

It is perfectly obvious, that whatever tends to weaken and depress the present system, must render the holding of slaves less desirable, and the prospect of emancipation more auspicious. Cherishing this conviction, thousands of individuals in this country, and tens of thousands in Great Britain, are led by conscientious motives to abstain from the use of productions raised by slave labor, and to prefer those only which are the fruits of the toil of freemen. They believe in the soundness of the axiom, that 'the receiver is as bad as the thief;' and knowing that the slaves are held in bondage not on the ground of benevolence, or because their liberation would endanger the public safety, but _because they are profitable to their owners_, they also believe that the consumers of slave goods contribute to a fund for supporting slavery with all its abominations; that they are the Alpha and the Omega of the business; that the slave-trader, the slave-owner, and the slave-driver, are virtually the agents of the consumer, for by holding out the temptation, he is the original cause, the first mover in the horrid process; that we are imperiously called upon to refuse those articles of luxury, which are obtained at an absolute and lavish waste of the blood of our fellow men; that a merchant, who loads his vessel with the proceeds of slavery, does nearly as much in helping forward the slave trade, as he who loads his vessel in Africa with slaves--they are both twisting the same rope at different ends; that our patronage is putting an immense bribe into the hands of the slaveholders to kidnap, rob and oppress; that, were it not for this, they would be compelled by sheer necessity to liberate their slaves--for as soon as slave labor becomes unprofitable, the horrid system cannot be upheld.

None of these scruples, to my knowledge, are entertained by colonizationists: their only aim and anxiety seem to be, 'to prune and nourish the system,'--not to overthrow it; to increase the avarice of the planters by rendering the labor of their bondmen more productive,--not to abridge and starve it; to remove the cause of those apprehensions which might lead them to break the fetters of their victims,--not to perpetuate it; 'to provide (I quote the confession of the last distinguished proselyte to the Society, Mr Archer of Virginia) and to keep open a drain for the _excess of increase beyond the occasions of_ PROFITABLE EMPLOYMENT,'--not to make slave labor ruinous to the planters.

By removing whatever number of slaves it be, from this country, the number which remains must be diminished--and the more the number which remains is diminished, the more helpless will they become, the less will be the hope of their ever recovering their own liberty, and the more and the longer they will be trampled upon.

The greater the number of slaves transported, _the greater will be the value of the labor of those who remain_; the more valuable their labor is, _the greater will be the temptation to over-labor them, and the more, of course, they will be oppressed_.[M]

The increase of the free colored population disturbs the security of the planters, and forces many to manumit their slaves through sheer terror. The expatriation of this class, therefore, manifestly tends to quiet the apprehensions of the oppressors, to rivet more firmly the chains of the slaves, to make their services in higher demand, and to render even their gradual emancipation impracticable.

Thus the American Colonization Society is the _apologist_, the _friend_, and the _patron_ of SLAVEHOLDERS and SLAVERY!

FOOTNOTES:

[M] Stuart's Circular.