Chapter XIII: The Phö (2)

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1. Silver. Ngi.
2. Copper. Tou.
3. Iron. ‘Hlou.
4. Coin. Pei si.
5. String of cash. Tioh.
6. A note. Piao.
7. Numerative of guns, &c. Ka.
8. A balance. Tai.
9. To weigh. ‘Hlia.
10. Price. Ka.
11. To be worth. Hsi.
12. Dear. Kuei.
13. Cheap. Chien-i.
14. Suitable. Pi-i.
15. Light (weight). Fa.
16. Heavy. Tiung.
17. To borrow. Hsi.
18. An account. Hang.
19. To owe. K’eh.
20. To expend. Fai.
21. Represent. Tang.
22. To be fond of. Ghou.
23. Weight. Tiung fa.
24. Yet. Niang.
25. To lend. T’u.
26. Ounce. Liang.
27. Gold. Chieh.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To owe bills. To borrow money. To lend money. To owe money.

2.--A bill or an account. 3.--To spend. 4.--Value. Cost.

5.--Of very small value. Not dear. Cheap. 6.--Silver money. Copper
money. Iron coin. Bank notes. 7.--An ounce of silver. A thousand
cash. A 4000 cash note.

8.--This is light; that is heavy. Weigh it in the balance if you do
not know its weight.

9.--He owes different people a good deal of money.

10.--The expression _vai hsi pei si_ means that I get other
people’s money for my own use. _Vai tu pei si_ means that I let
other people have my money for their use.

11.--His debts do not amount to less than one thousand ounces of
silver.

12.--_Hsia fai_ means to expend money. Our daily expenditure is not
very large.

13.--He loves to spend money. He is fond of spending money. He
spends too much money.

14.--That is not a dear house. The price asked for this fur coat is
very small. That flower vase is worth nothing. Cotton is very low
this year.

15.--He has not a cash to live on.

16.--Seven-tenths of these ten-cash pieces are copper, and
three-tenths iron.

17.--A _piao_ is a paper note on which is written the number of
cash it is worth (_lit._, its buying value). It is the same as coin.

18.--Gold is heavier than silver. Iron is lighter than silver.

19.--If one wants to weigh things that one is buying, one must use
the balance.

20.--What weight are these balances equal to weighing? The largest
will weigh 300 catties.

1.--Hsioh hang. Hsi pei si. Tu pei si. K’eh pei si.

2.--Hang. 3.--Hsia fai. 4.--Hsi ka. Ka pei si.

5.--Chien-i kuai. A kuei. Chien-i. 6.--Pei si ngi. Pei si tou. Pei
si ‘hlou. Piao. 7.--Yi liang ngi. Yi tioh pei si. ‘Hlao tioh pei si
piao.

8.--Lai nung fa, lai moung tiung. A pang tiung fa ta tieh tai ‘hlia
i ‘hlia.

9.--Ngi hsioh nai pieh hang a hsiu.

10.--Vai hsi pei si tiao vai ta toh nai pieh pei si vai hsia. Vai
tu pei si tiao nai tiao ta vai pieh pei si ta tiao nai hsia.

11.--Ngi hsioh hang a ngah yi say liang ngi.

12.--Hsia fai tiao ta pei si hsia chiu yeh. Pieh pieh tiu chieh tai
tai hsia fai a nao kuai.

13.--Ngi ā hsia pei si. Ngi ghou hsia pei si. Ngi ku yüeh hsia pei
si nao.

14.--Lai chieh moung ka pei si a kuei. Yi p’ang nung ka ‘hliang kua
ka pei si chien-i kuai. Lai pieh to moung a hsi pei si. ‘Hniu nung
mêng sang chien-i kuai.

15.--Ngi tiu chieh yi lai pei si tou a mai.

16.--Lai pei si ‘hlioh moung tang chiu lai pei si niu keh tiung mai
hsiung fai tou pieh fai ‘hlou.

17.--Piao tiao yi lieh tu keh vai si pei si suh mai keh tiung keh
ai. Pei si ngi piao si chiang tioh.

18.--Chieh pi ngi tiung. ‘Hlou pi ngi fa.

19.--Mai keh tiung keh ai ou ‘hlia tiung fa sung ou hsia tai.

20.--Au pieh ti tai ku i ‘hlia hao nao chiang liang. Tou ‘hlioh ku
i ‘hlia pieh pa chiang.

EXERCISE XIV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Coal. Mai.
2. Charcoal. T’ai.
3. Firewood. T’u.
4. Flour. Pai.
5. Oil. Tiang.
6. Egg. Keh.
7. Sugar. T’ang.
8. Salt. Hsieh.
9. Coarse. Sa.
10. Fine. Moung.
11. Broth. Ou.
12. Chicken. Kei.
13. To eat. Nêng.
14. Milk. Voh.
15. Fruit. Chiang.
16. Vegetables. Ngau.
17. To drink. ‘Hou.
18. Prepare. Hao.
19. Arrange. Shu.
20. Remove. Hsiou.
21. Ripe. Hsieh.
22. Discuss. Lai.
23. Picul (133⅓ lbs.) Tan.
24. Soup. Ch’ia.
25. Rice. Sai.
26. To make. Ai.
27. Grow. Lai.
28. Here. Ha nung.
29. There. Ha moung.
30. Raw. Niu.
31. As well; also. Niang.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Firewood. Coal and charcoal. 2.--Rice and flour. White sugar.
Fowl’s eggs. Cow’s milk. Fruit. 3.--Lamp oil. 4.--Coarse salt. Fine
salt. 5.--To cook food. To put food on the table. To clear away,
remove (as food).

6.--To eat one’s meals. To drink soup. 7.--I bought yesterday 300
catties of coal, 50 catties of charcoal, 80 catties of firewood,
four piculs of rice, and two hundred catties of flour.

8.--Lamp oil is made from the bean. Sweet oil is made from sesame.
Lamp oil costs less than sweet oil. 9.--_Tiao t’u_ means to light a
fire.

10.--When the weather is cold, the consumption of coal and charcoal
is larger.

11.--In a stove one uses coal. In a chafing dish charcoal. A
chafing dish is for use in a room. One cannot cook food or heat
water with it.

12.--Food is either raw or cooked. When prepared over a fire it is
cooked. It is raw when it can be eaten in the natural state.

13.--You go and buy me a small chicken, and three or four eggs. Do
you want any milk as well? I should like some catties of milk if
it is cheap. In this part of the world we do not buy milk by the
catty, but by the cup or bottle. Fruit is not bought by the catty
either, but by the piece.

14.--Do you prefer flour or rice? Neither. I like soup. What soup?
Either meat soup or chicken soup suits me.

15.--Go and get the food ready directly. As soon as it is ready put
it on the table.

16.--What does _hsiou_ mean? The removal of the things when you
have done eating.

1.--T’u. Mai t’ai. 2.--Ka pai. Hsia tang _or_ Tang ‘hlou. Keh kei.
Voh lia. Chiang. 3.--Tiang tai. 4.--Sa hsieh. Moung hsieh. 5.--Hao
ngau. Shu ngau. Hsiou nioh.

6.--Nêng ka. ‘Hou ch’ia. 7.--Vai tai nung mai pieh pa chiang mai;
Chia chiu chiang t’ai; ya chiu chiang t’u; ‘Hlao tan sai; au pa
chiang ka pai.

8.--Tiang tai tiao tou ai. Ou yu tiao yu mi ai. Tiang tai pi ou yu
chien i. 9.--Tiao t’u tiao tiao t’u.

10.--Tai si pieh shih ‘hou hsia mai t’ai nao.

11.--Keh sao tiao mai. Hu pai tiao t’ai. Hu pai tiu chieh tiao. A
pang hao ka hao ou.

12.--Ngau mai niu mai hsieh. Niang t’u keh vai hao tou tiao ngau
hsieh. Ngau niu tiao ka ta lai ta ku i nêng tao.

13.--Moung moung tou vai mai yi tai kei niu; Pieh chia lai keh kei.
Niang ou voh lia a ou. Voh lia chien i vai ku i ou hsiu chiang pieh
ha nung mai voh lia a lai chiang chiang, tou tiao lai ti lai to.
Mai chiang si a lai chiang chiang, tou tiao lai ka lai.

14.--Moung ā kêng ka pai ā nêng ka. Au tiu tou a ā. Vai ā ‘hou
ch’ia. Ā ‘hou kai shi ch’ia. Ngi ch’ia kei ch’ia tou ghou.

15.--Moung hang hao ka moung. Ka hsieh hsiu ta.

16.--Kai shi tiao hsiou. Moung nêng chiu ka tou tieh ngah moung tou
tiao hsiou yeh.

EXERCISE XV.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. A capital. Chieh.
2. Far. T’o.
3. Near. Ngeh.
4. South. Nan.
5. North. Pei.
6. Road. Keh.
7. Straight. Tei.
8. Winding. Koh.
9. River. Tiang.
10. Sea. Hai.
11. Side. Pau.
12. Deep. To.
13. Shallow. Nieh.
14. Boat. Niang.
15. Guest. K’a.
16. Inn. P’au.
17. Innkeeper; Landlord. Kuei p’au.
18. To reckon. Ngieh.
19. To receive. Hshou.
20. Trouble. Goh.
21. Bitterness. I.
22. To join. ‘Ha.
23. A province. Sai.
24. To live at. Ai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--To go to the capital. It will do to go straight or go round.

2.--In reckoning distance, the straight road is the shortest.

3.--The south. The north. 4.--A ship.

5.--To be on board a ship. To cross a river. To go by sea. The
water is deep. The water is shallow. 6.--An inn. The innkeeper.
7.--Trouble. Sorrow. To be in trouble. To be resting.

8.--When you went to the capital last year, where did you live? At
an inn. I have heard it said that the inns outside the city are
some of them not very good to stay at. That is all as the innkeeper
is a good or a bad one. In my opinion, when one is tired, any inn
is good. All you go to it for is to rest yourself.

9.--When you go travelling, do you prefer a cart or a ship? That
all depends upon the country. There are no carts in the south, and
travellers all go by water. The vessels used in river-travelling
are small. Sea-going vessels are larger.

10.--The water in rivers is shallow, not so deep as in the sea.

11.--In the voyage you made by sea the year before last, you had
a hard time of it, hadn’t you? I had. It blew hard, and the ship
got ashore on the coast of Shan-tung. All of us who were on board
suffered dreadfully.

12.--Who looks after the messing on board ship? The people of the
ship look after it.

13.--What costs most, travelling by water or travelling in a cart?
One spends more travelling in a cart. What! Does the fare of a cart
come to more than one’s passage on board a vessel? The cart costs
more, the reason being that the people we hire our carts of in the
north have also their money to make out of it.

1.--Chieh chieh. Tei ‘hei, koh ‘hei, tou ku i.

2.--Ngeh sui keh t’o ngeh, tei ‘hei ngeh koh ‘hei t’o.

3.--Nan pau, pei pau. 4.--Yi chiao niang.

5.--Niang niang. Tioh tiang. ‘Hei ‘hai. Ou to. Ou nieh. 6.--P’au
k’a. Kuei p’au. 7.--‘Hi i. Hshou goh. Hsioh goh.

8.--Moung ‘hniu fa chieh chieh niang hang to ai. Niang p’au k’a.
Vai tang chiu hao keh kou p’au k’a mai a ghou kuai ai. Tou ngieh
kuei p’au ghou a ghou. Sai vai chiu nai koh hang to tou ghou. Lei
p’au keh tiung a ku hsioh goh.

9.--Moung ‘hei keh ā niang lioh ā niang niang. Tou tiao ngieh fieh.
Nan pau a mai lioh, ‘hei keh pieh k’a tou tiao niang niang. ‘Hei
keh tiang tou tiao niang niu. ‘Hei hai pieh tiao niang ‘hlioh.

10.--Tiang keh tiung ou nieh a mai hai ou to.

11.--Moung ‘hniu tang niang hai niang hshou goh a hshou. A sa. Tiao
‘hlioh chiang niang niang Shan-tung pau chieh ‘hlia nieh; pieh ku
nai ‘hi i fi a chiu.

12.--Niang chieh nêng ka kai shi nai kuei. Tiao niang chieh kuei.

13.--Sui ngieh pieh chieh tiao niang niang kuei tiao niang lioh
kuei. Niang lioh pi niang niang hsia pei si nao. Hang to. Lioh ka
pi niang ka kuei. Lioh ka kuei tiao pieh pieh pei pau keh tiang
kuei pau ou hsia hsiu lai pei si.

EXERCISE XVI.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Baggage. ‘Hi.
2. Box. Tiang.
3. Bundle. Kuei.
4. Bag. Tui.
5. Felt. Hsi.
6. Cotton fabric. Hsi.
7. To feed. I.
8. Camel (one hump). Lu.
9. Camel (two humps). T’u.
10. Animals. Tieh ‘hi.
11. Heel. Lia.
12. A set. Pang.
13. Contain; pack. Chi.
14. Girdle. Hsioh.
15. Load. Tu.
16. Pursue. Ngong; t’ou.
17. Follow. Hang.
18. Wrap up. Kuei.
19. Interest. Liang.
20. To harm. Ha.
21. Injurious. Nia; tiu.
22. Spring. Ch’ün.
23. Summer. Hsia.
24. Autumn. Ch’iu.
25. Winter. Tung.
26. Early. So.
27. Carry. Tiang.
28. Wood. Tou.
29. Care for. Yeou.
30. On. Vai.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Baggage. Trunk. Bundle. Bag. Blanket or Felt.

2.--A bale of cotton cloth. 3.--To feed beasts. The camel. Beast
of burden. 4.--To put in a box. To carry things with one. To lead
animals.

5.--To pursue. 6.--Very dreadful, injurious.

7.--Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter.

8.--_‘Hi_ means whatever a traveller carries with him. 9.--Trunks
are made some of leather, some of wood, and will hold all sorts of
things. A _kuei_ is a bundle of things wrapped up in anything. He
has wrapped up that small box in a rug. A _tui_ is a bag to hold
odds and ends. Those bags we use are made of cotton.

10.--On a journey the beasts have to be fed as soon as one arrives
at an inn.

11.--Camels all come from other places.

12.--The beast which bears a load is called a _t’u_. One may speak
of an ass, a mule, or a horse as a _t’u_.

13.--Take care of the baggage. It will be all right if the baggage
is all there.

14.--The gatekeeper is a servant. He called him to put his boxes
into the cart.

15.--As I came out his gatekeeper came after me, but did not
overtake me.

16.--Where is that man? He has gone out. If you run fast enough you
may overtake him. He went out early, I fear it will not be possible
to overtake him. Whether he is to be overtaken or not, you just run
after him as hard as you can.

17.--Winter is very cold; summer very hot; spring is not so cold as
winter; nor is autumn so hot as summer.

1.--‘Hi. Tiang. Kuei. Tui. Hsi.

2.--Yi lai hsi. 3.--I tieh ‘hi. Lu t’u. Tu. 4.--Chi tiang. Tiang
chia shih. Tioh tieh ‘hi.

5.--Ngong t’ou. 6.--Nia tiu kuai.

7.--Ch’ün. Hsia. Ch’iu. Tung.

8.--‘Hi tiao ‘hei keh pieh ka nai tiang chia shih. 9.--Tiang mai ka
li ai mai tou ai, kai shi chia shih tou ku i chi. Kuei tiao ta chia
shih hsia kai shi kuei loh. Ngi ta hsi kuei lai tiang niu moung
loh. Tui tiao chi ka sai. Pieh hsia tou tiao tui hsi.

10.--Chieh keh lei p’au keh tiung sung ou i tieh ‘hi.

11.--Lu t’u tou tiao kang ‘hi ta.

12.--Tieh ‘hi chiao chieh a chia shih koh t’u. Lui t’u, lu t’u, ma
t’u tou ku i ch’iu.

13.--Moung yeou ‘hi. Tu tou tiao chieh chiu ghou.

14.--Ngo tiu tiao hsia nai. Ngi koh ngo tiu ta tiang chi tioh lioh
vai.

15.--Vai ‘hliu kou moung ngi pieh ngo tiu niang keh kai ngong t’ou
vai; ngong yi tang tai t’ou a t’ou chia.

16.--Tai lai nai moung niang hang to. Ngi ‘hliu moung yeh. Moung
hang yeh ku i t’ou chia ngi. Ngi so moung, hsi t’ou a chia. A lai
t’ou chia a t’ou chia, moung hang yeh ngong ngi, chiu tiao yeh.

17.--Tung t’ien si va; hsia t’ien hsieh va; ch’ün a mai tung si;
ch’iu a mai hsia hsioh.

EXERCISE XVII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Brains. ‘Hlui.
2. Pigtail. Chiao mi.
3. Ear. Ngi.
4. Eye. Mai.
5. Pupil of eye. Chiu chi.
6. Mouth. Lo.
7. Lips. Pou lo.
8. Beard. Hsieh nieh.
9. Armpit. Ka sho.
10. Arm. Kou.
11. Finger. Ta pi.
12. Fingernail. Kang pi.
13. To clutch. Wa.
14. Loins; waist. ‘Hla.
15. Legs; thigh. Pa.
16. Strong; robust. Mai^1 go.
17. Weak. Mai^4 go.
18. To pull. ‘Hlioh
19. To haul. Toh.
20. Disease. Mang.
21. Pain. Mang.
22. Strange. Lo.
23. Monstrous. Hsüeh.
24. Nose. Pao nüeh.
25. Old. Lu.
26. Tongue. Ni.
27. Strength. Go.
28. Woman. Mi.
29. Close; tight. Koh.
30. Hands. Pi.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--Head. Queue. Ear. Eye. Nose. Mouth. In the mouth. The lips.
The beard. Arm. Finger. Nail. Back and legs. 2.--Robust. Weak.
3.--Pulling. Hauling at. To haul with great effort. To tear or
injure in clutching hold of. 4.--Connected, consecutively. 5.--To
be ill. Very sore. Strange.

6.--A man’s head has brains inside it, and is therefore called a
head-bag.

7.--This tail of yours wants combing.

8.--When a man is old, he can neither see well nor see clearly.
9.--That man has a very odd-looking nose. 10.--This man is very
strong. That man is very weak.

11.--Have you anything the matter with you? I am weak, but not ill.
12.--In these five or six years that you and I have not met, your
beard has turned quite white. I have been sadly ailing for some
years.

13.--That man who is lying on the road has both legs broken.
14.--To have something the matter with the back that makes it
impossible for one to stand upright. 15.--Do you move so slowly
because you have something the matter with you? No; it is age which
makes me weak in the back and limbs.

16.--He has something the matter with his tongue, and his mouth and
lips are broken out.

17.--It may be said that eating and speaking both are of the mouth.
18.--That woman’s nails were so long that when she clutched hold of
his arm they tore it. 19.--My finger is sore. 20.--What animals are
used to draw carts? They may be drawn by mules, donkeys, or horses.

21.--_Toh_ means to pull hard with the hand. Pull the door fast to.
He pulled and hauled at me.

1--Koh. Mi. Ngi. Mai. Pao nüeh. Lo. Lo keh tiung. Pou lo. Hsieh
nieh. Kou. Ta pi. Kang pi. ‘Hla pa. 2.--Mai^1 go. Mai^4 go.
3.--‘Hlioh. Toh. ‘Hlioh toh. Wa ni. 4.--‘Ha. 5.--Mai mang. Mang
kuai. Lo hsüeh.

6.--Nai koh keh tiung mai ‘hlui, chiu koh koh tou.

7.--Moung pieh chiao mi nung sung ou hsia.

8.--Nai lu, ngi tang a ghou, mai tou ngieh a vai. 9.--Tai nai moung
pieh pao nüeh mai lo hsüeh. 10.--Tai nai nung mai^1 go. Tai nai ai
mai^4 go kuai.

11.--Moung chiao chieh mai mang a mai. A mai mang. Vai chiao chieh
mai^4 go. 12.--Pieh chia tiu ‘hniu a pang, moung pieh hsieh nieh
tou ‘hluh yeh. Vai pieh chiao chieh mai mang nia tiu.

13.--Tiu ka keh vai lai nai pang ai au pa tou ni yeh. 14.--Ka ‘hla
mai mang fa a lei loh. 15.--Moung kai shi keh keh ‘hei, chiao chieh
mang a mang. A tiao; tiao nai lu yeh, ‘hla pa tou a ghou.

16.--Ngi chiao ni mai mang, lo pao nüeh tou ni yeh.

17.--Lo keh tiung nêng ka, lo keh tiung ch’iu si, tou ku i ch’iu.
18.--Tai mi moung kang pi ta, li ngi pi kou wa ni yeh. 19.--Vai
pieh ta pi mang. 20.--‘Hlioh lioh hsia kai shi tieh ‘hi. Hsia lu,
lui, ma, tou ku i ‘hlioh tau.

21.--Toh tiao nai pieh pi hsia go ‘hlioh. Lai tiu ‘hlioh koh. Ngi
‘hlioh toh vai.

EXERCISE XVIII.--SINGLE WORDS.

1. Eyebrows. Keh nang.
2. Jaws. Mang.
3. Capture. Vi k’a.
4. Chin. Ka kang.
5. To build. Poh.
6. Neck. Ka ‘hlieh.
7. Throat. Ka kung.
8. Joint. Yeh.
9. To scrape. Kieh.
10. To shave. T’i.
11. Breast. Kang.
12. The back. Kou.
13. Spine. Tiu.
14. Foot. Lao.
15. Belly. Ka chiang.
16. Wave. Lang.
17. Respectable. Lah.
18. Ankle. Tiu ngêng.
19. Heart. ‘Hlu.
20. Conduct. ‘Hi.
21. To behead. Sai.
22. Robbers. Tsui.
23. Heads (of criminals). Fi.
24. The brow. Yen tieh.
25. Knee-cap. Koh chiang.
26. Above. Keh vai.
27. Below. Keh ta.
28. Bone. Sung.

WORDS COMBINED.

1.--The eyebrows. The hair. The jaws. The chin. The nostrils. The
neck. The gullet. 2.--The shoulders. The spine. The breast. The
belly.

3.--The knee-cap. The ankle-bone. The joints. 4.--To scrape the
face. To shave the head. To behead.

5.--Respectable. 6.--The eyebrows are the hair above the eyes. _Ki
koh_ means the hair on either side of the forehead. 7.--The jaws
are the flesh on either side of the mouth. 8.--The bone below the
mouth is the chin. 9.--The shoulders are at the top of the back.

10.--The space behind the shoulders is called the _tiu koh_ and the
_tiu kou_.

11.--What is behind the head is called the neck.

12.--The breast is below the throat and above the belly. 13.--The
knee-cap is the joint in the middle of the leg. The joint above the
foot is called the ankle. 14.--When people are too young to have
beards their faces have to be scraped.

15.--In shaving, what is shaved off is the short hair growing
outside the queue. Outlaws who do not shave the head are called
long-haired rebels.

16.--When a rebel is captured he is beheaded, and the head cut off
is called a _koh fi_.

17.--When you say a man is respectable, you mean that his conduct
has nothing bad about it. When you say that that man _lai tao lah_,
you mean that he is good-looking.

18.--You may also say that his house is respectable--that it is a
fine house.

1.--Keh nang. Ka ‘hliang. Mang. Ka kang. Kang nüeh. Ka kung. Tiung
kung. 2.--Chieh. Tiu. Kang. Ka chiang.

3.--Koh chiang. Sung ngêng. Yeh. 4.--Kieh mai. T’i koh. Sai koh.

5.--Lah. 6.--Keh nang tiao mai keh vai ka ‘hliang. Ki koh tiao yen
tieh au p’i pieh ka ‘hliang. 7.--Mang tiao lo au p’i pieh ngi.
8.--Lo pi ta pieh sung tiao ka kang. 9.--Chieh tiao kou keh vai.

10.--Au chieh keh kai pieh ‘hli koh tiu koh tiu kou.

11.--Lai koh keh ta koh ka kung.

12.--Kang tiao ka kung keh ta ka chiang keh vai. 13.--Koh chiang
tiao tou ka tiung pieh sung yeh. Lao keh vai pieh sung yeh chiu koh
tiu ngêng. 14.--Nai i a mai hsieh nieh pieh shih ‘hou sung ou kieh
mai.

15.--T’i koh; T’i pieh tiao chiao mi pieh pi kou pieh ka ‘hliang
lai. A t’i koh tiao tsui moung koh ta ‘hliang tsui.

16.--Vi k’a tsui chiu sai. Sai lo pieh koh chiu koh fi.

17.--Ch’iu lai nai lah tiao ch’iu lai nai moung pieh ‘hi a mai kai
shi a ghou. Ch’iu lai nai moung lai tao lah tiao ch’iu ngi lai tao
ghou ngieh.

18.--Ngi pieh lai chieh poh tao lah tou ch’iu tao.

ENGLISH-PHÖ VOCABULARY.

NOTE ON OPIUM CULTIVATION IN CHINA AND INDIA.

In Chapter II. I made special reference to the cultivation of the poppy and to the method of harvesting opium in Western China; but subsequent personal observation in the eastern provinces has taught me that the process, employed in the west, of collecting the juice is not the only system practised in China. At Wênchow, in the province of Chêkiang, where the poppy is extensively grown, a small instrument resembling a carpenter’s plane takes the place of the multi-bladed wooden handle, and the workman planes the skin of the capsule from the top downwards, leaving a thin shaving adhering to the lower end of the poppy-head. This is repeated four or five times round the same capsule at due intervals. A dry cloudy day is selected for harvesting the drug, for sunshine and rain are said to be inimical to a good collection. In the former, the sap will not flow freely, while the latter dilutes the drug. As soon as the side of the capsule has been planed, the sap exudes from the exposed surface--sometimes so rapidly as to drop down on the leaves and stem and be lost--and the collector, provided with only a hollow bamboo wherewith he roughly scrapes off the juice, follows close on the heels of the workman with the plane.

That the system in use in Western China approximates very nearly to the Indian method will be seen from the following remarks on opium cultivation in Western Malwa, for which I am indebted to my brother, Andrew Hosie, C.M., M.D., Army Medical Staff, Mhow:--

“Opium cultivation in Western Malwa is carried on entirely by the subjects of the native princes who rule in this part of India. The seasons in Malwa are three, the hot, the rainy, and the cold; the hot prevailing from the middle of March to the middle of June, the rainy from the middle of June to the end of September, and the cold from that onwards to the middle of March. The average rainfall is about thirty inches, and the extremes of heat and cold experienced in Northern India are wanting in this region. The soil is of the cotton variety, resting on disintegrating trap rock. It is well watered by numerous small streams, which ultimately find their way into the Jumna. Along the banks of these streams, towards the end of the rainy season, the industrious ryot and his family set about preparing the fields for the poppy planting. They are first carefully manured with the village refuse, ploughed and rolled after a most primitive fashion, and then divided into rectangular plots about five feet by four, with a raised border of earth some four inches high all round. These plots are so arranged as to allow of their being watered with the greatest facility from the stream or wells in the immediate vicinity. The seed having been sown in the plots, the watering commences, the poppy, like the sugar cane, being one of the thirstiest of plants. Morning and evening, the ryot with his bullocks may be seen at the wells dragging up the big skins of water, which is run by a series of gutters into the plots all over the thirsty fields. This watering is carried out every third day. The seeds having germinated and reached a few inches in height, the superfluous plants are carefully weeded out, leaving ample space for every individual plant remaining. About the beginning of January they burst into beautiful red and white flowers, and the odour of the poppy pervades the land. Towards the end of February, when the petals begin to fall, and the capsules are still unripe and filled with milky juice, the collection of the crop begins. In the evening, the opium collector goes round and with a sharp knife scarifies each capsule on one side in three parallel perpendicular cuts. He is careful that these cuts are only superficial, for, if they penetrated into the interior of the capsule, a loss of opium would take place and the oil-bearing seed be spoiled. Next morning the collector goes round and collects the tears of opium which have exuded during the night; these, as he collects them, he either places in the palm of his hand or in a small flat dish. The morning collection having been made, it is placed in an earthenware vessel containing linseed oil. After this the process of scratching and collecting is repeated three times on opposite sides of the same capsule. It takes about a month to collect the whole crop. Here the ryot’s dealing with the opium ends; it is conveyed to the opium merchants at such centres as Indore, the capital of the Maharajah Holkar, where it is made up for exportation.

“Malwa opium is found in many varieties, the principal of which are flat circular cakes of about 4 to 8 and 16 ounces in weight, without any external covering, soft blackish brown, with a heavy odour, and pungent, bitter taste. Another variety occurs in balls about 10 ounces in weight, covered with broken poppy petals, dry, hard, and brittle, and of a reddish colour. The yield of morphia--the true test of quality--varies from 3 to 8 per cent., a very good percentage, so that Malwa opium is looked upon in the medical world as being a very reliable drug.

“After the opium crop has been obtained, the capsules are collected, crushed, and the seed gathered. From this a yellowish oil is extracted, much used by the natives for burning and cooking purposes. The seeds themselves have no narcotic properties, and enter into the ingredients of curries, and in some parts a sort of bread is made from them.

“Opium in its crude form is largely consumed by the cultivators themselves, but not, as far as I am aware, to much excess. I have often asked why they took it, and the answer has invariably been that it made them feel happy, and that they were only by it able to do their day’s work.

“Opium has been called the gift of God to man, and its many uses in alleviating human suffering justify the expression; but the miserable wrecks of humanity one sees from its abuse remind one forcibly how a good may be turned to an evil, a blessing to a curse.

“Mhow, May 8, 1889.”

INDEX.

_Abutilon avicennae_, 22, 169

Agencies at Ch’ung-k’ing, Mercantile, 213

Agents at Ch’ung-king, British, 217

Agriculture in Yün-nan, 205

_Alba cera_, 189

_Aleurites cordata_, 18

Alien races, 123

Alpenstocks, Buddhist, 176

Amherst pheasants, 134

Ammunition, Stone, 66;
Phö, 227

Andrew, Mr. George, 134

Anhui, 190

Aniline dyes, 83

Animals, Chinese cruelty to, 44, 64

An-ning Chou, 56, 140, 143

An-ning River, 110, 111, 114, 116, 191, 192, 195

An-pien, 185

An-p’ing Hsien, 37, 38

An-shun Fu, 35, 38, 39, 40

Aquatic plants, 17

_Arachis hypogæa_, 83

Arbre, Memoire sur la cire d’, 189

Archways, Memorial, 39, 45, 71, 84

Armadillo skins, 91

_Arum aquaticum_, 163

Asbestos cloth, 106

Ash, 170, 197

_Atlas Sinensis, Novus_, 189

Baber, Mr., 70, 104, 105, 112, 113, 127, 133, 134, 140, 172,
190, 191, 192

Bamboo, 22, 27, 73, 82, 84, 88, 89, 160, 163, 165, 167;
hats, 44;
paper, 19

Bangles, 38

Banyan, 22, 72, 82, 163, 171, 184

Bark paper, 153

Barley, 16, 36, 37, 40, 50, 59

Barrow, Chinese, 89

_Batatas edulis_, 169

Beads, 124, 136

Bean-curd, 68;
bean-sauce, 169

Beans, 12, 22, 25, 37, 68, 71, 72, 82, 113, 115, 125, 126, 141,
149, 163, 165, 167, 172

Bedroom, Description of a Chinese, 81

Beech, 88

Bees, 110

Bees’ wax, 136

Beetle, Wax insect, 193, 197

Beggars, 40, 85, 91, 172, 175

Bells of pack-animals, 67

Bhamo, 55, 139, 204, 205

Birthday, Queen’s, 51

Blakiston, Captain, 8, 16

Blue Books, 217

_Boehmeria nivea_, 73

Botanist’s paradise, A, 135

Bracelets, 230

_Brachytarsus_, 193, 194

Bracken, 37, 72

Bramble, 129

Brick tea, 93, 95, 209;
its picking, value and carriage, 93-95;
carriers, 20, 94, 99;
preparation, 93;
Russian, 95;
standard of sale, 94;
three qualities of brick tea, 94;
transport, 94, 209

Bridges, 48, 62, 67, 84, 90, 91, 93, 97, 143, 152, 153, 158,
166, 167, 177, 181;
floating, 93;
natural, 48, 62, 154;
plank, 9;
suspension, 67

Bristles, Pigs’, 90

Brius, 125

Bronze pagodas, 174, 175;
temple, 174

Brooches, 96, 230

Broumton, Mr., 226

_Broussonetia papyrifera_, 153

Buckwheat, 45, 48, 59, 149, 169

Buddha, 171, 175

Buddha, Glory of, 162, 174-175, 177

Buddha’s hand, 32;
tree, 100

Buddhist alpenstocks, 176;
priests, 172, 175;
temples, 173, 175

Buffalo, White wax, 193

Buffaloes, 37, 124

Bugs, 151

Burmah, 34, 56, 138, 145, 157, 296;
Upper, 138, 203;
trade with China, 125, 139, 145

Cactus, 43, 100, 128

Caindu, 112, 122

Cakes, Insect-wax, 191

Cakes, Poppy-seed, 37

Camel, 140

_Camellia thea_, 56

Canals, Irrigating, 88, 171

Candles, Wax, 191

Cane-brakes, 82

Canton, 31, 86, 144, 204, 205;
Canton peddlers, 139;
Canton province, 142;
Canton River, 41

Carajan, Western, 129, 130

Caravan, 14, 67, 68, 70, 142, 148, 149, 162, 179, 183

Carcases of pack-animals, 64

Carp, 137

_Carthamus tinctorius_, 83

Carts, 32, 46, 55, 66, 121, 149

Cash currency, 15

Cassia, 113

Catastrophe, A mining, 154

Cave dwellings, 168, 170;
exploring, 47;
limestone, 40, 154;
Man-tzŭ caves, 168;
of the spirits, 42

Cement, A natural, 165

Central Provinces of China, 160, 222

Cereals:--
Barley, 16, 36, 40, 50, 59
Buckwheat, 45, 48, 59, 149, 169
Indian corn, or maize, 68, 113, 149, 163, 172
Millet, 163
Oats, 45, 47, 48, 59, 149
Rice, 15, 36, 68, 113, 163, 224
Wheat, 12, 22, 25, 36, 37, 40, 46, 50, 59, 71, 82, 99,
113, 115, 128, 141, 147, 149

Chair coolies, 14;
Hongs, 15

Chambers of Commerce:--Bengal, 221;
Manchester, 202;
Shanghai, 190, 217

Ch’ang--a Chinese measure of distance, 101

Chan-i Chou, 40, 50, 51, 145, 147

Chan-i-Chou Plain, 147, 148-149

Chanseaume, Père, 189

Chao-t’ung Fu, 65, 145, 155, 222;
Lake, 65;
Plain, 65, 66, 152, 222

Ch’ao Chou, 140

Chao-chou Fu, 142

Charcoal, 78, 84

Chefoo Agreement, 2, 8, 210, 211, 212, 216

Chê-kiang, 73, 190, 287

Chên-nan Chou, 140

Chên-ning Chou, 40, 41

Ch’êng Hai, 125

Ch’êng-tu Fu, 70, 85-87, 89, 92, 144

Ch’êng-tu Plain, 84, 88

Ch’i-chiang Hsien, 19, 20, 21, 22

Ch’i-chiang River, 20, 24, 208

Ch’i-hsing River, 153;
Bridge, 153

Chi-kan-shih, 186

Chia-ling River, 12, 71, 162, 163, 164, 168, 208, 209

Chiang-ti, 64, 65

Chia-ting Fu, 21, 87, 101, 102, 162, 170, 177, 178, 193,
194, 195, 196, 197

Chien-ch’ang, 70, 87, 99, 102, 111, 112, 192, 193, 195, 196;
Valley, 115, 140, 192, 194, 195, 197, 200, 209

Chien Chou, 83;
Plain, 83, 84

Chien-wei Hsien, 195

“Chih Yün-nan K’u,” 46

Chihli, 85, 190

Ch’ih-shui Hsün, 156

Ch’ih-shui River, 28, 155, 208

Chimneyless houses, 51, 52

Chin-chi Pass, 92

Chin Chiang, 111, 124, 126, 184, 204

Chin-chiang-kai, 126, 127

Chin-sha Chiang, 69, 204

Chin-yin-shan, 154

China, Commercial Metropolis of, 13;
grass, 163;
Inland Mission, 55, 144, 226;
“Nouvelle Rélation de la Chine,” 189;
Old Commercial Highway in, 31;
root, 106;
South Western, 57, 203, 224;
trade, 203;
Western, 1, 2, 8, 57, 60, 76, 87, 95, 111, 114, 117, 139,
143, 145, 171, 190, 201, 203, 210, 212, 216, 217, 220,
221, 223, 224, 225, 287.

Ch’ing-chên Hsien, 36, 37

Ch’ing-ch’i Hsien, 98-99

Ching-liu River, 167

Ch’ing-lung Hai, 141

Ching-mu tree, 88

Ching-shui River, 180

Ch’ing T’an Rapid, Descent of the, 9-11

Chiu-ya-p’ing, 124

Chiung Chou, 90, 91, 92, 93

Chou-pa-ch’ang, 180, 181

Ch’u-hsiung Fu, 142

Ch’ung-k’ing, 2, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 31, 51,
69, 70, 71, 72, 134, 135, 142, 145, 156, 158, 160,
162, 168, 178, 185, 187, 188, 193, 195, 209, 212,
213, 214, 215, 216, 217,218, 219, 220, 222, 226

Ch’ung-shu (or “Insect Tree”), 192

Ch’ung-tu-ch’ang, 183, 184

_Citrus sacrodactylus_, 100

Civility, Chinese, 48

Civil War, Ravages of, 38, 127-128, 145, 205

Clays, Coloured, 150

Coal, 6, 16, 24, 28, 36, 42, 44, 48, 65, 72, 75, 83, 95, 97,
122, 150, 152, 157, 163, 166, 207, 220;
dust as fuel, 29

_Coccus pe-la_, 193, 194, 199

Cocoons, 21, 193

Coir, 8, 175

Colquhoun, Mr., 55, 203, 221

Commerce, Bengal Chamber of, 221;
Manchester Chamber of, 202;
Shanghai Chamber of, 190, 217

Commissioner, Financial, 154

Competitive Examinations in China, 147-148

“_Comptes Rendus_,” 189

Confucius, 90

Conservative character of the Chinese, 212

Consular Officer at Ch’ung-k’ing, 2, 13

Contempt for foreigners, Chinese official, 53

Copper, 24, 49, 60, 96, 102, 113, 119, 120, 152, 154, 205, 207, 221

_Coptis teeta_, 95

Cormorant fishing, 110

Cotton, 76, 89, 100, 102, 113, 126, 160, 164, 166, 169, 209, 222;
foreign cottons, 34, 160, 209;
native cottons, 64, 76, 160, 209

“Country of the Golden Teeth,” 138

Courtesy, 134;
marked Chinese, 142

“Crackling-flea Tree,” 192

Crampoons, 97

Cucumbers, 167

_Cudrania triloba_, 21, 169

Customs, Chinese Imperial Maritime, 200

Cypress, 22, 84

Date tree, 100

Davenport, Mr., 140

Dawson, Lieutenant, 217

Deers’ horns, 91

Defences, Native, 66

Degrees, Chinese, 148

Deity, A roadside, 157

Devotees, 42

Dice, 72

Diet, Chinese, 20

Dinner, A sumptuous, 52

Discomforts of travel, 15, 39, 61, 63, 64, 114, 118, 128,
141, 149, 163, 180, 182, 183, 184, 225

Dog, Tribute to my, 52

Dogs, Tibetan, 134

“Dragon-Prince” temple, 41

Duck, Wild, 53, 141, 144, 166

Dyes, 83, 96, 113

Dysentery, 188

Ear-rings, 38, 39, 96, 124, 230

Earthquake in the Plain of Chien-ch’ang, 112

Eastern export, Chief articles of, 208

Eldorado, A Chinese, 115

Entomology, Chinese, 194

Erh Hai, 129, 132

Escorts, 33, 37, 41, 48, 53, 98, 107, 109, 143, 177, 179, 181, 183

“Eternal Peace” Bridge, 65

Ethnology of non-Chinese races, 225

Europe, 208

Evaporation (salt) sheds, 78

“Evergreen Tree,” 192

Examinations in China, Competitive, 147-148

Exchange in China, 15

Expedition (1861), Upper Yang-tsze, 184, 220

Fair at Ta-li Fu, 134, 230

Fan palm, 163, 167

Fans, 73

Father, A sporting French Missionary, 60-61

_Fatsia papyrifera_, 22

Feathers, Novel use of, 72

Fêng-tu Hsien, 209

Ferry-boats, 156

Fever, 108, 128, 177, 179, 180

Financial Commissioner of Yün-nan, 154

Fir, 22, 44, 88, 128, 163, 166, 167, 180

Fire-wells, 80

Fish, 17, 53, 66, 137, 168

Fishing in the Yang-tsze, Method of, 18

Floating bridge, 93

“Flying Dragon” Pass, 95

Folklore, 139

Food of the Chinese, Daily, 15

Fording a torrent, 62

Foreign Office, 161, 190, 191

Fortune, R., 190

Fossils, 43

France, 208, 212

_Fraxinus Chinensis_, 169, 197

French Bishop, 55;
Commission, 130;
Consul, 50;
hospitality, 60-61, 124;
the French in Tonquin, 2

Friar’s Balsam, 92

Frogs, Bull, 166

Fruit trees, 116;
Wild, 110

Fruits:--date, 94, 100;
melons, 163, 167;
orange, 94;
orange groves, 84, 163;
pear, 94, 100, 116;
strawberry, 22;
walnut, 149

Fu Chiang River, 164

Fu Chou, 31, 209

Fu-kuan-ts’un, 185

Fu-lin, 100

Fu-lu-ch’ang, 178

Fu-shun Hsien, 76

Fu t’ou-kuan, 12, 24, 163

Fuel, Coal-dust, 29

Fuhkien, 190, 201

Gall-nuts, 31

Geese, 144

Gill, Captain, 8, 190

Gingalls, 178

Ginger, 163

Ginseng, 176

Glory of Buddha, 162, 174-175, 177

Goats, 59, 123, 124

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Three Years in Western ChinaChapter XIII: The Phö (2)

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