Chapter XIX: Appendix (1)

_McEvoy's Single Main System._--Hitherto in connection with a system of electrical submarine mines, it has been necessary to employ either a single cable between each submarine mine and the torpedo station, or a single cable, termed a "multiple cable," containing a limited number of insulated wires, leading from the station, and branching off from a junction box to each mine, by which considerable cost and complication is incurred. To remedy the above serious defects of such a system, and also to simplify the arrangement of electrical tests, Captain McEvoy has devised and patented the following apparatus; at the firing, or torpedo station, the end of the single main cable, that is, the single core cable leading to the junction box, is connected to a make and break contact apparatus, by which, by the movement of a dial or pointer around a fixed centre, a battery can be successively put in connection with the wire, and disconnected from it, in a somewhat similar manner to Wheatstone's step by step dial telegraphs. In the junction box at the opposite end of the single core main cable is an electro-magnetic apparatus for working a dial or pointer in exact unison with the aforesaid dial or pointer at the torpedo station. This junction box dial or pointer serves as a contact maker to put the wire of the main cable successively in contact with the branch wires leading to the several torpedoes, as it is caused to turn with a step by step motion by the sending of a succession of currents from the firing station.

As the contact maker completes the circuit between the main cable and one of the branch wires, the current passes from the cable through the wire, and through the fuze of that particular torpedo to "earth"; but when any one or other of the torpedoes is to be exploded, the circuit between the main cable and the torpedo wire being completed, it is only necessary to send a current through the main cable of sufficient strength to ignite the fuze, and so explode the mine.

The strength of the current used for giving the aforesaid step by step motion to the junction box dial or pointer is not sufficient to cause the ignition of the fuzes in the torpedoes.

Again, if it be desired that the torpedoes should be so arranged that when any of them are struck by a passing vessel, the fact of its having been struck should be instantly signalled to the firing station. The dial apparatus in the junction box is arranged so that at one point of its revolution, termed the "zero point," all the torpedo branch wires are in circuit with the main cable, and that then a constant current is passing from the firing station through all the circuit closers, and out through resistance coils to "earth." In this case, if one of the circuit closers be struck, and therefore short circuit formed, the current passes direct to earth without going through the aforesaid resistance, and the fact of its having done so is at once indicated by a galvanometer at the firing point, by the movement of which a bell is rung at the station. The operator can then explode such torpedo at once by merely switching in the firing battery.

At the same time the passage of the strong firing current may fuze a connection in the junction apparatus, by which the exploded torpedo is detached, i.e. the direct "earth" connection of such a torpedo is cut off, and the remaining submarine mines are left in proper working order; this effect may also be arrived at by other means.

_General Description of Apparatus._--The following is a general description of this exceedingly clever and useful invention:--

At Fig. 168 is shown a diagram view of the apparatus.

_A_ is the instrument at the firing point on the shore or vessel; _B_ is the cable wire led to a submerged box situated near the spot where the several torpedoes are grouped; _C_ is the instrument enclosed in the submerged box; _D_, _D_ are insulated wires led away from the box to the several torpedoes, there being a separate wire for each torpedo.

Each of the wires _D_ is coupled to one or other of a series of metallic contact pieces _E_ ranged in a circle round the axis of a metallic pointer _F_, which can be turned with a step by step motion and successively brought into electrical contact with the several contact pieces _E_. The axis of the pointer is in electrical communication with the wire of the cable. The wire from the cable is first led to the coils of an electro magnet _G_, and thence passes to the axis of the pointer. _H_ is a magnetic armature in front of the electro magnet _G_; when a positive current of sufficient strength is sent through the cable the armature is rocked in one direction, and when a negative current is sent, it is rocked in the opposite direction. From the armature motion is transmitted to a pawl which works into the teeth of a ratchet wheel on the axis of the pointer _F_, so that by sending a succession of reversed currents of sufficient strength through the cable, the pointer _F_ is turned with a step by step motion and is successively brought into electrical contact with the several contact pieces _E_.

PLATE LIV.]

In the instrument, at the firing point _a_ is a handle, by the turning of which a step by step motion is given to the pointer of a dial _b_ and a simultaneous movement to the pointer _F_ of the instrument _C_ in the submerged box. When the handle _a_ has made a half turn it couples one pole of the battery to the cable and the other to the earth connection, and when it has made a complete turn the connections are reversed. The pointer of the dial _b_ then moves forward from one division of the dial to the next, and simultaneously the pointer _F_ is turned in unison with it. The operator at the firing point can therefore always see which of the torpedoes is in electrical connection with the wire of the cable, and he can test each torpedo in succession by moving a handle, say at _h_, to cause the current passing back from the torpedo to pass through a galvanometer at _e_, and by the movement of the needle of the galvanometer it can be seen whether the resistance of the circuit through this torpedo is in its normal and proper working state.

When the pointer of the dial _b_ is brought to zero, or as it is marked in the drawing to "signal," then the pointer _F_ of the apparatus _C_ is in electrical communication with a contact point which is coupled to all of the branch wires _D_, and usually the apparatus is left in this condition, the handle _a_ being then locked and prevented from turning by a bolt actuated by a handle at _G_.

The current from the battery at the firing point then passes to earth through the resistances in all of the torpedoes. If now any one or other of the torpedoes is struck by a passing vessel and the wire from its fuze put directly to earth, so that the current passes freely to earth instead of having first to pass through the resistance, the fact of the current passing freely to earth is notified at the firing point by the movement of the needle of a galvanometer _d_; the movement of the needle of this galvanometer effects an electrical connection by which a small battery is caused to sound a bell at _c_. The operator at the firing point can then if he pleases at once fire the torpedo that has been struck by moving a handle at _f_ and coupling up to the wire of the cable a battery of greater strength; the strong firing current will pass to earth through the fuze of the torpedo that has been struck, and will ignite this fuze, but will not affect the fuzes of the other torpedoes, as to pass through these fuzes it has also to pass through resistances which impede its passage and reduce its strength, so that the portion of the current which passes to earth through them is not of sufficient strength to ignite the fuzes.

When the fuze of any one or other of the torpedoes is exploded by the passing of a strong firing current through it, the wire leading from the box _C_ to this torpedo is simultaneously cut off from electrical connection with the contact pin _E_ to which it was previously connected, and this pin is put to earth through a resistance either somewhat greater or less than the resistances in the torpedoes, so that the firing of one or more of the torpedoes does not interfere with the power of being able to turn the pointer _F_ of the apparatus _C_ in unison with the pointer of the dial _b_.

Afterwards the operator at the firing point can ascertain which of the torpedoes has been fired by passing the pointer of the dial _b_ to each of the divisions of the dial in succession, and ascertaining by the galvanometer a the resistance of the circuit through each of the torpedoes, so that he at once ascertains which torpedo has been put to earth through the greater or less resistance.

The cutting off of the wire _D_ from its contact _E_ when a strong current is passed through it may be effected by the wire being coiled around an iron core forming an electro magnet, which when a strong current is passed through the wire is of sufficient strength to shift the position of a contact apparatus and then effect the required alterations in the connections, but which is not of sufficient strength to effect any change when the weaker currents used for the signalling and testing operations are passed through the wire.

It will be evident that with the above described apparatus any one or other of the torpedoes can if desired be exploded by the operator at the firing point whenever he desires to do so. To effect this he would by turning the handle _a_ bring the pointer of the dial _b_ opposite to the division of this dial; that would indicate that the cable had been brought into electrical communication with the torpedo required to be exploded, and then when it is ascertained by previously adjusted sight points that the vessel is above the torpedo, he can fire the torpedo by passing a strong firing current to the cable.

In this way the apparatus can be used for firing any one or other of a group of sunken torpedoes, or if the torpedoes are buoyant ones, they need not be fitted with apparatus for putting the wire from their fuze directly to earth whenever the torpedo is struck by a passing vessel. The same arrangement of apparatus can also be used for firing any one or other of a number of mines or torpedoes on land and for separately testing the firing mechanism of each mine whenever desired.

Captain McEvoy's single main system will shortly undergo a series of experiments under the supervision of the English torpedo authorities at Chatham, which will most probably result in its adoption by the English government, and also by the principal continental powers.

TABLE[Y]

SHOWING THE VALUE OF THE FRACTIONS A AND B FOR EVERY HALF DEGREE.

-------+-------------+-------------+
| A | B |
Arc. |150 + [alpha]|150 - [alpha]|
+-------------+-------------+
[alpha]|150 - [alpha]|150 + [alpha]|
-------+-------------+-------------+
145 | 59·00 | 0·017 |
144·5 | 53·54 | 0·019 |
144 | 49·00 | 0·020 |
143·5 | 45·15 | 0·022 |
143 | 41·86 | 0·024 |
142·5 | 39·00 | 0·026 |
142 | 36·50 | 0·028 |
141·5 | 34·29 | 0·029 |
141 | 32·33 | 0·031 |
140·5 | 30·58 | 0·033 |
140 | 29·00 | 0·035 |
139·5 | 27·57 | 0·036 |
139 | 26·27 | 0·038 |
138·5 | 25·09 | 0·040 |
138 | 24·00 | 0·042 |
137·5 | 23·00 | 0·044 |
137 | 22·08 | 0·045 |
136·5 | 21·22 | 0·047 |
136 | 20·43 | 0·049 |
135·5 | 19·69 | 0·051 |
135 | 19·00 | 0·052 |
134·5 | 18·35 | 0·054 |
134 | 17·75 | 0·056 |
133·5 | 17·18 | 0·058 |
133 | 16·65 | 0·060 |
132·5 | 16·14 | 0·062 |
132 | 15·67 | 0·064 |
131·5 | 15·22 | 0·066 |
131 | 14·79 | 0·068 |
130·5 | 14·38 | 0·070 |
130 | 14·00 | 0·071 |
129·5 | 13·63 | 0·073 |
129 | 13·28 | 0·075 |
128·5 | 12·95 | 0·077 |
128 | 12·64 | 0·079 |
127·5 | 12·33 | 0·081 |
127 | 12·04 | 0·083 |
126·5 | 11·76 | 0·085 |
126 | 11·50 | 0·087 |
125·5 | 11·24 | 0·089 |
125 | 11·00 | 0·091 |
124·5 | 10·76 | 0·093 |
124 | 10·54 | 0·095 |
123·5 | 10·32 | 0·097 |
123 | 10·11 | 0·099 |
122·5 | 9·91 | 0·101 |
122 | 9·72 | 0·103 |
121·5 | 9·53 | 0·105 |
121 | 9·35 | 0·107 |
120·5 | 9·17 | 0·109 |
120 | 9·00 | 0·111 |
119·5 | 8·84 | 0·113 |
119 | 8·68 | 0·115 |
118·5 | 8·52 | 0·117 |
118 | 8·37 | 0·119 |
117·5 | 8·23 | 0·121 |
117 | 8·09 | 0·123 |
116·5 | 7·96 | 0·126 |
116 | 7·82 | 0·128 |
115·5 | 7·69 | 0·130 |
115 | 7·57 | 0·132 |
114·5 | 7·45 | 0·134 |
114 | 7·33 | 0·136 |
113·5 | 7·22 | 0·139 |
113 | 7·11 | 0·141 |
112·5 | 7·00 | 0·143 |
112 | 6·89 | 0·145 |
111·5 | 6·79 | 0·147 |
111 | 6·69 | 0·150 |
110·5 | 6·59 | 0·152 |
110 | 6·50 | 0·154 |
109·5 | 6·41 | 0·156 |
109 | 6·32 | 0·158 |
108·5 | 6·23 | 0·160 |
108 | 6·14 | 0·163 |
107·5 | 6·06 | 0·165 |
107 | 5·97 | 0·168 |
106·5 | 5·89 | 0·170 |
106 | 5·82 | 0·172 |
105·5 | 5·74 | 0·174 |
105 | 5·67 | 0·176 |
104 | 5·52 | 0·182 |
103·5 | 5·45 | 0·183 |
103 | 5·38 | 0·186 |
102·5 | 5·31 | 0·188 |
102 | 5·25 | 0·190 |
101·5 | 5·18 | 0·193 |
101 | 5·12 | 0·195 |
100·5 | 5·06 | 0·198 |
100 | 5·00 | 0·200 |
99·5 | 4·94 | 0·202 |
99 | 4·88 | 0·205 |
98·5 | 4·82 | 0·207 |
98 | 4·77 | 0·209 |
97·5 | 4·71 | 0·212 |
97 | 4·66 | 0·215 |
96·5 | 4·61 | 0·217 |
96 | 4·55 | 0·220 |
95·5 | 4·50 | 0·222 |
95 | 4·45 | 0·224 |
94·5 | 4·40 | 0·227 |
94 | 4·36 | 0·230 |
93·5 | 4·31 | 0·232 |
93 | 4·26 | 0·235 |
92·5 | 4·22 | 0·237 |
92 | 4·17 | 0·240 |
91·5 | 4·13 | 0·242 |
91 | 4·08 | 0·245 |
90·5 | 4·04 | 0·247 |
90 | 4·00 | 0·250 |
89·5 | 3·96 | 0·253 |
89 | 3·92 | 0·255 |
88·5 | 3·88 | 0·258 |
88 | 3·84 | 0·260 |
87·5 | 3·80 | 0·263 |
87 | 3·76 | 0·266 |
86·5 | 3·72 | 0·269 |
86 | 3·69 | 0·271 |
85·5 | 3·65 | 0·274 |
85 | 3·62 | 0·276 |
84·5 | 3·58 | 0·279 |
84 | 3·54 | 0·282 |
81·5 | 3·38 | 0·296 |
81 | 3·35 | 0·299 |
80·5 | 3·31 | 0·302 |
80 | 3·28 | 0·304 |
79·5 | 3·25 | 0·307 |
79 | 3·22 | 0·310 |
78·5 | 3·19 | 0·313 |
78 | 3·17 | 0·316 |
77·5 | 3·14 | 0·319 |
77 | 3·11 | 0·322 |
76·5 | 3·08 | 0·325 |
76 | 3·05 | 0·327 |
75·5 | 3·03 | 0·330 |
75 | 3·00 | 0·333 |
74·5 | 2·973 | 0·336 |
74 | 2·947 | 0·339 |
73·5 | 2·921 | 0·342 |
73 | 2·896 | 0·345 |
72·5 | 2·871 | 0·348 |
72 | 2·846 | 0·351 |
71·5 | 2·822 | 0·354 |
71 | 2·797 | 0·357 |
70·5 | 2·773 | 0·360 |
70 | 2·750 | 0·364 |
69·5 | 2·726 | 0·367 |
69 | 2·703 | 0·370 |
68·5 | 2·680 | 0·373 |
68 | 2·658 | 0·376 |
67·5 | 2·636 | 0·379 |
67 | 2·614 | 0·382 |
66·5 | 2·592 | 0·386 |
66 | 2·571 | 0·389 |
65·5 | 2·550 | 0·392 |
65 | 2·529 | 0·395 |
64·5 | 2·509 | 0·398 |
64 | 2·488 | 0·402 |
63·5 | 2·468 | 0·405 |
63 | 2·448 | 0·408 |
62·5 | 2·428 | 0·412 |
62 | 2·409 | 0·415 |
61·5 | 2·389 | 0·418 |
59 | 2·296 | 0·435 |
58·5 | 2·278 | 0·439 |
58 | 2·261 | 0·442 |
57·5 | 2·243 | 0·446 |
57 | 2·226 | 0·449 |
56·5 | 2·208 | 0·453 |
56 | 2·191 | 0·456 |
55·5 | 2·174 | 0·460 |
55 | 2·158 | 0·463 |
54·5 | 2·141 | 0·467 |
54 | 2·125 | 0·471 |
53·5 | 2·109 | 0·474 |
53 | 2·093 | 0·478 |
52·5 | 2·077 | 0·481 |
52 | 2·061 | 0·485 |
51·5 | 2·045 | 0·489 |
51 | 2·030 | 0·492 |
50·5 | 2·015 | 0·496 |
50 | 2·000 | 0·500 |
49·5 | 1·985 | 0·504 |
49 | 1·970 | 0·508 |
48·5 | 1·955 | 0·511 |
48 | 1·941 | 0·515 |
47·5 | 1·926 | 0·519 |
47 | 1·913 | 0·523 |
46·5 | 1·898 | 0·527 |
46 | 1·884 | 0·531 |
45·5 | 1·870 | 0·535 |
45 | 1·857 | 0·538 |
44·5 | 1·843 | 0·542 |
44 | 1·830 | 0·546 |
43·5 | 1·816 | 0·550 |
43 | 1·803 | 0·554 |
42·5 | 1·790 | 0·558 |
42 | 1·777 | 0·562 |
41·5 | 1·765 | 0·567 |
41 | 1·752 | 0·571 |
40·5 | 1·739 | 0·575 |
40 | 1·727 | 0·579 |
39·5 | 1·714 | 0·583 |
39 | 1·702 | 0·587 |
36·5 | 1·643 | 0·609 |
36 | 1·631 | 0·613 |
35·5 | 1·620 | 0·617 |
35 | 1·608 | 0·622 |
34·5 | 1·597 | 0·626 |
34 | 1·586 | 0·630 |
33·5 | 1·575 | 0·635 |
33 | 1·564 | 0·639 |
32·5 | 1·553 | 0·644 |
32 | 1·542 | 0·648 |
31·5 | 1·531 | 0·653 |
31 | 1·521 | 0·657 |
30·5 | 1·510 | 0·662 |
30 | 1·500 | 0·667 |
29·5 | 1·489 | 0·671 |
29 | 1·479 | 0·676 |
28·5 | 1·469 | 0·681 |
28 | 1·459 | 0·685 |
27·5 | 1·449 | 0·690 |
27 | 1·439 | 0·695 |
26·5 | 1·429 | 0·700 |
26 | 1·419 | 0·705 |
25·5 | 1·409 | 0·709 |
25 | 1·400 | 0·714 |
24·5 | 1·390 | 0·719 |
24 | 1·380 | 0·724 |
23·5 | 1·371 | 0·729 |
23 | 1·362 | 0·734 |
22·5 | 1·352 | 0·739 |
22 | 1·343 | 0·744 |
21·5 | 1·334 | 0·749 |
21 | 1·325 | 0·754 |
20·5 | 1·316 | 0·760 |
20 | 1·307 | 0·765 |
19·5 | 1·298 | 0·770 |
19 | 1·290 | 0·775 |
18·5 | 1·281 | 0·780 |
18 | 1·272 | 0·786 |
17·5 | 1·264 | 0·791 |
17 | 1·255 | 0·796 |
16·5 | 1·247 | 0·802 |
16 | 1·238 | 0·807 |
15·5 | 1·230 | 0·813 |
15 | 1·222 | 0·818 |
14·5 | 1·214 | 0·823 |
14 | 1·206 | 0·829 |
13·5 | 1·198 | 0·835 |
13 | 1·189 | 0·841 |
12·5 | 1·181 | 0·847 |
12 | 1·173 | 0·852 |
11·5 | 1·166 | 0·858 |
11 | 1·158 | 0·863 |
10·5 | 1·150 | 0·869 |
10 | 1·143 | 0·875 |
9·5 | 1·135 | 0·881 |
9 | 1·127 | 0·887 |
8·5 | 1·120 | 0·893 |
8 | 1·112 | 0·899 |
7·5 | 1·105 | 0·905 |
7 | 1·097 | 0·911 |
6·5 | 1·090 | 0·917 |
6 | 1·083 | 0·923 |
5·5 | 1·076 | 0·929 |
5 | 1·068 | 0·935 |
4·5 | 1·061 | 0·942 |
4 | 1·054 | 0·948 |
3·5 | 1·047 | 0·954 |
3 | 1·040 | 0·960 |
2·5 | 1·033 | 0·967 |
2 | 1·027 | 0·974 |
1·5 | 1·020 | 0·980 |
1 | 1·013 | 0·987 |
0·5 | 1·006 | 0·993 |
-------+-------------+-------------+

A SYNOPSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS THAT HAVE OCCURRED IN CONNECTION WITH THE HISTORY OF THE TORPEDO.

---------+-------------+---------------------------+------------+---------------------------------
Date. |Operator, &c.| Event. | Place. | Remarks.
---------+-------------+---------------------------+------------+---------------------------------
1585. | Italian | Attack on a bridge formed | Antwerp. |Bridge completely destroyed.
| Engineer, | over the Scheldt. | | Vessels, each carrying a heavily
| Zambelli. | | | charged magazine, fired by
| | | | clockwork, were carried by the
| | | | stream against the bridge.
| | | |
1775. | Captain D. | Numerous small experiments| America. |By which he proved that a charge
| Bushnell. | with gunpowder charges. | | of gunpowder could be fired
| | | | under water.
| | | |
1776. | " | Attack on the English | New York. |Boat managed by Sergeant E. Lee.
| | frigate H.M.S. _Eagle_ by| | Attack failed, owing to his
| | his submarine torpedo | | inexperience in manipulating
| | boat. | | this novel kind of craft.
| | | |
1777. | " | Attack on the English | New London.|Drifting torpedoes employed.
| | man-of-war H.M.S. | | Crew of a prize schooner astern
| | _Cerberus_ by his | | of the _Cerberus_ hauled one of
| | drifting torpedoes. | | the torpedoes on board, which
| | | | exploded, killing 3 men and
| | | | destroying a boat.
| | | |
1777. | " | Attack on English ships by| " |This failed, owing to the ships
| | numerous floating | | having previously hauled into
| | torpedoes. Known by the | | dock to avoid the ice, but it
| | name of "Battle of Kegs."| | created a great amount of
| | | | confusion and alarm among the
| | | | crews of the vessels.
| | | |
1797. | R. Fulton. | Experiments with torpedoes| France. |These first attempts were
| | on the Seine. | | generally failures.
| | | |
July 3, | " | Experiments with his | Brest, |These experiments were successful
1801. | | submarine boat named the | France. | in so far as proving that with
| | _Nautilus_. | | such a boat he could descend to
| | | | any given depth and reascend to
| | | | the surface at will, and that he
| | | | could remain below for a
| | | | considerable time.
| | | |
August | " | Attempted to sink a small | " |Completely successful. This is
1801. | | vessel by means of one of| | the first vessel known to be
| | his torpedoes. | | destroyed by means of a torpedo.
| | | | Charge of submarine mine 20 lbs.
| | | | gunpowder.
| | | |
1801. | " | Attempted to destroy one | Off |Owing to the ship altering her
| | of the English channel | Boulogne, | position at the moment of
| | fleet by means of his | France. | setting the torpedo adrift, this
| | drifting torpedoes. | | attack failed.
| | | |
Oct. 3, | " |Catamarran expedition under| Boulogne, |Failed, owing to a mistake in the
1804. | | Lord Keith to destroy the| France. | construction of the torpedoes.
| | French fleet. | | The mines exploded, but did no
| | | | damage to the French ships.
| | | |
Oct. | " | Similar expedition. | " |Similar failure, owing to causes
1805. | | | | above mentioned.
| | | |
Oct. 15, | " |Attempted to destroy a brig| Dover, |The brig was completely
1805. | | _Dorothea_ with his | England. | demolished. Two torpedoes
| | drifting torpedoes. | | employed, each charged with 180
| | | | lbs. gunpowder and fired by
| | | | clockwork.
| | | |
July 20, | " | Experiment on a large hulk| New York, |Finally successful, several
1807. | | brig. | America. | attempts being necessary, owing
| | | | to faulty construction.
| | | |
Oct. | " | Attack on the U.S. sloop | New York. |Failed, owing to the very
1810. | | _Argus_ for finally | | ingenious though elaborate
| | testing the efficacy of | | defence of the vessel, carried
| | his torpedo schemes. | | out under the directions of
| | | | Commodore Rodgers.
| | | |
1812. | Mr. Mix. | Attack on the English | Lynn, Haven|Complete failure, though six
| | frigate H.M.S. | Bay, | different attempts were made.
| | _Plantagenet_ with his | America. |
| | drifting torpedoes. | |
| | | |
June 15, | " |Attack on H.M.S. _Ramilies_| New York. | An utter failure.
1813. | | by blowing up a schooner | |
| | alongside. | |
| | | |
1820. | Captain |Experiment with a submarine| Moulsford, |Idea was to fasten the torpedo by
| Johnson. | boat carrying a torpedo | Berks, | means of screws to the bottom of
| | on its back. | England. | the hostile vessel. Trial proved
| | | | successful, but the English
| | | | government refused to sanction
| | | | the project as being too
| | | | diabolical.
| | | |
July 4, | Colonel | Experiment on a raft with | Ware Pond, | Successful.
1829. | Samuel | his submarine battery. | America. |
| Colt. | | |
| | | |
1839. | General | Destruction of the wreck | Portsmouth,|He is stated to have employed
| Paisley, | of the _Royal George_ by| England. | galvanic firing to explode the
| R.E. | submarine mines. | | mines.
| | | |
1840. | Captain | Experiment on the _John | England. | Successful. Details not known.
| Warner. | O'Gaunt_. | |
| | | |
June 4, | Colonel S. | Experiment to explode a | New York. |Successful. The operator was at a
1842. | Colt. | submarine mine by | | great distance from the torpedo.
| | electricity. | |
| | | |
July 4, | " | Experiment on the U.S. | Castle |Successful. The operator was on
1842. | | gunboat _Boxer_ with | Garden, | board U.S. man-of-war at some
| | electric submarine mines.| New York. | distance from the place where
| | | | the explosion occurred.
| | | |
Aug. 20, | Colonel S. | Similar experiment on a | Potomac |Successful, the operator being
1842. | Colt. | schooner. | River, | stationed at a distance of 5
| | | America. | miles from where the mine was
| | | | placed.
| | | |
Oct. 18, | " | Similar experiment on the | New York. |Successful. The operator being on
1842. | | brig _Volta_, 300 tons. | | board the revenue cutter
| | | | _Ewing_, at a considerable
| | | | distance from the scene of the
| | | | explosion.
| | | |
April 13,| " | Experiment to destroy a | Potomac |Successful. The vessel was, at
1843. | | vessel of 500 tons _under| River, | the time of the explosion,
| | weigh_ by electric | America. | sailing at the rate of 5 knots
| | submarine mines. | | per hour, and to prevent the
| | | | possibility of any collusion
| | | | between the operator and crew,
| | | | they left the ship a few moments
| | | | before the catastrophe. Operator
| | | | 5 miles distant. Probably
| | | | several mines were placed in the
| | | | form of a circle.
| | | |
July, | Captain | Experiment with his | Brighton, | The vessel completely destroyed.
1844. | Warner. | invisible shell, on a | England. |
| | barque of 450 tons. | |
| | | |
Jan. 1, | Colonel S. |Experiment with an electric| New York. |Successful. The operator being at
1845. | Colt. | submarine mine. | | a distance of 40 miles from
| | | | where the explosion took place.
| | | |
1846. | Professor | Discovered the explosive | .. |Brought into use for military
| Schonbein.| agent "gun-cotton." | | purposes about 1863, by
| | | | Professor Abel.
| | | |
1846. | Sobrero. | Discovered the explosive | .. |Brought into use about 1863, for
| | agent nitro-glycerine. | | blasting purposes by M. Alfred
| | | | Nobel, a Swede.
| | | |
1854. | Russians. | Attempted destruction of | Cronstadt. |Several torpedoes were exploded
| | the English men-of-war | | near these ships, but with no
| | _Merlin_ and _Firefly_, | | other results than a wetting to
| | by stationary submarine | | some of their men.
| | mines. | |
| | | |
Feb. 18, |Confederates.|Federal gunboats attempting| America. |Considerably delayed, caused by
1862. | | to force the Savannah | | the submarine mines, but no
| | river. | | actual damage done. This was
| | | | their first appearance in a
| | | | practical form during the civil
| | | | war.
| | | |
Dec. 13, | " | Destruction of the Federal|Yazoo River,|Two torpedoes exploded under her;
1862. | | ironclad _Cairo_, by | America. | vessel much shattered, and sunk
| | stationary torpedoes. | | in 12 minutes. First vessel
| | | | destroyed in this war.
| | | |
Feb. 28, | " | The Federal monitor | Ogeechee |She was saved from sinking by
1863. | | _Montauk_, severely | River, | being run on the mud, thus
| | damaged by a submarine | Georgia. | enabling the hole to be
| | mine. | | temporarily closed, and the
| | | | vessel taken to Port Royal.
| | | |
July 22, | " | The Federal ironclad |Yazoo River.|The vessel went down in 15
1863. | | gunboat _Baron de Kalb_, | | minutes. As she was sinking a
| | sunk by a submarine mine.| | second torpedo exploded under
| | | | her stern. No lives were lost.
| | | |
Aug. 8, | " | The Federal gunboat |James River.|The ship was, at the time of the
1863. | | _Commodore Barney_ | | explosion, steaming 9 knots, and
| | severely damaged. | | ran into it, losing 20 men, and
| | | | being some what severely
| | | | damaged. It was an electric
| | | | submarine mine charged with 1750
| | | | lbs. gunpowder.
| | | |
Oct. 5, | " | Boat torpedo attack on the| Charleston.|Failed. It was made by a boat
1863. | | Federal ship _Ironsides_.| | armed with a spar torpedo with
| | | | 60 lbs. gunpowder.
| | | |
1863. | " | Confederate steamers | |Owing to the shifting of the
| | _Marion_ and _Ettiwa_ | " | position of barrel torpedoes.
| | destroyed by their own | |
| | mines. | |
| | | |
1863. | " | Confederate flag of truce |James River.| The same cause.
| | boat _Shultz_. | |
| | | |
Feb. 17, | " | Boat torpedo attack on the|Charleston. |Successful, the ship being sunk.
1864. | | Federal frigate | | A submarine boat was employed on
| | _Housatonic_. | | this occasion, and owing to her
| | | | running into the hole made by
| | | | her torpedo, went down with the
| | | | ship.
| | | |
March 6, | " | Boat torpedo attack on the|North Edisto|Failed, owing to the torpedo spar
1864. | | Federal ship _Memphis_. |River, South| being broken by the vessel's
| | | Carolina. | screw.
| | | |
April 1, | " | Destruction of the Federal| St. John's |This was effected by a floating
1864. | | transport _Maple Leaf_. | River, | torpedo.
| | | Florida. |
| | | |
April 9, | " | Boat torpedo attack on the|James River.|The ship was severely damaged,
1864. | | Federal ship _Minnesota_.| | but not sunk. Spar torpedo,
| | | | charge 53 lbs. gunpowder.
| | | |
April 19,| " | Boat torpedo attack on the|Charleston. |Failed, owing to the boat being
1864. | | Federal frigate _Wabash_.| | discovered.
| | | |
May 6, | " | Loss of the _Commodore |James River.|Completely demolished by an
1864. | | Jones_. | | electric torpedo, 1750 lbs.
| | | | gunpowder. This part of the
| | | | river having been carefully
| | | | dragged.
| | | |
Aug. 5, |Confederates.|Loss of the Federal monitor| Mobile Bay.|This occurred during the Federal
1864. | | _Tecumseh_. | | attack on the defences of Mobile
| | | | Bay, the ship disappearing
| | | | almost instantaneously. The
| | | | captain and 70 of the crew were
| | | | killed.
| | | |
Oct. 27, | Federals. | Boat torpedo attack on the| Near |The only Federal torpedo success
1864. | | Confederate ironclad | Plymouth, | during the war. The boat was
| | _Albemarle_. | America. | armed with the Wood and Lay
| | | | disconnecting spar torpedo. The
| | | | ship was sunk.
| | | |
Dec. 9, |Confederates.| Loss of the Federal | Roanoke |The latter vessel was proceeding
1864. | | steamers _Otsego_ and | River. | to the assistance of the former.
| | _Bazeby_. | | Both were totally destroyed.
| | | |
1864. | M. A. Nobel.| Introduction of dynamite. | .. |A modified form of the explosive
| | | | nitro-glycerine.
| | | |
1864. | Captain |First series of experiments| Fiume, |The idea of such a weapon
| Lupuis and | with the fish torpedo. | Austria. | previously known, but not acted
| Mr. | | | on.
| Whitehead. | | |
| | | |
Jan. 15, |Confederates.|Loss of the Federal monitor|Charleston. |Completely destroyed by a barrel
1865. | | _Patapsco_. | | torpedo, sinking in a few
| | | | minutes. Sixty-two officers and
| | | | men drowned.
| | | |
March 1, | " |Loss of the Federal steamer|Near |The place where this catastrophe
1865. | | _Harvest Moon_. | Georgetown.| occurred had been previously
| | | | swept for torpedoes.
| | | |
March 30 | " | Loss of two Federal |Mobile Bay. |These losses occurred in the
to April,| | monitors, and three | | final attack on Mobile, at the
19 1865.| | gunboats. | | close of the war.
| | | |
Sept. 2, |Paraguayans. | Loss of the Brazilian war |Currupaity, |Completely destroyed by a
1866. | | steamer _Rio Janeiro_. | Paraguay. | stationary torpedo at the
| | | | bombardment of Currupaity by the
| | | | Brazilian fleet.
| | | |
1874. | England. | Adoption of the electric | |
| | light in the Navy. | |
| | | |
May 29, | English. | Torpedo attack by H.M.S. | .. |This is the first Whitehead fish
1877. | | _Shah_ on the Peruvian | | torpedo ever fired against an
| | ironclad _Huascar_. | | hostile ship. It failed, owing
| | | | to the _Huascar_ being at too
| | | | great a distance.
| | | |
May 12, | Russians. |Russian torpedo boat attack| Batoum. |Failed. A Turkish ship was struck
1877. | | on several Turkish ships.| | by a towing torpedo, but it
| | | | failed to explode.
| | | |
May 26, | " | Russian torpedo boat | Matchines, |Successful. A Turkish monitor,
1877. | | attack on the Turkish | River | _Duba Saife_, was sunk.
| | ships _Fettu Islam_, | Danube. |
| | _Duba Saife_, and _Kilidj| |
| | Ali_. | |
| | | |
June 9, | " | Russian torpedo boat | Sulina, |Failed. The Russian torpedo boat
1877. | | attack on the Turkish | mouth of | No. 1 was sunk, and her
| | ironclads _Feteh Bulend_,| the | commander, Lieutenant Poutschin,
| | _Moocardemikhair_, and | Danube. | with his crew, taken prisoner.
| | _Idglalieh_. | | The attack was made by six
| | | | boats.
| | | |
June 20, | " | Turkish monitor attacked |Rutschuk, on|Failed. The officer in command of
1877. | | by the Russian spar | the Danube.| the boat being severely wounded,
| | torpedo boat_Choutka_. | | and the torpedo wires cut. This
| | | | attack was made in the daytime.
| | | |
June 23, | " | Two Russian torpedo boats |Mouth of the|Failed, owing to the spirited
1877. | | attacked a Turkish | Aluta, | defence on the part of the
| | monitor. | Danube. | Turks. Another day affair.
| | | |
Aug. 22, | " | The Turkish ironclad | Soukoum |Failed. The captain of the
1877. | | _Assari Shefket_ attacked| Kaleh. | _Assari Shefket_ had placed
| | by four Russian torpedo | | guard boats in advance of his
| | boats. | | ship, by which he was warned of
| | | | the approach of the torpedo
| | | | boats, and so enabled to foil
| | | | the attack by a well-directed,
| | | | hot fire.
| | | |
Oct. 10, | " | Loss of Turkish gunboat | Sulina. |The gunboat was sunk by striking
1877. | | _Suna_ at the Russian | | an electro-contactmine, placed
| | attack on Sulina. | | by the Russians about 3/4 mile
| | | | above the Turkish defences.
| | | | About fifteen officers and men
| | | | killed and wounded.
| | | |
Dec. 27, | " | Turkish squadron attacked | Batoum. |Failed. The Russians fired two
1877. | | by four Russian torpedo | | Whitehead fish torpedoes (the
| | boats, two being armed | | first attack of this nature
| | with the Whitehead fish | | during the war), both of which
| | torpedo. | | were picked up by the Turks.
| | | |
Jan. 25, | " |Attack on Turkish ships by | Batoum. |Successful. A Turkish revenue
1878. | | two Russian torpedo boats,| | steamer on guard being sunk.
| | armed with the Whitehead | | Final torpedo attack made in the
| | fish torpedo. | | Russo-Turkish war (1877-78).
---------+-------------+---------------------------+------------+---------------------------------

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote Y: See page 92.]

ERRATA.

On Page 7 (line 11) insert words "could be destroyed" after "anchor."

On Page 284, (Middle of page) "Fig. 176" should be "Fig. 168."

On Page 285 (4th line from bottom) "e" should be "d."

INDEX.

A.

Abel, experiments by Professor, 207
Abel's detonation experiments, 216
---- high tension fuzes, 37
---- mechanical primer, 23
Action, chemical, 269
---- ----, in a Daniell cell, 274
---- ---- single fluid cell, 273
Adjustments of Whitehead's fish torpedo, the, 136
Admiral Porter's torpedo ship _Alarm_, 159
---- ----, the armament of, 160
Adoption of the fish torpedo, the invention and, 131
Advantages of electrical submarine mines, the, 28
---- ---- mechanical mines, the, 17
Agents, torpedo explosive, 217
Air pump, the, 260
_Alarm_, Admiral Porter's torpedo ship, 159
_Albemarle_, destruction of the, 191
Aluta, the Russian torpedo boat attack off the, 200
American Civil War, the, 189
---- ----, mechanical mines in the, 16
---- ----, torpedoes during the, 115
---- ----, submarine mines during the, 27
---- extempore drifting torpedoes, 119
Apparatus, directions for using the diving, 261
----, firing keys and shutter, 80
----, Siemens' electric light, 241
---- ----, conducting wires for, 247
---- ----, rotation of armatures in, 246
---- ----, wear and tear of, 247
----, the shutter, 82
---- used with a circuit breaker, shutter, 83
Application of Ohm's law, the, 276
---- ---- the electric light, the, 256
Arcs, firing by intersectional, 71
_Argus_, Fulton's attempt against the, 6
Armatures in Siemens' electric light apparatus, rotation of, 246
Armoured cables, single cored, 43
Armstrong's system of electrical testing, 107
Arrangement of earth plates, Brown's, 100
---- ---- wires in McEvoy's spar torpedo, 155
Arrangements, Steward's safety cock, 25
Astatic galvanometer, the, 87
Attack with Harvey's torpedoes, methods of, 127
Attacks, boat torpedo, 191
---- ----, methods of protecting ships against, 180
Austrian method of mooring, the, 56
---- ---- testing, the, 109
---- self-acting circuit closers, 64
---- testing table, the, 108
---- torpedo experiments, 220
---- ---- launches, Thornycroft's, 165
---- war, torpedo operations during the, 192
Austro-Italian war, torpedo operations during the, 188
Automatic arrangements, 10
---- electric lamps, 248

B.
Balance, Wheatstone's, 97
---- ----, manipulation of, 99
---- ----, measurement of resistances by, 98
Barrel torpedoes, 19
Batoum, Russian torpedo boat attack at, 195, 202
Batteries, bichromate, 77
----, double fluid, 274
----, firing, 75
Batteries, Leclanché's Voltaic, 77
----, Menotti test, 79
----, signalling, 78
---- ----, Daniell's, 78
----, single and double fluid, 272
----, telegraph, 79
----, Voltaic, 79
----, Von Ebner's, 76
Battery test for electro-motive force, Voltaic, 105
---- ---- internal resistance, Voltaic, 104
---- ---- potential, Voltaic, 104
Beardslee's high tension fuze, 36
---- joint, 46
Bearings, firing by cross, 70
Bichromate batteries, 77
Boat, Bushnell's submarine, 2, 184
----, Confederate submarine, 185
----, experiment at Cherbourg, torpedo, 170
----, French submarine, a, 185
----, Lay torpedo, the, 141
---- ----, capabilities of the, 147
---- ----, clearing obstructions with the, 151
---- ----, improved form of the, 153
---- ----, launching the, 147
---- ----, method of sinking and raising the, 149
---- ----, used as a tug, 150
---- ---- to clear away mines, 152
----, _Lightning_, Thornycroft's torpedo, 168
----, torpedo, attack at Batoum, 195, 202
---- ---- Rustchuk, 200
---- ---- Soukoum Kaleh, 201
---- ---- Soulina, 198
---- ---- off Matchin, 196
---- ---- the Aluta, 200
---- ----, the final, 203
---- ----, attacks, 180, 191
---- ----, methods of protecting ships against, 180
---- ----, protective, Fosberry's patent, 182
Boats, submarine, 183
---- ----, qualifications essential to, 184
----, torpedo, 162
---- ----, English, 173
---- ----, Herreshoff's, 178
---- ----, ordinary type of, 179
---- ----, Schibau's Russian, 178
---- ----, Spanish, 175
---- ----, Thornycroft's, 163
---- ----, Yarrow's, 172
Booms, construction of, 110
----, defence of harbours by, 110
Boots for divers, 261
Boxes, junction, 51
---- ----, for multiple cables, 52
---- ---- single cored cables, 52
----, resistance, 97
Brakes for Harvey's torpedoes, 123
Breaker, the circuit, 62
Breast-plate for divers, 260
Brook's torpedoes, 19
Brown's arrangement of earth plates, 100
Buoys for Harvey's torpedoes, 122
Bushnell, the inventor of torpedoes, 2
Bushnell's drifting torpedoes, 2
---- mode of ignition, 2
---- submarine boat, 2, 184

C.
Cable, Colt's electric, 7
---- cutters, Fulton's, 5
Cables, circuit closer, 42
----, creeping for electric, 112
----, defects observed in the conductivity of, 103
----, Hooper's, 41
----, insulated electric, 38
----, insulation test for electric, 102
----, jointing electric, 44
----, junction boxes for multiple, 52
---- ---- single cored, 52
----, land service, 43
----, multiple, 42
----, sea service, 43
----, Siemens' electric, 40
----, Silvertown electric, 41
----, single cored armoured, 42
---- ---- unarmoured, 43
----, special, 43
----, test of electrical resistance of, 104
_Cairo_, the loss of the, 189
Calland and Marié-Davy batteries, description of the, 275
Capabilities of Lay's torpedo boat, 147
---- ---- Whitehead's fish torpedo, 134
Carlscrona, experiments with countermines at, 237
----, torpedo experiments at, 220, 224, 232
Case, conical-shaped torpedo, 32
----, cylindrical-shaped torpedo, 32
----, form and construction of torpedo, 31
----, spherical-shaped torpedo, 32
Cell, action in a single fluid, 273
----, chemical action of a Daniell, 274
----, definition and properties of a Voltaic, 269
----, description of a Menotti, 78
----, tests for insulation, sea, 106
---- ----, sea, 100
Charges, size of torpedo, 218
Chatham, torpedo experiments at, 220
Chemical action, 269
---- fuzes, 23
---- ----, defects of, 24
Cherbourg, torpedo boat experiment at, 170
Circuit breakers, 62
---- closer cables, 43
---- closers, Austrian self-acting, 64
---- ----, electro-contact mine, 63
---- ----, Mathieson's inertia, 61
---- ----, improvements in, 63
---- ---- spiral spring, 63
---- ----, McEvoy's mercury, 65
---- ---- weight magneto, 66
---- ----, the use of, 60
----, closing the electric, 60
---- resistances, 276
----, short, 268
----, the electric, 267
Civil war, torpedo operations during the American, 189
----, torpedoes in the American, 115
Clearing a passage through torpedo defences, 111
Coil galvanometer, the three, 88
Colt, experiments by Colonel, 7
Colt's electric cable, 7
---- reflector, 7
_Commodore Jones_, the loss of the, 189
Commutators or switch plates, 96
Comparing electro-motive forces, 94
Composition, Rain's detonating, 23
Compounds, explosive, 208
Concentration of the electric light, 251
Condenser, definition of a, 279
Conductivity of cables, defects observed in the, 103
----, test of platinum wire fuze for, 101
Conductors, 266
Confederate submarine boat, 185
Connections of switch plates, 100
Construction of booms, 110
---- ---- torpedo case, 31
Copenhagen, torpedo experiments at, 223
Countermining, 112
Countermines, experiments with, 235
---- ---- at Carlscrona, 237
---- ---- Stokes Bay, 236
---- ---- in the Medway, 236
Coupling dynamo-electric machines, methods of, 254
Creeping for electric cables, 112
Crimean war, submarine mines during the, 27
---- ----, torpedo operations during the, 187
Crinoline for divers, 261
Cross bearings, firing by, 70
Current, direction of, 272
----, measuring the intensity of a, 95
----, the Voltaic, 270

D.
Daniell's signalling battery, 78
Defects observed in the conductivity of cables, 103
---- of chemical fuses, 24
---- electrical submarine mines, 29
Defence of harbours by booms, 110
----, ship, 10
Defences, clearing a passage through torpedo, 111
Defensive purposes, Harvey's torpedo for, 129
---- torpedo operations, Russian, 193
---- ----, Turkish, 193
---- ---- warfare, 13
Definition and properties of a Voltaic cell, 269
---- of a condenser, 279
---- potential, 270
---- the ohm, 281
---- ---- term explosion, 204
---- ---- explosive force, 204
---- ---- polarization, 273
Description of a frictional electric machine, 278
---- ---- series of firing keys, 81
---- ---- Yarrow's torpedo boat, 172
---- ---- Calland's and Marié-Davy's batteries, 275
---- ---- Siemens' electric light apparatus, 241
---- ---- Whitehead's fish torpedo, 133
_Destroyer_, Ericsson's torpedo vessel, 160
Destruction of passive obstructions, the, 113
---- ---- the _Albemarle_, 191
---- ---- _Duba Saife_, 197
---- ---- _Suna_, 194
Detector galvanometer, the, 88
Detonating composition, Rain's, 23
Detonation, 206
---- experiments, Abel's, 216
----, theory of, 206
Dielectric, gutta percha as a, 38
----, meaning of, 279
Differential galvanometer, the, 88
Direction of current, 272
Directions for using the diving apparatus, 261
Discharge test, the, 103
Disconnector, the, 53
Diver, dressing the, 262
Divers, boots for, 261
----, breast plate for, 260
----, crinoline for, 261
----, helmet for, 260
----, ladder for, 260
Diving, 259
---- dress, the, 260
----, signals employed in, 263
_Dorothea_, Fulton's destruction of the, 4
Double fluid batteries, 274
---- ----, single and, 272
Drifting torpedoes, 116
---- ----, American extempore, 119
---- ----, Bushnell's, 2
---- ----, Fulton's, 5
---- ----, Lewis's, 117
---- ----, McEvoy's, 118
Dualin, 216
_Duba Saife_, destruction of the, 197
Duplex spar torpedo, McEvoy's, 154
---- ----, arrangement of wires in, 155
Dutch torpedo launches, Thornycroft's, 168
---- ----, Yarrow's, 172
Dynamite, 211
Dynamo-electric machines, methods of coupling, 254
---- machine, Siemens' low tension, 75

E.
Earth plates, Browne's arrangement of, 100
Effect compared, explosive force and, 204
Efficiency of Thornycroft's boat engines, 171
Electric cables, creeping for, 112
---- ----, Hooper's, 41
---- ----, insulated, 38
---- ----, insulation test for, 102
---- ----, jointing, 44
---- ----, Siemens', 40
---- ----, Silvertown, 41
---- circuit, closing the, 60
Electric circuit, the, 267
---- fuses, 33
---- lamps, automatic, 248
---- ----, Siemens' patent, 248
---- light apparatus, Siemens', 241
---- ----, conducting wires for, 247
---- ----, light produced by, 244
---- ----, rotation of armatures in, 246
---- ----, wear and tear of, 247
---- ----, application of the, 256
---- ----, concentration of the, 251
---- ----, precautions in manipulating, 252
---- ----, self-acting shunt for Siemens', 245
---- ----, the, 239
---- machine, description of a frictional, 278
---- machines, methods of coupling dynamo, 254
Electrical resistance of cables, test of the, 104
---- resistances, measuring, 93
---- submarine mines, 10, 27
---- ----, advantages of, 28
---- ----, defects of, 22
---- ----, mooring, 54
---- ----, rules for using, 29
---- test of insulated joints, 104
---- testing, Armstrong's system of, 107
---- tests, 85
Electricity, frictional, 278
----, methods of generating, 269
----, theory of, 265
Electro-contact mines, circuit closers for, 63
Electrolytes, 271
Electro-positive and electro-negative, the terms, 271
Electro-magnet, the, 281
Electro-mechanical mines, Russian, 68
Electrometers, 86
----, Thomson's quadrant, 86
Electro-motive force, 270
---- ----, Voltaic battery test for, 105
---- forces, comparing, 94
Employment of torpedo ships, the, 158
Engines, efficiency of Thornycroft's boat, 171
England, torpedo experiments in, 222
English service platinum wire fuse, the, 33
---- torpedo boats, Yarrow's, 173
Ericsson's torpedo vessel _Destroyer_, 160
Experiment at Cherbourg, torpedo boat, 170
---- with a torpedo boat, flotation, 171
Experiments, Abel's detonation, 216
---- by Professor Abel, 207
---- ---- Roux and Sarrau, 207
----, Colt's torpedo, 7
----, Fulton's practical, 5
----, torpedo, at Carlscrona, 220, 224, 232
---- ---- Chatham, 220
---- ---- Copenhagen, 223
---- ---- Kiel, 222
---- ---- Pola, 231
---- ---- Portsmouth, 229, 233
---- ----, Fulton's French, 3
---- ----, in Austria, 220
---- ---- England, 222
---- ---- Turkey, 232
---- with countermines, 235
---- ---- at Carlscrona, 237
---- ---- Stokes Bay, 236
---- ---- in the Medway, 236
Explosion, definition of the term, 204
Explosive agents, torpedo, 217
---- compounds, 208
---- force and effect compared, 204
---- ----, definition of the term, 204
---- mixtures, 208
---- substance, physical state of the, 204
Explosions, illustrated torpedo, 218
Extempore drifting torpedoes, American, 119
---- high tension fuzes, 37
---- ----, Fisher's, 37
---- mechanical mine, 21