Chapter II: A. Words of the same root are alliterative. 133: Torrent, on (5)

Wyndes and weders hathe hir dryuen,
That in a forest she is aryuen,
Where wylde bestys were. 1845
The se was ebbe and went hem fro
And left hir and hir chyldren two
[Alo]ne without any fere. 1848
Hir one chylde began to wepe,
The lady awoke out of hir slepe
And sayde, âbe styll, my dere, 1851
Ihesu Cryste hathe sent vs lande,
Yf there be any Crysten man at hande,
We shall haue socoure here.â 1854

[Sidenote:
goes up a mountain, and sits down.]

The carefull lady then was blythe,
To the londe she went full swythe,
As fast as she myght. 1857
Tyll the day began to sprynge,
Foules on trees merely gan synge
Delicyous notes on hyght. 1860
To a hyll went that lady fre,
Where she was ware of a cyte
With toures fayre and bryght. 1863
Therof I-wys she was fayne,
She set hir downe, as I herd sayne,
Hir chyldren for to dyght. 1866

NOTES.

PAGE 1, line 12. Cf. ll. 118, 187, 190, 198, 558, 924, 1924, 2183. So in _Eglamour_ (Thornton Romances), l. 408:

âThe boke of Rome thus can telle,â

and _The Erl of Tolouse_, ed. Lüdtke, l. 1219:

âYn Rome thys geste cronyculyd ys.â

See Halliwellâs and Lüdtkeâs notes to these passages. I agree with both of them, that an expression like that does not earnestly refer the reader to a Latin or Italian source of the story; there is evidently no difference at all between _in Rome_ and _in romance_.

p. 1, l. 15. _wyght_ has been inserted instead of _dowghtty_ in order to restore the rhyme with _hyght_, _knyght_, _myght_; cf. _Havelok_, ed. Skeat, l. 344:

âHe was fayr man and wicth.â

p. 1, l. 17 = _Ipomadon_, l. 63. Parallel passages to this hyperbolic expression are collected in Kölbingâs note to this line (p. 364).

p. 1, l. 24. We find the same idea as here, viz. that nobody can resist the will of God, who has power over death and life, in _Sir Tristrem_, ll. 236Â ff.:

âÃat leuedi, nouÈt to lain,
For soþe ded is sche!
Who may be ogain?
As god wil, it schal be,
Vnbliþe.â

p. 2, l. 28. I have not met with the verb _fesomnen_ anywhere else, and it is not mentioned in Stratmann and Mätzner. Halliwell, Dictionary, p. 354, explains it by âfeoffed, gave in fee,â doubtless regarding this very passage, although he doesnât cite it; might _fesomnyd_ not be a corruption from _sesyd_? cf. _Havelok_, ll. 250 f.:

âÃat he ne dede al Engelond
Sone sayse intil his hond.â

Hall writes to me on this word as follows: _fesomnyd_ is, I am convinced, not a word at all, but a scribeâs error for _festonyd_ or _festnyd_ = confirmed, fixed. Comp. â_And þat ich hym wolde myd trewþe siker faste on honde_,â Robert of Gloucester (Hearne), p. 150. For this use of _fasten, fastnen_, comp. â_But my forwarde with þe I festen on þis wyse_,â Alliterative Poems, p. 47, l. 327: â_& folden fayth to þat fre, festned so harde_,â Sir Gawayne, p. 57, l. 1783: â_And þis forward, in faith, I festyn with hond_,â Destruction of Troy, p. 22, l. 636. See also Jamiesonâs Scottish Dictionary, ii. p. 216, under _to Fest_.

p. 2, l. 30. I am by no means sure that _fede_ is the original reading, but I wasnât able to find a better word rhyming with _dedde_, _wede_; even the _ne._ âfeedâ means _pasture_, and that is what we expect here.

p. 2, l. 31. For my correction cf. Lüdtkeâs note to _The Erl of Tolouse_, l. 199, sub 2; _Eglam._, l. 26:

âThat was a maydyn as whyte as fome,â

_Ib._ l. 683:

âCrystyabelle as whyte as fome,â

where the _Percy Folio MS._ reads:

âChristabell that was as faire as sunn;â

_Chronicle of England_, l. 75 f.:

âAnt nomeliche to thy lemmon,
That ys wyttore then the fom.â

p. 2, l. 50. The alteration of _And_ and _bee_ into _An_ and _see_ seemed necessary; _sayment_ is like Fr. _essaiement_, Lat. _exagimentum_.

p. 3, l. 59. Cf. l. 1216 f. and _The Lyfe of Ipomydon_, ed. Kölbing, l. 1795:

âIf thou hyr haue, thou shalt hyr bye.â

p. 3, l. 77 f. As half of the stanza is lost, it is impossible to make out to whom _they_ refers. Nor do I believe that l. 78 is correct, especially as to _chaunce_.

p. 3, l. 79. Cf. _Ipomadon_, ed. Kölbing, l. 8123:

âA myle wyth in the Grekes see.â

p. 3, l. 80. _in an yle_ is certainly the correct reading; _mauyle_ was introduced by a scribe who supposed it to be the giantâs name; but that is mentioned some twenty lines later.

p. 5, l. 136. The correction of _lyght_ into _ryght_ I owe to Hall, who refers me to the legend of _Sancta Maria Egyptiaca_; cf. f. i. Barbourâs _Legends of Saints_, ed. Horstmann, I. p. 143 ff.

p. 6, l. 153. _nowyd_ = âanoyedâ gives a poor sense. Hall suggests _nowtyd_; cf. E. D. S., No. 6, Rayâs _North Country Words_, p. 59, _note_, to push, strike or soar, with the horn, as a bull or ram,â ab. A.S. _huitan_, ejusdem significationis. The word might then mean âspurred.â

p. 6, l. 171 = l. 596. This alliterative binding is a very frequent one; cf. _Sir Orfeo_, ed. Zielke, p. 9.

p. 7, l. 188. The same rhyme, which I have restored here, occurs l. 559Â f.

p. 7, l. 190. _Yt tellythe_ = _Yt is told_; cf. Lüdtke, note to _The Erl of Tolouse_, l. 1070, and Sarrazin, note to _Octavian_, l. 1749.

p. 9, l. 236. I was about to write, _Crystyn men thow they were_, referring this line to the guardians of the lions; but, no doubt, Hallâs reconstruction of the line, which I have put into the text, is far better.

p. 9, l. 237. _Hys browys wexe bla_, i.e. he turned pale, he was struck with fear; cf. _bloo askes_, P. Pl., l. 1553, and the German _aschfahl_. Quite a similar expression occurs in _Perceval_, l. 687Â f.:

âNow sone of that salle wee see,
Whose browes schalle blakke.â

_Ib._ l. 1056:

âHis browes to blake.â

p. 9, l. 245. Though _syghyng_ gives no offence, still it may be, that the author has written _syngyng_, and the scribe was wrong in altering it; cf. Zupitzaâs note to _Guy_, l. 5424.

p. 9, l. 251. Cf. l. 802, 1204, _Ipomadon_, l. 6481 f.:

âYour nece of Calabyre, that lady clere,
Ys bovnden wyth a fendes fere.â

_Reliquiæ Antiquæ_, i. p. 241:

âHe seith bi niÈte and eke bi day,
That hy beth fendes ifere.â

p. 10, l. 265 f. The reading of these two lines is quite destroyed by the careless scribe. My correction is not more than an attempt to restore the rhyme.

p. 10, l. 277 ff. There is nothing in Torrentâs words which could lead the princess to a conclusion like that. IÂ think that after l. 276 one stanza is wanting.

p. 11, l. 286-8. As to the contents of these lines, Kölbing refers me to _Englische studien_, vol. IV. p. 133 f., where F. Liebrecht mentions a passage in _Sir Beves of Hamtoun_, according to which a kingâs daughter,--if she is a pure virgin,--can never be hurt by a lion. Here we have another proof for this remarkable bit of folk-lore.

p. 11, l. 292 = l. 329.

p. 11, l. 303 = l. 342.

p. 11, l. 305. I am not quite sure whether I was right in substituting the princeâs name--which is mentioned once more, the first time, as it were, l. 341--for the name of his fatherâs kingdom; but I didnât see any other way of restoring the rhyme.

p. 12, l. 311. Cf. l. 469 and Skeatâs note to _Sir Thopas_, l. 1927.

p. 12, l. 334. Instead of _he_ I should prefer to read _they_: Torrent has just admonished the prisoners to cheer up.

p. 13, l. 344. There must be something wrong in this line, because the name of the third Earlâs son is missing; to write _the third_ instead of _of_ may not suffice to put the text right; even the names _Torren_ and _Berweyne_ seem to me very suspicious.

p. 14, l. 379. Cf. _Ipomadon_, l. 4245, _for Crystys dede_; _Crystys_ was substituted by Kölbing for _mannes_, which is clearly wrong; he could as well have chosen _godes_.

p. 15, l. 393 ff. Cf. Kölbingâs note to _Tristrem_, l. 736.

p. 16, l. 427. Of this allusion to Veland, Halliwell treats in his edition of _Sir Torrent_, p. vii f. Cf. Zupitza, _Ein zeugnis für die Wieland-sage_, _Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum_, Vol. XIX, p. 129 f.

p. 16, l. 429-31. The line which follows l. 429 in the MS. is superfluous; it damages the metre; and the rhyme with l. 430 wonât do. The old king wishes to say; âIÂ have seen the day when, if this sword wielded by me fell on any one, he was considered done for, doomed to death.â Therefore l. 431, _IÂ fawght therfor I told_ has been corrected into _Fawe they were I-told_. The scribe did not understand the obsolescent word _fawe_ or _faye_, so he wrote the nearest word to it to make sense, _I-told_ = âheld, considered.â--I. Hall.

p. 17, l. 458. Cf. Breulâs note to _Sir Gowther_, l. 410.

p. 17, l. 465. Cf. l. 2061 f.

p. 20, l. 542. The scribe, who evidently didnât know the pretty rare word _clow_, has spoilt it to _colod_, or _colvd_; the same rhyme, _clouÈ_, _drouÈ_, _anouÈ_ occurs in _Sir Tristrem_, l. 1761 ff. Nor did the scribe know the word _swowe_ = ânoise,â and changed it to _swayne_; cf. Hall. Dict., p. 843: _He come to him with a swowe_.

p. 20, l. 543. _Of and on_, off and on, intermittently.

p. 21, l. 555. _schyld_ is not to the point here, Torrent having only his sword at hand. The scribe has forgotten what he has said himself, l. 526 and 549; cf. l. 652.

p. 21, l. 582-4. We meet with this description twice more in the poem, ll. 1514-16, and ll. 1858-60.

p. 23, l. 640. On the meaning of _theff_, cf. Kölbingâs note to _Am. and Amil._, l. 787.

p. 24, l. 659. _of Perowne_ is certainly wrong, as it does not agree with the rhymes _stere_, _nere_, _fere_; but I donât know how to amend the line.

p. 24, l. 662. _schere_ gives no meaning; I write _stere_ and translate, There might nobody move further, _i.e._ the giant was brought to a standstill in the glen.

p. 24, l. 665. Cf. ll. 434, 791.

p. 25, l. 688. Cf. _Eglam._, l. 324:

âAnd to [the] herte hym bare.â

The weak preterit tense of _berien_ is very rare; if _bere_ = A.S. _beran_ sometimes has the same meaning, _i.e._ âto strike,â the reason is that A.S. _beran_ and Icel. _berja_ are confounded.

p. 25, l. 696. _woo_ can hardly stand for _wood_. It seems to me like a last corruption of an old romance phrase, like _worthy inwith wall (woÈe)_; possibly the line was simply so: _Thus in II journeys Torrent so_.--Hall.

p. 25, l. 700. On the use of M.E. _fote_ as a plural see Zupitzaâs note to _Guy_, l. 598.

p. 26, l. 722. Hall suggests, the original phrase may have been: _pomely whyt and grey_; cf. Chaucer, _C. T._, Prol., l. 615 f.:

âThis reeve sat vpon a ful good stot,
That was al {pomely gray}, and highte Scot.â

p. 27, l. 744. Cf. l. 788. On _St. James_ cf. Kölbingâs note to _Am. and Amil._, l. 796.

p. 29, l. 808 f. âIn so dangerous conditions he has been before [and still come back safe], so he will come back even this time.â

p. 29, l. 819. On the meaning of the phrase â_the bord beginne_,â cf. Kölbing, _Englische studien_, III. p. 104, and Zupitza, _Anglia_, III. p. 370 f.

p. 30, l. 838. This stanza being incomplete, I think, the lacuna is to be put after l. 838. The missing three lines contained the fact, that the king promises Torrent, before his knights, that, when he has done this deed, he will give him his daughter, and grant him one half of his kingdom during his life, and the whole afterwards; cf. l. 1206 ff. The odd number of XXVII knights is probably due only to the scribe; cf. F. III: _By VII score of hardy knyghtes_.

p. 31, l. 867 f. These two lines are poor, and the rhyme is very bad; l. 868 may have run originally, _Thurrow Pervyns, for sothe, it ley_; cf. l. 949.

p. 32, l. 901. _squyere_, although very odd at the first sight, may still be right; Torrent says: âThe only squier that I took with me for this journey, is my swordâ; cf. l. 909.

p. 33, l. 922. Cf. Kölbingâs note to _Ipomadon_, l. 3344.

p. 33, l. 924-6. On the story of a child, begotten by a devil on a sleeping woman, cf. Breul, _Sir Gowther_, p. 119 f.

p. 34, l. 954 ff. Cf. _Tristrem_, l. 1409 ff.:

âOut of Deuelin toun
Ãe folk wel fast ran,
In a water to droun,
So ferd were þai þan.â

p. 34, l. 963 f. Cf. _Beves of Hamtoun_, l. 187 f.:

âMadame, a seide, for loue myn,
Whar mai ich finde þat wilde swin?â

p. 36, l. 1000. Instead of _spere_ perhaps we ought to read _sworde_.

p. 37, l. 1030 f. If we compare the rests of these lines in F. VI., this reading or a similar one is to be expected. The reading of l. 1029 ff. in the fragments may be completed so: _[Thourgh the he]lpe of god of heuen Thorough ye and] herin euen God send the spere the right way_.

p. 36, l. 1033 f. Cf. ll. 1166, 2468 f., and Kölbingâs note to _Sir Tristrem_, l. 69 f.

p. 38, l. 1070. âI came hither to seek my death,â _i.e._ this expedition was so dangerous, that I expected to die.

p. 38, l. 1076. Cf. _Ipomadon_, l. 239 f.:

âTyll vncovth contreys will I wende,
The maner wille I see.â

p. 39, l. 1081. _is_ was to be corrected into _it_: âBecause you slew him that possessed it.â

p. 39, l. 1086. This line, according to Hallâs emendation, means: You owe no homage or feudal due, the manor is yours and your heirsâ for ever; _i.e._ the manor is in fee simple, and free from any feudal obligation.

p. 39, st. 95. The text would be improved by putting ll. 1104-6 before 1101-3, although this transposition is not absolutely necessary.

p. 39, l. 1105. _lefte_ may be a mistake for _loste_; cf. _Gower_, I. 207:

âContenaunce for a þrowe
He loste.â

p. 40, l. 1117. Cf. Ritsonâs _Met. Rom._, III. p. 341 f., and Zupitzaâs note to _Guy_, l. 436.

p. 40, l. 1121. _he bare_ looks rather suspicious, but it is supported by l. 2169. The author is about to describe the figures inlaid on the shield. Cf. _Eglamour_, l. 1030Â f.:

â_He bare_ in azure[N1] a grype of golde,
Rychely beton on the molde.â

[Footnote N1: So _Percy Fol. MS._; _aserre_ Thornt.]

p. 40, l. 1124. This line is hopelessly spoilt; the scribe, careless as he was, has almost literally repeated l. 1121; l. 1125 directly continues the description begun before.

p. 40, l. 1132. Is _than I haue in tale_ right? We expect rather: _than I can telle in tale_.

p. 41, l. 1138 f. Cf. l. 1587 f.

p. 41, l. 1143. I thought it necessary to insert _mete_, although Mätzner, _Wörterbuch_, II. p. 274, cites this line as the only instance in the M.E. literature for _glad_ as a substantive. But even the sense is very poor without this addition.

p. 41, l. 1144. As to a man riding into the hall, cf. Skeatâs note to Chaucerâs _Squiereâs Tale_, l. 80, and Kölbingâs note to _Ipomadon_ l. 6253 f.

p. 41, l. 1150 f. I hope my alterations in l. 1151 are right. It cannot be said that the King of Aragon defends the lady unless somebody has laid claims to her. Torrent wants either three combats or the lady, quite a regular occurrence in mediæval romances.

p. 41, l. 1154. _none_, i.e. _no lady_.

p. 41, l. 1160. Cf. Kölbingâs note to _Tristrem_, l. 138.

p. 41, l. 1165. _the gres_, which word is here required by the rhyme, is, in the same way as in this passage, used for âbattle-field,â in _Perceval_, l. 1225Â f.:

âHedes and helmys ther was,
I telle Èow withowttene lese,
Many layde {one the gresse},
And many brode schelde.â

p. 42, l. 1181. _For tynding of his hand_ = for fear of (=Â _for_) the beating (blows) of his hand. Schoolboy slang still keeps the word â_to tund_â = to beat with something flat.--HALL.

p. 42, l. 1193. On this expression Skeat treats in _Notes to P. Pl._, p. 3987, to which note I refer the reader. Cf. _Li B. Disc._, l. 130 f. (Ritson, _Rom._ II. p. 6):

âHys schon wer with gold ydyght
And {kopeth} as a knyght.â

p. 43, l. 1198 f.: âNone of them said a single word, But that Torrent had been right to do so as he had done.â

p. 43, l. 1211. There is an evident contradiction between this line and l. 1199. I suppose the word _waried_ to be wrong; but I am not able to give a fairly certain emendation of it.

p. 44, l. 1228 f.: âThe king had supposed he was dead, and, indeed, foolhardy he was to undertake an adventure like this.â

p. 45, l. 1268 f. This fight between the giant Cate and Torrent reminds us in some points of the combat between Guy and Colbrond. Like the old northern _holmganga_, both fights take place on an island, and in both cases the giant declines to sit on horseback, because he is too heavy; cf. _Guy of Warwike_, Edinburgh, 1840, l. 9940Â ff.:

âWhen þai had sworn and ostage founde,
Colbrond stirt vp in þat stounde,
To fiÈt he was ful felle.
He was so michel and so vnrede,
That no hors miÈt him lede,
In gest as y you telle.
So mani he hadde of armes gere,
Vnneþe a cart miÈt hem bere,
Ãe Inglisse for to quelle.â

p. 45, l. 1270. _he_ instead of _him_ is remarkable; this personal construction, provided that it is right, would offer an analogue to _I am wo_ instead of _me is wo_; cf. Kölbingâs note to _Tristrem_, l. 245.

p. 45, l. 1271 = l. 1546.

p. 46, l. 1307. This line ought probably to run thus:

â_Sir Torent praid, as was his wonne._â

p. 47, l. 1337 f. This is SAINT _Nycholas de Barr_, not sir N., as the copyist has put. He was hardly a cleric, or he would have known the Boy Bishop. An English reference for S. Nicholas is Alban Butler, _Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs_, etc., vol. vii. p. 989, Dublin, 1833. His day is Dec. 6th, consequently he is not in _Acta Sanctorum_; see besides _Altenglische legenden, Neue folge_, ed. Horstmann, Heilbronn, 1881, p. 11-16, and Barbourâs _Legendensammlung_, ed. Horstmann, I. p. 229-245. _Barr_ is _Bari_ in Italy, and Barbour, I. p. 238, l. 601 f., knew it was two syllables (cf. the rhyme _þame be: Barre_). Nicholas was the patron of sailors, and churches on the sea-coast in all parts of Europe were dedicated to him. Now as Sir Torrent had been in peril at sea, he offers to him. It was customary to offer garments at such shrines. See Hampson, _Medii Ãvi Kalendarium_, I. p. 72. Hence I propose for l. 1338: _A grett Erldome and a simarr_. _Simarr_ is not a common word, which makes it all the more probable here, since the uncommon words are those which are corrupted and lost. See _Prompt. Parv._, I. p. 75: â_chymer, abella_,â that is âabolla, cloak.â M.E. _simar_, Fr. _simarre_.--HALL. I have not hesitated for a moment to introduce this sagacious conjecture into the text; also the correction of _redith_ into _tas_ I owe to Mr. Hall.

p. 48, l. 1353. Cf. Kölbingâs note to _Sir Tristrem_, l. 2508.

p. 48, l. 1364. We ought probably to read _she_ instead of _he_.

p. 48, l. 1367 f. Cf. l. 1756 f.

p. 48, l. 1378. Cf. _Sir Tristrem_, l. 2458:

âBi holtes and bi hille.â

p. 49, l. 1385 ff. Here he addresses the King of Portugal. In l. 1385 _the_ is superfluous, and should perhaps be struck out.

p. 49, l. 1395. _fend_ = _defend_; cf. Zupitzaâs note to _Guy_, l. 576.

p. 51, l. 1443 f. As the existence of _fede_ = _fode_, âfellowâ is proved by no other passage, we ought perhaps to write _As spede me god: ffode_, or _As g. me save: knave_, instead of _As god me spede: ffede_.

p. 51, l. 1445. The alteration of _fleand_, which is absurd here, into _failand_ is supported by l. 1280.

p. 51, l. 1446. As to _make_ instead of _made_, cf. l. 332.

p. 51, l. 1463. Cf. l. 2090 f. I am afraid neither of these passages is quite right.

p. 53, l. 1518. Perhaps we ought to read:

âAnd out of the valey he hyd swith.â

p. 54, l. 1531. I donât believe that the poet used the word _tree_ thrice within these four lines; perhaps he wrote for l. 1531: _Shold not drawe it, parde_.

p. 54, l. 1551. Cf. _Guy_, ed. Zupitza, l. 5430:

âTo reste þer horsys a lytull wyght,â

and Zupitzaâs note to l. 419.

p. 55, l. 1570. Cf. Stratmannâs note to _Havelok_, l. 1129 (_Englische studien_, I. p. 424).

p. 56, l. 1592. _To the I haue full good gate_ means, âIÂ am fully entitled to kill you.â IÂ donât recollect to have met with any parallel passage.

p. 56, l. 1600. That _dynt_ is wrong, the rhyme shows as well as the meaning. But whether my alteration is right, seems very doubtful, especially as l. 1609 offers the same rhyming word.

p. 58, st. 142. Rhymes like _dight_, _be-taught_, _draught_, _right_ can by no means be admitted. Now, instead of _be-taught_ we may be allowed to write _be-teighte_ (cf. _Beket_, l. 1827), and l. 1654 may have run:

âHe wold haue a draught, aplight.â

p. 59, l. 1676. After _was_, _sent_ may have been dropped.

p. 59, l. 1692. _For his love_, i.e. âAs his sweetheart.â

p. 60, l. 1714. Cf. _Ipomadon_, l. 52:

âBegge he wex of bonne and blode.â

_Ib._ l. 1763:

âRyghtte bygge of bone and blode.â

p. 60, l. 1722: âAll his men agreed with him,â viz. that this was the knight whom he came to seek.

p. 62, l. 1774. Is _her day_ = A.S. _aerdagas_, cf. _Havelok_, l. 27? The word is very rare, and in this meaning occurs only in the plural.

p. 62, l. 1777. After _king_, _on kne_ may have dropped out.

p. 63, l. 1799. Cf. Chaucer, _C. T._, the Millereâs Tale, l. 325:

âSay what thou wolt, I schal it never telle
To child no wyf, by him that harwed helle.â

_Ib._, The Sompnoureâs Tale, l. 407:

âNow help, Thomas, for him that harewed helle.â

Perhaps even here, l. 1702, _Iesu, that made hell_, ought to be altered into _I. that harowde hell_.

p. 64, l. 1846. Perhaps we ought to read _ebbyng_ instead of _eb_, according to l. 223; one can hardly say, that âthe sea is eb.â

p. 68, l. 1961. Instead of _A_ I should prefer to read _The_, because this griffon is the same which robbed the child before.

p. 69, l. 1982. _Of what lond that he is left_, i.e. âWherever he may be born.â

p. 69, l. 1991 f. Cf. _Ipomadon_, l. 50 f.:

âHe sayd: Fro tyme he kepe tham con,
My landes I shall hym take.â

p. 70, l. 2002. _It is good in euery fight_, i.e. there is a stone in the ring which heals wounds, if they are touched with it; cf. Kölbingâs note to _Ipomadon_, l. 8018.

p. 70, l. 2010. Halliwell, p. 306, explains _disparlid_ by âbeaten down, destroyed,â a meaning which is not fit for this passage. I read with a slight addition _disparplid_ = âdispersed,â a rare word; cf. _Stratmann_, p. 156.

p. 71, l. 2026. _But_ is probably to be altered into _And_.

p. 72, l. 2053. Cf. Kölbingâs note to _Tristrem_, l. 3068.

p. 72, l. 2075. One might be inclined to write:

âThat my two children vncrystonyd ware,â

but I donât think that we are obliged to change: âI cared only for that one thing, That my two children might be christened.â

p. 74, l. 2126. For _hing_ instead of _heng_ cf. Mätzner, _Sprachproben_, I. 1, p. 292, note to line 675, where _hynges_ rhymes with _springes_.

p. 74, l. 2135. _hede vale_, i.e. principal, best choice; _vale_ = _wale_, or perhaps aphetic for _avale_ = value.--HALL.

p. 74, l. 2138. _born_ seems to me somewhat suspicious, though I cannot propose a better reading; _and torn_ instead of _born_ wouldnât do.

p. 75, l. 2152. The imperfect rhyme shows that there is something wrong in this line; it may be restored thus:

âLoo, lordys good and hende.â

p. 75, l. 2153. _wyll haue_ has probably been inserted here from the following line; we ought to read _has_.

p. 75, l. 2157. _Season for to hold_, i.e. âin order to hold court.â But I donât know another instance of _season_ with this meaning.

p. 76, l. 2174. This line involves a contradiction to l. 2158Â f.

p. 76, l. 2185. _smote_ means the same as _caste_; cf. _King Horn_, ed. Wissmann, l. 1038:

âAnd ankere gunne caste.â

The only question is, whether _ankere_ is allowed to be supplied or must be added; cf. l. 2203.

p. 77, l. 2209-2214. The Sultan informs Torrent by messengers, that the inhabitants of the town are starving, evidently appealing to his generosity. Torrent answers him, that if they will lie here, _i.e._ leave the town, they are to have victuals enough. But the Sultan doesnât accept this condition, and so the siege is continued. That seems to me to be the meaning of this half of the stanza.

p. 77, l. 2216 f. _dede_ means here, and l. 2400, âexploit, battle.â In the same way Saber, Bevesâs uncle, once a year on a certain day fights against the Emperor; cf. _Sir Beues_, l. 2917Â ff.:

â& eueri Èer on a dai certaine
Vpon þemperur of Almaine
He ginneþ gret bataile take,
Beues, al for þine sake.â

It agrees very well with the religious feelings of the Middle Ages, when they thought it a merit to fight against the heathens on Good Friday; cf. here l. 2230Â ff.

p. 77, l. 2224 ff. I am afraid there is something wrong in these lines; the copyist seems to mean, that Torrent didnât bereave the inhabitants of their worldly goods, their treasures; then we must write _them_ for _it_. But what we really expect here is, that he leaves in the town some trustworthy men to keep it. Accordingly, the fault lies in _Worldely goodis_. Besides, l. 2224, _did wyn_, instead of _was yn_, would improve the rhyme.

p. 77, l. 2232. _bryght_ is a rather odd epithet to _SarÈins_.

p. 78, l. 2233 ff. Fifteen years have past since Torrent began to fight against the infidels: he besieges the first town two years (cf. l. 2189), the second, six years (cf. l. 2206), the third, seven years (cf. l. 2230). Meanwhile, the education of a young man being finished at the age of fifteen (cf. Kölbingâs note to _Tristrem_, l. 287), his son had become just old enough to win his spurs.

p. 78, l. 2240. I doubt whether _ordeyn_ can be allowed to stand without an object, such as _your folk_, or _your ships_; cf. _Robert of Gloâster_, ed. Hearne, p. 139, l. 19:

âHe bigan to ordeyne ys folk, & to batail aÈen drow.â

p. 78, l. 2256: âWoebegone was she, that must see that,â viz. that âle leopard took away her sone.â

p. 78, l. 2259 f. The meaning of these two lines is not quite perspicuous, and they may be corrupt; only this one thing is clear, that these two knights are Torrent and his son, who belong to different parties.

p. 79, l. 2269 ff. It may be that ll. 2269-71 and ll. 2272-74 are to be transposed, but I donât think it necessary: Torrentâs men flee when they see that their chief has surrendered.

p. 80, l. 2302. _wekid_ = wicked, mischievous. But I donât recollect to have met with this adj. as an epithet to _land_ or _country_.

p. 80, l. 2304. Cf. _Tristrem_, l. 88, Kölbingâs note to that passage, and _York Plays_, p. 438, l. 155:

âFor, certys, my lyf days are nere done.â

p. 80, l. 2316. The alteration of this line is rather a radical one; but there was no other way to restore the rhyme; IÂ think that first, _day_ and _nyÈt_ had changed their places in line 2313, and then the copyist, in order to get a rhyme to _nyÈt_, spoilt the latter line.

p. 81, l. 2335. _be my ffaye_ and _parmaffay_ in the same stanza, and both in the rhyme, are rather poor; one of these lines may have run thus:

âBe god of heven, the king gan say.â

p. 82, l. 2357. The same confusion between _turment_ and _turnament_ occurs in _Ipomadon_, l. 2868; cf. Kölbingâs note to this line.

p. 83, l. 2392. Cf. _Ipomadon_, l. 3958:

âA mercy, syr, for Crystes pitte,â

and Kölbingâs note to this line.

p. 83, l. 2395 f. Cf. Kölbingâs note to _Tristrem_, l. 3064, where he cites an interesting parallel passage to this line from _Guy of Warwick_, ed. Zupitza, l. 4707 f.:

âÈyt þou art the trewest knyght,
That euer slepyd in wynturs nyght.â

p. 83, l. 2405. _and_ is perhaps miswritten for _an_ or _on_.

p. 83, l. 2407. This line, as it stands, is rather odd; perhaps it ought to be identical with l. 1128.

p. 84, l. 2420. _juster_, _jouster_, means here a knight who joins in a joust or tournament: in the only other passage where it is known to occur, _Alis._, l. 1400, it is a horse for tourneying.

p. 84, l. 2433 = l. 2456; cf. _Ipomadon_, l. 8830:

â_Euery man in there degre._â

p. 85, l. 2450. On _roial_, cf. Kölbingâs note to _Ipomadon_, l. 64. To _a roall ffyght_ may be compared Shakespeareâs _A royal battle_ (_Rich. III._, IV. iv.).

p. 85, l. 2461. _with oute lent_ = âwithout fastingâ? I have not met with this expletive phrase anywhere else.

p. 86, l. 2493. It was not superfluous to mention this fact, because knights were very often killed in tournaments; cf. Niedner, _Das deutsche turnier im XII. und XIII. Iahrhundert_, Berlin, 1881, p. 24. See also R. Brunneâs _Handlyng-Synne_, ed. Furnivall, 1862, p. 144-6.

p. 87, l. 2518-20. As to the meaning of _couplid_, cf. Mätzner, _Wörterbuch_, I. p. 491. These lines evidently mean that gentlemen and ladies sit alternately, what one calls in German, _bunte reihe machen_. Cf. A. Schultz, _Das höfische Leben Zur Zeit der Minnesinger_, I. p. 330, and P. Pietsch, Bunte Reihe, _Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie_, vol. xvi. Halle, 1884, p. 231, who cites from _Biterolf_, l. 7399 ff.:

âDo hiezens under mîne man
Ir ingesinde wol getân
Sich teilen in dem palas,
Daz kein mîn recke dâ was,
Ern sæze zwischen magedîn.â

p. 87, l. 2526. _emell_ was added by Hall in order to restore the rhyme with _Desonell_.

p. 88, l. 2535. For this correction, cf. Zupitzaâs note to _Guy_, l. 600.

p. 90, l. 2593. After _marked_, _them_ may have dropped; cf. _Layamon_, l. 5642Â f.:

âAnd heom markede forÄ,
Touward Munt-giu heo ferden,â

instead of which lines the later MSS. writes:

âHii nome riht hire way
Touward Muntageu.â

p. 90, l. 2597. On _castelletoure_ cf. Kölbingâs note to _Tristrem_, l. 158.

p. 91, l. 2636. Cf. Kölbingâs notes to _Amis and Amiloun_, l. 1019, and to _The lyfe of Ipomadon_, l. 506. Here the expression, _no good he ne couth_ means, he was quite feeble and strengthless.

p. 92, l. 2658. _up-tyed_ = so limited by the deed of foundation that they (the churches and abbeys) could not be diverted to any other purpose.--HALL.

p. 92, l. 2661. Cf. _Eglamour_, l. 1339, Lincoln MS.:

âIn Rome this romance crouned es.â

The Cambridge MS. reads instead:

âIn Rome thys geste cronyculd ys.â

I am inclined to think that _crouned_ is nothing else but a misreading for _cronyculd_. Afterwards, considered to be correct, it has originated expressions like those we find here.

GLOSSARY.

[Transcriberâs Note:

Asterisks* are not explained. They seem to indicate words that did not appear in the original MS but are the result of editorial emendation. They may or may not occur elsewhere in the text.]

_abydde_, 2/41, _vb._ to endure.
_a-bye_, 21/569, _vb._ to pay for.
_actone_, 79/2276, _sb._ a jacket of quilted cotton.
Cf. Skeatâs Glossary to _Wars of Al._, s.v.
_ago_, 3/65, _pp._ gone.
_a-right_, 48/1364, _pt. s._ prepared, served up.
_assent_, 48/1357, _sb._ proposal.
_assttyt_, 23/640, _adv._ at once.
_auter_, 68/1952, _sb._ altar.
_avented_, 54/1554, _pt. s. refl._ recovered his breath.
_aventorres_, 2/39, _sb. pl._ adventures.
_aventurly_, 44/1229, _adv._ boldly.
_axithe_, 10/260, _pr. 3 sg._ asks.

_balle_, 15/400, _sb._ bale.
_bane_,* 29/794, _sb._ bone;
52/1478, _sb._ destruction, death;
59/1678, _sb._ over-comer.
_bare_, 53/1502, _pr. s._ stabbed.
_barys_, 35/978, _sb. pl._ bars.
_bayte_, 54/1553, _vb._ to pasture.
_bed_, 29/793, _pp._ offered.
_bent_, 25/701, 86/2487, _sb._ battle-field.
_berdles_, 36/1015, _adj._ beardless.
_bere_, 37/1045, _vb._ to stab.
_be-stad_, 29/808, _pp._ sore bestad = distressed.
_bet_, 57/1622, _pt. s._ beat.
_be-taught_, 58/1651, _pp._ surrendered, delivered.
_bett_, 55/1585, _pp._ beaten; 40/1123, _pp._ ornamented.
_be-tyde_, 45/1270, _vb._ to befall; cf. the note to this line.
_beytyng_, 36/1008, _vb. sb._, baiting.?
_bla_,* 9/237, _adj._ pale, wan; cf. the note.
_blo_,* 13/351, _adj._ blue.
_blynd_, 4/87, _pr. s. conj._ blind.
_bode_, 18/498, _pr. s._ ordered.
_boffettes_, 85/2472;
_buffettes_, 56/1596, _sb. pl._ blow, dint.
_bone_, 55/1565, _sb._ prayer.
_bord_, 29/819, 42/1194, _sb._ table.
_bowes_, 51/1451, _sb. pl._ bough, branch.
_bowght_, 21/556, _sb._ bend.
_brayd_, 56/1598, _sb._ sudden attack.
_broke_, 30/833, 48/1354, _vb._ to enjoy.
_browÈ_, 24/654, _sb._ rising ground, hill.
_byddythe_, 18/500, _pr. s._ waited, remained.
_byght_, 22/605, _vb._ to bite.
_byne_, 2/46, _vb._ to be.
_byrlyd_, 11/292, 12/329, _pr. s._ to pour out.

_castell toure_, 90/2597, _sb._ castle tower.
_chaffare_, 35/986, _sb._ bargain.
_chalenge_, 41/1150;
_pr. s._ 41/1163;
_pr. s. conj._ challenge.
_cheff-foster_, 21/574, _sb._ chief-foster.
_ches_, 26/718, _pr. s._ chose.
_chyrge_, 29/814, _sb._ church.
_clarkys_, 1/12, _sb. pl._ clerks.
_clere_, 3/62, _adj._ _clere of_, renowned for.
_clow_,* 20/542, _sb._ clough.
_cobled_, 46/1298, _adj._ cobled stones = cobblestones.
_comely_, 26/722, _adv._ in a comely manner; cf. the note.
_contenance_,* 3/75, _sb._ countenance, presence of mind.
_cord_, 48/1357, _pr. s._ accord.
_coueryd_, 87/2506, _pr. pl._ _Vp they coueryd_ = They recovered.?
_countenance_, 39/1105, _sb._ countenance.
_couped_, 42/1193, _pp._; cf. the note.
_coupled_, 87/2520, _pp._ coupled; cf. the note.
_coursus_, 41/1150, 42/1177, _sb. pl._ courses.
_couth_, 46/1295, 91/2636, _pr. s._ knew.
_craftely_, 54/1527, _adv._ skilfully.
_crest_, 40/1128;
_creste_, 83/2407, _sb._ crest.
_croke_, 36/1018, 37/1042, 55/1577, 56/1607, 58/1652, _sb._ crook.

_dalle_, 21/562, _sb._ valley.
_delyuer_, 41/1154, _vb._;
41/1151, _imp._ to deliver up;
_delyuerd_, 63/1806, 1808, _pp._ delivered of a child;
_delyuerd_, 82/2372, _pp._ released?
_dent_, 2/41, _sb._ blow.
_departid_, 47/1329, _pr. pl._ divorced.
_dewe_, 4/88, _sb._ dieu.
_deyr_, 2/37, _adj._ dear.
_deyse_, 38/1067, 42/1192, _sb._ dais.
_dight_, 39/1081, _pr. s._ built.
_disparplid_,* 70/2010, _pp._ dispersed; cf. the note.
_dong_, 61/1754, _pr. pl._ dung, beat.
_dourst_, 3/81, _prs. sg._ darest.
_draught_, 58/1654, _sb._ draught.
_dryee_, 36/994, _vb._ endure.
_duchyes_, 33/933, _sb. pl._ duchies.
_dulful_, 19/519, _adj._ troublesome.
_dynnyng_, 52/1487, _sb._ roaring.
_dyspisyst_, 2/47, _prs. 2 sg._ despisest.

_eb_, 64/1846, _sb._ ebb; cf. the note.
_ebbyd_, 8/223, _pp._ ebbing.
_ech_, 92/2657, _pron._ each.
_eche_, 24/649, _sb._ oak.
_endentyd_, 9/227, _pp._ indented, adorned.
_erber_, 65/1868, _sb._ garden of pleasure.
_ermyght_, 36/1008, _sb._?
_eyllythe_, 34/958, _prs. 3 sg._ ails.

_fall_, 47/1331, _vb._ to fell, kill.
_fame_, 2/31, _sb._ foam.
_fare_, 44/1234, _sb._ at that fare = under these circumstances.
_farly_, 2/44;
_ferly_, 69/1974, 71/2035, _sb._ wonder.
_fawe_,* 16/431, _adj._ destined to death.
_fede_,* 2/30, _sb._ feed, pasture ground; cf. the note.
_ffede_, 51/1444, _sb._; cf. the note.
_fell_, 85/2444, _adj._ strong, able.
_fell_, 1/21, 4/90, _vb._ to fell, kill;
_fellythe_, 3/82, _pr. 3Â sg._ fells.
_fere_, 3/69, 4/98, 4/102, 33/931, 85/2466, _sb._ companion.
_fesomnyd_, 2/28, _pr. s._; cf. the note.
_fet_, 12/309, _pp._ fetched.
_ffettouris_, 81/2333, _sb. pl._ fetters.
_flyng_, 67/1927, _vb._ to hasten.
_flyngyng_, 14/378, _p. prs._ hastening.
_fode_, 36/1012, _sb._ food; _ffode_, 64/1823, _sb._ child, wight.
_ffont_, 69/1993, _sb._ font.
_forsake_, 26/724, _vb._ to leave behind.
_fforward_, 41/1743, _sb._ agreement.
_fraye_, 23/638, _sb._ attack.
_freke_, 58/1661, _sb._ warrior.
_frethe_, 6/161, _sb._ forest.
_fyle_, 33/911, _sb._ fill.
_ffyne_, 39/1086, _sb._ fine.
_fytte_, 17/458, _sb. pl._ feet.
_fytyng_, 7/1731, _p. prs._ fighting.

_gadlyng_, 36/1015, _sb._ vagabond.
_gale_, 46/1313, _sb._ galley.
_gas_, 4/103, _prs. 3 sg._ goes.
_gestonye_, 82/2374, 91/2625, 91/2627, _sb._ banquet, feast.
_gethe_, 71/2042, _prs. 3 sg._ goes.
_glemyrryng_, 16/426, _p. prs._ glimmering.
_governe_, 28/779, _vb. refl._ to behave.
_greme_,* 67/1929, _sb._ grief, sorrow.
_grennyng_, 40/1126, _p. prs._ distorting, gaping.
_gryffon_, 69/1971;
_greffon_, 69/1981, _sb._ griffin.
_grype_, 68/1961, _sb._ griffin.

_harood_, 60/1711, _sb._ herald;
82/2365, _harroldys_, _sb. pl._ heralds.
_harood_, 63/1799, _pr. s._ distracted.
_hed_, 17/444, _sb._ heed.
_hede_, 74/2126, _vb._ to behead.
_hede-vale_, 74/2135, 91/2621, _sb._ principal value;
cf. the note to l. 2135.
_hedles_, 25/702, _adj._ headless.
_hende_, 4/106, _adj._ courteous.
_herne_,* 37/1030, _sb._ brains.
_heved_,* 14/371, _sb._ head.
_hight_, 65/1860, _sb._ height.
_housell_, 45/1272;
_howsell_, 74/2139, _sb._ housel.
_howge_, 20/548, _adj._ huge, enormous.
_howt_, 25/703, _adv._ out.
_hurt_, 57/1625, _sb._ hurt.

_i-bye_, 43/1222, _vb._ to pay for.
_i-wysse_, 15/391, _adv._ surely.
_juster_, 84/2420, _sb._ jousting knight.

_kene_, 2/47, _adj._ brave.
_kerpyng_, 92/2662, _vb. sb._ talking.

_lade_, 58/1663, _sb._ load, i.e. a lot of blows.
_lay_, 6/165, 52/1492, _sb._ grass land, bank.
_lede_, 2/36, _sb._ country.
_lemyred_, 11/291, _pr. s._ glimmered.
_lenage_, 18/491, _sb._ lineage, family.
_lende_, 1/9, _prs. pl._ go.
_leng_, 32/899, _vb._ to stay.
_lent_, 85/2461, _sb._ lent?
_leryd_, 40/1110, _pp._ informed.
_lifte_, 45/1273, _vb._ to lift.
_lothly_, 34/964, 35/991;
lothely, 53/1508, 54/1534, _adj._ loathsome.
_love_, 59/1692, _sb._ love, sweet-heart.
_lyst_, 1/7, _vb._ to listen.
_lythe_, 13/337, _vb._ to listen.
_lyvelode_, 83/2384, _sb._ livelihood.

_maistershipmon_, 50/1425, _sb._ captain.
_mall_, 12/322, _sb._ hammer, club.
_markyd_, 90/2592, _pr. s._ directed.
_mate_, 25/678, _adj._ faint, exhausted.
_maynerey_, 16/435, _sb._ banquet, feast.
_maystry_, 8/212, _sb._ mastery;
_maystres_, 28/789, _sb. pl._ = _maystries_, exploits?
_meche_, 10/270, 20/531, 26/713, 37/1040, _adj._ much, great.
_met_, 25/700, _pr. s._ measured.
_moche_, 49/1399, 76/2195, _adj._ much, great.
_myd mete_, 41/1141, 42/1189, _sb._ the middle of the dinner.
_mylle_, 3/79, _sb._ mile.
_myrre_, 11/293, 34/943, _adj._ merry.
_myster_, 21/581, _sb._ need, want.

_nonys_, 46/1299, _in phr. for þe nones_, for the once, for the
occasion.
_noryse_, 67/1928, _sb._ nurse.
_not_,* 54/1535, _prs._ _ne wot_, donât know.
_nowyd_, 6/153, _pp._ annoyed? cf. the note.

_of-smyght_, 25/691, _vb._ to cut off.
_omage_, 39/1086, _sb._ homage.
_onfre_,* 53/1499, _adj._ unnoble.
_on-harnes_, 11/302, _vb._ to unharness.
_ordor_, 2/51, _sb._ order.
_ordurres_, 2/48, _sb. pl._ knighthood, dub.
_ovyr-ryde_, 2/40, _vb._ to ride over, to overcome?

_payn_, 44/1252, _sb._ fine, mulct.
_persewyd_,* 17/462, _pp._ pursued.
_pertely_, 53/1501, _adv._ openly, plainly.
_pluckys_, 56/1611, _sb._ strokes; cf. Halliwell, Dict., p. 633.
_pomell_, 26/714, _sb._ pommel.
_poynt_, 17/445, 88/2540, = _poynt of armys_, 3/68, 30/832, 49/1383,
_sb._ exploit.
_prekand_, 45/1263, _prs. p._ pricking.
_preste_, 50/1418, _adj._ ready.
_preve_, 10/275, _adj._ privy.
_pyll_, 21/573, _sb._ rock?

_ragyd_, 7/194, _adj._ ragged.
_rawght_, 24/645, _pr. s._ gave.
_red_, 7/178, _sb._ counsel.
_reioyse_, 75/2151, 80/2309, 91/2640, _vb._ to enjoy.
_rerid_, 55/1561, _pr. pl._ reared, tried to bring on.
_reue_, 35/986, _vb._ to bereave, to rob.
_reuelid_, 85/2467, _pr. pl._ revelled, feasted.
_revid_, 88/2546, _pp._ robbed.
_rewe_, 31/860, _vb._ to rue, to pity.
_reysed_, 46/1313, _pr. pl._ raised, made ready;
_reysing_, 51/1454, _prs. p._ rising, starting up.
_rially_, 87/2516, _adv._ royally.
_rialte_, 85/2455, _sb._ royal state.
_rightfull_, 64/1834, _adj._ rightfull.
_roall_, 85/2450, _adj._ royal.
_rome_, 19/516, _sb._ cross-way?
_rore_, 37/132, _vb._ to roar.
_rough_, 66/1879, _sb._ wood, copse.
_rowe_, 50/1426, _prs. pl._ row.
_rowght_, 24/645, _sb._ stroke, blow?
_rude_, 58/1666, _adj._ rude.
_ryd_, 2/44, _pr. s._ rode.
_ryde-wey_, 22/598, _sb._ spur-way, horse-way.
_ryngis_, 82/2354, _sb._ ring, arena.
_ryved_, 73/2090, _pr. s._ ryved up, landed, disembarked;
_ryven_, 50/1435, _pr. p._ landed.

_sare_, 4/97, _adv._ sorely.
_sarten_, 26/717, _adj. sb._ the sarten = the truth.
_sayment_, 2/50, _sb._ trial, exploit.
_scape_, 81/2327, _prs. subj._ escape.
_schedyng_, 19/516, _sb._ separation.
_scheff-chambyr_, 26/718, _sb._ chief-chamber, first rank-chamber.
_scheld_, 21/578, _vb._ to shelter.
_schere_, 21/556, _vb._ to shear, to cut.
_schope_, 21/567, _pr. s._ created.
_schowt_, 21/570,
_schoute_, 61/1751, 65/1877, _s._; _schuot_, 22/594, _vb._ to shout.
_season_, 75/2157, _sb._ court.
_see-fome_, 75/2165, _sb._ sea-foam.
_sege_, 77/2204, _sb._ siege.
_sekyrnes_, 30/835, _sb._ surety.
_semled_, 85/2445, _pr. pl._ assembled.
_sete_, 33/922, _sb._ city.
_seth_, 74/2141, _conj._ since.
_sett_, 41/1152, _pr. s._ sat.
_sewe_, 4/89, _vb._ to look at.
_shipped_, 45/1260, _pr. s._ 46/1318, _pr. pl._ shypped,
_pp._ embarked.
_shone_, 40/1117, _sb. pl._ shoes.
_side lokyng_, 57/1637, _sb._ side-glance.
_siÈed_, 79/2288, _pr. s._ sighed.
_simarr_,* 47/1338, _sb._ cloak; see the note.
_slade_, 58/1660, _sb._ slade.
_slon_,* 16/458, _sb._ sloe.
_smote_, 76/2185;
_smote adown_, 77/2203, _pr. s._ cast anchor.
_solasyd_, 24/657, _pr. s._ solaced, comforted.
_solemnite_, 56/1591, _sb._ pride.
_sotell_, 61/1761, _adj._ subtle, sly.
_sownyng_, 49/1400, 62/1782, 90/2615, _sb._ swooning.
_sparid_, 73/2096, _pr. pl._ barred, blocked up.
_sped_, 3/70, _prs. conj._ speed.
_spent_, 67/1910, _pp._ lost.
_sperryd_, 14/364, _pr. s._ barred, shut up.
_sperrys_, 5/127, _sb._ spire, tree.
_spousage_, 62/1791, _sb._ spousage.
_sprent_, 7/181, _pr. s._ lept.
_spryt_, 7/181, _sb._ pole.
_stad_,* 55/1566, _sb._ stead.
_state_, 60/1729, _sb._ chair of state.
_stere_,* 24/662, _vb. refl._ move.
_steryng_, 62/1785, _p. prs._ stirring, moving.
_stomlyng_, 24/660, _p. prs._ stumbling.
_storrope_, 35/987, _sb._ stirrup.
_strake_, 2/42, _pr. s._ struck.
_styll_, 18/477, _sb._ steel.
_swathing band_, 67/1917, _sb._ swath.
_swowe_,* 20/548, _sb._ noise; cf. the note.
_sybbe_,* 27/739, _sb._ kinsman.

_takyll_, 49/1402, _sb._ tackling.
_tall_, 26/734, _sb._ tale.
_tene_, 3/73, _sb._ grief, sorrow.
_the_, 2/49, _vb._ to thrive.
_thede_,* 60/1728, _sb._ people.
_thefe_, 46/1292;
_theffe_, 58/1659, _sb._ villain.
_theves_, 61/1760, _sb. pl._ villains.
_thole_,* 17/460, _vb._ to suffer.
_throng_, 38/1057, _sb._ crowd, troop.
_thronge_, 79/2283, _pr. pl._ thronged, pressed.
_tombelyd_, 42/1173, _pr. pl._ tumbled.
_to-sheverd_, 42/1172, _pr. s._ shivered in pieces.
_trast_,* 17/455,? _vb._ to trust.
_trayll_, 46/1314, _vb._ to trail.
_trayn_, 29/803, 51/1455, _sb._ treachery, deceit.
_trompettys_, 29/816, 34/443,
_trumpettes_, 41/1164, _sb. pl._ trumpets.
_trovylld_, 17/452, _pr. s._ travailed, exerted himself.
_trow_, 21/572, _pr. s._ believe.
_trusse_, 13/354, _vb._ to truss.
_trussyd_, 14/371, _pr. pl._ trussed.
_tyed_, 92/2658, _pp._; cf. the note.
_tyght_, 22/589, _adj._ tight.
_tyght_, 25/690, _adv._ in phr. _ase tyght_, at once.
_tymbyr_, 2/40, 81/2349, 86/2483, _sb._ lance.
_tynding_, 42/1181, _sb._ beating; cf. the note.

_vale_, s. _hede_.
_venturus_, 55/1566, _adj._ adventurous, dangerous.
_vetelid_, 76/2188, _pp._ supplied with provisions.
_victoure_, 83/2411, _sb._ victor.
_vnbrydeled_, 54/1552, _pr. s._ unbridled.
_vnder_, 71/2029, _sb._ noon.
_vndyr-nethe_, 20/542, _prep._ underneath.
_vndertane_, 61/1733, _vb._ to undertake.

_walloyng_, 7/189, _prs. p._ wallowing.
_wanne_, 62/1767, _adj._ wan, dark.
_ward_, 48/1351, _sb._ warden.
_waried_, 43/1211, 88/2544, _pr. pl._ cursed;
_waried_, 54/1537, _pp._ cursed.
_warne_, 29/795, _prs. s._ deny, refuse.
_water fflood_, 65/1872, _sb._ water-flood.
_watt_, 44/1247, _prs. 3 sg._ knows.
_wax_, 3/73, _pr. s._ became.
_wede_, 2/33, _sb._ garment, dress.
_wekid_, 80/2302, _adj._ wicked; see the note.
_were_, 57/1623, _vb._ to get tired.
_were_, 28/773, _adj._ aware.
_wet-saffe_, 17/466, _pr. s._ vouchsafe.
_wexe_,* 9/237, _pr. pl._ became.
_wight_, 54/1551, _sb._ white.
_wilsom_, 71/2030;
_wyld-som_, 20/535;
_wyldsome_, 19/506, _adj._ wild, desert.
_wis_, 53/1525, _vb._ to show.
_wod_, 14/377, _adj._ mad.
_won_, 4/94, _adj._ one.
_wonande_, 1/14, _p. prs._ living.
_wondyr-thyng_, 2/53, _sb._ wondrous thing.
_wonne_, 46/1295, _sb._ custom, expedient.
_wonne_, 46/1307, _pp._ wont? cf. the note.
_wonne_, 65/1870, _p._ dwelling, living?
_wonne_, 69/1995, _pp._ won.
_wrought vp_, 54/1532, _pr. s._ built up, raised.
_wyght_,* 1/15, 3/60.
_wyt_, 27/749,
_wyhte_, 30/848, _adj._ wight.

_yare_,* 7/177,* 14/369, 47/1320, _adv._ wholly, yarely.
_yatis gone_, 71/2025, _sb. pl._ footpaths.
_yell_, 46/1305, _vb._ to yell.
_yell_, 52/1487, _sb._ yell.
_yf_, 61/1740, _imp. s._
_yff_, 70/2009, _prs. conj. s._ may give.
_ylke_, 25/694, 63/1801, _pron._ same.

INDEX OF NAMES.

_Adolake_, 434, the name of a sword; _Adyloke_, 665; _Hatheloke_, 791.
_Adryan_, 927, St. Hadrian.
_Amyas_, 345, a young prince.
_Antioche_, 2229, Antiochia.
_Antony_, 1874, 1940, 1970, 2558, St. Antony.
_Antony fice greffoun_, 1998, 2435, 2476, _Torrentâs_ son.
_Aragon_, 1114, 1152, 1182, 1212, 1257, 1325, 2110; _Eragon_, 765.
_Awsden_, 1029, St. Austin.

_Be-gon-mese_, 101, a giant.
_Berweyne_, 344; see _Jakys_.
_Brasille_, 1450, a forest on the Norwegian coast.

_Calabur_, 847, 907, 952, 1059, 1320, 2113, Calabria.
_Calamond_, 1221, King of Portugal;
_Calomond_, 2116, 2168;
_Colomand_, 2104;
_Colomond_, 1408, 2143.
_Cardon_, 1091, a town in Calabria.
_Cargon_, 1326, a town in Aragon.
_Cate_, 1238, 1254, 1293, 1593, a giant.

_Desonell{e}_, 109, 382, 446, 450, 478, 673, 795, 859, 985, 1102,
1135, 1161, 1359, 1393, 1703, 1780, 2006, 2059, 2077, 2092, 2173,
2401, 2424, 2500, 2509, 2523, 2533, 2587, 2614, King _Calamondâs_
daughter, _Torrentâs_ spouse;
_Dissonell{e}_, 1329; _Dysonell{e}_, 32.

_Elyoner_, 347, daughter of the King of _Gales_.

_Flonthus_, 1005, _Slonges of Flonthus_, a giant.
_Fuolles_, 748, _Slogus of Fuolles_, variation of the former name.

_Gales_, 346, 408, 417.
_Gendres_, 1747, daughter of the King of Norway.
_George_, 1677, St. George.
_Grece_, 2419, 2434, 2557, 2643, Greece.
_Grekes_, 79, 1282, 2179, 2645, Greeks.
_Gryffen_, 1215, St. Griffon.

_Hungry_, 970, Hungary.

_Jakys_, 344, _Jakys of Berweyne_, a young prince.
_Jame_, 744, 788, St. James.
_Jerusalem_, 1897, 1921, 1938, 2236, 2245, 2275, 2426, 2473, 2554,
2633.
_Jesus_, 134, 274, 537, 540, 675, 996, 1340, 1371, 1382, 1447, 1539,
1564, 1702, 1799, 1937, 1985, 1997, 2218, 2580;
_Iesu Cryst_, 206, 529, 1275, 1832, 1852, 2664.
_John_, 1884, 2140, 2514, 2559, St. John.

_Katryn_, 2053, St. Catherine.

_Leobertus_, 1925, 2246, 2477, _Torrentâs_ son.

_Marre_, 85, 624; _Mary_, 136, 1308, 1565, 1646, 1888, 1906, 1946,
1969, 2098, 2311; _Marry_, 61, 259, 863.
_Mavdeleyn_, 489;
_Mawdleyn_, 505, 737, Maudlin, name of a forest.
_Mownpolyardnus_, 716, the name of a sword.
_Myhell{e}_, 753, St. Michael.

_Nazareth_, 465, 2032, 2041, 2389, 2437, 2528.
_Norway_, 1370, 1377, 1412, 1417, 1759, 1781, 2083.
_Nycholas de Barr_, 1337, St. Nicholas de Bari; see the note.

_Peron_, 1776, 1830;
_Perowne_, 659;
_Perrown_, 412, a town in Portugal.
_Pervens_, 420, 1095, 1320;
_Pervyns_, 868, 2113, Provence;
_Provyns_, 397, 413.
_Portingale_, 1069, 1346, 2090, 2095, 2593;
_Portyngale_, 1772, 2134, 2176, 2413, 2620;
_Portynggall{e}_, 13, 25, 374, 399, 727, 763, 877, 883, 1255,
Portugal.

_Quarell{e}_, 2182, 2415, a town in Syria.

_Raynes_, 2414, a town in Syria.
_Rochense_, 637, a giant.
_Rome_, 12, 118, 187, 190, 198, 558, 924, 1224, 1282, 1319, 1924,
2183, 2626, 2661.

_Samson_, 95, Samson.
_SarÈins_, 2232, Saracens.
_Sathanas_, 1237, Satan.
_Slochys_, 850;
_Slogus_, 748;
_Slonges_, 1005;
_Slongus_, 967, a giant.

_Torrayne_, 26, Touraine.
_Torren_, 343.
_Torrent_, 34, 46, 49, 61, 91, 133, 148, 181, 200, 203, 217, 224,
230, 252, 280, 295, 302, 314, 392, 399, 432, 466, 470, 477, 480,
495, 504, 519, 528, 540, 556, 577, 585, 591, 621, 634, 642, 645,
648, 663, 670, 677, 681, 687, 691, 693, 699, 733, 739, 752, 768,
772, 819, 824, 825, 828, 834, 839, 843, 852, 877, 883, 896, 946,
957, 984, 987, 999, 1006, 1021, 1023, 1039, 1044, 1051, 1060,
1072, 1119, 1163, 1167, 1170, 1176, 1200, 1256, 1263, 1270, 1284,
1298, 1414, 1434, 1480, 1535, 1699, 1756, 1838, 1903, 2081, 2485,
2630;
_Terrant_, 142;
_Terrent_, 85;
_Torent_, 157, 205, 756, 784, 1246, 1254, 1278, 1293, 1307, 1317,
1322, 1325, 1331, 1347, 1355, 1367, 1379, 1391, 1437, 1443, 1494,
1511, 1517, 1562, 1569, 1598, 1613, 1622, 1724, 1727, 1780, 1811,
2084, 2097, 2107, 2117, 2120, 2140, 2150, 2155, 2179, 2191, 2197,
2209, 2224, 2244, 2257, 2263, 2269, 2281, 2330, 2362, 2380, 2478,
2479, 2482, 2489, 2495, 2501, 2503, 2511, 2534, 2567, 2575, 2603,
2611, 2617, 2642, 2649;
_Torrant_, 70, 76, 103, 241, 253, 364, 380, 657, 760, 840, 963;
_Tyrrant_, 18.

_Velond_, 427, Veland the smith.
_Verdownys_, 305, 341, 410, son of the King of Provence.

_Weraunt_, 1650, a giant.

R. CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BUNGAY.

* * * * *
* * * *
* * * * *

_Typography_

In the Notes and Introduction, long vowels were printed with circumflex â rather than macron Ä. This usage has been retained; the circumflex accent in its own right does not occur.

In the Introduction, emphasis within italicized passages was shown either by reverting to Roman type or by printing the words as _gesperrt_ (extended). For this e-text, the first kind of emphasis is shown in {braces}, the second with +marks+.

In the main text, folio numbers were italicized as 85_a_, 85_b_... This markup has been omitted to reduce visual clutter.

Loops or flourishes attached to final letters are shown as ~ (tilde _after_ letter). If you find this distracting, feel free to delete it globally. The character does not occur anywhere else, and the flourishes probably do not mean anything.

The letter ânâ with overline is shown as ñ (n-tilde) for better font support.

Double âlâ in the main text was printed as two lâs with a single connecting line. They are shown in this e-text as ÆÆ (paired l-bar). Note that the printers do not seem to have had an italic version of this letter pair; in the e-text it is shown as italic or roman based on the surrounding text.

_Errors and Inconsistencies_

Errors in the main text and fragments are shown at the end of each stanza in [[double brackets]]. The word âinvisibleâ means that there is an appropriately sized blank space or extra indentation, but the character (usually an open single quote) is missing. Unusual spellings in the Sidenotes are probably attributable to Frederick Furnivall.

Hyphenization of prefixes in the modern material (introduction, linenotes, endnotes) does not always match the body text; words are printed as shown. In citations, capitalization of German is unchanged.

Commas at the end of Glossary entries are not errors. The letters I and J are alphabetized together. Initial U is written and alphabetized as V.

_Introduction_

§ 1
still worse is the fact, that he did not recognize
[comma unchanged]
Footnote 1: ... written down from oral recitation.â
[close quote invisible]

§ 2
II. C. d. Tho he be {st}rod anoble {st}ede ...
Torent be {str}ode a stede {str}ong
[body text has âa nobleâ and âbe-strodâ (both times)]

§ 3
1. No part. pres. on-_ond_ ...
[printed as shown at line break: error for â_onond_â?]

§ 4
(3) In the Northern collection, pp. lxi and lxiv. Herrigâs _Archiv_
[text has âArchiv.â with superfluous period]
Footnote 8: F. H. v. d. Hagen
[text has âF. H., v. d.â with superfluous comma]
10. (... as may be gleaned from l. 2440.)
[final . missing]

[Eglamour and Torrent, parallel]
_Eglamour_, Linc. MS. Note on 1267:
[line also printed at bottom of preceding page (partway through
parallel passages)]

_Notes_

p. 3, l. 59. ... _The Lyfe of Ipomydon_
[spelling unchanged; elsewhere âIpomadonâ]
p. 16, l. 429-31. ...--I. Hall.
[error for J(oseph)? normal citation form is âHallâ, without
initial, in small capitals]
p. 21, l. 555. [text has âp. 21.â]
p. 29, l. 819. On the meaning of the phrase â_the bord beginne_,â
[close quote missing]
p. 42, ... Cf. _Li B. Disc._, l. 130 f.
[missing . after l]
p. 63, l. 1799. ... To child no wyf
[printed as shown; expected form is âne wyfâ]
p. 70, l. 2010.
[âl.â missing]
p. 86, l. 2493. ... XII. und XIII. Iahrhundert
[error for âJahrhundertâ? book cited is not printed in fraktur]
p. 90, l. 2593. ... âAnd heom markede forÄ,
[printed as shown, with Ä for expected ð]
the later MSS. writes:
[error for âMS.â _or_ âwriteâ]

_Glossary_

_harood_ ... 82/2365, _harroldys_, _sb. pl._ heralds.
[text has 82/2365; with semicolon for comma]
_prekand_, 45/1263, _prs. p._ pricking.
[missing comma]
_rightfull_, 64/1834, _adj._ rightfull.
[printed as shown]
_roall_, 85/2450, _adj._ royal.
[âadj.â missing]
_storrope_, 35/987, _sb._ stirrup.
_tymbyr_, 2/40, 81/2349, 86/2483, _sb._ lance.
[âsb.â missing in both entries]
_wyght_,* 1/15, 3/60.
[final . may be error for ,]
_wyhte_, 30/848, _adj._ wight.
[text has â30/548â]

_Names_

_Desonell{e}_ ... 2614, King [text has 2614; with semicolon]
_SarÈins_, 2232, Saracens.
[Index has âSarzinsâ but body text has âSarÈinsâ]

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