Chapter XII: Confederation (2)

Cinque Ports, their treaties with “French Shipmen,” 4, _note_ 1;
house of elected mayor or jurat who declined to serve, pulled down,
187;
jurats and barons of the, 386;
confederation of, 386-399;
privileges, 387-389;
ownership of, 387, _notes_ 1 and 2;
justices itinerant shut out from, 388;
writ of error in, 388, _note_ 2;
no trial by jury in, 388, _note_ 6;
support Simon de Montfort, 388, _note_ 5;
heavy charges for defence borne by, 389-390;
payments for maintenance of liberties of, 390, _note_ 2;
monopoly threatened by Yarmouth, 394;
jealous watch against infractions of privileges, 398;
accuser often executioner in, 412, _note_ 2;
confederation affords no security to members against their lords,
414;
various jurisdictions, 398;
admiral of, 392;
no coroner in, 388, _note_ 1;
trading privileges, 414-415;
confederation, unlike confederations abroad, 415;
supports Cade, _ib._;
supports Warwick, _ib._;
courts of, _see_ Brotherhood, Guestling, Shepway

Cirencester, 295

Citizens, their busy life, 161;
independence, 177;
laws passed in Norwich and Worcester to compel men to become, 190;
age for taking up duties, 194;
outnumbered by the unenfranchised classes in the towns, 196;
distinguished from “natives” in Hereford, 318;
_see_ Burgesses, Burghers

Clarence, Duke of, present from Canterbury to, 215

Clergy as citizens, 175, _note_

Clisheath, fight on, 267

Clock, the town, 182

Clock-house, payments for, in Reading, 304

Cloth, altered conditions of production, 54;
sold in London, _ib._, _note_ 1;
taxes on, 81, _note_ 1;
struggle for its free importation into Netherlands, 99, 100;
undressed, its export forbidden, 110;
terms of sale and finishing, granted to Henry VII. by Flanders, 113,
_note_ 3;
woollen, its export allowed to Portuguese, 121, _note_ 2;
manufacture protected by government, 66, 67;
attempt to confine its export to London, 69;
dressing of, disputes about, 70;
seal for sealing it, in Reading, 308;
broad, 52; _see_ Trade

Cloth-workers, rivalry with wool-growers, 68

Clothiers distinguished from drapers, 67

“Clothing, Great,” of Worcester, 138, _note_

Coal, its early use in London, 55, _note_ 1

Cœur, Jacques, 114

Colchester, its condition, c. 1300, 14;
progress in the 14th cent., _ib._, 15;
burghers not to be appointed in any quest or assize outside the
borough, 188, _note_ 2;
Norwich system of government imitated by, 238, _note_ 2;
gallows, 2, _note_;
moot hall, 14;
wool hall, _ib._

Cologne, Hanse of, 75, 76, _note_ 1

Commerce, treaties of, 66;
government protection of, 66, 67;
by sea, its early routes, 75-77;
between England and the Baltic, 83;
its two great routes, 83;
in hands of foreign carriers, 83, 84;
growth of private enterprise, 88, 89;
transferred from foreign carrying vessels to those of English
adventurers, 94;
_see_ Trade, Treaties

Common, rights of, 136, 137, 181

Commons, House of, relation of boroughs to, 24;
control over taxation, 25, _note_ 3;
height of power in early 15th century, 26;
petition for working of mines, 55, _note_ 1; _see_ Parliament

Communes, the Church hostile to the formation of, 279, _note_ 2;
of France, contrast between their history and that of the English
towns, 29-32

Communitas, its meaning, 167-168;
early government, 169-171

Compass, its first recorded use in England, 107

Compurgation, 221, _note_ 2

Conesford Ward, Norwich, 239-40

Confederation, contrast between English boroughs and Continental towns
as to, 384-385;
of Cinque Ports, 386-99, 414-416

Constable, dispute about election of, in Reading, 304, 306;
of the castle, his authority, 311-312

Convents, towns subject to, 227, 295

Copes, regulations about use of, at Plymouth, 158

Copper works at Dinant, 56;
in England, _ib._

Cornwall, Sir John, Lord of Barnstaple, 253

Cornwall, its silver mines, 55, _note_ 1;
tin works, 83

Coroner, business of, 203;
dispute in Exeter about the jurisdiction of, 355;
of Devonshire, 355;
in Cinque Ports, 388, _note_ 1

Corpus Christi, guild of, 150, 151

Coteler, J., lieutenant of mayor of Exeter, 346

Court, the papal, its demands from Canterbury cathedral, 376;
_see_ Admiralty, Borough, Brotherhood, Curia Comitatus, Guestling,
Hundred, King’s, Leet, Orphans, Portmote, Sheriffs, Shepway,
Steward’s Hall Port, Tolbooth

Craft guilds, 150

Crafts, their formation into close companies, 195

Craftsmen, their political importance, 60;
admitted as burgesses, 173

Cranmer, his refusal to lease out bailiwick of Romney to townspeople,
408-9;
his lease of the bailiwick of Hythe to townspeople, 408

Cranbrooke, cloth sold at, 54, _note_ 1

Crete, English merchants buy wine in, 116

Criers in the towns, 161-162, 180

Cunningham, Sir Thomas, 98, _note_ 5

Curfew bell in Winchester, 324

Curia Comitatus at Norwich, 239

Customs, Hereford, 317;
copy of, asked for by Cardiff, 228

D

Danzig, English cloth-dealers at, 95;
English colony at, 104, _note_ 6

Dartmouth, its parish church, 157, _note_ 2

Davison, Sir W., 98, _note_ 5

Dean, Forest of, its forges, 54

Demesne, ancient, boroughs in, 227-229

Dengemarsh, 409

Denge Ness, 409

Denmark, English traders expelled from, 66;
Henry VII.’s treaty with, 113

Derby, franchises of, forfeited, 247, _note_ 4

Derby, Earl of, Liverpool granted to, 270

Devon, its silver mines, 55, _note_ 1

Devon, Earl of, his fight with Lord William Bonvil, 267-8

Devonshire, the coroner of, 355

Devonshire, Earls of, 266, 366;
conflict of Exeter with, 339, 340

Dinant, its relation to the Hanseatic League, 82, _note_ 3;
copper-workers of, their trade with England, 56

Disfranchised table, 181

Domesday, 343, 344, 345;
of Ipswich, 225

Dominicans, their settlement in Winchester, 323

Doncaster, 269, _note_

Dorchester, extent of its jurisdiction, 3, _note_;
sheriffs court at, 203, 204

Dorset, its silver mines, 55, _note_ 1

Dover, member of Cinque Ports, 386;
ownership of, 387, _note_ 1;
church of S. James, 393;
the Lord Warden’s court of appeal held at, 393-394;
meeting of deputations from Lydd and Romney at, 411;
punishment of thief, 221, _note_ 2;
lieutenant of, 213, _note_ 1, 391;
castle, constable of, 390, 392

Drain, at Canterbury, 20;
at Exeter, 361

Drapers distinguished from clothiers, 67;
of London, their first charter, 52, _note_ 3

Duel in Leicester, 221, _note_ 2;
freedom from, in Lincoln, _ib._

Dunwich, 238, _note_ 3

E

Ecclesiastical estates, towns on, 227, 277-281;
tenants of, their attitude in the towns, 191, 192

Edmund Crouchback, 269, _note_, 270, 271

Edmund, Bishop of Exeter, 343

Edward I., boroughs created by, 11, _note_ 3;
charter to Norwich, 242;
grant to Lydd, 410

Edward II., advantages to towns of disorders under, 237

Edward III., his dealings with the staple, 45, 46;
relations with Florentine merchants, 78, 79;
borrows money of Lübeck merchants, 83;
advantages to towns of his commercial policy, 237

Edward IV., his relations with the Hanse, 109-110;
grants fresh franchises to Exeter, 367, _note_ 2

Egypt, Venetians driven out of, 114

Elbing, market at, 104

Election of town officers, 224, 235

Empire, first mention of burgesses in, 11, _note_ 1

Enclosure of churchyards and ecclesiastical precincts within walls,
335

Engineers, Dutch and Flemish, employed in England, 142, 143, _note_,
403

England, its comparative unimportance in Europe in thirteenth century,
32, 33;
character of its history in fifteenth century, 35-44;
classes of its population c. 1453, 60

English language, prayers in, used by a Norfolk guild, 42, _note_

Escheator, the King’s, 208;
appointment of mayor as, _ib._, _note_ 1;
term of office, 234, _note_ 3

Essex, Dom Robert, manufactures silk at Westminster, 57, _note_ 2

Exe Island, 339

Exeter, its early government, 338;
jurisdiction of Earls of Devonshire in, 339;
disputes with them, 266, 339;
with the cathedral, 340-368;
discussion between bishop and mayor, 155;
election of Shillingford as mayor, 340, 341;
grant of Richard of Almayne to, 357;
grants of Edward IV. to, 367, _note_ 2;
almshouses at, 41, _note_ 2;
right of arrest in, 364-366;
assize of wine, bread, &c., 358-9;
bridge at, 144;
Broad Gate, 353;
great drain, 361;
Canon’s-street, 360;
controversy as to common use of cathedral, 362-364;
as to jurisdiction of coroner, 355;
cathedral close, 352, 353, 355;
provision for ferm in, 359;
Fish-street, 360;
price of admission to freedom, 178, _note_ 5;
gates, dispute for control of, 361, 362;
Guildhall, 341, 351, 356;
hospitals, 41, _note_ 2;
law against livery, 339;
market, _ib._, 359, 360;
St. Martin’s-street, 360;
paving of, 18, _note_;
bishop’s prison, 362;
St. Peter’s fee, 357;
Recorder, 345, 347;
maces, 339, 367;
Black Roll, 345;
S. Stephen’s fee, 343;
town-hall, 344;
great tower, 361-2;
warden of the poor, 41, _note_ 2;
controversy as to watch and ward, 357, 358;
wine gavell, 359

Exeter, Edmund, bishop of, 343

Exmouth, port, 346, 359

Export trade, revenue from, under Henry VII. and VIII., 58;
industrial changes occasioned by, 67;
disputes caused by, between merchants and artizans, 70; _see_ Trade

Extortion in the boroughs, 235, _note_ 1

F

Fairs and markets forbidden to be held in sanctuaries, 156;
forbidden on Sundays and feast days, 156, _note_;
of Ripon, 130;
of Tetbury, 314;
St. Giles’s, at Winchester, 324, 329;
at Yarmouth, 395, 396, 415

Fastolf, Sir John, 259, _note_ 2, 267, _note_ 1

Faversham, its incorporation under mayor and jurats, 398, _note_ 2

Fécamp, abbey of, its relations to Hastings, Winchelsea, and Rye, 387,
_note_ 1

Fees on admission to freedom of town, 178;
in kind at Wells, _ib._

Fellowship, Merchants’, in Bristol, 89;
in London, attempt to monopolize the export of cloth, 69;
of the mayor of Exeter, 346, 353, 366

Felon, dispute about the seizure of the goods of, in Exeter, 354

Ferm of towns, collection of, 205;
settlement of, connected with election of mayor, 218, _note_;
provision for payment of, 231, _note_ 1, 244, 359;
leasing out of, 238, _note_ 3, 247, _note_ 4

Festivals, local, 149;
complaints of their decay, 151;
jubilee, at Canterbury cathedral, 376

Feudal estates, condition of towns on, 250, 251;
lords, struggle of the boroughs with, 198-200, 255-257

Finance of towns, 138-141

Fines paid to be free of holding municipal offices, 187, _note_ 1;
of borough or manor courts, granted to citizens, 231

Fineux, Master John, justiciar, 214

Florence adopts free trade, 117;
Henry VII.’s commercial treaty with, _ib._;
its trading importance, 78;
loans of its merchants to Edward III., _ib._, 79;
commercial revival after acquisition of Leghorn, 79

Folkestone, punishment of thief at, 221, _note_ 2

Fordwich, 227, 369;
under mastership of Sandwich, 411, 412;
extent of its territory, 412;
jurisdiction of Abbot of S. Augustine’s, _ib._, 413;
quarrels with Christ Church about quay, _ib._;
regulations and taxations imposed by Sandwich on, _ib._;
compromise with S. Augustine’s as to control of river and weirs,
414;
capital punishment in, 412;
judicial combat with alien in, 221, _note_ 2;
Hundred court, 412;
jurisdiction of mayor, _ib._;
its officers, _ib._;
prisons, _ib._;
Thefeswell, _ib._

Foreigners, admitted as burgesses, 173, 178, _note_ 5;
limitation of their rights, 184

Forfeiture of town privileges, 247, _note_ 4;
of citizenship, 179, 180

Fortescue, Sir John, chief justice, 59, 346

France, condition of people in, as described by Fortescue, 59

Franchise forfeited by forsaking town for a year and a day, 179;
refusal to take up, 186, 328;
to be confined to members of craft guild, 195, 196;
bondmen born not to be admitted to, in York and Bridgenorth, 196;
of Lynn, controlled by the Bishop of Norwich, 286; _see_ Freedom

Franciscans in Winchester, 323

Frankpledge, view of, dispute in Lynn about, 290, 294

Fraternities at Bridport, 16

Freedom, municipal, ways of winning, 177, _note_ 1;
mode and terms of admission to, 178, 179;
lost by breach of public duty, 180;
mode of recovery in Hereford, 180, _note_ 3;
classes shut out from, 189, 190

Freemen, their decrease in Romney and Winchester, 190

Freeman’s prison, 185

Free-traders, their settlement outside the towns, 192, 193

“Frelidge” at Carlisle, 180

G

Gallows and pit, right of, 2, _note_

Gallows of prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, 373;
the abbot’s, at Chaldensham, 372;
of Colchester, 2, _note_;
Southampton, _ib._;
Worcester, 310

Gaol, the common, of Bristol, 315

Gascony, its trade with England, 119

Gates, dispute about control of, in Exeter, 362;
in Winchester, 324

Gate, the Broad, of Exeter, 353

Gaunt, John of, 253, _note_ 2, 260, _note_ 2, 270

Gavell, the wine, in Exeter, 359; _see_ Chepin

Genoa, its trade, 79, 80;
bank of S. George, 80;
relations of its traders with England, 114, _note_, 115;
proposal to forbid trade with, 116;
disputes of its merchants with those of Bristol, 91, _note_ 2

Germin, treasurer of Exeter, 346

Gestling, drowning of felons in the, 221, _note_ 2

Glass, English, forbidden in Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick, 56, _note_ 4

Glass-painting, early English, 56

Gloucester made a shire, 12;
owned by King, 227;
custody of, given to one of the Berkeleys, 264;
bell foundries at, 55, 56;
paving of, 18, _note_

Gloucester, Duke of, at York, 216, 217

Gloucester, Earl of, his gallows at Worcester, 310

Godbeate, liberty of, in Winchester, 324

Goldsmiths of London, their wealth, 58

Grendon, Simon, Mayor of Exeter, 41, _note_ 2

Griffith, David ap, grant of ferm of Liverpool to, 275

Grimsby, regulation as to taxes in, 355, _note_ 2

Guestling, courts of, 397; _see_ Brotherhood

Guild at Birmingham, 20;
of Corpus Christi, 150, 151;
of Young Men at S. Edmundsbury, 296, 297;
shipmen’s, at Hull, 89, _note_ 2;
of merchants at Lynn, 89;
at Malmesbury, dispute about, 302, _note_ 2;
of Nottingham, rights of taxation given to, 355, _note_ 2;
of Totnes, 251, 252;
of Our Lady and S. George at Plymouth, 158;
at York, 42, _note_, 89, _note_ 2

Guilds, festivals of, 150

Guild Hall, _see_ Hall

Guild Merchant, its importance in dependent towns, 302, 303;
of Ipswich, 224, 225;
Leicester, 355, _note_ 2;
Liverpool, 270;
Lynn, 286, 288;
Reading, 300, 303, 304;
Totnes, 175, _note_;
claimed by S. Edmundsbury, 297, 298

Guns, English-made, their superiority, 55

H

Hadley, cloth sold at, 54, _note_ 1

Hall, the common, of Romney, 129, _note_ 2, 403, 405, _note_ 1;
of Sandwich, 401;
the guild, of Bridport, 16;
Exeter, 341, 351, 356;
London, 378, _note_ 2;
Lynn, 283;
Reading, 300, 304, 305;
Winchester, 324

Hanse of Cologne, 75, 76, _note_ 1;
Flemish, in London, 76

Hanseatic League, 81, 82;
its carrying trade, 83;
disputes with Lynn merchants, 91, _note_ 2;
struggle with English Merchant Adventurers, 103-111;
gathers fleet against England, 109;
supports Edward IV., _ib._;
Edward IV.’s treaty with, 110;
its guildhall in London, _ib._;
house at Boston and Lynn, _ib._;
its decline, _ib._, 111;
negotiations with Henry VII. at Antwerp, 113;
expels English traders from Denmark, 66;
succeeds Hanse of Cologne in the carrying trade, 77

Harbledown, hospital of S. Nicholas at, 369

Harbours, making and improving, 142-144

“Harry Grâce à Dieu,” the, 84, _note_ 1

Hastings, 386;
castle, 387, _note_ 1

Haute, William, lord of the manor of Bishopsbourne, 216, _note_ 2

Hemp, grown at Bridport, 202

Henry III., advantages to towns of his reign, 237;
charter to Liverpool, 270;
to Norwich, 242

Henry IV. supports the Merchant Adventurers, 95, 96, 105, 106;
advantages to towns of his political insecurity, 237;
charter to Norwich, 245-6

Henry V. forbids English trade with Iceland, 106;
plans a royal navy, 86;
advantages to towns of his financial needs, 237

Henry VI., Canterbury associated with the party of, 215;
advantages to towns of tumults of his reign, 237;
charter to Barnstaple, 255

Henry VII., his position among English sovereigns, 73, 74;
received at Canterbury, 37, _note_;
enforces Navigation Act, 94;
patron of the Merchant Adventurers, 96, 111, 112;
international treaties of commerce, 66;
renews treaty with Brittany, 112;
treaties with Burgundy, 4;
commercial treaty with Florence, 117;
with Riga, 113;
with Scandinavia, _ib._;
with Venice, 118;
confirms treaty of Utrecht, 112;
negotiations with Hanseatic League at Antwerp, 113;
treatment of Lombards, 116;
secures protection for English merchants in Bordeaux, 119;
stipulations for free trade with Spain, 120

Herbert, bishop of Norwich, 282

Hereford, municipal almshouse at, 41, _note_ 2;
duties of its citizens to their chief magistrate, 126;
town bell, 127;
mode of recovery of freedom, 180, _note_ 3;
the burghers’ account of their freedom, 199, 200;
law against maintainers or protectors, 220, 221;
trial by combat abolished, _ib._;
customs, 317;
relations with lay and ecclesiastical lords and their tenants within
its liberties, 317-320;
distinction drawn between “citizens” and “natives,” 318;
authority over those privileged to trade in town, 318, 319;
capital bailiff, 229, 319, 320;
punishment of a vagabond, 319, 320;
tenants of various fees allowed to plead in the courts of, 320;
refusal to give Cardiff copy of customs, 228, 229

Highway, the king’s, sale of merchandise in, 156

Holcraft, Thomas, ferm of Liverpool let to, 275

Holland, engineers from, employed at Hythe, 142, 143, _note_;
at Sandwich, 142

“Holland” linen made in England, 57

Hollingbroke, ward in Romney named after, 402, 403

Horn, the common, 161;
at Dover, 178, _note_ 5;
of S. Edmundsbury, 296;
of Romney, 404, 405, _note_ 1

Hospital at Exeter, 41, _note_ 2;
at Sandwich, _ib._;
the Magdalen, Winchester, 328, 329;
of S. Nicholas, Harbledown, 369

Hospital of S. John, Worcester, refusal of its tenants to aid in
taxes, &c., 357, _note_ 4

House built by burgher as security on admission to freedom, 179;
of burgher must be kept in proper repair, _ib._, 180;
of stone, 193;
the Queen’s, at Winchester, 323

Hull, shipbuilding at, 89;
shipmen’s guild at, 89, _note_ 2

Hundred, freedom from officers of, 232, 233

Hundred court in Fordwich, 412;
Sandwich, 401

Huntingdon, perambulation of its boundaries, 134, _note_

Huntingdon, Countess of, owner of Barnstaple, 253

Huy, burgesses at, 11, _note_ 1

Hythe, ownership of, 227, 387, _note_ 1;
member of Cinque Ports, 386;
payment towards renewal of Cinque Ports charters, 390, _note_ 2;
Cranmer’s lease of bailiwick to townspeople, 408;
appointment of bailiff, _ib._, _note_;
grant of mayor to, _ib._;
new harbour made at (1412), 142, 143;
subscriptions for new steeple, 160, _note_

I

Iceland, English Adventurers in, 106, 107

Income-tax in towns, 139

Incorporation, charters of, 219, _note_ 1

Industry, revolution in, during 14th and 15th centuries, 39, 40, 44,
45;
changes in, 67, 70, 71;
relations of government to, 67, 70-72;
state protection of, 72, 73

Inferiores, in Lynn, 193, _note_

Inns of London, 378, _note_ 2;
bailiffs and jurats allowed to hold, in Romney, 404, _note_ 2;
the “Swan” at Canterbury, 216

_Intercursus Magnus_, 112

Ipswich, archbishop of Canterbury given right to trade in, 177,
_note_ 2;
general assembly, 224;
barge, 85, _note_ 2;
charter from John, 223, 224;
charter withdrawn, 247, _note_ 4;
Domesday Roll, 225;
election of officers, 224;
Guild Merchant, _ib._, 224, 225;
ordinances, 224;
arrest of Scotch priests, 230, _note_ 3;
common seal, 225;
guardianship of sea, 234, _note_ 2

Ireland, its trade with Liverpool, 270

Irishmen, feeling against, in the towns, 173, 174, _note_ 1

Iron, trade in England, 54;
increase in price, 55;
imported from Sweden and Spain, 55

Italy, merchants of, their privileges in England, 78;
expulsion from London, 329, 330;
hire houses in Winchester, 330;
settle in Southampton, _ib._

J

Jewry of Bishop’s Lynn, 283

John, advantages to towns of his money difficulties, 237;
charter to Ipswich, 223;
to Liverpool, 270;
to Lynn, 283

Jurats of the Cinque Ports, 386

Jury, citizens from twelve years old might serve on, 184;
exemption from serving on, granted to burghers of Reading, 306;
payments to “friendly,” 212;
no trial by, in Cinque Ports, 388, _note_ 6

Justices, itinerant, shut out from Cinque Ports, 388;
of the Peace, 247

K

Kent, men of, their evil reputation in Middle Ages, 415

Kiln of feudal lord, 199

King, the, and Commons, 25, _note_ 3, 26;
his sovereign rights, 207-209;
various officers of, who visited the towns, 208-210;
power of, to withdraw or question the value of charters and ancient
customs, 211, 212;
as lord of manor, 229-232;
his sympathy with borough in questions as to rival jurisdictions,
232, 233;
his difficulty in finding sufficient officers, 234;
power of granting privileges beyond that of other lords, 263,
_note_ 2;
loans to, 27, _note_ 2, 305, _note_ 1

King’s court, 208

L

Labour, division of, 67;
forced, in towns, 141, 142

Landowners, unfavourable conditions of life of, 258-268

Language, English, prayers in, used by a Norfolk guild, 42, _note_

Laonnais, federative republic of, 415

Law, king’s, and town law, 236, _note_

Law day, business done at, 203

Law Merchant, 48

Lawsuits, increase caused by growth of trade, 58;
of nobles, 266

Leet in Norwich, 240, 242, 243

Leet court, 336;
in Lynn, 288, 294;
in Norwich, 230, _note_ 3;
in Nottingham, 336, _note_ 3

Leghorn won by Florence, 79

Leicester, owned by lay noble, 227;
dispute about election of mayor, 235, _note_ 2;
town property, 269, _note_;
charter from Edmund Crouchback, _ib._;
regulations as to taxes, 355, _note_ 2;
Guild Merchant, _ib._;
duel in, 221, _note_ 2;
petition for abolition of “borough English” in, 222

“Libel of English Policy,” 61, 62;
the second, 62-64

Likedelers of Calais, 90

Lincoln, charter of, 238, _note_ 2;
complaint about trials in, 336, 337;
freedom from duel, 221, _note_ 2

Linen manufacture, its beginnings in England, 57

Lisbon, commercial treaty with, 121

Lisle, Lord, his death at Nibley Green, 267

Liverpool, burgages in, 172;
takes place of Chester as landing place, 270;
trade with Ireland, _ib._;
common seal, _ib._;
election of bailiffs, _ib._;
charter from John, _ib._;
from Henry III., _ib._;
granted to constable of Lancaster Castle, _ib._;
resumed by John, _ib._;
to Earl of Chester, _ib._;
to Earl of Derby, _ib._;
to Edmund Crouchback, _ib._;
passed by marriage to John of Gaunt, _ib._;
Quo Warranto in, _ib._, 271;
first mayor, 218, _note_, 271;
leases of fee form, 218, _note_, 270, 271;
liberties usurped by Edmund Crouchback, 271;
dependence on lord, 272;
reverts to crown, _ib._;
petition of burgesses, _ib._, _note_ 3;
relations with Molyneux and Stanley, 273-276;
grant of ferm to David ap Griffith, 275;
ferm let to Thomas Holcraft, _ib._;
granted to corporation, _ib._;
revenue, 273, _note_ 1

Livery, 339;
town laws against, 257, 268;
supplied from lord’s estate, 260

Loans, voluntary, from towns to the king, 27, _note_ 2

Lombards settled in London, 81;
their relations with Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry VII., 116;
persecution of, in London, _ib._

London hires out its common barge, 87, _note_ 3;
bell foundries in, 55, 56;
first notice of bricks in, 56, _note_ 3;
bridge of, 144;
drapers of, 52, _note_ 3;
cloth sold in, 54, _note_ 1;
use of coal in, 55, _note_ 1;
wealth of its goldsmiths, 58;
guildhall, 378, _note_ 2;
Flemish Hanse of, 76;
guildhall of Hanseatic League, 110;
inns, 378, _note_ 2;
Italian merchants expelled from, 329, 330;
Lombards in, 81, 116;
house of Cologne merchants in, 76, _note_ 1;
Merchants’ Fellowship of, its attempt to monopolize export of cloth,
69;
annexes Middlesex, 219, _note_ 3;
Recorder of, 372, 378, _note_ 2;
silk manufacture in, 57, _note_ 2;
settlers from, at Rye, 17;
effort to concentrate oreign trade in, 69;
paviour from, employed at Southampton, 18, _note_;
great play acted in, 145

Longport, Canterbury, disputes about rights of arrest in, 372

Lübeck, head of the Hanseatic League, 81, 82;
succeeds to financial importance of Florence, 79;
its merchants farm the English wool tax, 83;
lend money to Edward III., _ib._;
rent English mines, _ib._

Lucas, Hugh, arrest of, in Exeter, 351

Lydd, expenses incurred in war, 415, _note_ 4;
fine for refusing to take journey on town business in, 187;
incorporation under mayor and jurats, 398, _note_ 2;
assessment of income tax, 139, _note_ 2;
imitates Romney jetty, 143, _note_;
liberties given by Edward I. to, 410;
quarrel with Battle about boundaries, 411;
loan to Thomas Dygon, 139;
minstrels at, 147;
plays, &c., at, 148;
provision for poor in, 41, _note_ 2;
Portuguese in, 122, _note_;
use of archbishop’s seal in, 410;
its services at archbishop’s court commuted for yearly payment, 409,
410;
its hired ships, 87;
style under Henry VI., 410;
subjection to Romney, 410, 411;
town clerk, 411;
watch on S. John’s Eve, 148

Lynn under Bishop of Norwich, 227, 282;
granted by Bishop Herbert to monks of Norwich, 282;
repurchased, 283-4;
charters from John, 283;
of 1335, 289;
from bishop, 290;
struggle between bishop and town, 287-294;
petition for relief from demands of king’s bailiffs, 285, _note_ 1;
expenses of bribes, 214, _note_ 3;
Church of St. Margaret, 283;
disputes with the lords of Castle Rising, 284-5 various courts held
by the Bishop of Norwich, 285-6;
courts leased by bishop to burghers, 294;
municipal debt, 140, _note_ 1;
franchise controlled by the Bishop of Norwich, 286;
dispute about the view of frankpledge, 290, 294;
guildhall, 283;
guild of merchants, 89;
Guild Merchant, 286, 288;
house of the Hanseatic League, 110;
cross set up by hermit at, 175, _note_;
“Inferiores,” 193, _note_;
Jewry, 283;
Leet court, 288, 294;
Tolbooth court, 286, 288;
the authority of the mayor limited by the Bishop of Norwich, 286;
disputes of merchants with the Hanse, 91, _note_ 2;
lends money to the king, 27, _note_ 2;
payment of players, 145, _note_;
growth of shipping, 87;
taxation for Church expenses, 158, _note_ 3;
trade with Iceland forbidden, 107, _note_ 1;
wealth in the thirteenth century, 286;
proving of wills at, 289

“Lyvelode,” 139

M

Maces, at Canterbury, 381;
Exeter, 339, 367;
Norwich, 246;
Reading, 306;
Romney, 406

Maintenance, statute of, 221, _note_ 1;
town laws against, 257

Malmesbury, dispute about guild at, 302, _note_ 2

“Maltodes,” 139

Malvern, fifteenth century glass at, 56, _note_ 4

Manchester, qualifications of burghers in, 170, _note_ 2;
charter, 181, _note_ 3

Mancroft, ward in Norwich, 240

Manufactures, growth of, in England in fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, 44, 45, 67;
of cloth, 52-54;
of wool, in Normandy, 119

Manufacturers, rivalry with merchants, 68

Marienburg, treaty of commerce made at, 104, _note_ 6

Mariners of England and France, agreement between, 396, _note_ 3

Market, the king’s clerk of, 208;
payments for freedom of, 192;
market at Barnstaple, 253, _note_ 3;
Canterbury, 371-2, 377-380;
Exeter, 359, 360

Marshal of king’s house, extent of his jurisdiction, 209

Mastez in Sandwich, 184, _note_ 5

Matthyessone, Gerard, Dutch engineer employed at Romney, 143, _note_

Mayor, election of, 12;
its connexion with settlement of fee-farm rent, 218, _note_ 1;
various offices given to, 231, 233, 234, 236;
position between the king and townspeople, 236-7;
of Bristol, charter to the, 313;
his daughter’s marriage with Lord Berkeley, 316;
of Canterbury, his office respecting pilgrims, 376;
of Exeter, his dependence on the Earl of Devonshire, 339;
of Fordwich, his jurisdiction, 412;
of Hythe, 408, _note_;
of Leicester, dispute about election of, 235, _note_ 2;
of Liverpool, first election of, 218, _note_, 271;
of Lydd, 398, _note_ 2;
of Lynn, his authority limited by Bishop of Norwich, 286;
dispute with the Bishop about jurisdiction, 289-94;
his sword, 293;
of Norwich, rights of jurisdiction given to, in 1403, 245-6;
made mayor of Staple, 245;
his salary, _ib._;
his sword and maces, 246;
appointed King’s Escheator in Norwich, _ib._;
of Reading, provision for his salary, 300, 304, 305;
his mace, 306;
disputes about election, _ib._, 307;
of Romney, 409;
deposed by Privy Seal, 407;
of Sandwich, 400;
his power to arrest on suspicion, 184, _note_ 5;
of Winchester, 325;
of the Staple, 46, 48

Mediterranean, its trade, 77, 78

Melton, action against townsmen for not baking bread at lord’s oven
in, 199, _note_ 1

Memling’s Last Judgement, its adventures, 109, _note_ 2

Mendip, mines in, 55

Mercers of York, 89, _note_ 2

Merchant Guild, _see_ Guild Merchant

Merchants, their aversion from foreign war, 64;
rivalry with manufacturers, 68;
associations of, 88;
increase in their number, 89;
Fellowship of, at Bristol, _ib._;
guild of, at Lynn, _ib._;
Italian, their privileges in England, 78;
of London, seek to monopolize foreign trade, 69;
Statute of, 156

Middlesex annexed to London, 219, _note_ 3

Mill of feudal lord, 199;
at Canterbury, 371-2, 380-1

Mines, English, 55;
rented by Lübeck merchants, 83

Miners of Mendip, riot of, 55;
of Sussex, 415

Minstrels, 147;
of Canterbury, 145

Mint at Calais, 49

Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, his Libel of English Policy, 61, 62

Molyneux, Sir Richard, his relations with Liverpool, 273-276

Monkenkey, Sandwich, owned by Christ Church, Canterbury, 400

Montault, Robert of, his struggle with Lynn, 284-5

Montfort, Simon de, Norwich and Winchester against, 242;
supported by Cinque Ports, 388, _note_ 5

Moot Hall at Colchester, 14

Morgespeche of Guild of Reading, 303

Morpeth, 227

Mortmain, Statute of, 219, 246-7;
extended to cities and boroughs, 219, _note_ 2

Morton, Cardinal, 211, _note_, 376-7

Music, its developement in England in fifteenth century, 44

N

“Natives,” their distinction from citizens in Hereford, 318

Navigation Act, the first, 84;
put in force by Henry VII., 94;
of 1489, 112, 119

Navy, mediæval idea of its origin and use, 75;
planned by Henry V., 86;
merchant, its character, 92;
its inefficiency as a royal navy, 93

Netherlands, rivalry with England in the cloth trade, 65, 66;
English traders in, 98-101

Newgate, leet of, in Norwich, 242, 243

Nicholas of the Tower (ship), 89

Nibley Green, battle of, 267, 316

Nobles, their patronage sought by towns, 216;
honours paid to, 256;
dress and state, _ib._, 257;
decay and poverty, 257;
stores of treasure, 259;
money difficulties, _ib._;
dependents, 260;
borrowing and debts, 261-2;
leasing out privileges to townspeople, 263;
frequent absences from home, 264, 265;
heavy consequences of rebellions and civil wars to, 265-266;
feuds and lawsuits, 266-268

Non-burgesses, 193-196

Norfolk, cloth-making in, 52, _note_ 1;
worsted manufacture, 54;
increase of lawsuits, 58;
traders robbed by Danes, 91

Normandy, beginning of its woollen manufactures, 119;
Henry I.’s charters to towns in, 172, _note_ 1

Northampton, charter of, 238, _note_ 2;
collection of arrears of ferm, 205-6

Norton Mandeville, cloth sold at, 54, _note_ 1

Norwich, its condition before Henry II.’s time, 238;
charter of Richard I., _ib._;
of Henry III., 242;
of Edward I., _ib._;
of Henry IV., 245-6;
sided with king against De Montfort, 242;
authority exercised by Parliament over, 235, _note_ 2;
liberties forfeited, 243, 247, _note_ 4;
petition in 1307, 243-4;
made county, 245;
made staple town, 245;
sues for repayment of a loan to the king, 27, _note_ 2;
twelve of its citizens distrained for the city’s debt to the king,
140;
action in Wars of the Roses, 37, _note_;
under the protection of Suffolk, 216;
rivalry with Yarmouth, 163, _note_;
admiral appointed in, 245;
its burghers freed from arrest for debt, 242;
four bailiffs, 240, 245, 246;
bell foundries, 55, 56;
Borough Court, 239;
castle fee and its tenants, 240, 241, 244, 245, 313;
law passed to compel men to become citizens, 190;
church of S. George, 243;
exemption from clerk of the market, 208, _note_ 2, 245;
ditch, 242;
exports in 1374, 88, _note_ 2;
ferm, 238;
provision for, 244;
guild of S. George, 150;
system of government imitated by Yarmouth and Colchester, 238,
_note_ 2;
inhabitants in thirteenth century, 171, _note_ 3;
increase of lawsuits in, 58;
four leets, 240;
leet of Newgate, 242, 243;
amercements ordered by Leet Court, 230, _note_ 3;
mayor of, his salary, 208, _note_ 1;
his rights of jurisdiction, 245-6;
his sword and maces, 246;
made mayor of Staple, _ib._;
made King’s Escheator, _ib._;
payment for charter, 238;
petition against players, 152;
Provost, 238, 239;
seal, 246;
sheriffs, _ib._;
municipal taxation, royal interference with, 219, _note_ 4, 241,
355, _note_ 2;
adventures of a thief, 243;
tollbooth, 239;
four wards, 239, 240;
towers and walls, provision for repairing, 245, _note_ 4

Norwich, Bishops of, _see_ Herbert, Lynn

Nottingham, borough in ancient demesne, 227;
charter, 238, _note_ 2;
franchise forfeited, 247, _note_ 4;
foreigners to pay £10 for admission to freedom, 178, _note_ 5;
payment for liberties, 232, _note_ 1;
rights of taxation given to the guild, 355, _note_ 2;
“booners” in, 141;
“borough English,” 222, _note_ 1;
bridge, 144;
burgages, 172;
court leet, 336, _note_ 3;
pledges, 178, _note_ 4;
pleas concerning trade, 58

Novgorod, 77, 111

O

Official, the Master, of the archdeacon at Nottingham, 336, _note_ 3

Onterdel, Dutch engineer employed at Romney, 143, _note_

Oporto, commercial treaty with, 121

Orphans, Court of, 41, _note_ 2

Outbutchery built in Reading, 304

Oven of feudal lord, 199;
of householders at Preston, _ib._

Oxford, first notice of bricks in, 56, _note_ 3

P

Palmer, John, of Exeter, 41, _note_ 2

Parliament, representation of towns in, 4, 7, 24, 25;
Brinklow’s criticism on, 60, _note_ 4;
authority exercised by, in Norwich, 235, _note_ 2;
expenses of members of, in Winchester, 329;
_see_ Commons

Paston family, stores in their house, 259, _note_ 2

Paston, Sir John, 260, 265

Paston, Judge, 265

Pavilion, the, in Winchester, 322

Paving of towns, 18, _note_

Payments from towns for the confirmation of charters, 211, 303;
for liberties, 232, 238;
for deliverance from feudal obligations, 198;
in kind at Bridport, 204-5

Peasant Revolt, 196, 237

“Penny prykke,” game of, 363

Pershore, Abbot of, his gallows in Worcester, 310

Philip, Archduke, makes Bruges the staple for English cloth in
Flanders, 113, _note_ 3

Picardy, commercial league of, 415

“Piers Ploughman,” picture of English life in, 21;
dealings with the social problems of the day, 22;
his theory of King and Commons, 25, _note_ 3, 26

Pilgrims to Canterbury, provision for the safety and comfort of, 375,
376

Pillory, 252, 315

Pit and gallows, right of, 2, _note_

Pirates attack English Adventurers, 90, 91

Pisa, English wool merchants at, 117

Plays, 145-148

Players, petition against, in Norwich, 152

Pledges required of candidates for citizenship, 178

Plimpton, charter of Baldwin of Redvers to, 263, _note_ 2;
agreement of the convent of, with Plymouth, 296, _note_;
rope yarn made at, 202

Plumpton family, their money difficulties, 261

Plumpton, Sir John, 130

Plumpton, Sir William, 265, 266, _note_ 1

Plymouth, its agreement with the convent of Plimpton, 296, _note_;
money collected for S. Andrew’s by church ales, 160, 161;
regulations about the use of copes, 158;
the guild of our Lady and S. George, _ib._;
of Corpus Christi, 151;
incorporation of tailors, _ib._

Ponthieu, federative republic of, 415

Portmanbrok in Reading, 300, 304

Portmen in Ipswich, 224

Portmote, _see_ Borough Court

Portugal succeeds Venice in the Eastern trade, 121;
commercial treaty with, _ib._

Pratt, William, builds the first main drain at Canterbury, 19, 20

Preston, its various lords, 253, _note_ 2;
qualifications of burghers, 170, _note_ 2;
their privileges, 190, _note_ 3, 198, 199;
punishment for breach of public duty, 181

Prison of the bishop, in Exeter, 362;
freeman’s, 185;
the abbot’s, at Fordwich, 412

Privy Seal, _see_ Seal

Probate, claimed by the Mayor of Canterbury, 200, _note_ 1;
at Lynn, 289

Provost of Norwich, his election, 238;
his duties, 239;
replaced by four bailiffs, 240

Prussia, English traders banished from, 66

Purveyors, the king’s, 210

Q

Quay at Fordwich, quarrels about the, 413;
of Sandwich, agreement between Christ Church and Sandwich about,
400, _note_ 2

“Queke,” game of, 363

Quo Warranto in Liverpool, 270

R

Radford, Recorder of Exeter, 345, 347

Radington, Baldwin of, 130

Ramsey, carpet and tapestry manufactories at, 57;
tenants of King’s Ripton transferred to the Abbey of, 228, _note_

Reading, originally on royal demesne, 299;
its subjection to the Abbot, _ib._, 227;
struggle with him, 300, 301, 303-308;
confirmation of charters, 303;
archers, 16, _note_;
view of arms, _ib._;
bell, 304;
nineteen bridges, 301, _note_ 2;
the Hallowed Brook, 304;
chepin gavell in, 299, 306;
common chest, 305, 306;
constable, 304, 306;
guild merchant, 300, 303, 304;
guildhall, 303, 304, 305;
exemption from serving on juries granted to burghers, 306;
loans to the king, 305, _note_ 1;
the mayor, his salary, 304, 305;
his mace, 306;
disputes about his election, 306, 307;
register of his acts, 305;
Morgespeche, 303;
Outbutchery, 304;
Portmanbrok, 300, 304;
seal for cloth, 308;
contribution of soldiers under Edward VI., 16, _note_

Reap-silver, 171, _note_ 2

Recorder of Exeter, 345, 347;
of London, 372, 378, _note_ 2

Redcliffe, dispute about ownership of, 314, 315;
incorporated with Bristol, 314, _note_

Redvers, Baldwin of, his charter to Plimpton, 263, _note_ 2

Religion among English townsfolk in 15th century, 42

Rhine, commercial league of the, 415

Ricart of Bristol, his notices of political events, 37, _note_

Richard I., advantages to towns of his money difficulties, 237;
his charters to towns, 238

Richard III.’s dealings with York, 27, _note_ 2

Richard of Almayne, his grant to Exeter, 357

Riga, Henry VII.’s commercial treaty with, 113

Ripon, its fair, 130;
fight at, in 1441, _ib._

Ripton, King’s, tenants of, transferred to the abbey of Ramsey, 228,
_note_

Rising, Castle, disputes between the lords of, and the bishop of
Norwich, 284;
its rights in Lynn pass to Edward III., 285

Roan, John, Flemish engineer employed at Romney, 143, _note_

Rochelle, its wine trade with Romney, 88

Rochester, the King’s hackney-men in, 209, _note_ 3;
castle of, owner of land in Lydd, 409

Roll, the Black, of Exeter, 345

Romney under Archbishop of Canterbury, 227;
member of Cinque Ports, 386;
ownership of, 387, _note_ 1;
struggle for freedom, 404-409;
claim to be a royal borough, 407-408;
struggle with Lydd, 409, 411;
auditing of town accounts, 139, _note_ 2;
bailiff, 404-406;
bell, 405, _note_ 1;
Cranmer’s refusal to lease out bailiwick to townspeople, 408-409;
common barges, 87, 88;
decay of burghers, 403;
book of customs, 405, _note_ 1;
commerce, 87, 88;
common hall, 129, _note_ 2, 403, 405, _note_ 1;
common horn, 404, 405, _note_ 1;
care of common lands, 136, 137;
decrease of freemen, 190;
bailiffs and jurats allowed to hold inns, 404, _note_ 2;
government by senior jurat, 409;
places of assembly of jurats, 405, _note_ 1;
grant of mayor, 409;
mayor deposed by Privy Seal, 407;
silver mace, 406;
payment for maintenance of liberties of Cinque Ports, 390, _note_ 2;
plays at, 148;
silting up of its port, 403;
punishment of elected mayor or jurat who refused to serve, 188;
seal, 405, _note_ 1;
sluices, 143, _note_;
assessment of taxes, 402, _note_ 4;
trade, 402-403, 88;
wards, 402, _note_ 4

Roofs of tiles or brick, houses to be provided with, 194

Ropes, made at Bridport, 202

Rosiers, at Canterbury, dispute for jurisdiction over, 135, 136

Rother, river, 403

Rotherham college, its red brick, 56, _note_ 3

Rowley, William, 120, _note_

Russia, Henry VII.’s attempt to secure trade with, 113

Rye, ownership of, 387, _note_ 1;
member of Cinque Ports, 386;
growth, 17;
auditing of its accounts, 139, _note_ 2;
expenses for war, 415, _note_ 4;
tax for its fortification, 129, _note_ 1;
London merchants in, 17;
building of its quay, 142, _note_ 2;
rights of sanctuary forbidden in, 338;
its “schipwrite,” 88, _note_ 2;
trade, 88;
gifts to poor, 41, _note_ 2;
wards, 17

S

Sailors, in seaports, 194

St. Albans, ownership of, 227;
renounces its liberties, 295, _note_ 2;
its seal, _ib._

St. Edmundsbury, its agricultural services, 171, _note_ 2;
dispute with abbot, 296-298;
Guild of Young Men, 296, 297;
claims a merchant guild, 297, 298;
common horn, 296;
seal, 298

Salford, qualification for citizenship in, 170, _note_ 2

Salisbury, bell foundries at, 55, 56;
cloth sold at, 54, _note_ 1;
relations between citizens and bishop, 281, _note_

Sanctuary, question of, 337-8;
in Canterbury Cathedral, 374;
rights of, forbidden in Rye, 338

Sandwich, member of Cinque Ports, 386;
port of London, 369, _note_ 3;
ownership, 387, _note_ 1, 399, 400;
freedom as royal borough, 402;
refuses loan to the king, 27, _note_ 2;
quarrels with Canterbury, 163, _note_;
mastery of Fordwich, 411-413;
common assembly, 401;
Hundred court, _ib._;
powers of King’s bailiff in, 400-402;
church of S. Clements, 401;
of S. Peter, _ib._;
engages a Dutchman to make a new dyke, 142;
harbour, 369;
privilege of burghers, 185;
market-place and common hall, 401;
the Mastez in, 184, _note_ 5;
its mayor manager of the hospitals, 41, _note_ 2;
his power to arrest on suspicion, 184, _note_ 5;
mayor and jurats, 400-402;
Monkenkey, 400;
punishment of men charged with homicide or theft, 221, _note_ 2;
of elected treasurer who refused to serve, 188;
penalty for wounding in, 132, _note_ 2

Scarborough, its complaint about ferm, 247, _note_ 4

“Scavadge,” 142, _note_ 1

Scot-ales, 206, 207

Scotland, war with, Morton’s demands for, 376, 377

Scots traders at Veere, 98, _note_ 5

Schonen, English cloth dealers at, 95

Seaford, 386, _note_ 2

Seaports, their duties, 128, 129

Seals, 175-6;
English, their fine workmanship, 225, _note_;
of Archbishop of Canterbury used in Lydd, 410;
of Barnstaple, 225, _note_;
of Doncaster, 269, _note_;
Ipswich, 225;
Liverpool, 270;
Norwich, 246;
for sealing the cloth in Reading, 308;
of Romney, 405, _note_ 1;
St. Albans, 295, _note_ 2;
of S. Edmundsbury, 298;
of Lord Warden of Cinque Ports, necessary to make King’s writ valid,
387;
the Great, request that only laymen should have charge of, 365,
_note_ 3;
the Privy, writ of, 341;
mayor of Romney deposed by, 407

Security required by town on admission of man to freedom, 179

Self-government in the towns, 1-3, 218

Selling, Prior, of Christ Church, Canterbury, 377

Serfs, conditions of their emancipation in towns, 174, _note_ 3

Shepway, court of, 388, 391-394, 396, _note_ 2

Sheriff, jurisdiction of the, 203-4;
appointment of deputy by, 204;
assessor and collector of royal taxes and rents, _ib._;
duties as head of shire forces, _ib._;
tyranny and extortion of, 206;
hatred of, expressed in popular ballads and books, 207;
term of office, 234, _note_ 3;
business at Bridport, 204;
modes of extortion in Canterbury and Bridgenorth, 207;
court at Dorchester, 203, 204;
of Norfolk, his Curia Comitatus at Norwich, 239;
jurisdiction there, 246;
of Norwich, 246

“Shewage,” 142, _note_ 1

Shillingford, John, 338, 340-341, 346-348, 350

Shipbuilding for aliens, 86;
at Hull, 89;
at Woolwich, 84, _note_ 1;
its costliness, 87

Shipmen’s guild at Hull, 89, _note_ 2

Shipping, native and foreign, regulation of, 84;
its conditions in England, 85, 86;
growth in seaport towns, 87;
trade taken under State protection (1489), 112

Ships, English and foreign, sizes of, 84, _note_ 1;
English, dispute with Flemish, 92, _note_ 2;
_see_ Christopher, Grâce, Harry, Nicholas, Trinity

Shire officers, 203-207;
freedom from them, 232-3

Shrewsbury, wearing of liveries forbidden in, 268, _note_ 2

Shrewsbury, Countess of, her agreement with James, Lord of Berkeley,
266

Silk, its importation forbidden, 110;
manufacture, its beginning in England, 57;
carried on by women in London, _ib._, _note_ 2

Silver mines in England, 55, _note_ 1

Skenes, Irish, 351

Soke, the bishop’s at Winchester, 322

Soldiers, charges of levying for royal service, 374

Somerset, its silver mines, 55, _note_ 1

Southampton, owned by King, 227;
burgess imprisoned for its rent, 140, 141;
liberties forfeited, 247, _note_ 4;
its aqueduct and water supply, 19, _note_;
constable of castle, 312;
gallows, 2, _note_;
licence to buy and sell during S. Giles’ Fair, 329;
Italian merchants at, 78, 81, 330;
paving, 18, _note_;
provision for poor, 41, _note_ 2;
ship, 85, _note_ 2;
rights of Bishop of Winchester in, during fair of S. Giles, 324,
_note_ 3

Spain, English trade with, 120, 121

Stalls, in Exeter market place, 360;
the Queen’s, in Winchester, 323

Stanley, John of, 130

Stanley, Sir John, his relations with Liverpool, 273-276

Staple, the, 45;
its wanderings under Edward III., _ib._, 46;
fixed at Calais, _ib._;
mayors and aldermen of, _ib._, 48;
English towns of, 46;
rules, 46-48;
authority, 48;
merchants of, monopolize export of wool, 49;
of Calais, its money transactions with the captain and the
Government, _ib._, 50;
decline, 51;
struggle against Merchant Adventurers, 101-103;
Mediterranean merchants freed from its control, 78;
appointment of mayor as mayor of, 234;
set up by English adventurers at Bergen, 95;
for English cloth in Flanders, placed at Bruges by Archduke Philip,
113, _note_ 3

Staplegate at Canterbury, 370

Statute of Maintenance, 221, _note_ 1;
of Merchants, 156;
of Mortmain, 219, 246-7

Steel-yard, the, 83, 109, 110

Steward of King’s house, his jurisdiction, 209

Steward’s Hall Port of Lynn, 294

Stonor, harbour of, 369

Sturgeon, Nicholas, 44, _note_ 1

Sturmys of Bristol, sends a ship to the East, 115

Sturry, 369

Sudbury, Archbishop, 374

Suffolk, Duke of, 216

Sussex, miners of, their evil reputation in Middle Ages, 415

Swithun, S., the convent of, at Winchester, 322, 323, _see_ Winchester

Sword, of mayor of Norwich, 246;
of mayor of Lynn, 293

T

Tailors at Plymouth incorporated, 151

Taperaxe, 412

Tapestry factory at Ramsey, 57

Taverner, John, builds a “carrack” at Hull, 89

Tax on wool farmed by Lübeck merchants, 83

Taxation, changes in, 27, _note_ 1;
of cloth, 81, _note_ 1;
illegal, controlled by Commons, 25, _note_ 3;
internal, of towns, 139, 355-357;
interference with, in Norwich, 219, _note_ 4

Temple Fee, Bristol, 313, _note_ 2

Tennis, game of, 363

Tetbury fair, 314

Teutonic Order banishes English traders from Prussia, 66

“Thefeswell” in Fordwich, 412

Thiefdown, 221, _note_ 2

Thomas, S., feast of translation of, 370

Tin-works, Cornish, rented by Lübeck merchants, 83

Tolbooth at Norwich, 239;
Court at Lynn, 286, 288;
Port, at Lynn, 294

Toll hall at Bridport, 16

Tolls of cloth-exporters and staplers compared, 52;
on export, 90, _note_ 2;
for Merchant Adventurers, fixed by charter in Burgundy, 96;
freedom from, granted to burghers, 183

Topsham, 359

Totnes, jurisdiction of the lord’s bailiff in, 252-3;
disputes between lord and tenants, 252;
poverty in 1449, 159;
wooden belfry replaced by stone tower, 160;
Guild under Henry II. and John, 251;
rights claimed by, 251-2;
Merchant Guild, 175, _note_;
water-bearers, 157, _note_

Towns, English, their importance in fifteenth century, 1;
significance of their history, 8-10;
beginning of municipal history, 11;
contrast of their history with that of French communes, 29-32;
their lowly beginnings, 33;
relation to the Government, 27;
importance of their internal administration, 20;
their contribution to the reorganization of society, 23, 24;
progress up to fourteenth century, 10-12;
in fourteenth century, 13;
place in history of fifteenth century, 40-44;
fallen condition in 1835, 5, 6;
attitude in Wars of Roses, 164;
ratify Henry VII.’s treaties with Burgundy, 4;
their self-contained and self-dependent life, 125;
changes in their condition through increase of industry and
commerce, 171;
amusements in, 145-153;
assemblies, 223;
“common barges,” 140;
preservation of boundaries and “liberties,” 134;
common lands, 136, 137;
common revenue, 139;
competition and commercial jealousy in, 163;
corporate property, 138;
criers, 161, 162, 180;
duties, 4;
duty of citizens to chief magistrate and community, 126;
military duties, 129-131;
military discipline, 127, 128;
freedom of election, 5;
its decay, 6, 7;
festivals, 149, 152, 153;
financial responsibility, 140, 165-167;
refusal to take up the franchise, 186;
forced labour in, 141, 142;
extent of their jurisdiction, 3, 190-193, 333-8;
right of criminal jurisdiction in, 2;
election of mayor, 12;
officers’ duties and responsibilities, 186;
representation in Parliament, 4, 7, 24, 25;
patronage of nobles sought by, 216;
paving of, 18, _note_;
political feeling in, 60, 61;
privileges forfeited, 247, _note_ 3;
their protection extended to men who were not free citizens, 189;
provisions for relief of the poor, 41, _note_ 2;
ranks and classes of men in, 189-196;
conflicting rights in, 309-311;
their self-government, 1-3;
self-taxation, 2;
distribution of taxes in, 355, _note_ 2;
regulation of trade, 2, 3;
watch and ward, 132, 133;
water-supply in, 19;
condition of the working classes in, 195;
public works, 141;
on ancient demesne, 227-229;
dependent on other boroughs, 227, _note_;
on ecclesiastical estates, 227, 277-281;
on feudal estates, 250-1;
subject to monastic rule, 295;
seaport, their duties during Hundred Years’ War, 128, 129;
of the Staple, 46;
_see_ Boroughs

Townspeople lay rectors of parish church, 157;
their temper in the fifteenth century, 165

Tracy, Henry de, holder of Barnstaple, 253, _note_ 3

Trade, its regulation in towns, 2, 3;
early associations for protection of, 32;
increase of lawsuits concerning, 58;
revolution in fifteenth century, 51;
endeavour to exclude foreigners from, 73;
attempts to protect it from piracy, 91;
right of, given to burghers, 182;
payment for rights of, 189;
with the East, monopolized by Italians, 114;
diverted from Venice to Portugal, 121;
English, with Bordeaux, 118, 119, 316, _note_ 1;
with Genoa, proposal to forbid, 116;
with the North, 106, 107, 114;
of Florence, 78, 79;
foreign, Bishop Moleyns’s views of, 61, 62;
an anonymous “Libeller” on, 62-64;
London attempts to monopolize, 69;
injured by war with France, 64, _note_;
of Romney, 403;
free, adopted by Florence, 117;
of the country, formidable rival to protected trade of towns, 193;
between Liverpool and Ireland, 270;
of the Mediterranean, 77, 78;
State protection of, 72, 73;
its results at Venice, 80;
by sea, its early routes, 75, 77;
Venetian, bill against, proposed in Parliament, 115;
of Winchester, 324, 328;
in beer, with Flanders, 57;
in cloth, its rise, 51-54, 94, 95;
rivalry in, between England and Flanders, 65-66;
in iron, 54;
in wool, 45, 49, 51;
in wine, between Aquitaine and England, 118-120;
from Rochelle to Romney, 88;
struggle between England and Venice for, 116-118;
licenses for trade given to lords of Berkeley, 316, _note_ 1

Traders in the towns, 189-192;
privileged, living outside towns, 192-3

Treaties of commerce, Henry VII.’s, 66;
with Brittany, 112;
with Castile and Catalonia, 120;
Henry VII.’s, with Florence, 117;
with Portugal, 121;
with Riga and Scandinavia, 113;
of Marienburg, 104, _note_ 6;
of Utrecht, 110;
of 1475, 1486, 1495, 119, _note_ 2;
of 1496 (_Intercursus Magnus_), 112

Trials, complaint about, in Lincoln, 336-7

Trinity of Berkeley (ship), 316, _note_ 1

Tumbril, 252, 315

U

Under-sheriff, appointed by sheriff, 204

Unenfranchised class, increase of, in towns, 196

Utrecht, treaty with the Hanse made at (1474), 110;
confirmed by Henry VII., 112

V

Veere, depôt of Scottish traders at, 98, _note_ 5

Venice, its state-protected trade, 80;
its trade with Southampton, 81;
diverted to Portugal, 121;
bill to forbid its carrying trade proposed in Parliament, 115;
driven out of Egypt, 114;
struggle of English merchants with, 116;
Henry VII.’s agreement with, 118

Vitalien Brüder, 90

W

Waits, 145

Walls, provision for repairing in Norwich, 245, _note_ 4

Wards in Norwich, 239, 240;
in Romney, 402, _note_ 4;
in Rye, 17

Warden, the Lord, of the Cinque Ports, towns under the rule of, 386;
his authority, 390-394;
powers as Constable of Dover Castle, as Admiral, as Chancellor, 392;
his seal, necessary to make King’s writs valid, 387

Warden of the Poor at Exeter, 41, _note_ 2

Warwick, its various lords, 309, 310

Warwick, Earl of, the Kingmaker, 257-8, 415

Watch and ward, 132, 133;
controversy about in Exeter, 357-8

Water supply in towns, 19, _note_

Wayneflete, Bishop of Winchester, 326, _note_

Weald, iron trade in, 54

Weavers of Chester, their riot in 1399, 130, _note_ 1;
English and foreign, their rivalry, 65;
Flemish, their struggle against importation of English cloth,
99-101;
in Bristol, 193

Weights and Measures, Act of 1429, 3, _note_

Wells, under Bishop of Wells, 227;
fees in kind at, 178

Westgate, Canterbury, 381;
Archbishop’s tenants of, 370

Westminster, silk manufactory at, 57, _note_ 2;
Abbot of, his gallows in Worcester, 310

Westwick, ward in Norwich, 240

Weymouth, ownership of, 227

Whitstable, rights claimed by Archbishop of Canterbury’s tenants, of,
371

Wikham, John, “schipwrite” of Rye, 88, _note_ 2

Wills, enrolled in borough courts, 200, _note_ 1;
probate of, at Lynn, 289;
claimed by Mayor of Canterbury, 200, _note_ 1

Winchelsea, ownership of, 387, _note_ 1;
member of Cinque Ports, 386;
punishment of thief at, 221, _note_ 2

Winchester, owned by King, 227;
charter, 238, _note_ 2;
sided with King against De Montfort, 242;
its reputed antiquity, 321;
poverty, 190;
decrease of freemen, _ib._;
dispute between bishops and burghers, 323;
fight between citizens and monks, 324, _note_ 2;
distress and poverty in fifteenth century, 326-330;
Lancastrian sympathies, 326, _note_;
heavy burdens, 327-9;
petition of burghers to Henry VI., 328, 329;
ferm, fines, and expenses in 1450, _ib._;
grant of forty marks to, from ulnage and subsidies of cloths, 329;
various alien bodies within its liberties, 322-324;
common assembly, 321;
boundaries, 322;
castle, _ib._;
corporation, 321;
curfew bell, 324;
S. Giles’ fair, 324, 329;
fraternity of S. John, its payment towards maintenance of walls and
bridges, 329, _note_ 2;
provision for ferm, 328, _note_ 2;
franchise refused, 328;
experiment in free-trade, _ib._;
friars, 323;
Magdalen hospital, 328, 329;
mayor, 325;
control of gates, 324;
liberty of Godbeate, _ib._;
Guildhall, 324;
High Street, 322, 323;
Italian merchants in, 330;
King’s officers in, 325;
town officers, 321, 322;
expenses of burgesses to Parliament, 329;
Pavilion, 322;
perambulation of liberties, _ib._;
the Queen’s House, 323;
Queen’s stalls, _ib._;
convent of S. Swithun, 322;
Bishop of, bribes to, 214;
his authority over trade, 324;
palace, 322;
rights of his tenants, 322-3;
Soke, 322

Windsor, Dean of, gift from Canterbury to, 214

Wines, variety of, 215;
Rhine, ordered to be carried only in English ships, 110;
_see_ Trade

“Wine gavell” in Exeter, 359

Wingham, Archbishop of Canterbury’s tenants of, 370-1

Women carry on silk manufacture in London, 57, _note_ 2;
their management of great estates, 265

Wool, beginning of its manufacture in Normandy, 119;
export of, 45, 49;
under Edward III., 50;
decrease in fifteenth century, 51;
tax on, 49;
farmed by Lübeck merchants, 83

Wool Hall at Colchester, 14

Wool-growers, rivalry with cloth-manufacturers, 68

Woolwich, ship built at, 84, _note_ 1

Worcester, protection of burghers, 184;
law passed to compel men to become citizens, 190;
common coffer, 138, _note_;
“Great Clothing,” _ib._;
gallows, 310;
hospital of S. John, 357, _note_ 4

Working-classes in towns, condition of the, 195

Worsted manufacture in Norfolk, 54

Wynde, burgesses of the, in Barnstaple, 254

Y

Yarmouth, owned by King, 227;
rivalry with Norwich, 163, _note_;
made staple town, _ib._;
imitates Norwich system of government, 238, _note_ 2;
riotous population of sailors, 194;
threatens monopoly of Cinque Ports, 394;
its fair, 395, 396, 415

Yaxley, church-ales at, 161, _note_

Year gift, 206

York, owned by King, 227;
its corporation made justiciars for preserving rivers, 234,
_note_ 2;
dealings with Richard III., 27, _note_ 2;
reception of Duke of Gloucester, 216, 217;
guilds at, 42, _note_, 89, _note_ 2;
mercers at, 89, _note_ 2;
territory, 3, _note_;
its franchise, 196;
dispute about payment of troops, 131, _note_ 3;
riot about common lands, 137, _note_ 2

York, Archbishop of, his attack on Ripon in 1441, 130

York, Duchess of, gifts from Canterbury to, 215

Yorkshire, early brick buildings in, 56, _note_ 3

Ypres, decline of its weaving trade, 65

END OF VOL. I.

RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,

LONDON AND BUNGAY.

FOOTNOTES: