Chapter XVIII: Conclusion (2)

Land, conversion of arable, into pasture, 98;
disputes about ownership and use of, 238-239;
common, of towns, rights and interests of commonalty in, 234,
237-239;
of Andover, 237;
of Birmingham, 237;
of Chester, 237;
of Colchester, 238;
of Coventry, 238;
of Hythe, 237;
of Ipswich, 237;
of Liverpool, 237;
of Lydd, 237, 238;
of Morpeth, 237;
of Norwich, 367;
of Nottingham, 237, 334, 335-336, 342-343, 348, _note_ 3;
of Oxford, 237;
of Romney, 237;
of Southampton, 311, 314-317;
of Wycombe, 237

Lanes, naming of, in towns, 29;
improvement in their condition, 32-33

Langton, Nicholas, mayor of York, 251, _note_ 1

Laymen, schools founded by, 16-17

“Leave-lookers”, 34

Leet of Andover, 229;
of Coventry, 205, 206, 212, _note_ 1, 345, _note_ 3;
of Manchester, 249, _note_ 2;
of Nottingham, 19, 341, 345, 346, 356;
of Southampton, 318, _note_

Leets of Norwich, 361-362

Legate, Richard, bailiff of Bristol, 267

Leicester, no plea held in, during fairs, 25, _note_ 1;
night work allowed by guild in, 122, _note_ 1;
Crouchback’s charter to, 25, _note_ 1, 258, _note_ 1;
councils, 287, 354

Leighton Buzzard, adventures of a glover of, 31-32

Lenton, agreement with Nottingham about its fair, 348, _note_ 3;
convent of, 354, _note_ 4

Lepe, court of Admiralty held at, 319, _note_ 2

Levant, Bristol vessels first to enter, 73;
trade of Jacques Cœur with, 81;
trade of Southampton with, 290

Liberties, extension of, in Carlisle and Hereford, 40, _note_ 2

Lichfield, its guild merchant, 213, _note_ 3

Lime-burners, conspiracy of, in London, 140

Lincoln, guild of S. Benedict at, 144, _note_ 2;
bailiffs, 250;
appeal of commonalty to King against corporation, 244;
charter, 244;
dispute with lord of S. Botolph’s fair about tolls, 244;
its guild of “common and middling folks”, 271, _note_ 3;
aldermen, 279, _note_

Lincoln, Robert, bishop of, translation of his “Rules”, 5

Lincoln, bishop of, begs for Norwich liberties to be restored, 391

Lincolnshire, its bell-metal, 54, _note_ 1;
its wool, 88, _note_ 3

Linen manufactured at Nottingham, 326

Literature of fifteenth century, 3-10

Liverpool, its charters, 41;
attempt to establish free trade, 41;
council of forty, 278, _note_ 2;
its mayor, 61, _note_ 2, 251, _note_ 1;
mosses granted to, 237;
grant for paving, 32, _note_ 3;
school, 14, _note_ 2

Lombards, traders learn to clip coin from, 67;
settle in Southampton, 289

London, its aldermen hereditary owners of wards, 279, _note_;
elected for life, 375, _note_ 2;
apprentices must be sworn to the franchise before using trade, 103,
_note_ 2;
yearly wage of artizans, 133;
bakers, 45, 117, _note_ 2, 149, _note_ 1;
bowyers, 119;
complaint about butchers, 44-45;
dispute between burellers and weavers, 161-162;
candlemakers, 45;
common council, 375, _note_ 2;
hindrance to influence of crafts, 186;
complaints about cloth, 146;
farriers, 146-147;
complaints against foreigners, 95;
plate pawned to a fishmonger of, 78;
trouble about fulling machinery, 90, _note_ 2;
Edward III.’s charter to girdlers, 143, _note_ 2;
grocers, 102, _note_ 2, 116, _note_ 1, 117, _note_ 4, 118, _note_ 2;
growth, 50;
guild ordinances, 146-148;
relations with Coventry guild, 206, _note_;
complaint against hoastmen, 140, _note_ 3;
images sent from Nottingham to, 326;
mayors of, 16, 149, _notes_;
Italian merchants in, 293;
conspiracy of lime-burners, 140;
lorimers, 163;
decline of manufacturing trade, 88;
merchants of, cause assassination of Genoese at Southampton, 291;
provision for mercer’s widow, 80;
laws to protect consumer against pepperers, 139-140;
the raising of prices for repairing roofs forbidden, 152;
controversy between saddlers and other crafts, 162-165;
schools, 13, _note_ 2, 14, _note_ 2;
sheriff lends money to John Paston, 77;
dealings with Southampton, 294-295;
settlers from, in Southampton, 291;
strikes in, 123-127;
tailors of, 149, _note_ 2, 143, _note_ 3, 182, _note_ 1;
rebellion of taverners, 139;
ordinances of tawyers, 165;
withdrawal of tradesmen outside boundaries, 44-45;
jurisdiction of trades, 149, _notes_;
retaliation in taking of toll, 53, _note_ 1;
“vice-comites”, 361, _note_ 3;
regulations about wages of journeymen, 104, _note_ 1;
decay of wealth, 104, _note_ 3;
weavers, 141-142, 160-162

Lorimers of London, 163

Louis XI., extinction of liberties of French communes under, 321

Lovel, Sir Thomas, 329, _note_ 1, 347, _note_ 2

Lübeck, merchants of, at Lynn, 404

Ludlow, its school, 13, _note_ 2

Lydd, gun made for, 54, _note_ 1;
troubles caused by Andrew Bate, 60;
seals of community and of mayor, 233, _note_ 1, 238;
lands, 237-238;
dispute about ownership of shore, 238;
custumal, 257, _note_ 4;
helps Warwick, 262;
helps Edward IV., 263;
town clerks, 60, 262;
treasurer, 263

Lydgate, 21

Lyhert, Walter, bishop of Norwich, 394, _note_ 1

Lymington, its treaty with Southampton, 53, _note_ 4

Lynn, its people seek protection against ruling burgesses, 242-243;
relations with bishop of Norwich, 403, 408, 412, 419, 423-424, 428;
advantages of its position, 404;
three classes in, 407;
constitution in 1417, 409;
prosperity, 410;
expenses, 410-411;
financial difficulties, 411-413;
dispute between ruling body and people, 411-420;
failure of attempt to gain popular liberty, 423-426, 428;
barge, 410;
non-burgesses of, their share in administration, 412, 413;
change in mode of electing for Parliament, 420, _note_ 1;
cattle market, 404;
charter, 421;
committee of eighteen, 412-416;
councils, 402, 413, 419-422, 424, 425;
its constabularies, 279, _note_, 415, _note_ 2, 421;
copper, 54;
wealth and importance of corporation, 402;
franchise not obligatory on settlers, 408;
admission of “foreign” inhabitants to, 417;
German merchants, 404;
guilds, 13, _note_ 2, 151, _note_ 1, 217, 403-407, 425;
guild merchant, 184, 196, _note_ 3, 198, _note_ 1, 403;
guildhall, 406;
“inferiores”, their decline, 420-425;
jurats, 407, 409, 421;
loans to the King, 411, 423;
mayor, composition with, 243;
his powers of distraint, 243, _note_ 1;
mode of election, 409, 416-417;
salary, 413;
sent as ambassador to Bruges, 422;
“mediocres”, 407-409, 412, 413;
merchants made freemen of Canterbury, 49, _note_ 2;
their power, 403, 425;
ordinances about elections, 414-416;
prolocutor, 414;
“potentiores”, 196, _note_ 3, 407-409, 412, 413, 419;
their alliance with “mediocres”, 421-424;
election of serjeant, 418, _note_ 3;
trade, 404;
town clerk, 414, 415;
wealth, 326;
members of Coventry guild at, 206, _note_

Lyttleton’s “New Tenures”, extracts made by town clerks from, 259

M

Macclesfield, school at, 16

Machinery, trouble caused by introduction of, 89-90

Magna Charta, copies bought by burghers, 236;
extracts made by town clerks from, 259

“Magnates”, of Norwich, 196, _note_ 3, 249

Malt, made by brewers, 89

Manchester, its grammar school, 17;
trade with Liverpool, 41, _note_;
election of court leet jury, 249, _note_ 2

Mancroft ward, Norwich, 376, _note_ 2

Manners, Latin treatise on, translation of, 5;
anxiety of burghers about, 8-10

Manufacturers in suburbs, 96-97

Manufactures, the home, of the suburbs, 97

Marches, Scotch, their laws codified in fifteenth century, 258,
_note_ 3

Margaret of Anjou, grant from revenue of Southampton to, 300, _note_ 3

Market, its situation, 24;
origin, 25-27;
early control of, 26;
grants of, 26, 27;
right of, in Scotland, 27, _note_ 1;
regulation of 33, 34, 39, 40;
laws made by government and by towns, 36, _note_ 1;
officials of, 34;
of Kipton Ash, 404, _note_ 1;
the cattle, of Lynn, 404;
of Norwich, 367, _note_ 2

Market-place of Norwich, 31;
of Nottingham, 324

Market-crosses, 32

Marlborough, its treaty with Southampton, 53, _note_ 4;
trouble caused by craft guilds in, 142

Mary, Queen, renews charter to Liverpool, 41

“Marye of Hampton”, 291, _note_ 3

Masons, rules made by guild of, 147;
forbidden to confederate, 148, _note_ 3

Maximilian, treaty with, 311

Mayor, testing of weights and measures by, 27-28;
officials of market sworn before, 34;
his office as protector of people, 36-38;
robe of “clean scarlet”, 62;
modes of his election, 226-228, 274-276;
his assistants, 228;
oath on “Black Book”, 230;
of Bristol, 212, _note_ 2;
his supervision of trades, 37-38;
of Canterbury, 284;
of Coventry, 205, 207, _note_ 2;
of Exeter, his election, 169-171;
member of tailors’ guild appointed, 178;
law of 1496 about his election, 169-171, 180;
of Liverpool in 1380, his wealth, 61, _note_ 2, 251, _note_ 1;
of London, 16, 149 _notes_;
of Lynn, modes of his election, 409, 414-417;
salary, 413;
sent as ambassador to Bruges, 422-423;
of Norwich, replaces bailiffs, 373;
his imprisonment in London, 392;
charges brought against, 393, _note_ 2;
of Nottingham, 251, _note_ 2;
presented at court leet, 346, 349, 354;
of Oxford, 244;
of Plymouth, 220;
of Romney, elected at Stuppeney’s tomb, 59, _note_;
of Sandwich, his election, 226-227, 274, 430-434;
of Southampton, 298;
deposed, 303, _note_ 1;
his powers, 306;
election, 274-275, 306-307, 312-313;
decree about payment of his salary, 314;
presented at court leet, 318, _note_;
his important position, 319-320;
his authority as King’s admiral, 319;
alderman of guild, 306, 407, _note_ 2;
of Wycombe, 228, 260, _note_ 4;
of York, Edward IV.’s patent about election of, 186

Measures, petition of commons to Henry VII. about, 27, _note_ 3;
standard, towns compelled to keep, 27;
tested and sealed by mayor, 27-28

“Mediocres” of Lynn, 407, 408, 409, 412, 413, 421, 424

Mediterranean, trade of Southampton with, 289-290

Melcombe Regis, election of officers, 275, _note_ 4

Meller, Dame Agnes, founds school at Nottingham, 19, _note_ 3

Melors, Thomas, mayor of Nottingham, 349

“Mercatores” of Coventry guild, 204

Mercers of Coventry, 183, 204, _note_;
of London, provision made by one for his widow, 80;
of Shrewsbury, royal charter granted to, 182, _note_ 1;
mistery of, at York, 69, _note_ 2;
house, Nottingham, 324-325

Merchants, schools founded by, 16-17;
their difficulties, 69-72;
wealth, 69, 72-74;
views of “poor commons” about their gains, 70-71;
marks, 71;
one at Abingdon gives money towards bridges, 75-76;
become landed proprietors, 79;
Knights of the Bath, 79;
associations of, 108;
of Cinque Ports, their privileges, 52, _note_;
English, keeping of sea given to, 323;
of Germany, their organization at Lynn, 404;
Irish, in Liverpool, 41, _note_;
Italian, laws about their buying, 293;
expelled from London, 293;
settle in Southampton, 293;
of Lübeck, at Lynn, 404;
of Lynn, made freemen of Canterbury, 49, _note_ 2;
their powers, 403, 425

Metals, Southampton made staple of, 293

Mickletorn jury at Nottingham, 138, 345-346, 356-358

Mill-stones, cost of, 406, _note_ 1;
brought from Paris and Andernach, 406;

Mills, fulling, forbidden by Parliament, 90;
the school, at Manchester, inhabitants forced to grind corn at, 17

Monopoly, 48, 49, 51, 56

Morpeth, 186, _note_ 3, 237, 238

Mortmain, license to, given to Trinity Guild, Coventry, 203;
to S. John Baptist’s Guild, 203, _note_ 4;
to fullers and tailors of Coventry, 209;
grant to assign lands in, given to merchant guild of Bridgewater,
214;
statute of, results of its extension to cities and boroughs, 215

N

Netherlands, distress caused by their rivalry with England, 87;
wool sent from Southampton to, 291;
settlers from, in English towns, 320;
in Sandwich, 429;
independent temper of towns of, 360-361

Netley Abbey, its treaty with Southampton, 53, _note_ 4

Newcastle, weavers of, 102, _note_ 2;
piece-work in, 121, _note_ 5;
quarrel among guilds about government, 185-186

New Sarum attempts free trade, 47, _note_ 1;
its treaty with Southampton, 53, _note_ 1

Non-burgesses of Lynn, their share in administration, 413;
in Nottingham, their numbers, 325

Norfolk, supervision of its woollen trade by Norwich, 385-386

Northampton, its dispute with abbot of Thorney, 52, _note_;
style, 278, _note_ 1;
tin, 54

Norwich, complaint of democracy against oligarchy in, 241-242;
character and value of its political experiments, 361, 396-397;
early constitution, 361-365;
copying of old documents, 370, _note_ 4;
troubles about election in 1404, 373-374;
disputes between mayor’s council and commonalty, 379-380;
its disputes with the prioress of Carrow, hospital of S. Paul, and
abbot of Wendling, 387, _note_;
with abbot of Holme, 387, 391-392;
with prior of the cathedral, 387, 391, 395-396;
struggle between county party and town party, 385-395;
insurrection of John Gladman, 392-393;
refusal to advance money to King, 393;
visited by him, 394;
reception of the Duke of York, 394;
poverty in fifteenth century, 395;
causes of decay, 397-398;
cause of failure of its attempt to gain popular liberty, 427-428;
its account-books, 370, _note_ 4;
aldermen, 362, _note_ 2, 380;
apprentices, payments by, 102, _note_ 2;
assembly, 371-372, 377-379;
superseded by twenty-four, 365;
assembly rolls, 370;
“Le Bachery”, 389, 392;
bailiffs, 361-364, 373;
chandlers presented at court leet, 140;
chapel of the Blessed Virgin in the Fields, 389, 397;
charters, 371-373, 379-380, 395;
churches, 329, _note_ 2;
“the citizens”, 366, 367, 368, 370, 373, 376, 399-401;
craft guilds, 144, _note_ 1, 381-384;
supervision of cloth and wool trade, 149, _note_ 1, 385-386;
system of contracting for work in surrounding villages, 105-106;
the community or commonalty of, 366-373, 376, 377, 399;
composition of 1415, 374-380;
councils, 170, 278, _note_ 2, 363-365, 369-377, 419;
“customs”, 364;
election of common councillors, 376, 380-381;
election of officers after 1415, 377-379;
employers made responsible for servants, 101, _note_ 2;
franchises forfeited, 367, 389, 391-393;
restored, 391, 394;
freemen must belong to craft guild, 383;
foreign settlers, 320;
guilds, 144, _note_ 1;
guild of S. George, 384-385, 389, 395;
income in 1378, 370, _note_ 4;
justices of the peace, 362, _note_ 2;
condition of its labourers before 1340, 101;
its four leets, 361-362;
replaced by wards, 380;
leet courts, 362;
loan to King, 372, _note_ 2;
magnates, 196, _note_ 3, 249;
manufacturing trade, its decline, 88;
market, 367, _note_ 2;
market-place, 31;
mayor, 373;
mayor imprisoned in London, 392;
charges against him, 393, _note_ 2;
lawsuit about rights of pasture, 238;
petition to Parliament, 367;
capital pledges, 362, 381;
statute of 1477 about Pye-powder court, 393, _note_ 2;
recorder, 387;
increased rents, 400;
common seal, 390, 391, 392;
sheriffs, 373, 381;
official styles, 365-368, 373;
appointment of supervisors of bread, 35, _note_ 4;
tanners, 105;
tolbooth, 362, 389, _note_ 1;
traders ordered to become freemen, 400;
wards, 376, 380;
wealth, causes of its decay, 104, _note_ 3;
White Book, 258, _note_ 3;
law about ordinances of worsted-shearers, 149, _note_ 1;
relations with country workmen, 105-106

Norwich, bishop of, begs for restoration of town’s liberties, 391;
relations of, with Lynn, 403, 408-412, 419, 423-424, 428

Nottingham, advantages of its position, 322-325;
ordered to contribute to keeping of sea, 323;
condition of people, 327-328;
small part played by ecclesiastical interests in, 329;
its quarrel with Sir John Babington, 329, _note_ 1;
given to Anne of Bohemia, 330;
supports Edward IV., 330;
attitude towards Richard III., 330;
granted to Elizabeth Woodville, 330, _note_ 1;
sends deputation to Henry VII., 331;
increasing wealth in fifteenth century, 331;
originally governed by reeve, 331;
grants from Henry II., 331;
from Edward II., 333;
privileges gained during Welsh war, 332;
sends men to help King against Jack Cade, 334;
condition of its government in 1500, 344;
struggle between government and people, 345-359;
“alablaster man”, 54, 326;
aldermen, 309, 339-341;
common assembly, 341, 347-348, 352-353;
bell-foundry, 326;
bell-metal got from Lincolnshire, 54, _note_ 1;
two boroughs, 332;
complaint about brewers, 38;
bridges, 322, 324, 341;
Bridlesmith gate, 326;
burgesses, their relations with the people, 312, _note_, 355,
_note_ 3;
distinguished from community, 334-336;
burgesses fined for not attending meetings, 336;
butchers’ house, 324;
castle, 323;
charters, 330-334, 339;
church of S. Mary, 326;
town clerk, 19, 20, 263-264, 337;
“clothing”, 341, 352-353, 355, 356, _note_ 1, 357;
coal-mines, 325;
common, 314, _note_ 5;
“community” or commonalty, 338-343;
council, 337-340, 355, 357;
disputes about control of Trent, 328-329;
drapers’ house, 325;
exemption from forest laws and forest officers, 328;
agreement with Lenton convent about its fair, 348, _note_ 3;
ferm, 328, 330, 332;
franchises forfeited, 332;
terms of admission to freedom, 325;
forestalling, 50, _note_ 1;
Girdler gate, 326;
goldsmith, 54, 326;
guildhall, 325;
guild merchant, 332;
common hall, 343;
houses, 327;
illuminator, 326;
image-maker, 326;
industries, 325-327;
jury of forty-eight, 356, 357, 358;
special juries, 341;
justices of peace, 339, 340;
common lands, 237, 334, 335-336, 342-343, 348, _note_ 3;
leet, 341, 346, 356, 19, 229, 345-346;
market-place, 324;
mayors, 251, _note_ 2;
their independent rule in sixteenth century, 354;
mayor presented at court leet, 346, 349, 354;
fined for not rendering accounts, 353, _note_;
mercers’ house, 324-325;
Mickletorn jury, 138, 345-346, 356-358;
money borrowed by corporation, 328;
numbers of non-burgesses in, 325;
Whitsuntide offerings, 329;
paviour, 32, _note_ 3;
recorder, 347-348;
Red Book, 334, 337, 355, 356;
sources of revenue, 47;
rolls, 259;
free school, 19, 348, _note_ 3, 354, _note_ 4;
styles, 334-336;
subsidy roll of 1472, 327;
tin, 54;
tolls at Retford, 335, _note_ 2;
raising of river-side tolls forbidden, 329;
trade and prosperity, 324-328;
results of wide distribution of wealth, 251;
weavers’ guild, 141, _note_;
provision for widows, 80;
workmen charged with taking too much pay, 132

Nycoll, William, sends his ship to Bay of Biscay, 291, _note_ 3

O

Occleve, 21

Oldham, Hugh, bishop of Exeter, completes Manchester grammar school,
17

Oligarchy, the ruling, alliance of guilds with burghers against,
167-168, 184;
powers assumed by, in Ipswich, 240-241, 252;
Lincoln, 244;
Lynn, 242-243;
Norwich, 241-242;
Oxford, 244;
government by, its beginnings in towns, 240-246, 255-257;
its character, 256-257, 264-265

Orgram, John, of Nottingham, 337, _note_ 1

Orwellstow, owned by Lydd, 237

Oxford, marriage contract of cook’s daughter at, 61, _note_ 4;
craft guilds, 142;
charges brought against governing body, 244-245;
aldermen, 245, _note_ 2, 278, _note_ 2;
charter, 278, _note_ 2;
formation of second council, 278;
common lands, 237;
mayor, 244, 278, _note_ 2;
Provisions of, 253

P

Palmers, guild of, at Ludlow, its school, 13, _note_ 2

Paper takes place of parchment, 259

Parchment, use of, ordered at Worcester in 1467, 259, _note_ 6

Paris, Jacques Cœur at, 81;
mill-stones brought from, 406, _note_ 1

Parliament forbids use of fulling mills 90;
its laws about hired workers, 121;
Acts of, copied by town clerks, 259;
Act for fixing apprentices’ fees in Norwich, 102, _note_ 2;
for deepening Stour, 435;
members of, their election in Lynn, 420, _note_ 1;
in Norwich, 379;
in Shrewsbury, 285

Parr, Sir William, 78

Paston, Edmund, 79-80

Paston, John, 77;
his marriage, 80

Paston, Margery, her marriage, 80

Paston, William, 390, _note_ 1, 391

Paving, grant for, to Liverpool, 32, _note_ 3

Paviours, appointment of, 32, _note_ 3

Payne, Thomas, his trade with Zealand, 291, _note_ 3

Peasant revolt, 213, _note_ 3, 265

Pepperers’ Company of London, founding of, 144, _note_ 2;
laws to protect consumer against, 139-140;
replace Jews at King’s exchange, 69, _note_ 1

Percyvale, Sir John, endows school at Macclesfield, 16

Perkins, Robert, 210, _note_ 2

Philip, Archduke, treaty with, 311

Piece-work, disputes about, 88;
in Newcastle and London, 121, _note_ 5

Plate stored in merchants’ houses, 74;
left by grocer of Bristol, 74, _note_ 1;
pawning of, 78

Pledges, capital, of Norwich, 362, 381

Plumpton, Sir William, his marriage, 78, 79, _note_ 2;
joins fraternity of S. Christopher at York, 205, _note_ 1

Plumpton, Lady, joins fraternity of S. Christopher at York, 205,
_note_ 1

Plymouth, formed by union of three hamlets, 219-220;
its incorporation, 220;
church of S. Andrew, 220;
guild merchant, 220.

Poles of Hull, 79, _note_ 2

Pontefract, its council, 278, _note_ 1

Portmen of Ipswich, 223, 250, 252

Portreeve of Canterbury, 283

Portsmouth, its treaty with Southampton, 53, _note_ 4;
control exercised by mayor of Southampton over, 319

Portugal, its trade with Southampton, 291, 294

“Potentiores” of Lynn, 196, _note_ 3, 407-409, 412, 413, 419, 421-424

Preston, distinction between “foreign” and “inn” burgesses, 47;
punishment of mayor for striking burgess, 227, _note_ 2;
government, 275, _note_ 4;
election of chief officers, 276;
school, 14, _note_ 2;
“stallingers”, 48;
style, 231, _note_, 275, _note_ 4

Prices, controversy as to fixing of, 139-140

Priests forbidden to keep schools at Bridgenorth, 18

“Probi homines”, 249

Prolocutor of Lynn, 414

“Protection” of industry, 53, 56, 100

“Prud’hommes”, appointment of, 34

Prussia, its trade with Lynn, 404

Q

Queensborough, merchants of, in guild of Coventry, 206, _note_

Querdling, John, 390

R

Reading, almshouse of poor sisters at, 14, _note_ 2;
guild merchant, 203, _note_ 2;
first use of paper for accounts, 259, _note_ 6

Recorder of Exeter, 168, 171, _note_;
of Norwich, 387;
of Nottingham, 347-348;
of Southampton, 302-303

Redehode, his gifts to the church at Wycombe, 75, _note_ 2

Regrating, 39, 54

Retford, settlement about its tolls, 335, _note_ 2

Revenue of towns, its source, 47

Rhineland, its trade with Lynn, 404;
with Southampton, 289

Rhône, trade of Jacques Cœur on, 81

Rhymes of fifteenth century, their character, 6;
nailed on church door in Coventry, 211

Ricarto, Robert de, town clerk of Bristol, 264, _note_ 1;
his Calendar, 20

Richard I., his charter to Oxford, 278, _note_ 2

Richard II., his charter to Liverpool, 41;
to “the citizens” of Norwich, 371;
guilds formed in his reign, 155, _note_ 1;
his grants to the Emperor, 292, _note_ 1

Richard III., his laws concerning foreigners, 94;
letter to Southampton, 313;
attitude of Nottingham towards, 330

Richard the Writer, of Nottingham, 326

Ripe, marshland common on, held by Lydd, 237

Robert, bishop of Lincoln, translation of his “Rules”, 5

Rochester, Alcock, bishop of, 14

Rolls of towns, 259

Romney, “extravagantes” in, 47;
payment to apprentice at end of service, 120, _note_ 1;
arrest of non-freeman for attending common council, 224, _note_ 2;
church of S. Nicholas, 59, _note_;
town clerk, 61, 261, 262, _note_, 263;
fines paid by foreigners, 91, _note_ 1;
jurats, 278, _note_ 1;
common land, 237;
election of Mayor, 59, _note_

Rose, John, chamberlain of Nottingham, 344, _note_ 2;
mayor, 349

Rother, old bed of, held by Romney, 237

Rotherham, college at, 13

Rowe, Daniel, of Romney, 61

“Rules of S. Robert”, translation of, 5

Russell, John, 79, _note_ 1

Rye, punishment in, for striking mayor, 227, _note_ 2;
seals, 233, _note_ 1;
framing of ordinances, 258, _note_ 3;
proposed union with Tenterden, 262;
burnt, 323

S

Saddlers of London, strike among journeymen of, 125-126;
their controversy with crafts that worked for them, 162-165

S. Albans, guild merchant of, 203, _note_ 2

S. Botolph’s, lord of the fair of, his dispute with Lincoln, 244

Salt marsh held by Romney, 237

Saltmarsh, Southampton, 314

Samon, John, 251, _note_ 2

Sandwich, member of Cinque Ports, 428;
primitive constitution, 430-431;
makes peace with Edward IV., 431;
changes in its constitution in middle of fifteenth century, 431-432;
conflict between governing class and commonalty, 432-434;
royal grant of 1548 to, 435;
ruin of popular liberties in sixteenth century, 433-436;
common assembly, 225-226, 430;
Black Book and White Book, 258, _note_ 3;
church of S. Clement, 227;
of S. Mary, 75, _note_ 2;
town clerk, 257, _note_ 4, 262, _note_, 263;
common council, 430, 432-434;
custumal, 257, _note_ 4;
Delf canal, 435;
foreigners in, 91, _note_ 1, 320, 429;
goldsmith employed to weigh bread, 37-38;
guilds, 155;
common horn, 227;
hornblowing, 430;
hospital of S. Thomas, 75;
Italian merchants allowed to buy in, 293;
jurats, 430;
election of mayor, 226-227, 274, 430-434;
non-burgesses fined for attending elections, 431;
grammar school, 16;
wards, 431

Schools, causes of their desertion, 14, _note_ 2;
control of, transferred from clergy to people, 17-19;
free grammar, their foundation, 13-17;
their training, 21-22;
influence, 22-23;
first school founded by layman, 16, _note_ 2;
school at Appleby, 14, _note_ 2;
school at Ashburton, 13, _note_ 2;
Banbury, 17;
Bristol, 13, _note_ 2, 20;
Canterbury, 14, _note_ 2;
attached to Clare Hall, Cambridge, 14;
at Coventry, 14, _note_ 2;
Deritend, 13, _note_ 2;
Hull, 14;
Liverpool, 14, _note_ 2;
London, 13, _note_ 2, 14, _note_ 2;
Ludlow, 13, _note_ 2;
Macclesfield, 16;
Manchester, 17;
Nottingham, 19, 348, _note_ 3, 354, _note_ 4;
school at Preston, 14, _note_ 2;
Reading, 14;
Sandwich, 16;
Shrewsbury, 13, _note_ 2;
Stockport, 16;
Stratford, 13, _note_ 2;
Worcester, 13, _note_ 2;
Wotton-under-Edge, 16, _note_ 2

Schoolmasters, Erasmus’s description of, 22, _note_

Scott, Thomas, founds Rotherham college, 13

Scrope, Sir John, visit of Sir William Plumpton’s daughter to, 78

Sea, keeping of, given to English merchants, 323

Seal of the community distinguished from mayor’s seal, 233, 238;
the common, of Norwich, 390, 391, 392;
of Southampton, 309;
of Winchester, 286

Selling, Prior, appoints master for Canterbury school, 14, _note_ 2

Serles, John, town clerk of Sandwich, 257, _note_ 4

Serjeant of Lynn, his election, 418, _note_ 3;
of Southampton, his election, 309;
rules about his appointment in Worcester and Bridgenorth, 271,
_note_ 3

Servants, their duties during harvest, 64;
of country gentry, appointed to offices of importance, 79, _note_ 1

Shaa, Sir Edmund, establishes school at Stockport, 16

Shearers of cloth resist introduction of machinery, 89

Shearmen of London, 123-124;
of Shrewsbury, 126, _note_

Sheriffs, election of, 275, _note_ 3;
of Norwich, their election, 373;
their tourns, 381

Sherwood Forest, 328

Shillingford, John, mayor of Exeter, 168, 172

Ships, English, sent out to foreign ports, 291;
for protecting Southampton harbour, 298

Shipbuilding in Southampton, 289

Shoemakers, protection of tanners against, 165-166;
protected against cobblers, 166;
quarrels with cordwainers, 166;
of London, their complaint about foreigners, 95, _note_ 1;
strikes among their journeymen, 124-125

Shrewsbury, constitutional changes in fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, 285-286;
aldermen, 286;
bailiffs, 285;
councils, 285, 286;
disputes with Worcester as to jurisdiction over Severn, 42,
_note_ 1;
drapers’ company, 173, _note_ 4, 183-184;
election of Members of Parliament, 285;
foreigners in guild, 49, _note_ 1;
guild of Trinity, 144, _note_ 2, 173, _note_ 4;
mercers, 182, _note_ 1;
shearmen, the festival suppressed, 126, _note_;
school, 13, _note_ 2;
trade troubles, 324

Shropshire, its wool, 88, _note_ 3

Silver, its exportation forbidden, 69, _note_ 3

Sligo, its trade with Southampton, 289

Smallwood, John, town clerk of Hythe, 263, _note_ 1

Smiths at Coventry, election of keepers among, 118, _note_ 1

Smuggling at Southampton, 293-294

Songs, political and satirical, their decline in fifteenth century, 6;
pictures of town life in, 6-12

Soper, William, repairs Water gate, Southampton, &c., 291

Southampton, example of early municipal government, 288;
its early constitution, 305-306;
attempt to make it a free port, 290;
burnt, 295, 299;
interference of royal officers in, 296-297;
seized into King’s hands, 298;
heavy charges, 299, 300;
grant to Margaret of Anjou, 300, _note_ 3;
money troubles, 300-304, 313-314;
grant to hold land, 304, _note_ 2;
Richard III.’s letter to, 313;
want of political activity, 318;
outer influences acting on, 320-321;
administration, 305-321;
alms, 295-296;
aldermen, 307-309, 312, _note_;
archers, 297, _note_ 2;
audit house, 310;
bailiffs, 305, 309;
Bargate tower, 310;
inquisition of boundaries in 1254, 314, _note_ 4;
castle, 297, _note_ 3;
common box, 314;
burgesses distinguished from commonalty, 311;
its charters, 306-310;
common chest, 309, 314;
church of S. Michael, 308;
of Holy Rood, 316;
town clerk, 309;
foreign commerce, 288-292, 294, 320-321;
common, 238, 314;
corruption by town authorities, 294-295;
council, 280, 308, 309;
made into county, 310;
leasing out of customs, 68, 291;
pressure of military discipline, 297-300;
twelve discreets, 278, _note_ 1, 308, 309;
dispute with S. Julian’s Hospital, 314-315;
with abbot of Westminster, 52, _note_ 1;
about Winchester fair, 292-293;
fair, 293;
ferm, 300-305;
foreign settlers, 289, 293, 320;
God’s House Meadow, 314;
guild merchant, 198, _note_ 1, 207, _note_ 3, 305;
exclusive right of melting tin ore given to, 293;
guildhall, 310, 312;
guild rules, 258, _note_ 1;
town gunner, 298;
protection of harbour, 298;
hospital of S. Julian, 295;
home industries, 288-289;
Italian merchants in, 290, 293;
common lands, 311, 314-317;
settlement of London traders in, 291;
mayor the alderman of the guild, 306, 407, _note_ 2;
his powers, 306;
election, 274-275, 306-307, 312-313;
salary, 314;
authority as King’s admiral, 319;
importance, 319-320;
presented at court leet, 318, _note_;
deposed, 303, _note_ 1;
burgesses allowed to do without, 307;
town officers, their election and duties, 308-309;
“out-burgesses”, 47, _note_ 2;
outlay in 1428, 303-304;
paviour, 32, _note_ 3;
relief to paupers, 296;
recorder, 302, 303;
revenue in 1428, 303-304;
Saltmarsh, 314;
common seal, 309;
smuggling, 293-294;
made staple of metals, 293;
style, 307, 308;
decree about alien tailors, 294;
treaties with trading towns, 53;
growth of trade, 292-294, 305, _note_ 1;
maintenance of walls, &c., 292, 298-299;
wharf, 294, _note_ 1;
Water gate, 291;
money left for water pipes, 76;
condition of working people in fourteenth century, 295, 296

Southwell, church of, Whitsuntide offerings at, 329

Spain, its trade with Bristol, 73;
with Southampton, 290, 291, 294

Speaker, the common, of Lynn, 414;
of common council of Norwich, 376;
of House of Commons, 376, _note_ 3

Spurriers, guild of, its rules, 147

“Stallingers” in Preston, 48

Stapledon, Bishop, founds Ashburton school and Exeter college, 13,
_note_ 2

Statutes for regulation of craft guilds, 148-149;
for protection of drapers’ craftsmen, 87

Steelyard, right of keeping, 27

Stockport, its school, 16

Stour, Act of Parliament for deepening, 435

Stratford, school of guild at, 13, _note_ 2

Stratford, London butchers rent houses at, 44-45;
meeting of journeymen saddlers at, 126

Streets, improvement in their condition, 32

Strikes among journeymen, 123-127

Stroud, Flemish workmen settle in valley of, 88

Stuppeneys, the, of Romney, 59, _note_

Suffolk, Earl of, 387, 392

Sundays, reason for rules about closing on, 148;
shooting practised at Southampton on, 297;
trading forbidden on, 133

Sussex, popular movements in, 429

Sutton, Priors’, united with King’s Suttons, 219-220

Sye, John, obtains licence to enclose common ground in Nottingham,
348, _note_ 3

Symon, of Lynn, his pledge on behalf of Lübeck merchants, 404

Syre, John, schoolmaster at Canterbury, 14, _note_ 2

T

Tailors of Coventry, 208-209;
of Exeter, 172-181, 184;
of Lynn, 151, _note_ 1;
merchant, of London, granted royal charter, 182, _note_ 1;
their charters of 1390 and 1502, 143, _note_ 3;
their right of search transferred to mayor, 149, _note_ 1;
their school, 13, _note_ 2;
strike among their journeymen, 126-127;
alien, decree of Southampton in 1407 about, 294

Tames, the, of Fairford, 68

Tanners, protected against shoemakers, 165-166;
of Norwich, 105

Taverners, profit allowed to be taken by, 36;
rebellions of, in London, 139

Tawyers of London, their ordinances of 1365, 165

Tenterden, its proposed union with Rye, 261-262

Thorney, abbot of, his dispute with Northampton, 52, _note_

Tilers, regulations for their work, 152

Tilly, mayor of Bristol, 267

Tin ore, exclusive right of melting given to Southampton guild, 293

Tol-booth of Norwich, 362, 389, _note_ 1

Toll, retaliation in taking of, 53, _note_ 1;
at Ipswich, money left for relief from, 76;
at Retford, settled by Nottingham, 335, _note_ 2

“Tollerati” in Canterbury, 47

“Tolleration money” in Canterbury, 47

Totnes, its merchant guild, 33, _note_ 2, 220

Tourns of sheriffs of Norwich, 381

Towns, the characteristic movement of the fifteenth century in,
269-270;
their condition in Middle Ages, 29-33;
their accounts, use of Roman numerals in, 259;
town-books, 258;
burgesses and commonalty, 231-236;
copies of Magna Charta bought by, 236;
class inequalities and rivalries, 60;
effacing of class-distinctions, 80-81;
ancient customs, 230;
copying and translating of custumals, 257-258;
keeping of deeds, 258, _note_ 2;
systems of government, 223-230, 253-254, 273-281;
foreigners in, 90-96;
their relations with guilds, 128-131, 135-138, 140-158, 181-189,
194;
jury-system, 228-229;
intellectual life, 19-23;
common lands, 234, 237-239;
their traditions of ancient liberties, 235-236;
prosperous middle class of, 57;
the appointment of officers in, 249-252;
rise of oligarchy, 240-246, 255-257, 264-265;
ordinances affected by local circumstances, 99, _note_ 2;
strife of parties, 158-159, 190-191;
early privileges, 50-51;
questions of conflicting rights in, 51-52;
rolls, 259-260;
treaties made between towns, 52-53;
of eastern coast, their intense vitality, 360-361;
of Netherlands, their temper of independence, 360-361.

Trade, mediæval system of, 55;
contrasted with modern theory, 134-136;
reasons for its regulation, 43-48;
its depression under Henry VIII., 87;
free, 41, 47-56;
manufacturing, its decline in Canterbury, London, and Norwich, 88;
between towns, 53-54;
of Bristol, 73;
of Liverpool, 41;
of Lynn, 404.
_See_ Cloth, Wool

Trade union, modern, its difference from mediæval craft guild,
115-116, 134-136, 159-160

Traders, English, their character, 82-85;
power to hold citizenship in more than one borough, 49;
rough training, 57-59;
position in towns, 60-62;
devices to increase wealth, 64-66;
capitalists and employers, 66-67;
lend money to kings, 78;
great marriages, 78-80;
their art of organization, 83;
their complaint against foreigners, 94-95;
against suburban manufacturers, 96-97;
their fraudulent dealings, 137-138;
feeling of common folk against, 138;
their foundation of schools, 16, 17;
withdrawal outside town boundaries, 45-46;
alien, 39-40, 47-48

Trades ordered to form themselves into guilds, 155-156;
disputes about boundaries, 165-166;
terms of incorporation, 156;
of London, jurisdiction of, in early fourteenth century, 149,
_note_ 2

Treaties between towns, 52-53, 233;
commercial, of Henry VII., 87

Trenode, Richard, his services to Plymouth, 219-220

Trent, bridge over, 322, 324;
dispute about control of waters, 328-329;
free passage granted to Nottingham, 331

“Triours” of Canterbury, 276

“Trove”, weighing of wool at the, 28

Tuddenham, Sir Thomas, 388, 389, 391, 393, 394

Turks, war against, grant from Richard II. to Emperor for, 292,
_note_ 1

Turtle, mayor of Bristol, 267

Tyece, James, of Romney, 61

U

Usurers, burghers become, 77-78

V

Venice, its trade with Southampton, 288, 290, 291;
ships of, compete with Jacques Cœur for Mediterranean coasting
trade, 81;
galleys, 288, 305, _note_ 1

“Vice-comites”, 361, _note_ 3

Victuallers, profit allowed to be taken by, 35-36;
their wealth, 60-65;
forbidden to hold offices in towns, 62, _note_ 1

W

Wages, payment on truck system, 65-66;
disputes about, 88;
fixed by law, 152;
of labourers and artizans in fifteenth century, 131-133;
of labourer in Norwich before 1340, 101;
of journeyman, 104, _note_ 1;
of town clerk, 262

Wakefield, cloth-makers at, 89

Walden, teaching of children at, 17-18

Waleys, Nicholas, 390

Wallingford, its trade with Romney, 61

Walloons in Sandwich, 430, _note_ 4

Walsall, authority of guilds at, 183-184

Wars of the Roses, action of townsmen in, 331;
their effects on towns, 265;
on Southampton budget, 300-304

Wards of Norwich, 376, 380;
of Sandwich, 431;
hereditary owners of, 253;
of Canterbury, 276, 279, _note_ 1

Warden of guilds sworn before mayor, 150

Warwick, guilds and government in, 186

Warwick, Earl of, 302;
Lydd sends men to help, 262;
his relations with Southampton, 299, 302, 303

Wayhill, fair at, 66

Wealth, its unequal distribution among townspeople, 60;
of butchers, brewers, and victuallers, 60-65;
devices to increase, 64-67

Weavers of Bristol, their complaints, 92;
forbidden to employ women, 96, _note_;
of Leicester, 122, _note_ 1;
of London, their privileges, 141-142;
quarrels with burellers, 160-162;
decline of the guild, 162;
of Newcastle, 102, _note_ 2;
of Nottingham, their payment to King for guild, 141, _note_;
of Winchester, 121, _note_ 5;
of York, their monopoly, 106, _note_ 1;
Flemish, in England, 90-91, 94;
ordinances for, 162

Weigher, the common, 34

Weights tested and sealed by mayor, 27-28;
use of stones for, 28

Wells, its council of twenty-four, 278, _note_ 1

Welles, John, 391

Wendling, abbot of, his disputes with Norwich, 387, _note_

Westminster, abbot of, his relations with Southampton, 52, _note_,
53, _note_ 4

Wetherby, Thomas, 389-393

Whittingdon, Richard, his prosperity, 72

Widows, provision for, in Nottingham and London, 80

Wight, Isle of, supplied by Southampton with wool for web, 289

William of Worcester, 20

William-at-the-Mill, 262

Wiltshire, Earl of, seizes carracks of Genoa in Southampton, 302

Winchelsea, its gun-metal, 54, _note_ 1;
election of jurats in, 434, _note_ 2

Winchester attempts free trade, 47, _note_ 1;
its treaty with Southampton, 53;
fair, 66, 292;
ordinance against payment on truck system, 66, _note_ 1;
payment of weavers in, 121, _note_ 5;
bailiffs, 286;
craft guilds, 142;
contribution of burellers to ferm, 154, _note_ 1;
German town clerk, 261;
method of electing mayor, 274;
its constitution, 286;
its common seal, 286;
staple for wool, 290;
Parliament at, 400

Women might be traders, 33, _note_ 2;
admitted to guild merchant, 33, 193, _note_;
disputes about employment of, 88;
employment as weavers in Bristol forbidden, 96, _note_;
their property guarded by law, 33, _note_ 2

Wool stored in common house, 3;
weighed at the “Trove”, 28;
manufactured at Nottingham, 326;
different qualities of, 88, _note_ 3;
Winchester made staple for, 290;
trade in, its importance, 11;
superseded by cloth manufacture, 98-99;
in Norfolk, supervised by Norwich, 385-386

Worcester, free school of the guild of S. Nicholas at, 13, _note_ 2;
its “citizens denizen” and “citizens foreign”, 39-40;
its disputes with Shrewsbury, 42, _note_ 1;
ordinance against payment on truck system, 66, _note_ 1;
complaint about non-observance of assize of breadth of cloth, 67,
_note_ 2;
its decay, 97, _note_ 3;
ordinances to protect townsmen against country weavers, 106;
regulation for tilers, 152;
common lands, 237;
town clerk, 259, _note_ 6;
use of parchment, 259;
appointment of serjeants and constables in, 271, _note_ 3;
its two councils, 278 _note_ 2

Worsted shearers of Norwich, 149, _note_ 1

Worsted trade of Norwich and Norfolk, 385-386

Wotton-under-Edge, first lay school at, 16, _note_ 2

Wycombe, its fair, 25, _note_ 2;
gifts to church, 75, _note_ 2;
mayor, 260, _note_ 4;
his election, 228;
binding of corporation books, 230, _note_ 2;
common lands, 237

Y

Yarmouth, its two councils, 278, _note_ 2;
translation of book of laws and customs, 258, _note_ 1;
appointment of searcher, 79, _note_ 1;
appointment of bailiffs by Cinque Ports, 434

Yelverton, Judge, 394

Ymme, John, M.P. for Norwich, 400

York, its mistery of mercers, 69, _note_ 2;
merchant’s daughter of, marries Sir W. Plumpton, 78;
coverlet-makers, 97, _note_ 3;
weavers, 106, _note_ 1;
Edward IV.’s patent about election of mayor, 186;
guilds, 205, _note_ 1;
guildhall, 205;
town clerk, 261, _note_ 1, 263

York, Duke of, his reception at Norwich, 394

Yorkshire, Flemish weavers in, 94

Z

Zealand, its trade with Southampton, 291, 294;
with Lynn, 404

END OF VOL. II

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