Chapter XXIV: Appendix

THE countries that lie between the great lakes and River Mississippi, and from thence southward to West Florida, although in the midst of a large continent, and at a great distance from the sea, are so situated, that a communication between them and other realms might conveniently be opened; by which means those empires or colonies that may hereafter be founded or planted therein, will be rendered commercial ones. The great River Mississippi, which runs through the whole of them, will enable their inhabitants to establish an intercourse with foreign climes, equally as well as the Euphrates, the Nile, the Danube, or the Wolga do those people which dwell on their banks, and who have no other convenience for exporting the produce of their own country, or for importing those of others, than boats and vessels of light burden: notwithstanding which they have become powerful and opulent states.

The Mississippi, as I have before observed, runs from north to south, and passes through the most fertile and temperate part of North America, excluding only the extremities of it, which verge both on the torrid and frigid zones. Thus favourably situated, when once its banks are covered with inhabitants, they need not long be at a loss for means to establish an extensive and profitable commerce. They will find the country towards the south almost spontaneously producing silk, cotton, indico, and tobacco; and the more northern parts, wine, oil, beef, tallow, skins, buffalo-wool, and furs; with lead, copper, iron, coals, lumber, corn, rice, and fruits, besides earth and barks for dying.

These articles, with which it abounds even to profusion, may be transported to the ocean through this river without greater difficulty than that which attends the conveyance of merchandize down some of those I have just mentioned. It is true that the Mississippi being the boundary between the English and Spanish settlements, and the Spaniards in possession of the mouth of it, they may obstruct the passage of it, and greatly dishearten those who make the first attempts; yet when the advantages that will certainly arise to settlers are known, multitudes of adventurers, allured by the prospect of such abundant riches, will flock to it, and establish themselves, though at the expence of rivers of blood.

But should the nation that happens to be in possession of New Orleans prove unfriendly to the internal settlers, they may find a way into the Gulph of Mexico by the River Iberville, which empties itself from the Mississippi, after passing through Lake Maurepas, into Lake Ponchartrain; which has a communication with the sea within the borders of West Florida. The River Iberville branches off from the Mississippi about eighty miles above New Orleans, and though it is at present choaked up in some parts, it might at an inconsiderable expence be made navigable so as to answer all the purposes proposed.

Although the English have acquired since the last peace a more extensive knowledge of the interior parts than were ever obtained before, even by the French, yet many of their productions still remain unknown. And though I was not deficient either in assiduity or attention during the short time I remained in them, yet I must acknowledge that the intelligence I gained was not so perfect as I could wish, and that it requires further researches to make the world thoroughly acquainted with the real value of these long hidden realms.

The parts of the Mississippi of which no survey have hitherto been taken, amount to upwards of eight hundred miles, following the course of the stream, that is, from the Illinois to the Ouisconsin Rivers. Those which lie to the north of the latter are included in the map of my travels. Plans of such as reach from the former to the Gulph of Mexico, have been delineated by several hands; one of the best of these, according to its size, now extant, in which is included the whole continent of North America, is annexed to this work. And I have the pleasure to find that an actual survey of the intermediate parts of the Mississippi, between the Illinois River and the sea, with the Ohio, Cherokee, and Ouabache Rivers, taken on the spot by a very ingenious Gentleman[2], is now published. I flatter myself that the observations therein contained, which have been made by one whose knowledge of the parts therein described was acquired by a personal investigation, aided by a solid judgment, will confirm the remarks I have made, and promote the plan I am here recommending.

In the map of North America adjoined, I have partitioned the country which lies adjacent to the eastern borders of the Mississippi into plantations or subordinate colonies; chusing such lands only for this purpose as by being contiguous to some river, might enjoy all the advantages I have before pointed out. These I have divided by dotted lines, and numbered; that future adventurers may readily, by referring to the map, chuse a commodious and advantageous situation. I shall also here give a concise description of each, beginning, according to the rule of geographers, with that which lies most to the north.

It is however necessary to observe, that before these settlements can be established, grants must be procured in the manner customary on such occasions, and the lands be purchased of those who have acquired a right to them by a long possession: but no greater difficulty will attend the completion of this point, than the original founders of every colony on the continent met with to obstruct their intentions; and the number of Indians who inhabit these tracts being greatly inadequate to their extent, it is not to be doubted, but they will readily give up for a reasonable consideration, territories that are of little use to them; or remove for the accommodation of their new neighbours to lands at a greater distance from the Mississippi, the navigation of which is not essential to the welfare of their communities.

N^o I. The country within these lines, from its situation, is colder than any of the others; yet I am convinced that the air is much more temperate than in those provinces that lie in the same degree of latitude to the east of it. The soil is excellent, and there is a great deal of land that is free from woods in the parts adjoining to the Mississippi; whilst on the contrary the north-eastern borders of it are well wooded. Towards the heads of the River Saint Croix, rice grows in great plenty, and there is abundance of copper. Though the Falls of Saint Anthony are situated at the south-east corner of this division, yet that impediment will not totally obstruct the navigation, as the River Saint Croix, which runs through a great part of the southern side of it, enters the Mississippi just below the Falls, and flows with so gentle a current that it affords a convenient navigation for boats. This tract is about one hundred miles from north-west to south-east, and one hundred and twenty miles from north-east to south-west.

N^o II. This tract, as I have already described it in my Journals, exceeds the highest encomiums I can give it; notwithstanding which it is entirely uninhabited, and the profusion of blessings that nature has showered on this heavenly spot return unenjoyed to the lap from whence they sprung. Lake Pepin, as I have termed it after the French, lies within these bounds; but the lake to which that name properly belongs is a little above in the River St. Croix; however, as all the traders call the lower lake by that name, I have so denominated it, contrary to the information I received from the Indians. This colony lying in unequal angles, the dimensions of it cannot be exactly given, but it appears to be on an average about one hundred and ten miles long, and eighty broad.

N^o III. The greatest part of this division is situated on the River Ouisconsin, which is navigable for boats about one hundred and eighty miles, till it reaches the Carrying-place that divides it from the Fox River. The land which is contained within its limits, is in some parts mountainous, and in others consists of fertile meadows and fine pasturage. It is furnished also with a great deal of good timber, and, as is generally the case on the banks of the Mississippi and its branches, has much fine, open, clear land, proper for cultivation. To these are added an inexhaustible fund of riches, in a number of lead mines which lie at a little distance from the Ouisconsin towards the south, and appear to be uncommonly full of ore. Although the Saukies and Ottagaumies inhabit a part of this tract, the whole of the lands under their cultivation does not exceed three hundred acres. It is in length from east to west about one hundred and fifty miles, and about eighty from north to south.

N^o IV. The colony here marked out consists of lands of various denominations, some of which are very good, and others very bad. The best is situated on the borders of the Green Bay and the Fox River, where there are innumerable acres covered with fine grass, most part of which grows to an astonishing height. This river will afford a good navigation for boats throughout the whole of its course, which is about one hundred and eighty miles, except between the Winnebago Lake, and the Green Bay; where there are several Carrying-places in the space of thirty miles. The Fox River is rendered remarkable by the abundance of rice that grows on its shores, and the almost infinite numbers of wild fowl that frequent its banks. The land which lies near it appears to be very fertile, and promises to produce a sufficient supply of all the necessaries of life for any number of inhabitants. A communication might be opened by those who shall settle here, either through the Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario with Canada, or by way of the Ouisconsin into the Mississippi. This division is about one hundred and sixty miles long from north to south, and one hundred and forty broad.

N^o V. This is an excellent tract of land, and, considering its interior situation, has greater advantages than could be expected; for having the Mississippi on its western borders, and the Illinois on its south-east, it has as free a navigation as most of the others. The northern parts of it are somewhat mountainous, but it contains a great deal of clear land, the soil of which is excellent, with many fine fertile meadows, and not a few rich mines. It is upwards of two hundred miles from north to south, and one hundred and fifty from east to west.

N^o VI. This colony being situated upon the heads of the Rivers Illinois and Ouabache, the former of which empties itself immediately into the Mississippi, and the latter into the same river by means of the Ohio, will readily find a communication with the sea through these. Having also the River Miamis passing though it, which runs into Lake Erie, an intercourse might be established with Canada also by way of the lakes, as before pointed out. It contains a great deal of rich fertile land, and though more inland than any of the others, will be as valuable an acquisition as the best of them. From north to south it is about one hundred and sixty miles, from east to west one hundred and eighty.

N^o VII. This division is not inferior to any of the foregoing. Its northern borders lying adjacent to the Illinois river, and its western to the Mississippi, the situation of it for establishing a commercial intercourse with foreign nations is very commodious. It abounds with all the necessaries of life, and is about one hundred and fifty miles from north to south, and sixty miles from east to west; but the confines of it being more irregular than the others, I cannot exactly ascertain the dimensions of it.

N^o VIII. This colony having the River Ouabache running through the centre of it, and the Ohio for its southern boundary, will enjoy the advantages of a free navigation. It extends about one hundred and forty miles from north to south, and one hundred and thirty from east to west.

N^o IX. X. and XI. being similar in situation, and furnished with nearly the same conveniencies as all the others, I shall only give their dimensions. N^o IX. is about eighty miles each way, but not exactly square. N^o X. is nearly in the same form, and about the same extent. N^o XI. is much larger, being at least one hundred and fifty miles from north to south, and one hundred and forty from east to west, as nearly as from its irregularity it is possible to calculate.

After the description of this delightful country I have already given, I need not repeat that all the spots I have thus pointed out as proper for colonization, abound not only with the necessaries of life, being well stored with rice, deer, buffalos, bears, &c. but produce in equal abundance such as may be termed luxuries, or at least those articles of commerce before recited, which the inhabitants of it will have an opportunity of exchanging for the needful productions of other countries.

The discovery of a north-west passage to India has been the subject of innumerable disquisitions. Many efforts likewise have been made by way of Hudson’s Bay to penetrate into the Pacific Ocean, though without success. I shall not therefore trouble myself to enumerate the advantages that would result from this much wished-for discovery, its utility being already too well known to the commercial world to need any elucidation; I shall only confine myself to the methods that appear most probable to ensure success to future adventurers.

The many attempts that have hitherto been made for this purpose, but which have all been rendered abortive, seem to have turned the spirit of making useful researches into another channel, and this most interesting one has almost been given up as impracticable; but, in my opinion, their failure rather proceeds from their being begun at an improper place, than from their impracticability.

All navigators that have hitherto gone in search of this passage, have first entered Hudson’s Bay; the consequence of which has been, that having spent the season during which only those seas are navigable, in exploring many of the numerous inlets lying therein, and this without discovering any opening, terrified at the approach of winter, they have hastened back for fear of being frozen up, and consequently of being obliged to continue till the return of summer in those bleak and dreary realms. Even such as have perceived the coasts to enfold themselves, and who have of course entertained hopes of succeeding, have been deterred from prosecuting their voyage, lest the winter should set in before they could reach a more temperate climate.

These apprehensions have discouraged the boldest adventurers from completing the expeditions in which they have engaged, and frustrated every attempt. But as it has been discovered by such as have sailed into the northern parts of the Pacific Ocean, that there are many inlets which verge towards Hudson’s Bay, it is not to be doubted but that a passage might be made out from that quarter, if it be sought for at a proper season. And should these expectations be disappointed, the explorers would not be in the same hazardous situation with those who set out from Hudson’s Bay, for they will always be sure of a safe retreat, through an open sea, to warmer regions, even after repeated disappointments. And this confidence will enable them to proceed with greater resolution, and probably be the means of effecting what too much circumspection or timidity has prevented.

These reasons for altering the plan of enquiry after this convenient passage, carry with them such conviction, that in the year 1774 Richard Whitworth, Esq. member of parliament for Stafford, a gentleman of an extensive knowledge in geography, of an active enterprising disposition, and whose benevolent mind is ever ready to promote the happiness of individuals, or the welfare of the public, from the representations made to him of the expediency of it by myself and others, intended to travel across the continent of America, that he might attempt to carry a scheme of this kind into execution.

He designed to have pursued nearly the same route that I did; and after having built a fort at Lake Pepin, to have proceeded up the River St. Pierre, and from thence up a branch of the River Messorie, till having discovered the source of the Oregan or River of the West, on the other side the summit of the lands that divide the waters which run into the Gulph of Mexico from those that fall into the Pacific Ocean, he would have sailed down that river to the place where it is said to empty itself near the Straights of Annian.

Having there established another settlement on some spot that appeared best calculated for the support of his people, in the neighbourhood of some of the inlets which tend towards the north-east, he would from thence have begun his researches. This gentleman was to have been attended in the expedition by Colonel Rogers, myself, and others, and to have taken out with him a sufficient number of artificers and mariners for building the forts and vessels necessary on the occasion, and for navigating the latter; in all not less than fifty or sixty men. The grants and other requisites for this purpose were even nearly completed, when the present troubles in America began, which put a stop to an enterprize that promised to be of inconceivable advantage to the British dominions.

FINIS.

Footnote 2:

Thomas Hutchins, Esq; Captain in his Majesty’s 60th, or Royal American
Regiment of Foot.

DIRECTIONS for Placing the MAPS and PLATES.

Map of North America, to front the Title Page.

Plan of Travels, P. 16
Plate
N^o I. The Falls of St. Anthony, 70
II. Man and Woman of the Ottagaumies, 228
III. Ditto of the Naudowessies, 230
IV. Indian Weapons, 296

INDEX

A

Acosta de, a Spanish Writer, 184

Adair’s opinion of the peopling of America, 206

Adair’s opinion respecting the Mosaic rites of the Indians, 386

Adoration, Indian, 67

Adultery, punishment of, 375

Age revered, 243

Algonkins, 138

Allanipegon river, 137

America, peopled from different countries, 182, 184, 210

Anthony St. falls of, 66, 69

Anthropophagi, 196, 303, 304

Apathy of the Indians, 240

Arithmetic, ignorance of, 254

Arts, little cultivated, 249

Ash tree, 491

—— —— prickly, 393, 508

Asrahcootans, a band of Indians, 80

Assinipoils, a tribe of Indians, 76, 80, 112

Astronomy of the Indians, 253

B

Ball, an Indian game, 311

Bass or white wood, 499

Beans, 526

Bears, American, 442

—— grease used by the Indians, 443

—— method of hunting, 286

Beards of the Indians, 225

Beavers, history of, 457

—— method of hunting, 289, 290

Beech nut, 501

Bees, 491

Birds of America, 466

Bleeding of the jugular by the Carcajou, 450
_vide_ Carcajou

Blood, human, drank, 304, 319

—— root, 516

Blue clay, used as a mark of peace, 102

Braddock, general, cause of the defeat of, 311

Bread, a species of, 26

—— unknown to the Nawdowessies, 262

Bones of the Nawdowessies preserved, 65, 84

—— carried for interment, 84, 86, 401

Bourbon lake, 107

—— river, source of, 76, 115

Bowl, game of the Indians, 365, 366

Bugs of America, 491, 493

Buffaloes, largest in America, 56, 103, 110

—— method of hunting of, 287

—— history of, 445

Burying place of the Nawdowessies, 65

Bustard river, 176

Butter or oil nut, 500

Button wood, 499

C

Cadot’s Fort, 131, 141

Calumet, _vide_ pipe of peace

Canada, maps of, imperfect, intr. iii

Carcajou of America, 450

—— opens the jugular vein of its prey, 450

Carp, 478

Carrabou, history of, 449

Carthaginians, supposed to have visited America, 190

Carver Captain, escape of, at the massacre of Fort William Henry, 321

Carver’s intrepidity, 52, 81, 96, 280, 320

—— devotion of, 68, 178

—— intention in his travels, 178

—— river, 74

Cassa Tate, 296

Cataraqui river, 171

Cat-head fish or pout, 171

Cat-fish, 478

Cat-mint, 520

Cave, remarkable one, 63, 84

Charlevoix Pierre de, French historian, 192, 199, 220

Chegomegan Point of Lake Superior, 138

Cherry-tree, 504

Chichicoué beans, use of, 385, 394

Children, management of, in infancy, 236

—— tenderness to, 378

Chipéway Indians, 60, 96, 104, 115, 268, 352

—— —— gratitude of, 63, 357

—— —— language of, 420

Chipéway Indians, universality of, 414, 416

—— river, 102

Choak-berry, 512

Chongousceton Indians, 80

Chub, 478

Clays, variously coloured, 101

Cohnawaghans or Mohawks of Canada, 173

Coldness of the water of Lake Superior, 153

Colour of the Indians, 223

Cookery, Indian, 233

Copper ore in America, 139

Crab-tree, 503

Cranberry-bush, 511

Crane, American, 469

Croix St. Riviere, 105, 106

Cross, no object of religious worship, 387

Cruelty to captives, 339, 341

Cuzco, great road, 191

D

Daggers of the Nawdowessies, 296

Dance, remarkable, near Lake Pepin, 279

Dances of the Indians, 266

Dead Indians how treated, 398

—— —— oration on, 399, 400

Death, cruelty in inflicting, 338, 340

Death-cries, 334

Death-song, 334, 337

Deer, plentiful, 110, 114

—— manner of hunting them, 288

—— some account of, 446

Defiance to war, 307

Delzel, an enterprizing officer, 162

Detroit, straights of, and river, 150

Devils-bit, 515

Dii Penates, 278, 309

Diseases of the Indians, 389

Dishes of the Indians, 234

Divorce of the Indians, 371

Dogs, flesh of, a feast of the Indians, 278, 304

—— of America, 445

Dress of the Indians, 219, 226

Drink of the Indians, 263

Dropsy, treatment of, 391

Ducks, American, 469

E

Eagles, American, 466

—— abound near the falls of St. Anthony, 71

Ears of the Indians ornamented, 227

Elder shrub, 508

Elks, large in America, 103, 447

—— method of hunting them, 288

Enemies, implacable hatred of, 238

Erie Lake, 167

Etchelaugon Lake, 176

F

Falls of St. Anthony, 66, 69

—— —— —— —— picturesque view of, 70

Farinaceous and leguminous roots, 522

Fasts of the Indians, 285

Feasts, Indian, 262

Feu-de-joie of the Ottawaws, 23

Fever-bush, 511

Fidelity of the Indians, 372

Fishes of America, 476

Fish-hawk, American, 468

Flints used as chirurgical instruments, 394

Flowers, American, 52

Food of the Indians, 263

Fort William Henry, massacre of, 313

Fortitude of the Indians, 411

Fox river, 38, 40

—— —— abounds with wild fowl, 39

Foxes of America, 444

Francis St. river of, 72

—— —— Indians, 173

Fruit trees, 502

Funeral ceremonies, 402, 405

—— speech, 399, 406, 407

Furs, beaver, 110, 111

Future state, ideas respecting, 383, 404

G

Games, Indian, 363

Gaming among the Indians, 244, 363

Garcia Gregorio, a Spanish historian, 183

Gargit or skoke, 518

Geography of the Indians, 84, 252

Ginsang, 514

Gladwyn, major, 155

—— —— faithfulness of the servant of, 156

Goddard’s river, 105, 132

—— —— transparency of, 132

Gold, plenty of, 118

Gold thread, 515

Goose river, 72

Grape, a species of, 136

Green snake, 486

Green-bay, near Lake Michigan, 21

Greenland, borders on America, 209

Grollon, father, a relation from, 193

Government of the Indians, 255

Guella Francis, 195

H

Hairs plucked out by the Indians, 225

Hatchet red, emblem of war, 362

Head dress of the Indians, 230

Hemlock-tree, 499

Hennepin, father, 69, 219

Herbs, American, 516

Hereditary succession, 259

Hesperides, supposed to be the Antilles, 183

Hickory, 502

Hieroglyphicks, Indian, 64, 252, 337, 417

—— anecdotes respecting the, 418

Hispaniola, said to have been visited by the Tyrian fleet, 192

Hissing snake, 167, 486

Hontan, Baron de, 220

Hornn George de, a Dutch writer, 189

Horned bug, 493

Hospitality of the Indians, 25, 81, 83, 265

Houses, Indian, 231

Hudson’s Bay, company of, 110, 112

Humming-bird, 475

Hunting among the Indians, 283

Huron Lake, 144, 150

Huron Indians, 151

Hurricane, effects of one, 103

Huts of the Indians, 231

I

Ice, forming an intercourse between America and Europe, 188

Indian, interview, 61

—— banditti, 52

—— corn or maize, 522

—— wild, 520

Indolence of the Indians, 243, 244

Initiation into the friendly society of the spirit, 271

Ink like rain, 153

Insects of America, 490

Intrenchment, remains of one, 56, 57

Intrigue of the Indians, 376, 377

Iroondocks, a tribe of the Iroquois Indians, or five Mohawk nations,
173

Iroquois Lakes, 173

—— Indians, or five Mohawk nations, 173

Island of Mauropas, 135

Isle Royal in Lake Superior, 134

J

Jacobs, lieutenant, 164

Jay, blue, 472

Jaun, Riviere, 51

Jealousy rarely known, 245

Jews, supposed to have discovered America, 207

John St., Lake of, 177

K

Kamtschatka borders on America, 194, 214

Killistinoes, a tribe of Indians, 76, 80, 112, 130

—— priest, anecdote of, 123 to 128

—— king of, described, 131

King bird, 475

L

La Bay, fort of, 21

Lac la Pluye, 114

—— du Bois, 113

Laconia, province of, 174

Laët John de, a Flemish writer, 184, 186

Lakes of America misrepresented, intr. iv.

Language of the Indians, 414

Lightning-bug, 491

Liquid amber-tree, 505

Litters, Indian, 330

Lizards, American, 488

Long black snake, 485

Loon, the American, 470

M

Magic, initiation into, 272

Mahahs, trade of at Fort la Reine, 109

Maize, or Indian-corn, 522

Manataulin, island in lake Merow, 144

Mandrakes, suggestions about, 118

Manikouagone lake, near the black river, 176

Manitou, or Kitchi Manitou, 381, 388

Manitous, 309

Manners of the Indians, 235

Maple, 496

Marble river, 101

Marie St. falls of, 142, 148

Marriage ceremonies, 367, 369, 373

—— dance, 265

Martin, history of, 455

Massacre at Fort William Henry, 313, 327

Mawhaws, a band of Indians, 80

Mawtawbauntowahs, 60

—— anecdote of a party of, 60

Medicine of the Indians, 305, 385, 391

Melon, 526

Memory of the Indians, retentive, 242

Menomonies take Fort la Bay, 22

Menies, ceremony concerning the, 236

Messorie river, 75, 118

Mexican refugees, 119

—— —— ideas of, 117

Michigan lake, navigable to Greenbay, 26

—— —— description of, 28, 140

Michillimackinac, fort of, 18, 137, 149

—— —— taken by stratagem, 19

Michipicooton river, 137

Midwives unknown among the Indians, 235

Mink, American, 465

Missisauges, an Indian tribe, 171

Mississippi river, 56, 66, 72, 102

—— —— source of, 76

Mistassin lake on Rupert’s river, 175

Mohawks river, 172

Mohawks, nation of, 173

Monro Colonel, death of, 314, 325

Montcalm General, cruelty of, 320, 326

—— —— death of, 326

Months and moons of the Indians, 251

Moose-deer, 448

—— wood, 508

Morand Captain, anecdote of, 40

Moraez Emanuel de, a Portuguese writer, 188

Moschettoe country, 106

Mountain in the river, 56

—— red, a place of trade and amity, 99

—— shining, 118, 121

Mourning, ceremonies of, 403, 407

Mulberry-tree, 503

Musquash, or musk-rat, 455

Myrtle wax-tree, 510

N

Natural history of America, 441

Nawdowessie Indians, 59, 61, 80, 268, 271

—— —— anecdote of a party of, 61

—— —— friendly disposition of, 62

—— —— burying-place of, 65

—— —— language of, 416

—— —— vocabulary of, 433

—— —— song of, 440

Nehogatawonahs, 60

Niagara, falls of, 169

—— fort of, 169, 170

Night-hawk, history of the, 466

Nipegon river, 157

Nipising lake, 175

Nut-trees, 500

O

Oaks, American, 495

Oil-nut, 500

Oniada lake, 172

—— Indians, a tribe of the Iroquois, or five Mohawk nations, 173

Onondagoes, a tribe of the Iroquois, 173

Ontario lake, 170

—— —— country surrounding, 172

Oregon river, 66

Origin of the Americans, 181 to 219

Oswego river, 171

—— bass-fish, 171

Ottagaumies, 48, 50, 352, 357

Ottawaw lakes, 106, 175

Otter skins, employed as manitous, 309

—— history of, 464

Ouis Consin river, 45

Ouinipique river, 108

Oviedo, a celebrated Spanish writer, 183

Owl of America, 469

P

Paint of the Indians, 101, 227, 231

Papenouagane lake, 176

Partridges, American, 471

Parturition, easy, 235

—— how promoted, 396

Pawwaw, or black dance, 270

Peace, manner of making, 351, 358, 360

Pecan-nut, 501

Peopling of America, _vide_ America, 181 to 219

Pepin lake, 54, 95

—— rich scenery near it, 55

Persons of the Indians, 219, 223

Pertibi lake, 176

Petticoats, Indian, 229

Phœnicians, said to have visited America, 190, 191

Physicians of the Indians, 384, 391, 395

Pierre St. Riviere, 65, 75

—— —— —— source of, 84

Pine-tree, 496

Pipe or Calumate dance, 268

—— of peace, 281, 358

Pipes Indian, where procured, 101

Plants of America, 512

Platter, a game of the Indians, 365, 366

Pleurisy, treatment of, 390

Plumb-tree, 526

Plymouth company, grant to, 174

Polygamy of the Indians, 369

Pontiac, a celebrated Indian warrior, 19

—— surprizes Michillimackinac, 20

—— further account of, 153

—— stratagems and catastrophe of, 153 to 166

Poor Robin’s plantain, 518

Porcupine, history of, 453

Portage grand, 106

Pots Indian, manufactory of, 233

Prairies les Chiens, 50, 93

—— —— —— picturesque description around, 100

Prairies les Chiens, place of trade and general amity, 99

Prayer of an Ottowaw chief, 24

Prickly-ash, in the venereal disease, 393, 508

Priest of the Killistinoes, 123, 384

—— anecdote of, 125

—— of the Indians, 384

Prisoners, cruel treatment of, 330, 331, 336

—— grace to, 343, 344

—— never exchanged, 345

Property, equality of, 247, 248

Pumpkin, 526

Q

Queen of the Winnebagoes, 33

R

Racoon, history of, 454

Rainy lake, 114

Rattle snake, anecdote of one, 43

—— —— frequent, 167

—— —— history of, 479

—— —— bite of, antidotes to, 482

—— —— plantain, 482, 517

Red wood smoked with tobacco, 31

—— marble river, 75

—— mountain, rendezvous for trade and general amity, 99

Red bird, 475

Reine la Fort, of, 109

Religion of the Indians, 380

Revenge of the Indians, 298, 413

Rice, wild, 523

Rink-snake, 487

Road of war, 103

Rock Liverwort, 518

Robertson Dr. his opinion on the peopling of America, 217, 218

—— his misrepresentation, 224

Rogers, Major, 163

Roots and plants, 512

Rum river, 72

Rupert’s river, 174

S

Sachem, 257

Sacrifice dance, 268, 282

Sagacity of the Indians, 242, 284, 328

Sagapenum bay, 144

Saguenay river, near lake St. John, 176

Salle Mr. de la, 220

Salaciousness of the Nawdowessies, 246

Salt, an antidote to the bite of the rattle-snake, 483

Sand Cherries (cherries de sable), 30

Sanicle, 517

Sarsaparilla, 513

Sassafras, 507

Saukies, account of, 47, 352, 357

—— possess lead, 48

Sautor Grand, or great Chipéway Chief, 97

—— —— his tragic fate, 99

Scalps kept as trophies, 328

Scalping, account of, 328, 329

Scarification used by the Indians, 394

Schians, a band of Indians, 80

Schianese, 80

Scythians, founders of America, 180, 190, 196

Sekockimac smoked with tobacco, 31

Senecas, a tribe of the Iroquois, 173

Serpents of America, 479

Shahsweentowahs, 60

Shells, ornaments of, 227

Shin wood, 506

Shining mountains, 118, 121

Shirts of the Indians, 226, 229

Shoes of the Indians, 228

Shrub-oak, 509

Shrubs, 505

Silk-worms, 490

Skunk of America, 450

—— cabbage or poke, 519

Slaves, Indian, 346

Sledges, Indian, 330

Slow lizard, 489

Small-pox, ravages of, 326

Snake skin, chirurgical use of, 392

Snakes, American, 485

Solomon’s seal, 515

Speech addressed to the Nawdowessies, 87

—— of the Nawdowessie Indians, 90

Speeches to excite to war, 300, 302

Speckled snake, 487

Spikenard, 381

Spirit, the great, dwelling of, 63, 135, 144, 381

—— —— —— address to, 67, 125, 302

—— —— —— ceremony of invoking, 123, 127

Spirit, an amazing large one, 135

Spirits, 381

Spirituous liquors, fondness for, 347

Splinters, how extracted, 392

Spoon-wood, 508

Squashes, 526

Squirrels, American, 456

Stockings of the Indians, 228

Stone, white as snow, 100

—— red, used for making pipes, 101

Strawberry-river, 105

Striped or garter snake, 486

Sturgeon frequent, 106, 140

—— history of, 477

Subordination unknown to the North American Indians, 257

Succatosh food, 263

Sugar of the Maple, 262, 282

Sulphureous water, rained, 153

—— stones, 169

Sumach-leaves, smoked with tobacco, 30

Superior Lake, 106

—— —— transparency of its water, 132

—— —— elegant and picturesque view from, 143

Superstition of the Indians, 238, 254, 391

T

Tamiscaming Lake, 175

Targets of the Indians, 296

Teal, 470

Temper of the Indians, 238

Thorn-tail snake, 486

Thousand lakes, 73

Thunder, alarming to the Indians, 85

Time, calculation of, 250

Tintons, a band of Indians, 80

Toad plantain, 518

Tobacco worm, 491

—— plant, and life of the author, 521 intr.

Tongo-Wakon, 381

Toronto, Indian town, 171

Tortoise, or land turtle, 488

Tree-toad, 489

Trees, American, 494

Trouts, plenty of, 140, 149

Turnbull, Captain, 152

Tuscarories, a tribe of the Iroquois, 173

Two-headed snake, 487

Tyger, American, 442

Tyrian fleet, supposed to have visited America, 192

V

Venereal disease not indigenous to America, 392

—— —— cured by the prickly-ash, 393

Vines, American, 503

Visits of the Indians, 241

Vocabulary of the Chipéway tongue, 420

—— of the Nawdowessies, 433

W

Waddapawjestin Indians, 80

Waddapawmenesotor river, 65

Wake robin, 520

Wakon-teebe cave, 63

—— bird, 470

—— Kitchewah society, 271

Wakons, 309, 381

Wampum, 362

War-dance, 269

War, manner of making, 293, 300, 306, 310

—— club, 296, 362

—— declaration of, 307

—— hoop, 319, 334

Warrior, the great, 257

—— Indian, military arms of, 269

Water-bug, 493

Water-snakes, 167, 486

Weeks of the Indians, 252

Whetsaw of America, 475

Whipper-will, 467

Whirtleberries, 136

White-ash, antidote to the rattle-snake poison, 482

Wickopick-tree, 499

Wild indigo, 520

Wild rice, 523

Willow, 506

Winds of America varying in temperature, 70

Winnepeek river, 108, 110

Winter-green, 510

Witch-hazle, 509

Witchcraft, how treated, 395

Wives, station of, 367

Wolves, American, 444

Women, courage of, 333

Wood-creek river, 172

Wood-chuck, 454

Wood-pigeon, 471

Woodpecker, 472

Worship cultivated by the Indians, 179

Wounds, treatment of, 391

Y

Yellow river, 51

Transcriber's Note:

There is one image which was present twice in the original (the Tobacco Plant). Both images were retained. The words (top) and (bottom) were added to some image captions to clarify which caption refers to which image. Dashes used as ditto marks in the Table of Contents were replaced by the text they represent.

Some corrections have been made to the original. In particular, punctuation errors were corrected. In the index, the spelling was altered to match the spelling in the body text; page numbers were added where missing and corrected where mistakes were found.

Additional corrections are listed below:

p. 11 Chipèway -> Chipéway
p. 13 Chipeway -> Chipéway
p. 15 rout -> route
p. 15 pap. -> pag.
p. 23 suprised -> surprised
p. 35 excusions -> excursions
p. 37 rapaid -> rapid
p. 46 disstance -> distance
p. 63 recived -> received
p. 63 after I left left -> after I left
p. 96 Chippéways -> Chipéways
p. 136 notwithstanding that is -> notwithstanding that it is
p. 151 more attentive to to -> more attentive to
p. 188 Portugeuse -> Portuguese
p. 219 utilitity -> utility
p. 235 assiststance -> assistance
p. 241 neve -> never
p. 279 red and and black -> red and black
p. 305 Nowithstanding -> Notwithstanding
p. 311 their -> there
p. 312 extraordinry -> extraordinary
p. 315 whereing -> wherein
p. 318 anle -> ancle
p. 347 treaders -> traders
p. 352 Ontatario -> Ontario
p. 353 impossibe -> impossible
p. 354 pass though -> pass through
p. 406 strengh -> strength
p. 407 blacken their their faces -> blacken their faces
p. 440 purpose a a short -> purpose a short
p. 483 it -> its
p. 484 suden -> sudden
p. 501 chensuts -> chesnuts
p. 507 kown -> known
p. 517 seldoms -> seldom
p. 536 ae -> are