Chapter XV: General Conclusions (3)

_Firma unius noctis_, mode of paying food-rents to chieftain, 41, 431

_Frankish Tribal Custom._
Wergeld of Lex Salica of 200 sol., 131-146;
division of classes, 147;
triple wergeld of officials, 148;
half wergeld of strangers, 149;
the Alod or family holding of _terra Salica_, 150;
the ‘_de alodis_,’ 151, 170, 226;
edict of Chilperic, 159;
Ripuarian Law, 163-171;
wergeld of 200 sol., 163;
division of classes, 165

_Fredus_, payment for breach of king’s peace, equivalent to A.S.
mundbryce or grithbryce, 488, 489

_Freedman_ (libertus) under Frankish Law, 168-170, 199;
under Bavarian Law, 175;
under Kentish Law, 478, 484.
And see ‘Læt’ and ‘Leysing’

_Frisian Laws_, 194-212;
wergeld of 160 sol., 167, 195, 201, 210;
ordeal under, 203-5

_Frith_, between Ethelred II. and Olaf, 349;
between Alfred and Guthrum, 352-355

_Frostathing Law_ (Ancient Norse), 238-276.
See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’

_Gafolgeldas_, tenants on others’ land paying gafol to their lord, with
twy-hynde wergelds, 353-355;
fighting in gafolgelda or gebur’s house, 394.
See ‘Twy-hynde’

_Galanas_ (Cymric death fine or wergeld), 30;
liability of kindred for, 30-32;
method of payment, 42-46;
amount of, 46-49;
of non-tribesmen goes to the lord, 54

_Gebur_, tenant of a yardland doing work and paying gafol to lord for
house and oxen, 422-429;
fighting in house of gafolgelda or gebur, 394

_Gegildas_ (see ‘Congildones’) sureties in lieu of kinsmen, 323, 389;
hyndens of frith-gegildas in the city, 415

_Gesithcund class_, in direct service to the king and twelve-hynde, 366;
in landed position with five hides to king’s utware, 369;
forfeit land if they neglect the fyrd, 391;
in their connection with land, 417 _et seq._;
sometimes evicted, 433

_Grith_, Danish for _frith_ or peace, 344-348;
grithbryce of English and mundbryce of Kentish law the same, 346;
extent in area, 348;
in duration of time, 346;
of different moots, 345

_Gulathing Law_, oldest Norse law, 238-276.
See ‘Norse Tribal Custom’

_Gwely_ (Cymric family holding of four generations), 21-30;
of non-tribesmen, 52

_Halsfang_, first part of wergeld paid to those ‘within the knee,’ 328,
329, 359

_Hide_ in agriculture of four yardlands, 423;
Mr. Corbett on tribal hidage, 424;
in pastoral stage, 424;
= _familia_ of Bede, also = _hiwisc_, 407;
also = ‘manentes et tributarii’ of Archbishop Egbert, 381, 408;
oaths reckoned in hides, 381, 408;
the 10-hide oath of the twelve-hyndeman, 411;
oath of himself and hynden of oath-helpers, 120;
hides, 411

_Hiwisc_ (family) of land = hide, 364, 381

_Homicide._ Within the family unavenged, 30, 63, 66, 164, 176, 241, 336;
by a slave, 108, 202, 333, 472, 474;
of a slave, 202, 333;
between kindreds caused blood-feud, see ‘Beowulf,’ or wergeld in lieu
of it. See ‘Wergeld’

_Hyndens_ of oath-helpers, 409;
of twelve-hynde and twy-hynde class, 409-411;
of city frith-gegildas, 415

_Ine, K._ Laws of, 386-439;
as to theft, 387-389;
burgbryce, 387;
ealdorman, 387-894;
gesithcund class, 388, 391;
six-hynde class, 392, 396;
gafolgeldas and geburs, 393;
ceorlisc class, 391, 396;
wealh and wylisc class, 397-405;
twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, 400-417;
gesithcund and ceorlisc classes, 417-436;
comparison of Wessex and Mercian with continental wergelds, 436

_Irish Tribal Custom_, 73-120;
the Eric-fine consisting of (1) the _coirp-dire_, or body-price, of
seven cumhals, 74;
in Irish and Breton canons, 101 _et seq._;
(2) the _eneclann_, or honour-price, varies with rank, 75, 80-83, 92;
the hearths or kindreds liable, 76-80;
gradations in rank, 83-86;
grades of tenants, 86 _et seq._;
currency, 97

_Kentish Laws_, currency in scætts and scillings, 443-455;
scilling of 20 scætts or two gold tremisses, 450-455;
laws of Ethelbert, 455-466;
of Hlothære and Eadric, 467-476;
of Wihtræd, 477-481;
division of classes, 481-487;
Kentish wergelds, 487-492;
compared with Continental and Anglo-Saxon wergelds 492-495;
Kentish sulungs and yokes, 514-515;
gavelkind holdings, 515;
Kentish læts, 463, 484-486, 502

_Kindred_, solidarity of, 30, 45, 157, 276;
grades of, 22, 30, 76, 318;
disintegration of, 111, 124, 129, 162, 164;
emancipation from restraints of, 134, 158, 507;
power of, in East Anglia and Kent, 415, 416;
liability of, for wergeld, under Cymric custom, 42, 45;
Irish, 77-80;
Breton, 109;
Burgundian and Wisigothic, 121-130;
Salic Franks, 144, 164;
Frisian, 212;
Saxon, 216;
Norse, 246-257;
Scanian, 290, and see ‘Anglo-Saxon wergelds;’
groups of, holding land, Cymric gwely, 21-30;
Alod of _terra salica_, 150-162, 183;
Ripuarian _hereditas aviatica_, 171;
Norse odal-sharers, 271-275;
Scanian family holdings, 276-288;
Anglo-Saxon family holdings, 511-516

_King’s thane_, oath of, 353, 368, 390

_Læt_, in Kentish Law of three grades, 463, 484-486, 502.
See ‘Leysing’ and ‘Freedman’

_Leases for three successive lives_, tribal reason for, 524;
St. Oswald’s tenants, 525

_Leysing_ in Norse law, newly made freedman, his rett, 240;
his wergeld, 259;
his want of kindred and his rise by steps of three generations into
freedom, 260-267

_Leysing’s son_, great grandson of leysing in higher social position,
259, 268

_Litus_, Ripuarian, 168;
Frisian, 199, 201-207;
Saxon, 214, 215, 219, 224;
of Chamavi, 229

_Lombardic tribal custom_ compared with Scanian as to family holdings,
292-296

_London_, ‘De Institutis Lundonie,’ 337-344;
Port of the Greater Scandinavia in Cnut’s time, 339;
‘Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ,’ 415

_Lysing_ (leysing of Norse law), with same wergeld as A. S. ‘Ceorl on
gafol land,’ 353-355, 501.
See ‘Leysing’

_Manbot_, payment for value of a man to his lord, 328-332, 359;
of freeman and of slave compared, 334-335;
of various classes, 392

_Mancus_, weight of 30 dwts., 18, 329

_Mark_, Norse gold and silver weight of eight ores or ounces, 234-237;
used in Frisia, 207;
half-marks of gold in compact between Alfred and Guthrum, 353;
27 marks of Charlemagne= 30 of old Norse and Merovingian, 256

_Marriage_, how regarded, 498;
under Cymric custom, 32;
in Beowulf, 69-72;
in Lex Salica, 146;
under Alamannic law, 177;
under Lex Saxonum, 216;
under Scanian law, 276-281;
under Lombardic law, 294;
under Laws of Bretts and Scots, 318;
under Kentish custom, 465-466

_Mercian_ law, fragments of, 360-369;
Mercian oaths, 360;
wergelds, 361;
rise of ceorl into thane, 366

_Merovingian_ kings, currency of, mostly in gold tremisses, see
‘Currency’

_Mina_, gold value of normal wergeld, 4;
ancient Eastern of 100 staters, 2, 7;
of 200 gold solidi, 6;
_Italica_ of 20 Roman ounces, 14, 491;
_Attica_ of 16 Roman ounces, 16, 233

_Mundbryce_ or _mundbyrd_ of king, 346, 377, 451;
of various classes, 377;
in Kent, 346, 452, 460, 476, 481, 488

_Norse tribal custom_, 238-276;
personal rett, 240;
wergelds how reckoned and paid, 242-258;
wergeld of the hauld odalman or typical freeman, 96;
cows = 200 sol., 259;
gradations in rank, 260-270;
the leysing or freedman, 261-267;
odal-sharers of odal land, 271-276, 284, 504, 508

_North peoples_ law, fragments of, 360-369;
wergelds in thrymsas (of 3_d._), 363;
wergeld of ‘hold’ double that of Saxon thane, 363

_Nova Moneta_ of Charlemagne, 11, 179-193, and see ‘Currency’

_Ordeal_ in absence of oaths of kinsmen, 166, 403, 413, 499;
under Frisian law, 203-205

_Ore_ or ounce of 20_d._;
Merovingian = Roman ounce of 20 silver tremisses of 28·8 w.g.
(1/12 lb. of 6912 w.g.), 10;
and so also Kentish scilling, 443-455;
Charlemagne’s and later Anglo-Saxon and Norman ore of 20 pence of
32 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 7680 w.g.), 11-13

_Ore_, Cnut’s of 16_d._ (1/15 Anglo-Saxon lb.), 306, 341;
divided by him into 20 smaller pence, 343;
used in Laws of Bretts and Scots, 306

_Ore_, Norse, of three _ortugs_ = 1/12 of Roman lb. 6912 w.g., 234-237

_Ortug_, of Scandinavia, ⅓ ounce = Greek stater, 233.
See ‘Ore’

_Ox_ as currency, 1, 2;
value of, see ‘Animals’

_Parage_, tenancy in, 513, 525

_Pound_, Roman of 6912 w.g., 8, 11, 18;
Charlemagne’s of 7680 w.g., 11, 18;
Anglo-Saxon and Norman of 7680 w.g., 12;
Northern lb. of two marks, 234

_Ratio between gold and silver_:
Norse of 1:8, 238;
Merovingian 1:10, 185;
Imperial, 1:12, 11;
Charlemagne’s (attempted), 1:4, 11, 189;
restored Frankish, 1:12, 11, 191;
Cymric, 1:12, 49;
Irish, 98;
Bretts and Scots, 1:8, 307

_Romanus possessor_, half wergeld of, 149, 167;
his _res propria_, 158, 162

_Saxon Laws_ (Lex Saxonum), 213-228;
wergeld of liber 160 sol., 214;
wergeld stated in silver, 214;
gold solidus of 2 tremisses or bullock, 217

_Scæt._
See ‘Currency’

_Scanian tribal custom._ The _lex Scania antiqua_, family holdings,
276-288;
Scanian wergeld, 291;
Scanian and Lombardic custom compared, 292-296

_Scilling._
See ‘Currency’

_Scotland_, tribal custom in ancient laws of, 297-302;
the _Regiam Majestatem_, 302-307;
_Leges inter Brettos et Scotos_, 307-318;
wergeld of thane 100 cows, 314;
rules of kindred, 318, 320

_Siclus_, silver didrachma or ¼ oz. of Roman currency, see ‘Currency’

_Six-hynde class_, 371, 392, 397

_Soc and sac_, 330, 348

_Sochemen_ in Danelaga, 331-332, 522;
their services, 332 _note_

_Solidus_ (gold) of Constantine of three tremisses, 7, 9;
of Merovingian kings, 10;
of Frisian custom (2 and 2½ tremisses), 197;
of Saxon (2 tremisses), 217;
(silver) of Charlemagne ‘nova moneta,’ see ‘Currency’

_Strangers in blood_, how treated under Cymric custom, 50-54;
under Irish custom, 90;
their rights increase with growth of kindred, 51, 90;
their half wergeld, 401-403;
galanas and wergeld of, without kindred, goes to the lord, 54, 478;
ordeal instead of oaths, 166, 403

_Thane_ = twelve-hyndeman, 325;
might rise to be an eorl, 368.
See ‘King’s Thane’

_Thrymsa_, Northumbrian unit of currency = 3_d._, 362-366

_Twelve-hynde and Twy-hynde_, 406-416;
_hyndens_ of oath-helpers, 409;
full kindred twelve hyndens of oath-helpers, 409-411;
twy-hynde class, originally the kinless class, as freedmen, 412, 500;
steps to higher grade, 365-369, 502

_Werborh_ (wereplegium), 328, 358, and see ‘Hyndens’

_Wergeld_, death-fine in substitution for blood feud between kindreds,
see ‘Beowulf,’ and 150;
liability of kindred for, see ‘Kindred;’
normal of 100 head of cattle or gold mina, 3;
of 200 gold solidi, 6, 49, 163, 171, 225, 229, 231, 233, 314;
of 160 gold solidi, 1, 167, 172, 214, 232;
Wessex and Mercian and Kentish wergelds compared with Continental
wergelds, 436-439;
of various tribes, see names of tribes;
of clergy, 170, 177, 382

_Wife_, see ‘Marriage’

_Wilisc_, _Wealisc_, _Wealh_, non-Anglo-Saxon people, 364-5;
with five hides to King’s utware, six hynde, 397;
Gallo-Roman _Wala_, 398;
_Wallerwente_ of Yorkshire, 399;
with half wergelds, 401-403;
_wealh_ gafolgelda, 404;
Servus Waliscus 333;
Wilisc witetheow, 404;
theow-wealh, 405

_Wisigothic Laws_, 126-130;
Roman influence on, 527

_Yardlands_ of gafolgeldas and geburs, 393, 422 _et seq._;
single succession to, 517-521

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