Chapter XVII: Appendix

IN the autumn of 1912 a paragraph appeared in a London evening paper announcing that a street in Plumstead had been named after Professor Arminius Vambéry, the eminent Hungarian scholar, who, as is well known, was a personal friend of Queen Victoria and Edward VII, and I sent it to him. This little incident led to a correspondence between us, of which the following letters of the Professor, written in English, are a portion. After his death I sent copies to his son, Dr. Rustem Vambéry—who, like his father before him, is now a Professor at the University of Budapest—and received by return the authorization to publish them, which is embodied in the first letter of the series. In view of the eminence of Professor Vambéry as an authority on Eastern affairs, I gladly avail myself of his kind permission to do so.

BUDAPEST, _October 11, 1913_.

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—I thank you most heartily for the delicacy of
feeling which prompted you to give me the opportunity of
revising my father’s letters to you, which you are quite at
liberty to publish.

I have read them carefully through, and see no reason to alter
or omit anything. You know how proud my father was of his status
as an independent man, who could freely express his views
without let or hindrance. Why should I not continue to act for
him in this spirit now that he has passed away?

It might perhaps interest you to know that your work on
Austria[34] was the last book he read in his life. The afternoon
before his death he asked me to read a few pages aloud, for his
sufferings (oppression of the heart) were alleviated by the
distraction.

He was a great admirer of your writings, a feeling which has
been fully inherited by

Yours most sincerely,

DR. R. VAMBÉRY

(Professor of Criminal Law at the University of Budapest).

Footnote 34:

“The Realm of the Habsburgs,” by Sidney Whitman. Wm. Heinemann,
London, 1892.

I

BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY, _November 12, 1912_.

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—It was very kind of you to remember the old
Dervish and to take interest in the honour bestowed upon him by
your magnanimous countrymen.[35] Any services I may have
rendered to England are insignificant; but I am proud of having
been able to champion England’s interests, for, in spite of all
shortcomings, you are still the greatest nation in the world.

The fate of our poor Turkish friends is sealed. They will get
rid of the cumbersome European ballast, and it is to be wished
that they should be able to recuperate in Asia, where they
cannot be replaced by any other Moslem nation. Their collapse in
Europe was inevitable, and it is only the suddenness of the fall
which has surprised me.

My son is much pleased by your kindly remembrance of the slight
attention he was able to pay to you. He only acted as in duty
bound towards a foreigner and an Englishman.[36]

Yours very truly,

A. VAMBÉRY.

Footnote 35:

Reference to the naming of a street in Plumstead already mentioned
above.

Footnote 36:

Reference to my stay in Budapest in the summer of 1897, during which I
made the acquaintance of Professor Vambéry’s son.

II

_December 14, 1912._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—Allow me to express to you the great pleasure
I felt in reading your article published in the _Pall Mall
Gazette_ under the title “Some German Military Writers.”[37] It
is certainly highly gratifying that you, sir, whom I know as the
most able writer on German affairs in England, should have come
forward to give a good lesson to these overbearing gentlemen. It
is in any case a most important _signum temporis_, and it must
diminish the idolization of brutal force, of sad mediæval
traditions. The eminent soldier who wrote the book “Unser Volk
in Waffen” (General von der Goltz) is often quoted by Germans
when comparisons are drawn between England and Germany’s
Imperial power, and deductions are drawn therefrom of Britain’s
near downfall. Well, let us hope that they are grossly mistaken,
just as they were mistaken in predicting a sure victory for the
poor Turks, of whom a great German once stated, in the presence
of Sultan Abdul Hamid, that “_one Turkish soldier was worth
three Prussians_.” The German military instructor may have
succeeded in turning the goodly Turk into a Prussian, minus the
Pickelhaube, but Lule-Burgas has proved a most cruel
disenchantment to the glorifiers of General Bernhardi’s
theories.

In so far I agree with your views. But there is one point with
regard to which the English must take particular care, and this
is not to fall into the mistake of disregarding the necessity
arising from the general situation of European armaments.
Formerly the English were quite right to pity the man on the
Continent forcibly made a soldier; to-day, however, you must
consider the Latin saying, _Ulula cum lupis_, and you are
compelled to take note of your next-door neighbours. You must
approve Lord Roberts’s efforts regarding compulsory military
service. If Lord Haldane finds it possible to admire all sorts
of German theories and institutions, why does he make an
exception with regard to universal military service, which is a
genuine German invention?

Yours very truly,

A. VAMBÉRY.

Footnote 37:

In the issue of December 4, 1912.

III

BUDAPEST UNIVERSITY, _December 30, 1912_.

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—I have read your ably written chapter on
Sultan Abdul Hamid with much interest, and I may tell you that I
can neither add to nor take away anything from its contents. Of
course there is a good deal I could say about the man whose
favourite I was supposed to be during more than ten years, but
it is impossible to lift the veil more than I did in the two
essays I published in the June and July numbers of 1909 of the
_Nineteenth Century and After_, in which you can find more than
one episode worth reproduction.

Abdul Hamid was decidedly an extraordinary man. Want of able and
trustworthy Ministers caused his downfall; but it is generally
admitted that if he had remained on the throne the present
catastrophe would not have taken place. As I hear from
Constantinople, he has got much chance to return to power. The
bulk of the nation is siding with him. The Young Turks confess
themselves the mistake they made (_vide_ a paper by Husein
Djahid, the editor of the _Tanin_, in the January (1913) number
of the _Deutsche Revue_). The adherents of the old school were
always in the Opposition, but the blow was too heavy a one, and
I very much doubt whether he, or anybody else, will be able to
heal the wounds.

Be so kind as to let me have a copy of the book you will
publish, as I am much interested in the late Sultan. Properly
speaking, I was not his favourite, for he wanted to use my pen
in the interest of Russia, whereas I endeavoured to turn him
into British waters, in which I should have probably succeeded
if your politicians and your public opinion had not been under
the sway of false humanitarian views, and if your nation had not
lost the persistency of bygone ages.

In a personal meeting with you I could furnish you with more
than one detail. With best greetings from my son,

Yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

IV

_January 1, 1913._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—My letter of yesterday will answer most of
your questions, and I only write to tell you that your friendly
feelings towards Sultan Abdul Hamid ought not to blind you to
the real character of this unfortunate prince. He was decidedly
highly gifted, though this was less apparent towards the end of
his reign. He suffered from the defects of Eastern princes and
of Orientals in general. His intentions may have been honest,
but the means he applied were decidedly perverse and he never
listened to advice, nor did he believe in anybody.

At all events I look forward to the issue of your book with
interest.

Yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

V

_January 6, 1913._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—I had great pleasure in perusing the copy I
duly received of your chapter on Sultan Abdul Hamid. Your able
pen has lent colour to his career, even though you could not of
course deal fully with his real doings.

If I have not always done full justice to this extraordinary
man, I may plead some excuse. For more than twelve years I
worked hard, I even risked my life, to lead him into the harbour
of political security by which the present catastrophe could
have been avoided, without, I regret to say, being able to
achieve any result.

His entourage made him over-cautious and distrustful, and I am
sure he will be haunted by remorse when he remembers our long
evening conversations in the Yildiz Kiosk or Chalet Kiosk. He is
not the only culprit: your statesmen, too, have made great
mistakes.

I trust your poetical pen will be fully appreciated by the
reading public, for, as I have told you already, Abdul Hamid has
still a fair chance of coming back to the throne. But I do not
envy him on that account. It would only turn out to be a
midsummer night’s dream.

In reciprocating your good wishes for the New Year,

I beg to remain, yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

P.S.—Pray give my compliments to M. Chedo Mijatovich.[38] I am
very glad that _Bog dal srecu yunacku_[39] to his countrymen.

Footnote 38:

The distinguished Servian historian and diplomatist, formerly Minister
of Finance in Servia and Servian Minister in London, where he has
since taken up his residence.

Footnote 39:

“God has given the good luck of heroes.”

VI

_February 11, 1913._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—I delayed answering your last letter as I was
awaiting the arrival of the book you promised to send me. Now
that your most interesting and fascinatingly written study on
Germany[40] has arrived I hasten to express to you my best
thanks for the pleasure I have derived from your book, as well
as for your kind reference to my Essays on Sultan Abdul
Hamid.[41]

In writing about leading contemporaries we are apt to get into a
predicament, evidently not unfamiliar to you, which causes us a
great deal of trouble. Those who know cannot write and those who
write most do not know. At all events the personality of Abdul
Hamid is a landmark in the history of the Osmanides which will
be often spoken of.

The Persian poet whom I quote at the end of my article on Abdul
Hamid is Saadi, and the quotation is derived from the
“Gulistan.”

Yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

Footnote 40:

“German Memories.” Wm. Heinemann.

Footnote 41:

_Nineteenth Century and After_, June and July 1909.

VII

_February 14, 1913._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—Don’t take it as a compliment, for it is a
fact that during the three days that I was reading, with slight
intervals of leisure, your “Deutsche Erinnerungen”[42] all my
studies had to take an involuntary pause. Such an extraordinary
influence has your masterly pen wrought upon me. I dare say no
German would be able to write such a book upon England, although
the subject would be most interesting from a national and
ethical point of view, considering the liberal views
predominating in England and the great achievements of your
nation all over the world. I am glad to see that the unjustified
enmity between your country and Germany is gradually subsiding.
Both nations are supplementary the one to the other, and their
mutual friendship furthers the common interests of humanity.

When will your “Turkish Memories” appear? I am anxious to read
them.

Yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

Footnote 42:

German version of my “German Memories”. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt,
Stuttgart.

VIII

_February 20, 1913._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—It will give me much pleasure to go through
any chapter of your “Turkish Memories” you may choose to send
me. Of course one cannot apply a too severe criticism to a
writer on Western affairs who is dealing with Eastern topics
unless he is under the sway of preconceived notions like Pierre
Loti, who, like Lamartine, dips his pen in Castalian fountains.
And, besides, Abdul Hamid was to me the most incomprehensible
Oriental character I have met in all my long and variegated
Eastern career, and I could not vouch for the correctness of my
judgment of him. There is one danger, however, you must take
care not to fall into, _i.e._ unconditional Turcophilism. I mean
to say you must avoid all sentiment in dealing with politics.
Statesmen may have ignored the horrible effects of Turkish
misrule and the ruin of the finest portion of Asia, but we
writers, at any rate, are bound to speak the truth.

I am no admirer of Sir Edward Grey’s policy in the Near East,
and still less in Central Asia, but I cannot refrain from
calling the German policy haughty and overbearing. Her _Drang
nach dem Osten_[43] is silly and childish and must provoke a
most bloody contest all over the world. If Germany imitates
Austrian methods she will be overtaken by a similar fate, for it
is no secret that the sentence, _finis Austriæ_, is looming in
the distance.

What I pity is my poor country, whose future is not very bright.

Yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

Footnote 43:

A current German phrase meaning “The trend towards the East.”

IX

_February 21, 1913._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—I have gone through your manuscript with great
pleasure, and all I can say is that indulgence, nobility of
mind, gratitude, and gentlemanly feeling form the ruling
features of the paper, whereas the manifold harm resulting from
the personal idiosyncrasies of the Sultan is only occasionally
touched upon.

From your point of view, and judging as a foreigner, you were
quite right to use subdued colours, but having acted as a
political writer who endeavoured and intended to turn the Sultan
on the right way, I am sorry to say I could not follow your
example. Nor could any modern Turk who had witnessed the
ever-increasing calamity of his country do so. At all events
your book will call forth much comment and varied criticism.

Yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

X

_April 28, 1913._

DEAR MR. WHITMAN,—In reading your well-conceived and
well-written book on the “Realm of the Habsburgs” I could not
refrain from feeling regret at not having been blessed by nature
with that rare gift of literary skill and eminence which
distinguishes your pen. Having seen and experienced so much in
many countries and in many nations, where I passed as a native,
what attractive and truthful pictures could I not have furnished
of my variegated experiences, and how considerably I could have
facilitated the intercourse between man and man! Well, _non
omnes omnia_—and writers like yourself, in whose works I
delight, do sometimes darken the distant horizon of my past.

Your book, like the last one I read, is a masterpiece, in spite
of the disadvantages resulting from the changes caused by the
quick pace of our times, when so many features must obviously
alter. It reminds me of an Oriental remark about a decayed
beauty: “The mosque has fallen into ruins, but the altar where
people worshipped still stands upright.” With some slight
alterations your book could be advantageously republished. I am
exceedingly sorry to be so far from dear old England, for, owing
to this distance, many interesting items culled from my daily
Turkish, Persian, and Tartar reading are lost to the public.
Germany is not the place for practical Eastern topics: a long
essay written on the slippers of Goethe is more appreciated
there than a detailed description of recent political events in
Turkey, Persia, etc. I was certainly not wrong in saying one day
to a great German: “Hätte Deutschland weniger Orientalisten aber
mehr Orientkenner gehabt, so brauchten sie heute Englands
Stellung in Asien nicht mit neidischen Augen zu betrachten.”[44]

You are much younger than I am. Perhaps chance will favour me in
seeing you one day in this part of the world.

Yours sincerely,

A. VAMBÉRY.

Footnote 44:

“If Germany had possessed fewer Orientalists and a greater number of
true judges of the East, she need not have regarded England’s position
in Asia with envious eyes to-day.”

I feel I cannot more fitly conclude my “Turkish Memories” than by citing the letter of Lieutenant-Colonel H. P. Picot, already referred to in the Preface:

“On reading the letter written to you on February 14, 1913, by
Professor Vambéry, I was greatly interested to find him saying:
‘I am glad to see that the unjustified enmity between your
country and Germany is gradually subsiding. Both nations are
supplementary the one to the other, and their mutual friendship
furthers the common interests of humanity.’

“The Professor, I see, agrees with you that ‘the real crux of
Turkey’s political problems is, and always was, Russia’; and,
further, that ‘the geographical position of Germany seems to set
fixed limits to her ambitions.’ It was the realization of these
factors by Turkish statesmen that gave Germany her opportunity
during the later years of Abdul Hamid’s Sultanate. The welcome
extended to the German Emperor by the Sultan at the time of his
visit to Constantinople and the Holy Land was a direct
invitation to Germany to interest herself in the development of
the Asiatic provinces of Turkey, and thereby to build up a
barrier against Russia in Armenia and Mesopotamia. The Sultan
saw clearly that if German capital could be employed on a large
scale in the development of railways between the capital and
Bagdad, and in opening up the Mesopotamian delta by means of
irrigation, etc., his country might obtain that political
support which had become practically essential for the
preservation of the integrity of his Asiatic dominions.

“The same view was doubtless held by Sir William White, H.B.M.’s
Ambassador at Constantinople, who, years ago, was of opinion
that, in the interests both of Great Britain and of Turkey, it
would be well if Germany were encouraged to extend her influence
at Constantinople and in the Balkans.

“Abdul Hamid naturally hoped for the political support of
Germany in the Balkans as well as in his Asiatic possessions,
though he must have been aware of the difficult position
Germany, as a Christian Power, would find herself in should the
Balkan States make an effort on a sufficiently wide scale to
extend their frontiers at Turkey’s expense. In such a case,
however, he had little or nothing to expect from Great Britain,
and even less from Russia. Thus, Germany was a last hope; and
though, as events have shown, her support was of little avail
when the psychological moment arrived for the long-expected
Balkan war, the Sultan’s political sagacity has yet to be proved
at fault in so far as Asia Minor is concerned. Germany now
possesses great interests in Anatolia and Mesopotamia, and if
Turkey is ever to build up her Asiatic Empire and regain her
position as a Moslem Power, it will only be done with the
assistance and co-operation of Germany and Great Britain. It
does not follow that because Germany failed Turkey in Europe,
she will do so in Asia. The problem is a different one in that
quarter, where it has lost its peculiarly European character. It
may well be within the power, as it certainly is in the
interest, of Great Britain and Germany to safeguard Turkey’s
sovereign rights in her purely Asiatic possessions. Russia is
the enemy at the gate.

“It is of happy augury that the bitterness of feeling that has
separated Great Britain and Germany is now fast giving way to a
better understanding, and it would be well that Turkish
statesmen should realize early in the day that the future of
their country depends on welding together, as far as it lies in
their power to do so, the economic and political interests of
these two countries in Asia. For Russia is already moving in the
direction of Mesopotamia and Armenia: her occupation of Persian
Azerbaijan, where she has concentrated 17,000 troops, is meant
to serve her designs upon Mesopotamia, as the first étape of her
advance towards the Persian Gulf.

“Russia has not yet forgotten the lessons of the Russo-Japanese
war. If she scents obstacles ahead, she will hesitate to advance
too rapidly on the path of adventure. But hesitation is not
synonymous with withdrawal. Russia is still true to
Gortschakoff’s famous phrase, ‘La Russie ne boude pas, elle se
recueille.’ Turkey would be in less danger from her if she could
enlist the sympathies and engage the material interests of Great
Britain and Germany upon her side, as Abdul Hamid evidently
considered that they might be enlisted in regard to his Asiatic
dominions.

“As already stated in your own words, ‘the geographical position
of Germany seems to set fixed limits to her ambitions’; and
since Great Britain has no territorial ambitions in Asiatic
Turkey—as it is recognized at last, even in Turkey—there is
everything to be gained by their loyal and whole-hearted
co-operation. But only on such lines.

(Signed) “H. P. PICOT.”

------------------------------------------------------------------------

INDEX

Abdul Aziz, 20, 27, 163, 181, 234, 238, 258

Abdul Hamid, and the Marquis of Salisbury, 1;
works of, 8, 51–54,164–166;
and the Armenians, 20, 57;
and the Germans, 22, 270;
and Ahmed Midhat Effendi, 25, 26;
popularity, 27–28, 180–182, 238–239, 243;
and Dr. Hepworth, 60–61, 128–129;
and Mr. Whitman, 30–35, 51, 61, 170;
and the Press, 148–149;
deposition, 150, 177–178;
ceremony of the Selamlik, 154–158, 178–182;
account of, 159–182;
promise of Nicholas of Russia to, 162, 277 _and note_;
personality, 166–167, 234, 237–238, 254–255;
and Mr. Whittaker, 171;
and Professor Vambéry, 171–172;
audiences, 179–180;
stories of his diplomacy,184;
spies of, 201;
and the Fehim Pasha incident, 264, 266–267, 270;
mentioned in Professor Vambéry’s letters, 285, 286–287, 288–292;
William II and, 294–295

Abdul Medjid, 261;
reforms of, 229–230

Abraham Pasha, 19–20

Abyssinia, Christian monasteries of, 254

Adrianople, peace of, 1829, 106

Ahmed Midhat, account of, 25–28, 235–236;
letter in Turkish to Mr. Whitman, 107–108;
conversations with, 216–224, 225, 247, 257, 265;
stories of Mohammed’s life told by, 258–260

Aintab in Syria, 63, 112, 114

Aja Sophia of Constantinople, 28, 87

Ala Dagh, the, 105

Alaskird, 97

Albanian Redifs, the, 45, 155

Albanians in Salonica, 40

Albigenses, the, 262

Albrecht, Archduke, 182

Alexander of Battenberg, Prince, and the Mohammedan element, 242

Alexander of Servia, 59

Alexandretta, 63, 81, 115–117

Alidjekrek affair of 1896, 97

Ambassadors in Constantinople, position of, 186–169;
types, 189–193;
social life, 193–194;
Turkish, 194–195

American element in Erzeroum, 99–100;
interest in Anatolia, 121 _and note_

Anatolia, the mission to, 60;
reforms, 63, 70, 76, 79–81, 278;
prosperity, 165;
German interests, 295

Anatolian Railway, the, 268, 275 _and note_

Anatolius, General, 90

Anglicans, 228

Angora, prosperity of, 165

Arab types in Turkey, 233, 248

Aram Aramian, arrest, 97

Ararat, Mount, 109

Arians, the, 223

Armenak Dermonprejan, arrest, 97

Armenia, military service in, 75–76;
people of, 118–119, 120 _and note_

“Armenian Atrocities,” rising of 1895–6, 70–79, 170;
the outbreak in Constantinople, 10–35

Armenian Cemetery, Constantinople, 18

Armenian Committees, 13, 74, 127

Armenian schools, 63, 66, 75, 99, 127

Armenians in Turkey, 228, 231

Arms from Russia seized, 97

Arsenal (Tophanè), Constantinople, discovery of bombs, 24

Arson in Constantinople, 243–244

Ashmead-Bartlett, Sir Ellis, 48, 53–55

Aspern, 182

Asquith, Mr., and the Eucharistic procession in London, 213

Austria-Hungary, Turkish policy of, 275

Austrian Double Eagle March, the, 156–157

Avellis, Hugo, in Constantinople, 204–248;
knowledge of Turkish character, 239–240;
stories of Turkish women, 257–258

Azarian, Armenian banker, 20

Azerbaijan, 296

Bagdad Railway, 269, 277

Bahri Pasha, Governor-General of Van, fired on, 74

Baiburt, 85–86

Bajezid, Sultan, mosque of, 8

Balkan War, 295

Balls in Constantinople, 197–198

Baptists, 228

Batoum, 67

Bayazid, 105

Bazar de Secours, 52–53

Bebek, 169

Begler-Bey, Palace of, 139, 159

Beikos, 27, 257

Beilan, 116

Belgrade, 59

Belisarius, 183;
sayings of, _quoted_, 160

Benedek, Field-Marshal, 182

Bennett, Mr. Gordon, 10–11, 15, 40, 57–59, 129

Bergholz, Mr. Leo, American Consul at Erzeroum, 99

Berlin, Congress of, 278

Bernhardi, General, 286

Beschiktasch, 142

Bieberstein, Baron Marschall von, 162;
and Abdul Hamid, 177;
and the Fehim Pasha incident, 264–247

Bigham, Clive, 48, 55

Birds, shooting of, 254–245

Biredschik, 63, 111–112

Bismarck, Prince, opinion on the Cretan situation, 1–2;
the Sultan’s message to, 34–35;
and Gortschakoff, 188;
and Détaille’s picture, 215;
diplomacy, 270–271, 272;
on the position in the East, 279

Bitlis, 63, 77, 88, 91, 96, 120, 132;
the road to, 101–110;
report of the English Vice-Consul, 122–123

Black Sea, 65, 82

Blunt, Mr. J. P., 47–48

Bodenstedt, Friedrich, _quoted_, 277–278

Bombs, discovery in Constantinople, 24

Bosphorus, the, 92, 141, 278

Bournous, the, 113

Bribery, charges of, 80

Bucharest, diplomacy in, 189

Büchner, 237

Budapest, 285 (_note_)

Budapest University, 283

Bulgarians, Uniate, 228

Burton, Sir Richard, knowledge of the East, 224–225, 226

Buyukdere, massacre of Armenians at, 19–20

Byron, Lord, on Constantinople, _quoted_, 5

“Byzantinism,” 183

Capitulations, the, 201, 231

Caravans, starting point for, 67;
on the Zigana Pass, 84–85

Carlyle and Islamism, 219–220

Cassim Pasha, suburb of, 8

Castries, Count de, “L’Islam,” 218

Catholics, Latin, 228

Censorship of the Press in Constantinople, evading the, 23–24, 171

Cercle d’Orient, Constantinople, 19, 195

Chadidja, 259

Chakir Pasha, Marshal, story of the watch, 70–6, 93–94;
accounts of the Armenian rising, 77–79;
and Reouf Pasha, 98

Chaldeans, Uniate, 228

Chalet Kiosk, 288

Charles, Archduke, 182

Chary, Hermann, Roumanian interpreter, 40–41, 48, 65, 117

Chefakat, Order of the, 165, 172

Christian Churches in Turkey, 28, 222–223

Christianity in Turkey, 119–123, 216–223, 226–230

Circassians, characteristics of the, 106–107;
exodus of, 278

Club de Constantinople, 195

Colombo, Hôtel, Salonica, 37

Commerce, British Chamber of, at Constantinople, 190

Commercial code of 1850, 229

Commerell, Admiral, 226

Constantine the Great, 223, 254

Constantinople, impressions, 5–9;
cavalry barracks, 7, 8;
Fakir Hanè, 8;
Greek High School, 8;
Marine Hospital, 8;
Marine Ministry, 8;
Ters Hanè, 8;
gossip in, 12–13;
British Embassy, 17, 55–56;
German Post Office, 21–22;
Arsenal, 24;
Aja Sophia, 28, 87;
Gumysch Soujou Hospital, 30;
outbreak of the war, 50–51;
a return to, 127–128;
water
supply of, 165;
diplomacy in, 186–195;
cuisine of, 195–196;
“high life” in, 196–198;
the Passage Oriental, 206–207;
Europeans in, 214–215, 240;
fall of, 222;
fire brigade of, 243–244;
Bazaar, 247

Constantinople, Club de, 12, 195

Copts, 228

Corpus Christi, Feast of, in Constantinople, 213

Corruption and bribery in Turkey, 163–164

“Cospoli,” provincial name for Constantinople, 103

Costaki Pasha, 1

_Courrier de L’Est_, 149

Crete, Bismarck’s interest in the island, 1–2;
the naval demonstration 1898, 276

Crimean War, 170, 230, 261

Criminal code of 1840, 229

Crispi, 271

Crusades, nature of the, 215–216, 219, 221–222

Cuinet _cited_, 120 (_note_)

Currie, Lady, 55–56

Currie, Sir Philip, 263;
the protest to the Porte, 54–56;
urges recall of Chakir Pasha, 71;
telegram to Erzeroum, autumn 1895, 77

Dagmar, Empress, 71

_Daily Mail_ and the Fehim Pasha incident, 266–267

Damascene swords, 91

Damascus, 118

Dandolo, Enrico, 250

Danish Bey, 71

_Daphne_, Austrian-Lloyd steamer, 64

Dead, Turkish reverence for the, 8

Deliler, village of, 55

Demeter Mavrocordato Effendi, 71, 72

Détaille, M. Edouard, “Nos Vainqueurs,” 215

Deutsche Bank, Berlin, 142

_Deutsche Revue_, 287

Diarbekir, 63, 88, 91;
history, 110–111

“Diary of an Idle Woman in Constantinople,” 253

Djahid, Husein, paper by, 287

Dogs of Constantinople, 17, 254

Dolma-Baghtchè, palace of, 139, 141

Doré, Gustave, illustrations of the Bible, 88

Dragoman Service, the, 189

Draper, and Islamism, 219–220

Druses, 228

Dufferin, Lord, 193

_Duilio_, the Italian ship, 37

Edhem Pasha, generalissimo of the Turkish forces, 43–44, 46, 48

Edward VII, 283

Egypt, irrigation, 280

Egyptians at Nisib, 112

Elassona, Turkish headquarters at, 40–48

Emerson, “English Traits,” 249

Emin Bey, story of, 166–167

England, Turkish policy, 22, 170, 272–274, 278–279

English governesses in Constantinople, 213

English settlement in Salonica, 39–40

Englishman, Turkish estimation of the, 261–262

Erzeroum, vilayet, 63 _and note_;
Armenian rising, October 1895, 70–76;
the journey to, 81;
reception at, 88–90;
history of the town, 90;
Russian influence, 91–92;
the American element in, 99–100;
Russian occupation 1878, 278

Erzingian, 73

Etchmiadzin (Russia), 78

Ethnike Hetairia, the, 36 _and note_, 37

Eucharistic Congress in London, 213

Eugénie, Empress, 139

Eunuchs, 253–254

Euphrates, crossing the, 112

Europeans in Constantinople, 214–215, 240

Famine, 165

Fauna between Erzeroum and Bitlis, 102–103

“Fedaïs,” the, 75–76

Fehim Pasha, Chief of Secret Police, 177–178;
scandal of, 263–267

Ferdinand, Austrian ex-Emperor, sayings of, 159–160

Ferid Pasha, 270

Ferrero, Guglielmo, sayings of, _quoted_, 234–235

Fire brigade in Constantinople, 243–244

Franco-German War 1870, 251

Franco-Italian War 1859, 182

Franz-Josef, present to the Bazar de Secours, 53

French Embassy in Constantinople, 50, 251

French language in Turkey, 275–276

Friedrichsruh, 2

Fuad, Grand Vizier, 177

Galata Bridge, the, 15–18, 21–22, 141, 244

Gautier, Théophile, on the Turk, 8

Gellini, Gentil, 250

“German Memories,” Prof. Vambéry’s remarks on, 289, 290

Germany and England, 293, 294

Germany and Turkey—Behaviour of Germans during the massacre, 21–22;
German officers in Turkey, 48–49, 271–272, 285;
German surgeons for the wounded, 51–52;
Turkish policy of Germany, 169–170, 279, 290, 291, 293, 294;
German influence in Turkey, 202, 214, 241, 264, 267–272, 274–277,
279, 295–296;
German language in Turkey, 275–276

Ghazi Osman Pasha, 50–51, 155, 205;
his office at Yildiz, 139, 177–178, 181

_Giaours_, 228, 249

Gladstone, the Rt. Hon. W. E., policy of, 169–170

Goethe _quoted_, 125, 268

Golden Horn, 6, 7, 8, 9 (_note_), 55

“Goldener Lamm,” Vienna, 4

Goltz, General von der, 285

Gordon, General, 40, 226

Görgey, 251

Gortschakoff, 188, 296

Græco-Turkish War, 35–56, 219, 271, 276

Grant, General, and Reouf Pasha, 94–95

Gratz, 182

Graves, Mr., British Consul at Erzeroum, opinion of, _quoted_, 93–94

Greece, incursions into Macedonia, 36;
religious intolerance in, 213–214;
Turks in, 251

Greek Committees, 2

Greek Orthodox Church, 20–21, 213–214

Greek Press, Bismarck and the, 2

Greeks in Constantinople, behaviour, 50–51;
characteristics, 212;
burial customs, 213–214, 241;
Uniate, 228

Grey, Sir Edward, Eastern policy of, 291

Gritti, Andrea, 250

Gritti, Ludovico, 250

Grumbkow Pasha, 48

Gumysch Hanè, 83–8

Gumysch Soujou Hospital, Constantinople, 30

Gwynne, H. A., 55

Hafis Pasha, 112

Haidar Pasha, university at, 162

Haldane, Lord, 286

Halid Bey, 64

Hamid Pasha, 74

Hamidiè cavalry regiments, 73, 109, 145–155

Hamidiè Mosque, 156, 164, 178–179

“Hans,” 83, 86

Harem, the, 215, 256–257

_Harper’s Magazine_, 132

Hassan Bey, 258

Hassib Effendi, 71

Hatti-Humayoun of 1856, 230

Hatti-Sherif of Gulhanè, 229–230

Hatzfeldt, Count, 206

Hedjas Railway, 150, 277

Heine, “Buch der Lieder,” _quoted_, 151

Hepworth, Dr. George H., the expedition into Armenia, 58 _et seq._;
“Through Armenia on Horseback,” 62;
the journey to Erzeroum, 81, 89–90;
the road to Bitlis, 101–102, 104, 105, 108;
incidents of the journey, 113, 114, 115, 116;
and Abdul Hamid, 128–129;
letters to Mr. Whitman, 132–133

Hepworth, Mrs., 129

Herbert, Sir Michael, 263

Hobart Pasha, 226, 248

Holy Sepulchre, Turkish protection, 213, 215–216, 228

Horse, the Anatolian, 114–115

Hospital for the wounded at Yildiz, 51–52

Hugo, Victor, 26

Huguenin, M., 268–269

Huguenots, the, 217

Humboldt, Alexander von, observations of, on Constantinople, 5–6

Hungarian revolutionists, sheltered by the Sultan, 251

Hunger-typhus, 165

Hunuesch, 120

Hussein Avni Pasha, 258

Hyacinthe, Father, and Islamism, 219–220

Ibrahim Pasha, 112, 145, 152–154

Impérial, Hôtel, Salonica, 40

Imtiaz medal, the, 33, 51–52, 179

“Iradè,” the term, 144–145

Izzet Fuad Pasha, Turkish ambassador at Madrid, 177

Izzet Pasha, and Mr. Whitman, 30–35, 237;
apartments at Yildiz, 140–145, 265;
work of, 154;
Arab origin 169 (_note_)

Jacobites, 228

Janissaries, the, 155, 180

Japan, German officers in, 272

Jerusalem, 94–95, 118, 213, 216, 256

Jews in Turkey, 21, 38–39, 92, 217, 221, 228, 249–250

Johnson, President Andrew, 26

_Journal de Salonique_, extract from, 41–42

Justinian, Emperor, 183, 254

Kaarie, or Kariè, Mosque, 28, 222–223

Kara Hissar Charki, mines of, 76

Kara Sua, source, 90

Karaferia, 42

Katerina, 42, 46

Kegel Club, Salonica, 37

Kerasoun, 66

Khalifate, the, claim of the Sultan, 148

Khinis, 77

Khrimyan, Monsignor, 78

Kighi, 96

Knackfuss, Professor, 53

Kop Dagh Pass, 86–88

Koran, precepts of the, 213, 217–223, 234–235, 254

Kossona, village of, 43

Kossuth, 251

Kotal Dagh, the, 66–67

Kurdistan, 63, 79;
relations with Armenians, 74–75;
rising of the autumn 1895, 77;
mountain fastnesses of, 107;
characteristics, 129–130

Kurds, arming of the, 73;
Reouf Pasha and, 96–97;
kindliness of, 107–109;
marksmanship, 113;
predatory propensities, 124;
deputation to the Sultan, 145

Lamartine, 291

Larissa, 45, 55

Layard, Sir Henry, 193

Lazis, the, of Trebizond, 67

Lebanon, 223

Lessing, “Nathan the Wise,” 216–217

_Levant Herald_, and the censorship, 171

Levantine, the, 199–209

London, contrasts with the East, 130–132

Lorenz, Melchoir, 250

Loti, Pierre, 291

Louis XIV, 217

Lufti Aga, story of, 168–169

Lule-Burgas, 285

Macedonia, missionaries of, 121

Mahmoud, Sultan, 229–230, 248

Mahmud Nedim Pasha, 169

Mamuret ül Aziz, 63

Marienbad, 57

Maronites, 228

Mavrocordato Effendi, 79–80

Mavrocordato, Prince, 231

Mavrogeni, Dr., 206

Maximow, M., dragoman, 19

Maximow M., Consul-General, 90, 93, 147

Mazzini, 271

McColl, Canon, 22

Mecca, 65, 140–141

Medjediè, order of, 98, 154

Mehmet, Circassian officer, 40, 43, 48

Mehmet Izzet Bey, saying of, _quoted_, 15, 255–256

Mehmet Tscherkess, 45

_Mekteb Milkiè_, 164

Meluna Pass, the, 45

Mersey, Lord, 48

Mersina, 127

Mersina-Adana Railway, 269

Mesopotamia, 63, 295, 296

Methodists, 228

Metoualis, 228

Midhat Pasha, 26, 166

Migirditch, Armenian cook, 101–102

Mijatovich, M. Chedo, 289

Milan, ex-king, 59

Miles, Gen. Nelson, 53

Mining law, alterations, 273

Missionaries in Turkey, 38, 39, 120–121

Modiki, Kurds of, 124

Mohamed Cherif Reouf Pasha, 93–98, 104

Mohammed, life of, stories of, 125, 258–260

Mohammed V, 208

Mohammed Faté, Sultan, 250

Mohammedanism and Christianity, 82–83, 216–223, 228–230

Mollahs, 143–145

Moltke, Count von, and Turkey, 35, 112, 248

Monasteries, Christian, 82–83, 127, 222, 254

Montenegrins, struggle of 1876, 207;
characteristics, 212

Montgomery, George R., 55

Mordtmann, Dr., 164–165

Moscow, fires of, 243

Möser, Justus, 237

Mosques, 222–223

Mosul, 110

Moutschka, River, 66

Muezzin, the, 145

Munir Pasha, Grand Master of Ceremonies, 60, 152, 180;
letter to Mr. Whitman, 129;
personality, 157–158;
estimate of his master, 175–176

Murad Su, 101

Mustapha Pasha, railway station at, 262

_Namouma_, yacht, 57

Naples, 5

Napoleon, Code of, 229

Napoleon, saying of, 62, 226

Napoleon III, Abdul Hamid compared with, 161–162

National, Hôtel, Vienna, 4

Naturalization of Turkish subjects, 231

Neghib Bey, saying of, 246

Nelidow, M. de, 19, 278

Nestorians, Chaldean, 228

Nestorius, 223

_New York Herald_, the, 2, 10–11, 14, 23–25, 31, 34, 36, 41, 42, 43,
46, 57, 58, 60, 61, 129, 133 (_note_), 170

Nicæa, Council of, 223

Nicholas, Emperor, promise to Abdul Hamid, 162, 277 _and note_

_Nineteenth Century and After_, 286, 289 (_note_ 4)

Nisib, village of, 112

O’Conor, Sir Nicholas, 193;
letter of, _quoted_, 272–273

Offenbach, Jacques, 157

Ohannes Effendi, 19

Olympus, Mount, 37, 43

_Orient (L’)_, 149

Ortogrul cavalry, 155

Osman Pasha, 95, 139

Osmanian, 18–19

Osmaniè order, 154

Ottoman Bank, the attack on the, 16–18, 23–24

Palestine, law in, 229

_Pall Mall Gazette_, 285

Pancaldi, 71

Paris Commune 1871, 256

Pascal, “Les Pensées” _quoted_, 161

Paskiewitsch, General, 86

Passage Oriental, Constantinople, 206–207

Passen, 97

Paul, Emperor, 32

Peel, W., 55

Pera, 15, 199, 200;
the outbreak at, 17;
discovery of bombs, 25;
after the massacre, 29–30;
water supply, 165;
Grande Rue de Pera, 206–208, 257;
population of, 212;
the French Embassy, 251

Pera Palace Hotel, 6, 12, 177, 266

Phanariotes, 235, 270

Pharsalia, 45

Philippopolis, 23–24

Picot, Lieut.-Colonel H. P., 280;
letter to Mr. Whitman, 294–297

“Pilaf,” 255

Platana, 67

Plevna, siege of, 205

Plumstead, naming of a street in, 283–284 and _note_

Police, Turkish, 201–202

_Policevera_, steamer, 50

Polygamy, 215

Pontine range, the, 85

Potsdam Guards, the, 271

Powers, the, proposals of 1895, 77;
the Capitulations, 201, 231

Presbyterians, 228

Press, the, in Turkey, 148–149, 160, 188, 230–232, 251;
evading the censorship, 23–24, 171

Prinkipo Islands, 20

Prior, Mr. Melton, 29

Procopius of Cæsarea, 183

Protestants in Turkey, 120–121, 228

Pruth, the, 164

Ramadan Festival, 149–150

Razi Khan, 74

“Realm of the Habsburgs,” by Mr. Sidney Whitman, 284, 292

Red Cross, the, 205

Redcliffe, Lord Stratford de, 56, 193, 261

Reformation, the English, 213

Religious toleration in Turkey, 216–222, 227–228;
firman of 1854, 229–230

Revolvers at the Pera Palace Hotel, 17

Rhodes, Island of, 25, 127

Riedler, Professor, 248

Rifat Bey, 169

Roads, Persian, 80–81, 85, 101, 125, 128

Robert College on the Bosphorus, 226–227

Roberts, Lord, 286

Roman Catholic Armenians, 21

Rome, rites in communion with, 228

Roqueferrier, M., 93

Rothschild, London house of, 20

Roumania, King of, 272

Ruskin, saying of, _quoted_, 131

Rushti Bey, Colonel, 65, 107

Russia—Turkish policy of, 19, 127, 147, 232, 276–279, 296–297;
revolutionary propaganda fomented by, 20–21, 24, 61, 75–76, 123;
protest against German officers in Turkey, 49;
influence in Erzeroum, 90–92, 97;
the Czar’s promise to Abdul Hamid, 162, 277 _and note_;
trade with Turkey, 165;
religious toleration in, 229

Russian Cossack regiments, 73

Russo-Japanese War, 296

Russo-Turkish War, 44, 85–86, 164

Saadi, poet, 290

Sadjur, River, 114

Sadowa, battle of, 182

Saint Andrews, Cathedral of, 213

Saint Sophia, Church of, 250

Saladin, 114, 216–217, 233

Salisbury, Marquis of, 1, 170, 220 (_note_)

Salonica, Greek population, 37, 49–50;
Jewish element, 38–39;
English element, 39–40;
outbreak of the war, 49;
Turks in, 251

Salzburg, 5

Samsoun, 66

Saumur, 45

Schah-Zadè, Sultan, 8

Schiites, 233

Schismanian, Givon, 77

Schools, Armenian, 63, 66, 75, 99, 127;
Turkish, 164–165, 275

Schopenhauer, 237

Schreyer, 114

Scott, Sir Walter, _quoted_, 49

Scutari, 257;
the English cemetery, 165, 201–202

Sedan-chairs, 197

Selamlik, ceremony of the, 154–158, 164, 178–181, 253

Selim, Sultan, 8, 110, 111, 217, 233

Shamyl, submission of, 278

Shaw, Captain, 243

Shaw, G. B., 48

Shefket Pasha, Marshal, 51

Sheikh-ul-Islam, 52, 217, 233, 237–238

Sheikhs, 143–145

Shipka Pass, 71

Silver mines, 83–84

Sirry Bey, 64, 103–106, 113, 117, 172, 266–267

Sitaouk, 97

Sivas, 76

Smyrna, 22, 127

Smyrna-Aidin Railway, 273

Sobranje, the, Mohammedan members, 242

Softas, 145

Solferino, 182

Sorovitch, 41, 42

Spain—Religious intolerance in, 38, 217, 250;
the Moors in, 220–221;
generosity of the people, 248

Special Correspondent, Mr. Gordon Bennett’s ideas of his duties, 11–12

Spencer, Herbert, 237

Spinoza, 237

“Stambolin,” 25, 150, 176

Stamboul, the outbreak in, 15–17, 22;
the Aja Sophia, 28, 87;
the Sublime Porte, 141;
fires in, 244;
the public fountain, 261

Steevens, G. W., 55

Sublime Porte, the, 14, 141

Suleyman, Sultan, 8, 165, 250

Sultan, the, and the Khalifate, 225

Sunday, the Mohammedan, 27

Suwarie Tschaoush, 64

Sycosis, 117

Syrian horsemen, 113

Syrians, Uniate, 228

Szechenyi Pasha, Count, 243

Tahsim Pasha, 139

_Tanin_, the, 287

Tanzimat, the, 229–230

Tariff, Turkish, 280

Tauchnitz Collection of British Authors, 253

Taurus, the, 82–85, 88

“Tcharik,” 42

Tcheragan, Palace of, 139

“Temena,” ceremony of, 142–143

Tempè, vale of, 45

_Terdjumani Hakkikat_, the, 26

Tewfik Bey, Colonel, 64–65

Tewfik Pasha, 270

Theodora, Empress, 183

Theodosiopolis, 90

Theodosius the Younger, 90

Therapia, 263

Thessaly, alleged Turkish atrocities, 54–55

Tiflis, Armenians of, 78

Tigris, the, 101, 110

_Times_, the, correspondents in Turkey, 14, 18, 47–48, 171

Timur the Tartar, 114

Tophanè, Constantinople, 141

Transylvania, Saxon colony, 276

Trebizond, 63, 64, 81;
description, 66–70;
the troubles at, 74–76;
Christian monasteries of, 82–83, 222

Tripoli, 214

Tschishly, 18

Tschoueh, Daniel, 76

Turanian type in Turkey, 233

Turk, the, traits, 210–260;
love of family, 103–104;
fidelity, 104–105;
generosity and courtesy, 105–106, 240–242;
respect for personal character, 206, 208–209, 246;
absence of class distinctions, 235–237;
gratitude, 246–248;
hospitality, 248–249;
love of animals, 254

Turkey—War on Greece, 36;
religious tolerance in, 184, 212, 216–222, 227–230, 249–250;
shelter given to Hungarian revolutionaries, 251;
foreigners in, 252–253;
German officers in Turkish army, 271–272

Turks, Orthodox, 228

Tussaud’s, Madame, 215 _and note_

Twain, Mark, 118

Ulemas, 143, 144, 145

United States, the Press in, 231

University at Haidar Pasha, 165

“Vali,” the term, 63 (_note_)

Valis, unpopularity of, 124

Valladolid, 250

Vambéry, Dr. Rustem, letter to Mr. Whitman, 283–284

Vambéry, Professor Arminius, experiences, 84;
life and adventures, _quoted_, 89;
stories of Abdul Hamid, 168–169, 171–172, 186;
letters to Mr. Whitman, 211, 289–293;
on the European situation, 279;
a London street named after, 283, 284

Van, 63, 64, 65, 74, 78, 79;
the rising in, 78–79

Van, Lake of, 72, 109–110

Vassos, Colonel, recall from Crete, 36

Venice, 57

Vereschagin, 205

Victoria, Queen, 283

Vienna, impressions, 3–5, 59;
Central Post Office, 4, 5;
Leopoldstadt, 4

Vienna Congress 1815, 4

“Vilayet,” the term, 63 (_note_)

Vincent, Sir Edgar, in Constantinople, 226

Voltaire, 237

Wagner, Reisen von Moritz, _quoted_, 86

Wallisch, Dr., 65

Waugh, Mr. Alexander, English Consul, 111

Weldon, Mr. Hamilton, 55

Westminster, Duke of, attitude towards Armenian atrocities, 22

White, Sir William, 193, 295

Whitman, Mrs., and the Turkish ladies, 258

Whittaker, Mr., 14, 171

Whittall, 15–16, 22–23, 242

William II and Abdul Hamid, 53, 162 (_note_), 261, 294–295

William III of England, 252

Woman, the Turkish, status, 165–166, 215, 256–258

Woods, Admiral Sir Henry, Pasha, 242–243

Xerias, River, 43

Yildiz, the Palace at, 14, 18, 19, 31–35, 51–52, 72–73, 128–129,
137–158, 176–177

Young Turk movement, 26, 124 (_note_), 287

Zeki Pasha, Marshal, 73

Zigana Pass, 84–85

Zola, _La Débâcle_, 124

PRINTED AT
THE BALLANTYNE PRESS
LONDON

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Transcriber’s note:

○ Index entries showing abbreviated page ranges were written out in
full. For example: “294–5” was changed to “294–295.”

○ The index entry for “Plumstead, naming of a street in” pointed to
page 282, but there is no page 282. It has been corrected to page
283.

○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.

○ Typographical errors were silently corrected.

○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only
when a predominant form was found in this book.