Chapter XXXVIII: Appendix: XVI

Dudley North’s genius is proved and his place in the history of Political Economy established by an anonymous pamphlet which he published shortly before his death under the title _Discourses upon Trade, principally directed to the cases of the Interest, Coinage, Clipping and Encrease of Money_. This great little treatise, suppressed by the Government of William III. in 1691, was reprinted, from one of the very few copies extant, in 1856 by J. R. M’Culloch among his _Early English Tracts on Commerce_. It embodies, briefly and boldly, a system the originality and completeness of which may be judged from the following abstract--a theory in essence similar to, in some respects more consistent than, that enunciated by Adam Smith generations later:

“The whole world, as to trade, is but one nation or people, and therein nations are as persons. The loss of a trade with one nation is not that only, separately considered, but so much of the trade of the world rescinded and lost, for all is combined together. There can be no trade unprofitable to the public; for if any prove so, men leave it off: and, wherever the traders thrive, the public of which they are a part thrive also. To force men to deal in any prescribed manner, may profit such as happen to serve them, but the public gains not, because it is taking from one subject to give to another. No laws can set prices in trade, the rates of which must and will make themselves. But when such laws do happen to lay any hold, it is so much impediment to trade, and therefore prejudicial. Money is merchandize, whereof there may be a glut, as well as a scarcity, and that even to an inconvenience. A people cannot want money to serve the ordinary dealing, and more than enough they will not have. No man will be the richer for the making much money, nor any part of it, but as he buys it for an equivalent price.... Exchange and ready money are the same; nothing but carriage and re-carriage being saved. Money exported in trade is an increase to the wealth of the nation; but spent in war and payments abroad, is so much impoverishment....” The tract ends with these weighty words: “No people ever yet grew rich by policies: but it is peace, industry, and freedom that bring trade and wealth, and nothing else.”

The author describes his propositions as “paradoxes, no less strange to most men than true in themselves.” Their truth may still be a matter of controversy; their strangeness at the time at which they appeared is unquestionable. They were rank heresies against the dominant creed of the day. According to the cardinal article of that creed--the “balance of trade”--wealth consisted solely of money: whatever sent the precious metals out of a country impoverished it: whatever tended to swell the quantity of bullion in a country added to its riches. Therefore, no trade with any country was profitable, unless we exported to that country more value in goods than we imported, receiving the difference in money, which was considered the measure of our profit. North, presumably, had his eyes opened to the fallacy of this mercantile doctrine by the facts of our Levant trade. In the earlier days our exports to Turkey fully paid for our imports, and in those days English writers proudly contrasted our position with that of other nations--the French, Dutch, Italians, Germans--who paid a balance in cash. It did not occur to them that those nations must have found it as profitable to pay for what they got in gold and silver as we did in goods, else they would not have done so: and if they got their money’s worth for their money, which no doubt they did, they were quite as well off as the English who, of course, got no more than the worth of their manufactures. [See Munn’s _Discourse of Trade_, 1621, in Geo. L. Craik’s _History of British Commerce_, 1844, vol ii. pp. 19-20.] However, before North left Turkey, our merchants had got into the habit of sending, in addition to goods, large quantities of specie: in other words, now the “balance of trade” was against us--and yet our Levant trade never was more profitable! Here was a paradox to set a sensible man thinking.

But few men can think. Acting upon the established belief, English public opinion clamoured for the exclusion from the Kingdom of the products of foreign countries, particularly those of our traditional rival, France. In one of these paroxysms of popular frenzy an entire prohibition of French goods was proclaimed by Act of Parliament (1678). On that occasion, indeed, national hatred and religious excitement combined to invigorate and envenom the feelings arising from commercial jealousy, for it was the time of the ferment about the secret designs of France and Charles, out of which sprang the wild delusion of the Popish Plot. But the chief motive of that legislative measure was the prevailing notion that the country was suffering enormous pecuniary loss in consequence of our excessive importation of French commodities. Dudley North’s comments on that notion are refreshing: “trade is not distributed, as government, by nations and kingdoms; but is one throughout the whole world, as the main sea, which cannot be emptied or replenished in one part, but the whole, more or less, will be affected. So when a nation thinks, by rescinding the trade of any other country, which was the case of our prohibiting all commerce with France, they do not lop off that country, but so much of their trade of the whole world as what that which was prohibited bore in proportion with all the rest; and so it recoiled a dead loss of so much general trade upon them. And as to the pretending a loss by any commerce, the merchant chooses in some respects to lose, if by that he acquires an accommodation of a profitable trade in other respects.” [_Life of Francis North, Baron of Guilford_, 1742, p. 168.] No wonder such views were obnoxious to a Government bent blindly on crushing France, as the Whig Government of 1691 was, and it may be suspected that in choosing that moment for the publication of his heresies North was actuated quite as much by the wish to thwart the war policy of his opponents as by the desire to promote the cause of Truth.

The Act of 1678 had been repealed in the beginning of James II.’s reign, but immediately after the Revolution all commerce with France was again barred. The boycott continued through the two wars of 1689-97 and 1701-12, and the attempt made by the Tories in 1713, when peace was restored between England and France, to re-open the trade with the latter country, failed: the merchants took the alarm, the Whig politicians exploited that alarm, public opinion was roused, and the Bill was lost. We have heard the same clamour for breaking off all commercial relations with a rival nation in our own day--over two hundred years after Dudley North exposed the egregious folly of such a policy.

INDEX

Adrianople:
Court at, 24, 26, 28, 68;
Finch’s preparations for, 86-8;
entry into, 93-4;
quarters in, 94-5, 172;
foreign diplomats in, 96-7;
the city, 97;
festivities in, 68-9, 105-113, 131;
plague in, 136-7, 138, 139, 156, 163, 174;
departure from, 175-6;
Levant Company and Finch’s visit, App. XIII. 400

Affaire du Sofa, _see_ Soffah

Aga of Pasha of Tunis, 16-20, 85-6, 305, 306

Ahmed Kuprili, Grand Vizir:
character, 12-15, 103, 104, 160, 165, 191-3, 225, 354, App. IV.
385-386;
siege of Candia, 14, 16, 132, 207;
negotiations with Poland, 31, 68;
and Pasha of Tunis, 85, 86, 173-4;
finds quarters for Finch, 95;
Finch’s audience with, 98-103;
Charles II.’s letter to, App. II. 381-382;
and Holy Sepulchre disputes, 117, 118-19, 123, 125, 158;
and Tripoli corsairs, 129, 182;
his intemperance, 132, 164, 165, 169;
and Capitulations, 134, 147, 149, 158, 159, 160, 166, 169-71, 180;
at Finch’s audience with Grand Signor, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146;
and Vani Effendi, 153;
letters to Charles II., 170;
and Genoese Resident, 294;
his death, 191, 192, 193;
Kara Mustafa and, 325 (_note_)

Ak-bonar, 137

Aleppo:
Anglo-French disputes at, 72-3, 188;
customs duties at, 181, 218;
dollars consigned to, 237-243;
Hattisherif, 27, 150;
library at, App. VI. 389;
Pasha of, 237-8

Algiers pirates, 85, 244, 248-9

Allin, Sir Thomas, 85

_Alloy_, the, described, 257-8, 370 (_note_)

Ambassadors:
state kept by, 36, 39-40;
Turkish conception of responsibilities of, 273, 303-4, App. XV.
402-3

American ceremonialism, 200

Anchorage charges, 28

Ancona, 284

_Angel_, the, App. V. 387

Angora, 236

Argostoli, 351

Arlington, Lord, 3, 4-5, 52, 116, 121

Ashby, Mr. John:
the Pizzamano case, 211, 212-13, 214, 215-16, 218, 222, 231;
the Pentlow case, 268, 269, 271-6

_Asper_, 233

Austria attacked, 361, 362;
in Holy League, 364-5

Avanias, 15, 228, 229, 233, 264, 274, 281, 283, 365

Avji, the Hunter, 25, 131, 144, 146.
_See_ Mohammed IV.

Bailo of Venice, the, 20;
and religious disputes, 119, 122, 124, 151;
and Sir John Finch, 185, 189;
Kara Mustafa and, 202, 227-8, 229-30, 281-3, 321, 359

Baines, Sir Thomas, 40-44, 353;
on the Turks, 22-3;
journey to Adrianople, 89, 90, 94;
at Karagatch, 137, 175;
and Vani Effendi, 153, 155-7;
reproves Nointel, 190-91;
pulls strings for Finch, 245;
his sedan chair, 291;
death, 344-5, 347;
burial, 352

Bairam, Feast of the, 20, 216, 222, 316

_Bakshish_, App. IX. 394

_Barat_, 266, 267

_Baratlis_, 266

Barbary corsairs, 83-5, 339-41, 345, 348

Barton, Edward, 119

Belgrade, 39

Bendyshe, Sir Thomas, 26, 120

Berkeley, Earl of, 312, 313

Bocareschi, Count, 133, 155, 156, 163

Books in 17th century, App. VI. 388-9

Bostanji-bashi, 248

_Boza_, 323, 324

Broesses, M. de, 297

Brusa, 236

Busbequius, 8;
quoted, 33

Caboga, Signor, Ambassador of Ragusa, 96, 112, 113, 250, 251

Cadileskers, 140, 142, 303, 306, 315

Caloyers, Greek, 118, 119, 151

“Cambio Marittimo,” 83

Cambridge, 2, 40, 112;
Covel at, 54-55, 369-70, 371-2

Cancellier, Levant Company’s, 51, 142, 144, 145

Candia, siege of, 14, 15, 16, 101, 132

Canizares, 119, 122

Capiji-bashi, 93, 139

Capitan Pasha, 193, 212;
the new, 248, 257, 279, 340, 341, 346

Capitulations, the, 14, 26-31, 98, 100, 293-5;
prepared, 104, 134;
Latin Fathers and, 124-5;
postponements, 147, 149-51;
draft shown, 157, 158, 159;
the signature question, 166-7, App. XI. 396;
signed, 168, 169, 170;
not appreciated, 178-9;
difficulties in execution, 180-81;
Ahmed Kuprili maintains, 180, 193;
Grand Signor and, App. X. 395;
Kara Mustafa and, 223, 244, 249, 270-71;
and cloth trade, 247;
married Franks and, 266-7, 270-71;
Kara Mustafa holds for ransom, 292, 293-6;
silk duty under, 349

Capitulations, the Dutch, 296-8, 300

Carlowitz, Peace of, 365

Carpenter, Mr. William, 51, 142, 144

Catholics, _see_ Roman Catholics

Ceremonialism, diplomatic, 199-200

Chandos, Lord:
appointment, 313-314, 329;
arrival, 335-6, 337;
delivers his letters, 339, 342-3;
silk duty dispute, 348, 349-50, 355-8;
his Audience delayed, 358, 364;
retirement, 364

Chaoush-bashi, 93, 139, 142, 198, 216, 239, 346, 355, 356

Chaplyn, Captain, 18-19, 304, 305, 306

Charles II.:
knights Finch, 2;
Arlington and, 5;
policy of, 9, 15, 359;
and Levant Merchants, 10-11, App. III. 384;
and Grand Duke of Tuscany, 18;
and Rycaut, 53, 367-8;
Treaty of Dover, 69, 71, 121;
and Roman Catholics, 120-121;
letter to Grand Vizir, 99, App. II. 381-2;
letter to Grand Signor, 144, 145-6, App. II. 380-81;
gift of figs to, 170, 179-180, 209, 223;
and Turkish currency, 235;
turns against Louis, 260, 263;
appoints Finch’s successor, 311, 312, 313, 314, 329;
suspends trade with Turkey, 319, 320;
letters borne by Chandos, 337-8, 342;
resumes trade, 348-9

Chios:
Ahmed Kuprili at, 132;
French bombard, 340-41, 346, 359

Christ’s College, Cambridge:
Finch at, 2, 40;
Baines at, 40;
Covel at, 53, 55;
Finch and Baines buried at, 352;
Covel Master of, 369-70

Circassian slave, 184

Circumcision festival, 68, 105-9

Clarendon, Earl of, 121, 367

Cloth trade, English, 27-8, 149-50, 247, App. XII. 397

Coke, Mr. Thomas, Cancellier, 51, 142, 144, 145

Colbert, 50

Collyer, Jakob, 365

Collyer, Justinus, 298, 299-300, 328, 333.
_See_ Dutch Resident

Constantinople:
city described, 24-25, 33-6, 38-9, 44-5;
Finch reaches, 20;
Grand Signor’s dislike of, 24-6, 182;
customs duties, 27;
plague in, 24, 176-7;
religious disputes in, 55-6, 57;
Finch returns to, 176;
Grand Signor at, 182-4, 196, 278

Constantinople Embassy:
Finch’s aversion to, 4, 5;
Finch accepts, 1, 5, 11;
appointments to, App. III. 383-4;
character of post, 7-11;
chaplaincy, 54 (_see_ Covel);
candidates for, 311-14

Constantinople factory and Pentlow case, 274

Conway, Anne, Viscountess, 3

Conway, Lord, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 22, 44, 245

Cordeliers, Spanish, 119, 122-7, 138, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286

Corsairs:
and Porte, 16-17, 84-5, 340-41, App. XV. 402-3;
and English ships, 16-17, 83, 85, App. V. 387, App. XV. 402-403

Counterfeit coin, 76-7, 82, 234-7, App. I. 379

Covel, Rev. John:
Constantinople chaplain, 53-7, 66, 89;
journey to Adrianople, 90, 91;
on Adrianople quarters, 91, 94, 97, 98;
on Ahmed Kuprili, 102;
during festivities, 111-13, 250;
and religious controversy, 122, 125-6;
on Turkish Court, 131, 132;
and Bocareschi, 133;
at Karagatch, 137, 148;
at Grand Signor’s Audience, 142, 143, 144, 145;
on Vani Effendi, 154;
return to Constantinople, 176;
in Grand Signor’s camp, 182-3;
leaves Constantinople, 287-8;
later career, 368-72

Crete, war in, 14, 118

Crim Tartar, 253

Cromwell, Oliver, 10, 15, 120

Crow, Sir Sackville, 10, 26, App. III. 384

Currency, Turkish, 233-6

Customer, Chief, _see_ Hussein Aga

Customs-duties, 26-8, 349-50, 355-9

Cypress trees, 36

Deereham, Sir Richard, 313

Dey of Tripoli, 83, 84, 129, 182

_Dishe parassi_, 91, App. IX. 394

Divan, 139-40

Dositheos, 119, 125-6

Dover, Treaty of, 69, 71, 121

Dragoman of the Porte, _see_ Mavrocordato, Dr.

Dragomans, 46-50, 204, 266, 267;
Finch’s, 50-51, 86-7, 94-5, 164, 175-6, 186-7, 203-4, 272, 315,
330.
_See_ Draperys _and_ Perone

Draperys, Signor Giorgio, 50-51, 89, 94, 95, 141, 144, 145-6, 164,
186-7, 188

Drink, excess in, fashionable, 60, App. VIII. 392-3

Druggermen, _see_ Dragomans

Duquesne, Admiral, 340-41, 345, 346, 348, 359-60

Dutch:
Kara Mustafa and, 202, 228, 296-8, 300, 359;
married, 267;
rivalry with English, 28, 237, 238, 240, 242, 247

Dutch Cancellier, 294

Dutch Capitulations, 296-8, 300

Dutch Resident, 31, 160-161;
Kara Mustafa and, 202, 228, 298, 300;
Finch’s quarrels with, 299-300, 327, 332-3

Elizabethan relations with Turks, 8, 30, 46, 326-7;
with Greeks, 119

English:
Dutch and, 28, 237, 238, 240, 242, 247;
French and, 71-72, 73-6, 80-82, 261-2, 262-3;
Greeks and, 119;
Turks and, 16-17, 100-101, 224, 231-2, 236-7

English, custom-house privileges of, 246-8

English merchants, 36-9;
married, 267, 269, App. XIV. 401;
Turkish justice and, 28-30, 63, 157-8, 223-4, 231-2, 274, 307-8

English renegades, 29-30, 149, 157-8

English shipping:
pirates and, 16-17, 83, 85, App. V. 387, App. XV. 402-3;
Turks requisition, 15, 127-9

Eyre, Sir John, 10

False coin, manufacture of, 76-7, 82, 234-7

Festivities at Adrianople, 68, 105-113, 131

Finch, Sir Heneage (father), 1

Finch, Sir Heneage (brother), 1, 2, 3, 288.
_See_ Nottingham, Earl of

Finch, Heneage (cousin), 4.
_See_ Winchilsea, Earl of

Finch, Heneage (nephew), 2

Finch, Sir John (Baron), 1

Finch, Sir John, Ambassador at Constantinople:
family, 1-2, 4;
early career, 2-3;
knighted, 2;
in Italy, 2, 3-5;
appointed Ambassador to the Porte, 1, 5, 11;
character of post, 7-11;
his instructions, 9, App. I. 377-379;
credentials, App. II. 380-382;
the case of the Pasha of Tunis, 16-20, 85-6;
landing at Smyrna, 19-20, 22, 71;
arrival at Constantinople, 20;
audience of the Kaimakam, 20-21, 30-31;
the new Capitulations, 26-31;
life in Constantinople, 36-41, 43-5;
devotion to Baines, 40-44, 353;
Dragomans, 50-51;
colleagues and friends, 51-67;
delays presenting credentials, 69, 88, 165, 173;
Anglo-French difficulties, 69-77;
relations with Nointel, 69, 78-82;
the Tripoli corsairs, 83-5, 102, 129, 181-2;
claims of the Pasha of Tunis, 85-6, 173-4, 244, 300;
preparations for journey, 69, 86-8;
journey to Adrianople, 89-93, App. XIII. 400;
enters city, 93-4, 172;
his quarters, 94-5, 97-8, 172;
and other diplomats, 96-7;
audience of Grand Vizir, 98-103;
preparing the Capitulations, 104, 115, 134;
at festivities, 110, 134;
dispute between Greek and Latin Fathers, 116, 119, 122-6, 150-152,
158-9;
requisitioning of English ship, 127-30;
winning favour at Court, 131-4;
Capitulations promised, 134, 138;
audience of Grand Signor, 136, 139-46, 172;
Capitulations delayed, 147-8, 149-53, 157-9;
the bribery system, 159-162;
further delays, 162-8;
Capitulations signed and delivered, 168-73, 174, App. XI. 396;
return to Constantinople, 175-6;
Levant Company’s ingratitude, 178-80;
Capitulations upheld, 180-81;
Tripoli corsairs punished, 181-2;
Grand Signor at Constantinople, 182-4;
quarrel with Genoese Resident, 185-8;
difference with Nointel, 188-190;
death of Ahmed Kuprili, 191-3
Kara Mustafa, 194-5, 196-7, 207, 225-6;
the Soffah affair, 198-201, 202, 203-5, 207-8, 249;
diplomatic illness, 201-3, 210;
negotiations for an audience, 203-5, 207-8, 209-10, 216-19;
the Ashby case, 211-216, 218, 222, 227, 232;
audience of Kara Mustafa, 222-5;
on Kara Mustafa’s extortions, 227-30, 256;
the Aleppo dollars case, 237-43;
troubles to come, 244-245;
friendly Turkish dignitaries, 246-9, 326, 330;
on Kara Mustafa and Ambassadors, 250-255;
Greek and Latin Fathers again, 254-5;
description of the _Alloy_, 256-9;
Anglo-French disagreement, 260-62;
compact with Nointel, 262-3;
on Vizir’s return, 264-5;
the Pentlow case, 268-77;
on Court affairs, 278-84;
colleagues leave Turkey, 287-8;
contract with Levant Company expires, 288;
standing with Turks, 290-92;
the Smyrna Jew’s case, 293-5;
Kara Mustafa holds Capitulations for ransom, 295-6, 343;
quarrels with Dutch Resident, 299-300, 327-9, 332-4;
revival of case of Pasha of Tunis, 301, 302-10;
Finch stands firm, 308-10;
proceedings suspended, 310-11, 314, 329, 330-31, 335, 336, 337;
his successor appointed, 311-14, 329;
breach with Kara Mustafa, 314-20;
on the Kehayah’s execution, 322-6, 327, 329;
Kara Mustafa’s temporary friendliness, 330-31;
awaiting Chandos, 335, 336, 337, 342;
on trouble between France and Turkey, 342, 345-7;
the Pasha of Tunis defeated, 343;
death of Baines, 344-5, 347;
departure from Turkey, 347-8, 350;
the voyage home, 350-52;
death and burial, 352

Fireworks, Turkish, 107-8

Florence, Finch at, 3, 4, 5, 7, 18, 19, 33, 40

France:
England and, 69, 71, 121;
war with, 375, App. XVI. 406-7;
Germany and, 31, 170, 171, 361;
Spain and, 171
Turkey and, 15, 118;
crisis between, 339-342, 345, 348, 359, 361

France, King of, styled _Padishah_, 30

Franceschi, Domenico, 16, 17, 18

Franks:
marriages of, 266-7, App. XIV. 401;
Turks and, 11-12, 14-15, 17, 65-6, 335, 359, 360-361, 365

French:
against Turks in Crete, 15, 118;
and interpreter problem, 49-50;
ceremonialism, 200;
married factors, 267, 286;
rivalry and disputes with English, 69-70, 71-6, 80-82, 203, 206,
224, 238, 247;
war on Tripoli pirates, 339-41, 345, 348, 359

Galata, 35, 186, 266, App. XIV. 401

Genoa, 18, 234, 283

Genoese Resident, 185-8, 202, 228-9, 283, 286, 294, 321

German Emperor’s Resident, 31, 96.
_See_ Kindsberg

German Internuncio, 263-4, 280

Germany:
France and, 31, 170, 171, 361;
supports Latin Fathers, 117

Glover, Sir Thomas, 119

Golden Horn, the, 35

_Goodwill_, the, App. V. 387

Grand Signor, 8, 15, 35;
and vassal corsairs, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340-41.
_See_ Mohammed IV.

Grand Vizirs, 12, 103-4, 293.
_See_ Ahmed Kuprili, Kara Mustafa, Mohammed Kuprili

Greek and Latin Churches, feud between, 55-6, 57, 116-19, 120,
122-7, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286

Greek Patriarchs, 55-6, 122

Greeks, English and, 119

Guilds, processions of, 105, 106, 257, 259

Guilleragues, M. de:
the Soffah question, 285-7, 321, 326, 334-5, 342, 346-7;
and bombardment of Chios, 340, 341-2, 346-7, 360

Gunning, Lady, 373

Haghen, Cornelius, 300

_Haratch_, 266, 267

Harem intrigues, 103, 324, 326-7

Harvey, Sir Daniel, 1, 4, 8, 17, 26, 177;
and pirates, 17, 85;
and Nointel, 70;
and Catholics, 121-2;
and false coin, 235, 236;
Grand Signor and, 146, App. X. 395;
Ahmed Kuprili and, App. IV. 386;
Kara Mustafa and, 207

Hasnadar, 161, 212, 215, 216, 222

Hattisherif, Aleppo, 27, 150

Hedges and Palmer, Messrs., 61-2

Hoffmann, German Internuncio, 263-4, 280

_Hoggiet_, 293, 305

Holland, Resident of, _see_ Dutch Resident

Holy League, 365

Holy Roman Empire, 280

Holy Sepulchre disputes, 116-19, 122-7, 158-9, 254-5, 286

_Hunter_, the, 74, 81, 183

Hunter, the (Mohammed IV.), 25

Hussein Aga, Chief Customer, 134, 180-81;
friendly to Finch, 210, 246-8, 319, 320, 326;
and Ashby case, 214, 215-16;
and Aleppo dollars, 239, 241, 242;
and Pentlow case, 366

Hyet, Mr., 95, 142, 144, 356

Ibrahim, Sultan, 25

Imperial Resident, _see_ Kindsberg _and_ Sattler

Interpreters, 21, 30-31, 47-8, 49-50

Italy, Finch in, 2, 3, 33

James II., 369, App. XV. 402-3

Janissaries, 91, 136, 139, 141, 256, 257, 258

Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 315, 316

Jersey, Earl of, 366

_Jerusalem_, the, App. XV. 402

Jerusalem:
Holy Sepulchre disputes, 116-19, 122-7, 151, 158-9, 254-5, 286;
Patriarch, 119, 125;
Nointel at, 151

Jesuits, 120

Jew, Kara Mustafa’s, 296, 298, 343, 366

Jew of Smyrna, case of, 292-3, 296

Jewish quarter, Adrianople, 94, 98

_Kaftans_, 20, 100, 102-3, 169, 197, 217, 219, 248

Kaimakam, 19-20, 30-31, 88

Karagatch, 137, 139, 148, 175

Kara Mustafa, 152, 193-5, 196, 230-231, 284-5;
motives of his extortions, 230-31
Ambassadors and Residents, 196-197, 202
Dutch, 202, 228, 229, 297-8, 300, 332-3, 359
English:
Finch:
diplomatic illness, 201-3, 210;
negotiations for audience, 203-8, 209-10, 216-19, 221-2;
the Ashby case, 212, 213, 216, 217-18, 219, 222, 231-2;
audience with, 222-5;
Aleppo dollars case, 238-44;
the Pentlow case, 286-76;
Capitulations held for ransom, 293-6, 343;
the Pasha of Tunis, 302-10, 314-20
Chandos:
and Charles II.’s letters, 337-8, 342-3;
silk duty case, 349-50, 355-9
French:
Nointel, 197-9, 200, 201, 207, 208-9, 226;
Guilleragues, 286-7, 334-5, 341, 342, 346-7, 360-61
Genoese, 202, 228-9, 283, 321
German, 228, 264, 280, 279, 280-81
Polish, 251-4, 255, 259-60, 279
Ragusan, 228, 230, 250-51, 284
Russian, 255, 256, 279-80
Venetian, 202, 227-8, 229-30, 279, 281-3, 321, 359
the Soffah affair, 198-9, 203, 207 208, 286, 290, 334-5, 341, 342,
343, 346-7;
and Capitulations, 223, 244, 293-6, 343;
extortions from Turks, 230, 256;
the Russian war, 257, 258, 265, 361;
and married Franks, 267, 270;
his Kehayah executed, 323-5, 326, 327, 329;
attacks Austria, 361-2;
defeated, 363-4;
executed, 364

Kehayah, Ahmed Kuprili’s (Soliman), 86, 104;
Finch interviews, 114, 115, 116, 125;
and requisitioning of English ship, 127-8;
and delayed Capitulations, 134, 138, 147, 150, 158, 166-7, 174;
and title of Padishah, 150, 159, 160-161, 173;
and customs dues, 180-181;
and Tripoli corsairs, 182;
and Ahmed’s death, 191;
becomes Master of the Horse, 195, 323, 324, 331-2;
Kara Mustafa and, 323, 324, 326, 331;
sent to Mecca, 332;
becomes Vizir, 365

Kehayah, Kara Mustafa’s, 197;
refuses Finch’s Bairamlik, 216-217;
and Aleppo dollars, 239, 241;
and Polish Ambassador, 254;
and Pentlow case, 272, 273, 276;
threatens tax on Ambassadors, 283;
and case of Pasha of Tunis, 218, 306, 307, 315, 316, 317-18, 319;
executed, 320-25
his successor, 355, 356

Kindsberg, Count, German Emperor’s Resident, 31, 96-7, 133;
Kara Mustafa and, 228, 263, 279, 280;
death of, 264, 280-81

Kislar Aga, 103, 319, 323-4, 326

Knatchbull, Major, 313

_Konaks_, 90

Kuchuk Chekmejé, 90

La Croix, M. de, 96, 97

Landed and trading classes, 58-9, App. VII. 390

Latin and Greek Churches, feud between, 55-6, 57, 116-19, 120,
122-7, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286

Lawson, Sir John, 85

Lello, Henry, 119

Leopold, Emperor, 362

Leopold, Prince, 3

Leslie, Walter, 96

Levant, luxuries of the, 37-9

Levant Company, 7;
Charter of, 10, App. III. 383-4;
and Ambassador’s appointment, 7, 10-11, App. III. 383-4;
instructions to officers by, App. VI. 388-9;
trade of, App. XII. 397-8;
and Pasha of Tunis, 17-18;
opposes credit system, 178, App. XII. 397-9;
forbids _temeens_, 235, 236-7, 238;
imports Lion dollars, 237;
false economy of, 238, 243;
and Pentlow case, 270-71;
and suspension of trade with Turkey, 319-20, 337-8;
forced to resume trade, 348-9
Finch and, 9, 11, 178-9, 288, 311
Treasurer of, _see_ North

Levantine Families, 267, App. XIV. 401

Libraries, 17th century, App. VI. 388-9

Lion dollars, 233, 235, 236, 237-43

Lorraine, Duke of, 262, 263

Louis XIV.:
Charles II. and, 69, 71, 260, 263;
and Soffah, 334;
and Barbary pirates, 339, 342, 359;
and Turkish campaign against Austria, 361, 362

Lucaris, Cyril, 119-120

_Luigini_, 233-6

Mahomet Kuprili, _see_ Mohammed Kuprili

Majorca corsairs, 72

Malta, Finch at, 19

Marriages of Franks, 267, App. XIV. 401

_Mary and Martha_, the, 183

Matthewes, Sir Phi., 313

Mavrocordato, Dr., Dragoman of the Porte, 100, 140, 143, 144, 164,
168, 198, 217, 239, 300

_Mediterranean_, the, 16, 17, 18, 304, 306

Meletios, 119

Merchants trading into Levant Seas, _see_ Levant Company

Mohammed IV., Grand Signor, 24, 25, 105-6;
and hunting, 25, 259;
dislike of Constantinople, 24-6, 182;
and Capitulations, 27, 166-8, 169;
forbids tobacco, 63;
at his festivities, 68-9, 87, 105-6;
requisitions English ship, 127-8;
prohibits intoxicants, 131, 148, 153, 322, 324;
flees plague, 137;
Finch’s audience with, 138, 140, 143-6;
and Vani Effendi, 153-4;
signature to Capitulations, 166-8, 169;
letters to Charles II., 170;
in Constantinople, 182-3;
leaves Constantinople, 191;
and death of Ahmed Kuprili, 192, 231;
returns to Constantinople, 196;
demands on Kara Mustafa, 231;
in Silistria, 251;
his _Alloy_, 257-258;
fills Seraglio, 278;
returns to Adrianople, 317, 318;
executes Kehayah, 322-3, 324, 325;
and Soliman, 331;
Charles II.’s letters to, 337-8, App. II. 380-381;
and corsairs, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340;
and Guilleragues, 346;
reign ends, 365

Mohammed Kuprili, 12, 13, 225, App. IV. 385-6

Moldavia, Prince of, 51, 256, 284

Money, Turkish, 233-6

More, Henry, 352

Morosini, Signor, 185, 282.
_See_ Bailo of Venice

Mufti, the, 105, 132, 149, 152, 158, 269, 357

Muhurdar, 166, 168

Munden, Sir Richard, 261

Murad III., 26

Muscovy:
campaign against, 32, 257, 258, 265, 361;
Embassy from, 255-6, 259-60, 279-80

Mustafa Pasha, 152.
_See_ Kara Mustafa

Muteferrika, 133, 134

_Naculs_, 110

Narbrough, Admiral Sir John, 129, 181-2, 244, 248-9

Neale, Mr. Thomas, 313

Nicholas, Secretary, 121

Nicusi, Panayoti, 117, 118

Nimeguen, Treaty of, 263

Nishanji-bashi, 140, 141, 142, 159

Nointel, Marquis de, 69;
and Smyrna disturbance, 72, 73;
Rycaut and, 73-5, 77, 82;
Finch’s interview with, 78-82;
at Adrianople, 95;
and religious disputes, 117, 118, 122, 123, 151, 152;
Ahmed Kuprili and, 165;
quarrel with Finch, and reconciliation, 188-91;
Kara Mustafa and, 197-9, 200, 201, 207, 208-9, 227, 229;
the Soffah question, 198-201, 206, 207, 208-9;
Anglo-French compact with Finch, 262-3;
leaves Turkey, 287

North, Hon. Dudley:
early career, and character, 57-67;
economic genius, 67, 373-4, App. XVI. 404-6;
and journey to Adrianople, 87, 90, 94, 95;
at festivities, 106, 110-11, 113-14;
and religious disputes, 124;
during plague, 137-8;
at Grand Signor’s audience, 142, 144-5;
and Capitulations negotiations, 157, 160, 161, 167-8;
leaving Adrianople, 175;
on Ashby case, 211, 232;
and Kara Mustafa, 226;
and Aleppo dollars, 239, 242, 243;
Hussein Aga and, 248;
in Adrianople, 272;
leaves Turkey, 287;
a candidate for Embassy, 312-13;
resumes trade too soon, 348;
political career, 372-5;
trial, 374-5;
pamphlet by, App. XVI. 404-6;
back in Turkey trade, 375;
farming, 375;
death, 376

North, Lady Dudley, 373

North, Montagu, 62, 287, 356

Nottingham, Earl of, 2, App. VII. 390

_Ottavi_, 233-6

_Oxford_, the, 336, 337, 347, 348

_Padishah_, the title of, 30-31, 145, 150, 159, 160, 172-3

Padua, Finch at, 2, 40, 168

Pagett, Lord, 365, 366-7

Palatine of Kulm, 251-3, 254, 255

Palmer, Mr., 61-2

Panayotaki, 117-18

Parker, Captain, 75

Pasha of Aleppo, 237-8, 243

Pasha of Tunis, 16-20, 85-7, 173-4, 218, 244, 248;
his Vakil, 218;
his case revived, 301-11, 314-17, 329, 330, 335, 337;
Chandos defeats, 343

Pashas and Pashaliks, 91

Patriarch of Constantinople, 122

Patriarch of Jerusalem, 119, 125

Pay day of troops, 136, 140-141

Pentlow case, 268-76, 365, 366-7

Pera, 35, 38, 162, 165, 176, 267, 335;
illicit still at, 186

Perone, Signor Antonio, 51, 86-7, 88, 92, 94-5, 164, 166-7, 272

Peskeshji-bashi, 139, 141

Pickering, Dr., 142

Pirates:
and English shipping, 16-17, 72-3, 83, 85, App. V. 387, App. XV.
402-3;
French and, 72-3, 339-41, 345, 348, 359;
the Porte and, 16-17, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340-41, App. XV.
402-3

Pisa, Finch at, 2

Pizzamano, Signor, 211, 212, 214-15, 216, 222

Plague, 39;
in Adrianople, 136-7, 138, 156, 163, 168, 174, 175-6;
in Constantinople, 39, 176-7;
in Karagatch, 148;
Ambassadors die of, 252-3, 264

Podolia, 254

Poland:
Turkey and, 14, 31, 32, 68;
peace negotiations, 210, 251-3, 254, 264;
and Holy Sepulchre, 254;
announces truce with Muscovites, 279;
and Turkish overthrow, 363-4;
in Holy League, 365

Polish Ambassador, Kara Mustafa and, 251-4, 255, 259-60, 279

Pope and Turks, 284

Popish Plot, 372, App. XVI. 406

Prince, the Turkish, 108-9, 258

Puntiglio, Finch and, 20, 30-31, 78, 80, 87, 88, 95-6, 188-9, 199,
200, 203-4, 210, 217, 219, 299, 326, 327-9

Queen Regent, 324, 326

Ragusa, Ambassador of:
at Adrianople, 96, 112, 113;
Kara Mustafa and, 228, 230, 250-51, 284

Rais Effendi, 104;
and Capitulations, 114, 134, 147, 149, 157, 159, 166, 167, 172,
173, 174;
and audience with Kara Mustafa, 204-5;
and Kara Mustafa’s extortions, 229, 230;
and Palatine of Kulm, 254;
and Pasha of Tunis case, 302, 306, 330-31, 336

_Rayahs_, 266, 267, App. XIV. 401

Renegades, 29-30, 107, 149, 157-8, 212

Residents and Ambassadors, 205-6

Roe, Sir Thomas, 120, 220-21, 285 (_note_)

Roman Catholics:
in England, 119, 120, 121, 126;
in Turkey, 48-9, 120, 121;
Charles II. and, 120-121

Russia:
Turco-Polish campaign against, 32;
Kara Mustafa attacks, 255-60, 264, 361;
peace negotiations, 279-80;
in Holy League, 361

Rycaut, Sir Paul, 51-3, 66;
and Anglo-French disputes, 71, 73-75, 77, 82, 261;
and Turks, 133 (_note_), 290;
on Ahmed Kuprili, App. IV. 386;
and Ashby case, 211-12;
and coining, 236;
and Pentlow case, 271, 273, 276;
leaves Turkey, 287;
desires Constantinople Embassy, 312, 313;
subsequent career, 367-8

St. Demetrius Hill, 177, 264

St. Gothard, battle of, 14

St. John, Mrs., 366, 367

Sattler, Imperial Resident, 263, 264, 280

Scanderoon, 72, 218

Scutari, 36

Sedan chairs, Turks and, 291

Selivria, 91, 191

Seraglio, Grand Signor’s, 35, 182, 278;
intrigues in, 103, 324, 326-7

Seven Towers, 208, 228, 282, 298, 317, 346

Silk duty dispute, 349-50, 355-9

Smith, Mr. Gabriel, 268, 269, 271, 272-6

Smith, Dr. Thomas, 54

Smyrna:
Finch lands at, 19, 20, 71-2;
Anglo-French disputes at, 71-2, 73-6, 80-82, 261-2;
library at, App. VI. 389;
life in, 38-9;
North at, 59-60

Smyrna factory, 20, 27, 38-9, 60, 165-6;
and Ashby case, 213, 218;
and Pentlow case, 274, 276

Smyrna figs, 170, 179-80, 209, 223

Smyrna Jew, case of, 292-3, 296

Smyrna wine, App. VIII. 392-3

Sobieski, King of Poland, 32, 279, 363, 364

Soffah, the, 98-9;
Nointel and, 198-201, 206, 207, 208-9;
Finch and, 201-208, 209, 249, 290;
Guilleragues and, 285-7, 321, 326, 334-5, 342, 346-7;
Chandos and, 343

Soliman, _see_ Kehayah, Ahmed Kuprili’s

Spain:
France and, 171;
Turkey and, 8, 117, 119

Spanish Cordeliers, 119, 122-7, 138, 150-52, 158-9, 254-5, 286

Spinola, Signor, 185-8, 228-9, 294, 321.
_See_ Genoese Resident

“Sporca,” Sultana, 184

Spragge, Sir Edward, 85

Stamboli Effendi, 213, 214, 215, 216

Stambul described, 35;
Grand Signor and, 24

Sultan, _see_ Mohammed IV.

Sultana “Sporca,” 184

Sunderland, Earl of, 315

_Sweepstakes_, the, 72

Tangier, 9

Tartar Han, 253

“Teeth money,” 91, App. IX. 394

Tefterdar, 138, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150, 157, 239

_Temeens_, 233-6

Terlingo, German Internuncio, 280

Thynne, Sir Thomas, 313

Tobacco forbidden, 63

Tories and Whigs, 372, 374, App. XVI. 407

Trading and landed classes, 58-9, App. VII. 390-391

Travellers, fear of, 91-2

Treaty of Dover, 69, 71, 121

Treaty of Nimeguen, 263

Tripoli corsairs:
English and, 16, 83-5, 86, 102, 129, 181-2;
French and, 339-41, 346;
the Porte and, 16-17, 84-5, 102, 244, 248-9, 303, 340-41

Tunis, Pasha of, _see_ Pasha of Tunis

Turkey, 6, 8, 12;
cheap and luxurious living in, 37-8;
oppression in, 11-12, 38, 290-291;
plague in, 39

Turkey:
Austria and, 361, 362;
England and, 16-17, 100-101;
France and, 15, 118, 339-42, 345, 348, 359, 361;
Poland and, 14, 31, 32, 68, 251-4, 264, 363-364;
Russia and, 32, 255-6, 264, 279-80, 361;
Spain and, 8, 117, 119;
Venice and, 8, 14, 15-16, 281-3, 286

Turks:
and European envoys, 205-206, 220-21, 303-4, App. XV. 402-3;
tyranny of, 11-12, 38, 290-91;
Baines on, 22-3;
and Finch, 19-20, 291;
North’s popularity with, 63-6

Tuscany:
Finch in, 2,3;
coining in, 234

Tuscany, Grand Duke of:
Finch and, 3, 16, 19;
and pirates, 16, 18, 19

Ukrania surrendered, 253

Vani Effendi, Sheikh, 153-7

Vasvar, Peace of, 14

Venetian Ambassador, _see_ Bailo of Venice

Venetians:
and Aleppo dollars, 238;
affray between Turks and, 359

Venice:
and Turkey, 8, 14, 15-16, 281-3, 286;
in Holy League, 364-5

Vienna, siege of, 362-4, 366

Wallachia, Prince of, 256

Wedding festivities, 68, 109-110

Whigs and Tories, 372, 374, App. XVI. 407

William of Orange, Covel and, 369-70

William, Prince of Furstenberg, 170-171

Winchilsea, Earl of, 4, 8-9;
on Ahmed Kuprili, 13, App. IV. 386;
on Constantinople, 34;
Rycaut and, 52, 312;
his Dragoman, 51;
and Capitulations, 26, 98, 167;
and pirates, 85, App. V. 387;
and Jerusalem Fathers, 120, 121, 124-5;
during plague, 177

Wych, Sir Peter, 120

Zechrin, 256, 264

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.