Chapter IV: Volcanic Rocks (2)

When the water of the former of these springs is first taken up, it is perfectly clear and transparent; and sends forth a few air─bubbles. Notwithstanding both its nauseous smell and taste, such is the power of habit in reconciling it to the palate, that, after a little while, nearly all persons who drink this water do it without disgust.

When exposed to the air it loses its transparency, and assumes a somewhat greenish colour: the sulphureous odour abates; and, at last, the sulphur is deposited on the bottom and sides of the vessel in which it is kept.

Such is the nature of Harrowgate water that a secret correspondence has often been carried on by means of it. A letter written with solution of sugar of lead is illegible; but if dipped into this water the writing will not merely become visible, but, in a short time, will appear almost black. Hydrogen has the property of reviving the metallic oxides: hence also it is that ladies who have used metallic cosmetics have become of a dark tawny colour by bathing in these waters.

Harrowgate has long been celebrated for its sulphureous waters. It has also two very valuable chalybeate springs, called the _Old Spa_, and the _Tewit Well_, the water of which was formerly used internally, whilst the other water was confined to external use. But, at present, the latter is employed to very great extent as an internal medicine.

The two villages of High and Low Harrowgate are situated in a pleasant open country, in the centre of the county of York, near the town of Knaresborough, and about 212 miles north of London.

300. _MOFFAT WATER is a cold sulphureous water, the smell of which is precisely similar to that of Harrowgate water, and the taste simply saline, and without any bitterness._

_Its foreign contents are common salt, together with carbonic acid gas, azotic gas, and sulphureted hydrogen gas. It is consequently very simple in its composition._

Moffat is a village situated, at the head of a valley, on the banks of the river Annan, and about fifty─six miles south─west of Edinburgh. It is surrounded by hills, some of which are very lofty. This village has obtained so much celebrity, on account of its waters, as to be considered the Harrowgate of North Britain. These issue from a rock which is at a little distance below a bog, whence, probably, they derive their sulphureous ingredients. The principal spring is contained within a stone building, and affords a sufficient quantity of water to supply every demand. It is drawn by a pump.

When the water is first taken from the well it appears somewhat milky and bluish. It sparkles a little; but, on being exposed to the air, it becomes turbid, and throws up a thin film, which, on examination, will be found pure sulphur. This change takes place even in close vessels, so that it cannot be sent to any distance with advantage.

The common people so much esteem this water that many of them drink at the rate of from six to ten quarts of it in a morning, and one instance has been stated of a person drinking thirty─two quarts of it in eight hours.

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INDEX
TO THE
FIRST VOLUME.

───────

Acid, sulphuric, 12; how made, properties and uses of, 145

Acid, phosphoric, 12

Acid, carbonic, 12

Acid, fluoric, 13; how made, properties and uses of, 120

Acid, boracic, 13

Acid, muriatic, 13; How made and uses of, 132

Acid, nitric, 14; How made, and uses of, 138

Adamant. See Diamond.

Adamantine spar. See Corundum.

Adularia, description and uses of, 70

Agate, description, uses, &c. of, 61, 62 ——, different kinds of, 63

Alabaster, description and uses of, 117 ——, calcareous, account and uses of, 111, 112

Alkalies, 18

Alumine, 15, 123

Alluvial depositions, 235

Alum, description and uses of, 123, 124 ——, Roman and Roche, 123 ——, how procured and made, 123

Amalgams, what they are, 176

Amazon stone, description and use of, 69

Amber, description and history of, 161 ——, where found, and how wrought, 162 ——, uses and properties of, 163 ——, varnish, 163 ——, gum animè often mistaken for, 164

Amethyst, oriental, 32 ——, common, description and uses of, 48

Amianthus. See Asbestos.

Ammonia, muriat of. See Sal─ammoniac.

Antimony, description of, and whence obtained, 215 ——, how prepared, and uses of, 216, 217 ——, butter and glass of, 217 ——, oxides of, 217

Antimonial powder, of what composed, 217 —— wine, how prepared, and use of, 217

Aqua marine, description, value, and uses of, 39, 40 ——, where found, how cut and set, 40

Aqua fortis, mode of manufacturing, and uses of, 138

Aqua regia, of what made, 139

Argil, 15

Arsenic, description of, and whence obtained, 212 ——, how prepared for use, and the uses of, 213 ——, poisonous effects of, how counteracted, 213 ——, how to know from any other substance, 213

Asbestos, use of, for making incombustible cloth, &c., 93, 94

Asphalt, description of, where found, and uses of, 149, 150

Avanturine, description, uses, and value of, 50 ——, imitations of, how made, 50

Axestone, description and use of, 89

Azure stone, description and uses of, 67, 68 ——, imitation of, how made, 68

B.

Barilla. See Soda.

Barium, 17

Barytes, description and uses of, 120 ——, sulphat of, 121

Basalt, description and uses of, 95, 96

Bath stone, description and uses of, 114

Bell metal, of what made, 188

Beryl. See Aqua marine:aqua─marine#.

Betton’s British oil, what it is, 146

Biscuit porcelain, what it is, and how made, 75

Bismuth, description and uses of, 217, 218 ——, singular fusible metal prepared from, 218 ——, experiment with, illustrative of metallic crystal, 234

Bitumen. See Asphalt, 149 ——, elastic, 149

Black chalk, description and use of, 80

——, pencils, how made, 80

Black tin, what it is, 200

Bloodstone, description and uses of, 59 ——, singular specimen of, 59

Blue John. See Fluor spar.

Blende, 209

Bole, description and uses of, 87

Bologna phosphorus, or Bononian stone, how prepared, and properties of,
121

Boracic acid, 13

Borax, description of, whence and how obtained, 134 ——, preparation and uses of, 135

Bottles, how made, 55

Brass, how made, and uses of, 187 —— wire, properties and uses of, 187

Bricks, how made, 72

Brimstone. See Sulphur.

Bristol diamonds, 47

Bronze, how made, and uses of, 187

Burning spring, description of one in Shropshire, 147

Burr─stone, or millstone, description of, 44 ——, where found, uses of, and how split, 45

Buxton diamonds, 47

C.

Cachalong opal, description and use of, 65

Calamine, description and uses of, 209─211

Calcareous substances, 17, 97

Calcedony, description and uses of, 56, 57

Calcium, 18

Calomel, how made, and uses of, 177

Caloric, 9

Calp. See Lias.

Caoutchouc mineral, 149

Carbon, 20

Carbonats, 13

Carbonic acid, 12

Carbuncle, 43

Carnelian, description, uses, and value of, 57

Cat’s─eye, description of, how cut, and uses of, 50

Cave of Fingal, account of, 96

Cairn gorum crystal, whence obtained, how wrought, and uses of, 49

Ceruse. See White lead.

Chalk, description and uses of, 99 ——, black, description and uses of, 80 ——, red, how prepared, and uses of, 199

Chinese grotesque figures, of what made, 84

Choke damp in coal─mines, what it is, how produced, and how to prevent
the injurious effects of, 154

Chrysoberyl, description, value, and uses of, 35

Chrysolite, description of, how cut, and uses of, 95

Chrysoprase, description of, how cut, imitations, and uses of, 58, 59

Cinnabar, artificial, how manufactured, and use of, 177

Cinnamon stone, 44

Clay, various kinds, description and uses of, 71, 72

Clay─slate. See Roofing─slate.

Coal, description of, where found, and value of, 151 ——, supposed origin, and various uses of, 155

Coal mines, account of, 152

Coal trade, history, &c. of, 154─156

Coal, cannel, what, why so called, and uses of, 157 ——, stone, Kilkenny, or Glance, and Welsh, 158 ——, Bovey, or brown, 158 ——, pitch, 158 ——, parrot, 157

Cobalt, account of, whence obtained, and uses of, 220 ——, oxide of, 221

Coke, uses of, 156

Copper, description and ancient uses of, 183 ——, mines of Anglesea described, 183 ——, how extracted from the ore, &c., 183 ——, uses of, 185, 186 ——, vessels, in what respects pernicious, 185 ——, oxide of, uses of, 186 ——, alloys of, 186 ——, white, of what made, and uses of, 188 ——, how to gild, 172 ——, sulphat of. See Vitriol, white.

Copperas. See Vitriol─green.

Cornish diamonds, 47

Corrosive sublimate, what it is, and uses of, 177

Corundum, description and uses of, 34

Crystal, description and uses of, 45─47 ——, where found, how wrought and polished, 46, 47

Culm, what it is, and the uses of, 157

D.

Derbyshire spar. See Fluor spar.

Diachylon plaster, how made, and uses of, 206

Diamond, description of, 23 ——, where found, how obtained, and how known, 23, 24 ——, properties of, 24 ——, how cut, polished, and set, 26 ——, value and uses of, 26, 27 ——, account of several remarkable diamonds, 27, 28, 29 ——, Buxton, Cornish, and Carrara diamonds, 47, 102

Drawing slate. See Black chalk.

Dropping well at Knaresborough, 113

Dutch gold, how made, 187

Dykes, mineral, 3

E.

Earth, 14

earthenware, how manufactured, 71

Eau─de─luce, of what made, 164

Egyptian pebble, description and uses of, 61

Electron of the ancients, what it was, 162

Emerald, description of, where found, how set, and how valued, 38 ——, oriental, 32 ——, false, 49

Emery, description, properties, and uses of, 33 ——, how prepared for use, 33 ——, red, 43

Epsom salts, description of, how made, and uses of, 126

F.

Faults, in mining, what they are, 3

Felspar, common, description and uses of, 69 ——, Labrador, 69

Figure stone, description and uses of, 84

Filtering stone, of what made, 233

Fire damp in coal─mines, what it is, how produced, &c., 19, 153

Flint, description and uses of, 53, 54 ——, gun─flints, how made, 54

Florence marble, description and use of, 115

Fluat of lime, 119

Fluats, 13

Fluoric acid, what it is, 13 —— ——, how to etch on glass by means of, 120 —— ——, mode of obtaining, 120

Fluor spar, description and properties of, 119 —— ——, how manufactured, and the uses of, 119

Flux, white, of what made, 137 ——, black, 137

Freestone, description and uses of, 233

French chalk, description and uses of, 92

Fuller’s earth, description and use of, 87

Fulminating powder, 176

Fulminating silver, extraordinary properties of, 182

Fumigating of rooms, how effected, 133

Fur in tea kettles, how formed there, 114

G.

Galena, what it is, 203

Gangue, in mining, what it is, 4

Garnet, precious, where found, how cut, and value of, 42, 43 –– ——, how set, and uses of, 42 ——, common, 43 ——, Syrian and pyrope, 43

Gas, what it is, 10

Gas lights, history and uses of, 156 —— ——, how produced, 156 –– ——, how exhibited on a small scale, 156

Gems, engraving, cutting, and value of, 21─23 ——, imitations of, 22

Giant’s causeway, account of, 95

Gilding on iron or copper, how performed, 172 —— in or─moulu, what it is, 172 —— on silver, how performed, 172 —— on the edges of tea─cups, 173 —— wax, how made, and use of, 172 ——, ancient mode of, 172 ——, on wood, 172

Glass, how made, 55 ——, bottles, how made, 55 ——, window and plate, how made, 55, 56 ——, annealing of, the use of, 56 ——, how to etch on, 120 ——, Muscovy. See Mica.

Glauber salt, description of, how obtained, and uses of, 123 —— ——, pleasing experiment with, 134

Glimmer. See Mica.

Glucine, 16

Gneiss, 226

Gold, description and properties of, 167, 168 ——, how obtained from mines in America and Europe, 168 ——, found in Ireland and Scotland, 168, 169 ——, mode of extracting from the ore, 169 ——, value and uses of, 170 ——, coinage or sterling gold; and gold of the new standard, 170 ——, description of the stamps on gold plate, 170 ——, how alloyed, 170 ——, coinage gold of Portugal, America, France, Spain, Holland, and Morocco, 170 ——, trinket and pale gold, how alloyed, 170 ——, ductility and tenacity of, 170

Gold leaf, how beaten, 171

Gold wire, 173

Gold thread and lace, what they are, 173

Gold powder for painting, how made, 173 ——, Dutch, how made, 187

Gold─beaters’ skin, how made, and uses of, 171

Granite, description and uses of, 225 ——, various kinds of, 225

Goulard, of what made, 207

Grey─wacka, 232

Grindstones, of what made, 234

Gritstone, description and uses of, 233

Gun─barrels, how browned, 141

Gun─flints, how made, and how to choose, 54

Gunpowder, how made, 137

Gypsum. See Alabaster. ——, fibrous, description and uses of, 118

H.

Hair, pernicious effects of preparations to colour the, 181

Heliotrope. See Bloodstone.

Hone, or whetslate, description and use of, 80

Hyacinth, description and uses of, 30

Hydrogen, 19

I.

Inflammable air, 19

Ink, indelible, for marking linen, how made, 181 ——, sympathetic, how made, 222

Instantaneous light, matches and bottles for procuring, how made, 145

Iron, description and uses of, 190 ——, mines, account of, 190 ——, how extracted from the ore, 191 ——, cast iron, what, and uses of, 191 ——, wrought iron, how made, and uses of, 191 ——, how preserved from rust, 193 ——, native, account of extraordinary masses of, 197 ——, magnetic, or loadstone, description and uses of, 197 ——, white, what, 201

Iron pyrites, description and uses of, 198 ——, how to gild on, 172 ——, sulphat of. See Vitriol, green.

J.

Jade, description and uses of, 88

James’s powder, of what made, 217

Jargoon, description and uses of, 29

Jasper, description and uses of, 60 ——, various kinds of, 61 ——, agate. See Agate.

Jet, description, properties, and uses of, 158 ——, imitation of, 160

K.

Kaolin, what it is, and how made, 74

Ketton stone, description and use of, 114

L.

Labrador felspar, description and uses of, 69

Lapis lazuli. See Azure stone.

Lapis ollaris, description and use of, 90

Lazulite. See Azure stone.

Lead, description of, 203 ——, how extracted from the ore, 218 ——, pig lead, what it is, 204 ——, ancient and modern uses of, 204 ——, injurious effects of leaden vessels, 204 ——, alloys and oxides of, 205 ——, silver, how obtained from, 178, 207 ——, white, how manufactured, and uses of, 205 ——, red or minium, how manufactured, and uses of, 206 ——, sugar of, 207 ——, how detected in wine, &c., 207 ——, pleasing experiment with, 207

Lead mines, account of, 203

Lemnian earth, how obtained and use of, 86

Lias, use of for multiplying drawings, 116

Lime, 17; how burnt, and various uses of, 97 —— water, how made, 98

Lime carbonat of, 99

Lime sulphat of, 117

Lime fluat of, 119

Limestone, description and uses of, 99 ——, primitive, 228 ——, transition, 232

Litharge, how made and uses of, 206 —— plaster, of what made, 206

Loadstone, description of, where found, and uses of, 197

Loam, description and uses of, 73

Looking─glasses, process of silvering, 176

Lunar caustic, what it is, and uses of, 181

Lydian stone, description and uses of, 53

M.

Magnesia, how prepared and uses of, 125

Malachite, description and uses of, 188

Manganese, description of, how obtained, and uses of, 222

Marble, description and uses of, 100 ——, statuary, 102—105—109 ——, Pentelic, Greek white, and Parian, 101 ——, Carrara, Luni, and Verde antique, 102 ——, Sienna, Brocatello, Mandelato, Verde di Prato, Lago Maggiore, Bretonico, and Campan, 103 ——, Griotte, Marquese, Sarencolin, St. Beaume or Languedoc, Breccia of the Pyrenees, 104 ——, white Spanish, Seville, Tortosa, Grenada, Spanish Breccia, 105 ——, Lumachelli, Sicilian, Swiss, Portuguese, Russian, Asiatic marble of Tabriz, African, American, 106 ——, Petworth, Purbeck, 107 ——, Babbicombe, Derbyshire, Kendal, Mona, Tirie, 108 ——, Assynt, Isle of Sky, Sutherland, Glen Tilt, 109 ——, Blairgowrie, Glenavon, Ballichulish, Blairmachyldach, 110 ——, mode of cutting and polishing, 111 ——, black, 111 ——, Florence, 115 ——, Cottam, 116

Marcasite. See Pyrites.

Marking ink, for linen, &c. how made and used, 181

Marl, description and uses of, 114

Matrix, 4

Meerschaum, how obtained, prepared, and used, 84

Mercury, the ores of, 173 ——, how extracted from the ore, 175 ——, properties and uses of, 175, 176

Mercury mines in India, description of, 175

Metals, different states in which they are found, 165 ——, how obtained and prepared for use, 165

Meteoric stones, description of, 193 —— ——, extraordinary instances of their falling from the air in 1492, 1672, 1704, 1795, 1814, &c., 195 —— ——, opinions of learned men respecting, 197 —— ——, properties of, 194

Mica, description of, how obtained, and uses of, 81

Mica slate, or micaceous schistus, 227

Millstones. See Burr Stone. ——, Peak, what formed of, 233 ——, of granite, 225

Millstone grit, description and uses of, 233

Mineral green, of what made, 141

Mineral oil. See Petroleum.

Minerals, systematic arrangement of, 4

Mineral tar, description and uses of, 148, 149

Minium, how manufactured, and uses of, 206

Mochoa stone, description and use of, 63 —— ——, imitations of, how made, 63

Mona marble. See Serpentine.

Moonstone, description and use of, 70

Mountains, comparative heights of the principal, 237

Muriatic acid, 13

Muriats, 13

Muscovy glass. See Mica.

Music plates, of what made, 217

N.

Naphtha, where found, uses and properties of, 146

Natron, description of, how obtained and uses of, 128

Nephrite. See Jade.

Nickel, description and uses of, 208 ——, oxide of, and for what used, 209

Nitrats, 14

Nitrat of silver, uses of, 181

Nitre, description of, how and whence obtained, 136 ——, how manufactured, and uses of, 136, 137

Nitric acid. See Aqua fortis.

Nova Mina topaz, 37

O.

Ochre, red, description and uses of, 199

Obsidian, description and uses of, 66

Oil, rancidity of, how corrected, 207

Onyx, description and use of, 57

Opal, description of, where found, use and value of, 63 ——, imitations of, 64 ——, Hydrophanous, singular quality, use, and value of, 64 ——, Common, 65 ——, Mother of pearl, and wood opal, 65, 66

Orpiment, yellow, description and uses of, 214 ——, red, 214

Oxides, 11

Oxygen, 10 —— gas, 11

P.

Paint, white, how to prevent pernicious effects of, 205 —— ——, made of oxide of zinc, 211

Paviour’s flags, of what made, 234

Paving stones, 225, 233

Pearl─ash, what it is, and how prepared, 136 —— white, of what made, and use of, 218

Pebbles, 46

Petrifactions. See Tufa.

Petrifying springs, at Knaresborough and Matlock, 113

Petroleum, description, properties, and uses of, 157

Petunzè, 69

Pewter, of what made, 202

Phosphats, 12

Phosphoric acid, 12─20

Phosphorus, 19

Pinchbeck, of what made, and use of, 187

Pipe─clay, description and use of, 72

Plaster of Paris, of what made, and use of, 118

Plate glass, how made, 56

Plating of copper, &c. how performed, 180

Platina, description, properties, and uses of, 166, 167

Pompey’s pillar, of what formed, 230

Ponderous earth. See Barytes.

Porcelain─clay, description and use of, 74 ——, Chinese, French, and English porcelain, account of, 74 ——, how manufactured, glazed, and painted, 74, 75 ——, biscuit, how made, 47, 75

Porphyry, description and uses of, 229

Portland stone, description and use of, 114

Potash, description of, how obtained, and use of, 135

Potstone, description and use of, 90

Pottery, how made, 73

Powder blue, of what made, and use of, 222

Prince’s metal, what it is, and for what used, 187

Printer’s types, of what made, 205, 218

Pumice, description and use of, 67

Pyrites, description, properties, and uses of, 198, 199

Q.

Quartz, description, properties, and uses of, 44 ——, rock, 231

Queen’s ware pottery, of what made, 73

Quick lime, how made, 98

Quicksilver. See Mercury.

R.

Red chalk and Reddle, description and uses of, 199

Realgar, description and uses of, 214

Rocks, systematic arrangement of, 7, 224 ——, primitive, description of, 224 ——, secondary, 231 ——, transition, 232 ——, floetz or flat, 233 ——, volcanic, 235

Rock oil. See Naphtha.

Roe stone. See Ketton stone.

Roofing slate, description of, 76 —— ——, how to choose, 77 —— ——, Welsh and Westmoreland, 78 —— ——, French, 76 —— ——, various uses of, 77─80

Rolling stones, of what made, 234

Rotten stone, description and use of, 76

Rouge, of what made, 84, 91

Rubellite, valuable specimen of, 41

Ruby, Oriental, description of, 31 ——, whence imported, value, properties, and uses of, 31, 32 ——, spinel, description, value, and uses of, 32 ——, Balais, 32 ——, false, 49

Ruin marble. See Florence marble.

S.

Sal ammoniac, description of, how made, and uses of, 138, 139

Salt, common, description and uses of, 129 ——, mines in Poland, description of, 129 ——, mines in Chester, 130 ——, mountains of, in Spain, 130

—— springs, 131

Salt, how manufactured, 131 ——, bay, 132 ——, spirit of, how made, and uses of, 132

Saltpetre. See Nitre.

Sand, common, description and uses of, 52

Sandstone, 234

Sapphire, Oriental, description of, how cut and set, 30 ——, properties, value, and use of, 30, 31 ——, false, or water, 49

Sardonyx, 57

Scots pebbles, description and use of, 62

Scythe─stones, how made, 234

Sea froth. See Meerschaum.

Sea water, description and properties of, 244 —— ——, cause of its bitterness, and saltiness, 244 —— ——, uses of, 245

Serpentine, description and uses of, 89, 90

Shell silver, how prepared, 181

Shot, how made, 205

Sienite, description and uses of, 230

Silex, 15

Siliceous earth, 15

Silicium, 15

Silver, description of, 177 —— mines of Potosi and Norway, account of, 177, 178 ——, found in Scotland, 178 ——, extracted from lead, 178 ——, how extracted from its ores, 178 ——, value and uses of, and how alloyed, 179 ——, marks or stamps on silver plate explained, 179 ——, nitrat of, uses of, 181 ——, fulminating, extraordinary properties of, 182 ——, experiments with preparations of, 182 ——, how to gild, 172

Silver plate, how cleaned, 179 ——, ductility of, 179

Silver wire, 179

Silvering of looking─glasses, process of, 176 —— of metals, how performed, 186 —— of paper and wood, 181

Slate. See Roofing slate, and Writing slate.

Slate pencils, how made, 78

Slickenside, extraordinary properties of, 218

Smalt, of what formed, and uses, 221 ——, strewing, 221

Smaragdus, 38

Snowdon diamonds, what they are, 47

Soap, how made, 127

Soap, boiling, illustration of, 127 ——, white, yellow, and soft, of what made, 128 —— of glass, what it is, 223

Soapstone. See Steatite.

Soda, description and uses of, 126 ——, carbonat of, 128 ——, muriat of, 129 ——, sulphat of, 133

Solder, of what made, 205

Soot, uses of, 156

Spanish chalk, 84

Spanish white, of what made, 100

Spelter. See Zinc.

Stalactites, description and uses of, 112

Stalagmite, 112

Steatite, description and uses of, 83

Steel, how made, and uses of, 192, 193 ——, Damascus, what, 192 ——, cast, how made, 192 ——, how to preserve from rust, 192

Strontian, 17

Stucco, of what made, 118

Sulphur, 19; description of, and how manufactured, 143 ——, uses and properties of, 143, 144 ——, singular experiment with, 145

Sulphuric acid, how prepared, properties and uses of, 145

Sympathetic ink, how made and used, 222

T.

Table slates, how made, 78

Talc, common, or Venetian, description and uses of, 91 ——, indurated. See French chalk.

Tamarind─tree, petrified. See Woodstone.

Tartar, emetic, how prepared, 217

Tea─cups, how to gild, 173

Tea─urns, how browned, 141

Thunderbolts. See Meteoric stones.

Tiles, how made, 72

Tin, description of, 200 ——, alloys of, 202 ——, block, and tin plate, what, and uses of, 200, 201 ——, how extracted from the ore, 200

Tin mines, and steam works, account of, 200

Tin putty, how made, and uses of, 202

Tin foil, how made, and uses of, 203

Tin─glass. See Bismuth.

Tincal. See Borax.

Tinning of iron and copper, how performed, 201

Tobacco pipes, how made, 73 —— ——, Turkish, of what made, 84

Topaz, description of, where found, and how obtained, 35, 36 ——, value, uses, and properties of, 36 ——, Oriental, 32 ——, Brazilian, Saxon, Bohemian, blue, pink, white, or Nova Mina, 37

Tourmaline, description and properties, and uses of, 40

Trap, primitive, 228

Tripoli, description and use of, 76

Tufa, description and uses of, 113, 114

Turkey stone, description and uses of, 81

Turquoise, description of, how imported, and uses of, 189 ——, spurious kind, how detected, 190

Tutenag, of what made, and uses of, 210

U.

Ultramarine, how made, and uses of, 68

Umber, description and use of, 199

V.

Verde antique marble, 102

Verdigris, how made, and uses of, 186 ——, distilled, what, and uses of, 186

Vermilion, what it is, and how made, 177

Vesuvian, description and use of, 43

Vienna white, of what made, 100

Vitriol, ——, blue, description of, how made and uses of, 140 ——, green, or iron vitriol, 199 ——, white, 141 ——, spirit of. See Sulphuric acid. —— ——, pleasing experiment with, 142

W.

Water, uses and analysis of, 238, 239 ——, rain, description and properties of, 240 ——, ice and snow, description, properties, and uses of, 240 ——, spring, river, and stagnant, 241─245 ——, putrid, how to render sweet, 243 ——, sea, 244 ——, Malvern, 246 ——, Bristol Hot─well, 246 ——, Matlock and Buxton, 248 ——, Bath, 249 ——, Aix─la─Chapelle, or Aken, 250 ——, Borset, 252 ——, Vichy, 253 ——, Carlsbad, 254 ——, Sedlitz, 255 ——, Epsom, 256 ——, Seltzer, 256 ——, Tunbridge, 257 ——, Spa, 258 ——, Pyrmont, 259 ——, Cheltenham, 260 ——, Brighton chalybeate, 261 ——, Harrowgate, 262 ——, Moffat, 264

Whet─slate, description and uses of, 80

Whiting, of what made, 100

Window glass, how made, 55

Wine, antimonial, how prepared, and use, 217 ——, how to detect the adulteration of, 207

Woodstone, description and uses of, 51

Writing slates, how made, 78

Y.

Yttria, 16

Z.

Zaffre, what, how made, and uses of, 221

Zinc, whence obtained, and how extracted from the ore, 209 ——, uses and properties of, 210 ——, oxide of, used as paint, 211 ——, white, how prepared, 141

Zircon, 29

END OF VOL. I.

C. Baldwin, Printer,
New Bridge─street, London.

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● Transcriber’s Notes:
○ The outline provide by the author (page 21) did not match the text
in two places:
▪ “II. SOFT STONES” was changed to “ORDER II. SOFT STONES”.
▪ “ORDER II.—SALINE STONES” was changed to “ORDER III—SALINE
STONES”.

○ Minor typographical errors were silently corrected.
○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only
when a predominant form was found in this book.
○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_);
text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=).