Chapter XXIX: Part V: Documents (3)

Ehrlich, theory of lateral chains, 208, 220.

_Elachistodontinæ_, sub-family of _Opisthoglypha_, 3.

“ geographical distribution, 4.

_Elapechis_, 58.

“ _boulengeri_, 59.

“ _decosteri_, 59.

“ _hessii_, 59.

“ _guentheri_, 58.

“ _niger_, 58, 59.

“ _sundevallii_, 59.

_Elapinæ_, sub-family of _Colubridæ_, 30.

“ geographical distribution, 5.

_Elapognathus_, 97.

“ _minor_, 97.

_Elaps_, 101, 108.

“ _ancoralis_, 108.

“ _annellatus_, 103.

“ _anomalus_, 103.

“ _buckleyi_, 103.

“ _corallinus_ (coral snake), 104. _See also_ Coral-snake.

“ _decoratus_, 104.

“ _dissoleucus_, 106.

“ _dumerilii_, 104.

“ _elegans_, 103.

“ _euryxanthus_ (Sonoran coral-snake), 102.

“ _filiformis_, 107.

“ _fraseri_, 107.

“ _frontalis_, 106.

“ _fulvius_ (harlequin or coral-snake), 106.

“ _gravenhorstii_, 102.

“ _hemprichii_, 104.

“ _heterochilus_, 102.

“ _heterozonus_, 103.

“ _langsdorffii_, 103.

“ _lemniscatus_, 107.

“ _marcgravii_, 106.

“ _mentalis_, 107.

“ _mipartitus_, 107.

“ _narduccii_, 108.

“ _psyches_, 106.

“ _spixii_, 106.

_Elaps surinamensis_, 102.

“ _tschudii_, 104.

Electricity passed through solution of venom in form of continuous
electrolytic current destroys toxicity, 165. _See also_ High
frequency currents.

Embryo, anomalies in development consequent on introduction of venom
into eggs of fowl, 214.

_Enhydrina_, 139.

“ venom of, fixation on nervous elements, 186.

“ _bengalensis_ (syn. _E. valakadien_), 139.

“ _valakadien_ (syn. _E. bengalensis_), 139.

“ “ venom of, dose lethal for different animals, 174.

_Enhydris_, 138.

“ _curtus_, 138.

“ “ venom of, dose lethal for rat, 174.

_Entomophaga_, 286.

Eosin, photodynamic action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms, 167.

_Epeira_, 276.

Erythrosin, photodynamic action of, diminishes toxicity of venoms,
167.

Europe, poisonous snakes inhabiting, 22-29.

“ “ geographical distribution of genera (tables), 142.

“ (Central). _See_ Alps.

“ _Triton cristatus_ and _T. marmoratus_ found in, 313.

Ewing, action of venom on brain, 185.

Facial bones, special arrangements of, characteristic of poisonous
snakes, 6.

Fasting, prolonged, snake-venom shows greatest activity after, 176.

Faust, S., salamandrine prepared by, 316.

Fayrer, Sir J., fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms,
180.

“ “ on the daboia (_Vipera russellii_), 47.

“ “ habits of the krait (_Bungarus candidus_), 33.

“ “ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, 214.

“ “ _Naja bungarus_, 39.

Feeding, artificial, in laboratories for collection of venom, 157.

“ “ of poisonous snakes, 17, 18.

Fer-de-lance (_Lachesis lanceolatus_), 112, 113, 114.

Féré, Ch., experiments on development of embryo after introduction of
venom into fowl’s egg, 214.

Fishes succumb rapidly to snake-venom, 172.

“ venomous, 288.

“ “ poison-apparatus of, 289.

Flexner and Noguchi, on action of snake-serum on red corpuscles, 219.

“ “ cytolytic action of venoms, 206.

“ “ investigations on toxicity of snakes’ organs, 220.

Food, abstinence from, by snakes, 149.

Fowls killed by causing them to ingest venom, 180.

Fox, W. A., bite from _Sepedon hæmachates_, 337.

France, mortality from snake-bite in, 3.

Fraser, on destructive action of bile on cobra-venom, 215.

Frog-serum, antidote to poison of pedicellariæ, 274.

Frogs succumb slowly to snake-poisoning, 172.

_Furina_, 98.

“ _bimaculata_, 99.

“ _calonota_, 99.

“ _occipitalis_, 99.

Gaboon viper, 73. _See also Bitis gabonica._

Gangrene, produced by venom of _Viperidæ_, 177.

Gautier, Armand, chemical constituents of venom, 160.

Geographical distribution of poisonous snakes in Africa, 143, 144.

“ “ “ “ America, 146.

“ “ “ “ Asia, 142, 143.

“ “ “ “ Europe, 142.

“ “ “ “ Oceania, 145.

Geracki, collection of venom, 156.

Gibbs, Wolcott, chemical constituents of venom, 160.

Glands (acid and alkaline), poison-organs of the hymenoptera, 282.

“ secretion of venom from, 147.

Glandular secretions of persons and animals bitten by venomous
snakes, toxic, 181.

Glycerine, means of preservation of concentrated solution of venom,
166.

_Glyphodon_, 83.

“ _tristis_, 84.

_Gobiidæ_, 300.

Gouzien, Paul, collection of venom from poisonous snakes in French
settlements in India, 359.

“ “ on collection of venom, 156.

Grage (_Lachesis atrox_), immunity from bite of, 238.

Grass-snakes, parotid glands of, 147.

“ “ withstand large doses of venom, 172.

Gressin on poisoning from weever-stings, 299.

de Gries on bites from _Bothrops_, 353, 354.

Ground rattle-snake, 120. _See also Sistrurus miliarius._

Grunting batrachus. _See Batrachus grunniens._

Guiana, witch-doctors of, snake-bite remedies, 237, 238.

Guinea-pig, minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, 173, 174, 175.

“ vaccination against cobra-venom, 242.

Hæmolysins of venom, resistance to heat, 202.

Hæmolysis, failure of, under exposure of red corpuscles to large
doses of venom, 199, 200, 201.

“ in venoms, comparative study of, 196.

“ power of, possessed by various venoms, 199.

Hæmorrhages produced by albuminoid of snake-venom, 162.

“ visceral, complicating recovery from bites of _Viperidæ_, 177, 178.

Hæmorrhagin in venoms, 187.

“ local effects of, not prevented by antineurotoxic serum, 251.

“ predominance in venom of _Viperidæ_, 249.

Hæmorrhagin, present in some species of _Viperidæ_, 249.

“ sensitive to heat, 249.

_Hamadryas elaps_, 37. _See also Naja bungarus._

Harlequin or coral snake, 106. _See also Elaps fulvius._

Heart, action of venom on, 184.

Heat, comparative effect on venoms of _Colubridæ_, _Hydrophiidæ_ and
_Viperidæ_, 161.

“ hæmorrhagin sensitive to, 249.

“ resistance of hæmolysins of venoms to, 202.

“ sole agent in attenuating venom submitted to alternating high
frequency currents, 165.

Heating destroys toxicity of blood of reptiles, 218.

Hedgehog, immunity of, to venom of _Vipera berus_, 226.

“ “ “ “ proved experimentally, 226.

“ blood of, toxic before heating, antitoxic afterwards, 226.

_Heloderma horridum_, 321.

“ “ saliva sometimes toxic, sometimes harmless, 323.

“ “ venom of, 321, 322.

_Hemibungarus_, 39.

“ _calligaster_, 40.

“ _collaris_, 40.

“ _japonicus_, 40.

“ _nigrescens_, 40.

Henri, V., poison from pedicellariæ prepared by, 273.

Herons of Colombia hunt young snakes for food, 227.

“ “ probable immunity to snake-venom, 226, 227.

Hetero-albumoses, active principle of snake-venom, 164.

“ separation from snake-venom, 162, 163.

_Heterometrus maurus_, venom of, 279.

“ “ “ effect upon sparrows, 279.

High frequency currents, alternating, attenuate venom only by thermic
action, 165.

Hill, Patrick, on duck-billed platypus, 324.

Hindus, worship bestowed on _Naja_ by, 38.

Holbrook on _Crotalus confluentus_, 125.

_Holocanthus_, 305.

“ _imperator_, 305.

_Homalopsinæ_, sub-family of _Opisthoglypha_, 3.

“ geographical distribution, 4.

“ aquatic, 4.

_Homorelaps_, 57.

_Hoplocephalus_, 93.

“ _bitorquatus_, 94.

“ _bungaroides_ (syn. _H. variegatus_, broad-headed snake), 94.

“ _curtus_ (_Notechis scutatus_, tiger-snake), 95.

“ “ “ “ “ bite dangerous, 100.

“ “ “ “ “ secretion of, 149.

“ _stephensii_, 94.

Horned rattle-snake, 129. _See also Crotalus cerastes._

Horse, bleeding, aseptically, after vaccination to obtain
antivenomous serum, 245, 246.

“ immunisation to venom, difficulties attending, 244, 245.

Horse, minimal dose of venom lethal for, 176.

“ polyvalent serum prepared from, 251.

“ red corpuscles of, reasons for choice of, for exposure to action of
venom, 196, 197.

“ vaccination of, against cobra-venom, 244, 245.

Horse-serum must be added to venom to dissolve washed red corpuscles,
197.

Hottentots, venom of _Bitis arietans_ employed for poisoning arrows
by, 72.

_Hydrelaps_, 134.

_Hydrophiidæ_ (sea-snakes), 100.

“ bite from, cure, 338.

“ “ rapidly produces general intoxication, 168.

“ venoms of, resistant to heat, 161.

_Hydrophiinæ_ (sea-snakes), 4, 131.

“ “ habitat and geographical distribution, 4, 5.

“ “ habits of, 131.

_Hydrophis_ (sea-snakes), 134.

“ “ venom from, 360.

“ _cærulescens_, 135.

“ _cantoris_, 135.

“ _elegans_, 135.

“ _fasciatus_, 136.

“ _gracilis_, 135.

“ _leptodira_, 136.

“ _nigrocinctus_, 135.

“ _obscurus_ (syn. _H. stricticollis_), 136.

“ _spiralis_, 135.

_Hydrus_, 132.

Hymenoptera, 281.

“ poison-glands of, 281, 282.

Hypochloride of calcium solution modifies or destroys venoms, 164.

Hypochlorite of lime, antidote to venom before absorption, 261, 263.

“ “ remedy for wasp- or bee-sting, 286.

Hypochlorites, alkaline, antidotes to venom before absorption, 261.

Hypoleucocytosis, accompanying snake-bite, in lethal cases, 211, 212.

“ following fatal dose of venom, 216.

Immunity to venom, active, incontestably possible, 240.

“ “ doubtful, by Vatuas’ method, 239.

“ “ hereditary, pretended, 238.

“ “ “ “ in India and Egypt, 240.

“ “ natural, 222.

“ “ partial, enjoyed by snakes due to diastasic substances in blood,
218, 219.

“ “ in lethal doses not conferred by ingestion of venom, 215.

India, French Settlements in, collection of venom and treatment of
bites from poisonous snakes in, 359.

“ legend relating to _Naja_ in, 37.

“ mortality from snake-bite in, 2, 38, 363.

“ “ “ “ excessive, due to snake-worship, 2.

“ “ “ _Naja_ bites, 38.

India, poisonous snakes inhabiting, 30-57.

“ snake-charmers in, 229-234.

“ “ “ remedies for bites, 237.

“ _Teuthis_ found in, 301.

Indian Ocean, _Chilomycterus orbiculari_s and _C. tigrinus_, 307.

“ “ _Naseus_ found in, 301.

“ “ _Plotosus_ found in, 308.

“ “ _Pterois_ found in, 296.

“ “ _Scorpæna diabolus_ found in, 293.

“ “ _Tetrodon stellatus_ found in, 306.

Inoculation, experimental, by Fraser, of Edinburgh, 235.

“ extraction of venom from alcatifa for, 239.

“ graduated, by French viper-catchers, 234.

“ immunity incontestable from, 240.

“ subcutaneous, productive of immunity, 234.

Insects, venomous species of, 281.

Invertebrata easily killed by venom inoculation, 173.

Jacolot, on Mexicans’ method of immunisation, 255-257.

Japan, _Cryptobranchus japonicus_ found in, 315.

“ _Prionurus_ found in, 301.

“ _Tetrodon rubripes_ found on shores of, 306.

“ “ “ _See also_ China and Japan.

Jararacussu (_Lachesis lanceolatus_), 112, 113, 114.

Jean, bite from _Trigonocephalus_, 352.

Jugglers called in to expel _efas_ (_echis carinatus_) from Egyptian
houses, 77.

_Julus_, 280.

Kanthack, A. A., on chemical constituents of venom, 160.

Kasauli, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, 248, 252.

_Katipo_ (_Latrodectus scelio_), 275.

Kayalof, Mlle., poison from pedicellariæ prepared by, 273.

Kidney, action of venom on, 183.

Kinase in snake-venoms, 204.

Kinasic properties of venom, how produced, 213.

“ “ “ _See also_ Diastasic actions.

King cobra. _See Naja bungarus._

Kipling, Rudyard, account of battle between mongoose and cobra, 223.

Kobert, poison from _Latrodectus_ and _Epeira_ prepared by, 276.

Krait, 30. _See also Bungarus._

Krefft, Gerard, on snakes of Australia, 81, 82.

Kyes, lecithide from scorpion-venom, 278.

“ on relation of toxins to antitoxins, 254, 255, 257.

“ the production of lecithides, 197, 199.

Labaria (_Lachesis atrox_), 114.

Labial glands, upper, venomous secretions, 147.

Laboratories for preparation of antivenomous serum, 248, 252.

de Lacerda, on diastatic actions of venoms, 212.

“ _Elaps_, 108.

“ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, 214.

_Lacertidæ_, 321.

_Lachesis_, 51, 109, 111.

“ bite of, clinical symptoms, 169.

“ “ “ primarily local, violent, 169.

“ classification of species, 52.

“ venom of, absorption by digestive system, cause of acute
inflammation of gastric mucous membrane, 180.

“ “ rich in kinase, 204.

“ _alternatus_, 115.

“ _ammodytoides_, 117.

“ _anamallensis_, 56.

“ _atrox_ (grage), immunity from bite of, 238.

“ “ (labaria), 114.

“ _aurifer_, 119.

“ _bicolor_, 119.

“ _bilineatus_, 118.

“ _borneensis_, 57.

“ _brachystoma_, 118.

“ _cantoris_, 53.

“ _castelnaudi_, 117.

“ _ferox_ (grage), bites from, cure, 351.

“ _flavomaculatus_, 55.

“ _flavoviridis_, 53.

“ _godmani_, 118.

“ _gramineus_, 55.

“ “ venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, 175.

“ _jerdonii_, 54.

“ _lanceolatus_ (fer-de-lance, or jararacussu), 112.

“ “ description and habits, 113, 114.

“ “ mortality from bite of, 113.

“ “ secretion of, 150.

“ “ venom of, 325.

“ “ “ coagulant action on blood, 191.

“ “ “ “ “ diminishes when heated, 191.

“ _lansbergii_, 118.

“ _lateralis_, 119.

“ _luteus_, 54.

“ _macrolepis_, 56.

“ _microphthalmus_, 114.

“ _monticola_, 52.

“ _mucrosquamatus_, 54.

“ _mutus_ (bushmaster or surucucu), 112.

“ _neuwiedii_ (urutù), 115.

“ _nigroviridis_, 119.

“ _nummifer_, 117.

“ _okinavensis_, 52.

“ _pictus_, 115.

“ _pulcher_, 114.

“ _puniceus_, 56.

_Lachesis purpureomaculatus_, 54.

“ _schlegelii_, 119.

“ _strigatus_, 53.

“ _sumatranus_, 56.

“ _trigonocephalus_, 56.

“ _undulatus_, 118.

“ _wagleri_, 57.

“ _xanthogrammus_, 117.

Lamb, G., on action of venom on brain, 185.

“ on coagulant action of venom of _Vipera russellii_, 191.

Landouzy, Prof., on serum therapeutics, 240.

Lannoy, on diastasic actions of venoms, 212, 213.

“ proteolytic action of venoms, 204.

“ researches of, on glands of snakes, 147.

Lapeyre, on bites from European vipers, 346.

_Latrodectus_, 276.

“ _erebus_, 276.

“ _mactans_, 275.

“ _malmignattus_, 275.

Lavigne, bite from _Trigonocephalus_, 354.

de Lavison, R., on _Lachesis lanceolatus_, 113.

Lecithides, production of, 191, 197, 198, 199, 254, 258.

“ “ from bee-venom, 285.

“ “ “ scorpion-venom, 278.

Lecithin, added to venom to dissolve washed red corpuscles, 197.

“ cholesterin antidote to, 198.

“ combination with snake-venom, 254.

Leipothymia following inoculation of venom of _Synanceia brachio_,
292.

Le Naour, on the spitting snake, 63.

Leucocytes, protective _rôle_ against snake-poisoning, 216.

Leucolysin, mode of producing, 203.

Lewin, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, 226.

Leydig, researches of, 147.

Lhomme, bite from _Lachesis ferox_, 351.

“ collection of venom, 156.

Light, destructive effect of, on venom in solution, 165.

Liver, action of venom on, 182.

Livingstone, mention of _Naja haje_ by, 60.

Lizards, 321-323.

“ only one species venomous, 322.

“ succumb rapidly to snake-poisoning, 172.

_Lophius_, 304.

“ _piscatorius_, 301.

“ _setigerus_, 303-304.

Lucan, passage from, quoted, on immunity of Psylli, 240.

Lumière, A., and Nicolas, J., on effect of intense cold on venom, 166.

Lungs, action of venom on, 184.

_Lycodon aulicus_, resemblance of _Bungarus candidus_ to, 33.

Maclaud, bite from _Naja haje_, 356.

Madsen, Th., and Noguchi, H., on ratio between dose of venom and time
elapsing till death, 177.

Mal on Hindu snake-charmers, 229.

Malaysia, poisonous snakes of, 81.

_Malmignatte_, 275.

Mammals, action of _Colubrine_ venom on, symptoms and course, 171.

“ “ “ “ _post-mortem_ findings, 171.

“ “ _Viperine_ venoms on, symptoms and course, 171.

“ “ “ “ _post-mortem_ findings, 171.

Man, minimal dose of venom lethal for, 176.

“ not attacked by _Bitis gabonica_ (Gaboon viper), 74.

Mano de sapo root, eaten by Mexicans during immunisation treatment,
236.

Maoris’ fear of _Katipo_, 275.

Marchand, on bites from European vipers, 339.

Mariadassou, P., serum treatment, 363-371.

Mariapregassam, collection of venom, 361.

Marotte, on _Naja haje_ bite, 356.

Martin, C. J., chemical constituents of venom, 160.

“ “ experiments on _Pseudechis_, 162.

“ “ “ with rats proving harmlessness of ingestion of venom of
_Pseudechis_, 181.

“ “ on venom of _Ornithorhynchus_, 324.

“ “ and Cherry, on antagonism between toxins and antitoxins, 253.

“ “ and Smith, MacGarvie, on local and general effects of albumoses
derived from snake-venom, 163.

Martinique, mortality from bite of fer-de-lance in, 113.

Massasanga, 120. _See also Sistrurus catenatus._

de Maupas on _Pelias berus_ bite, 357.

Mediterranean Sea, _Muræna helena_ found in, 309.

“ “ _Scorpæna porcus_ found in, 294.

Medulla, substance of, fixation of venom on, 186.

_Meloë_ (oil-beetles), 281.

Mexico, inoculation of natives in, successful, 235-237.

_Micropechis_, 93.

“ _elapoides_, 93.

“ _ikaheka_, 93.

Milk from mother bitten by poisonous snake causing death of young,
181, 214.

Mimicry, biological laws of, coloration of snakes subject to, 15, 16.

Mitchell, S. Weir, on chemical constituents of venom, 160.

“ “ fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, 180.

“ “ harmless ingestion of venom exceeding lethal dose, 214.

Moindrot, H., bites from European vipers, 345.

Molluscs, poisonous species of, 286.

Mongoose, battles with hamadryads and cobras, 223, 224.

“ “ victory mainly due to natural agility, 225.

“ immunity to snake-venom, 223.

“ “ “ not absolute, 225.

“ “ “ proved by injections, 224, 225.

_Monotremata. See Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_ or _O. anatinus_.

Mons on bite from horned viper, 349.

Morgenroth, on combination of venom with lecithin, 254.

“ reconstitution of toxins, 257.

“ and Carpi, lecithide of bee-venom prepared by, 285.

Mortality from bite of _Naja_ in India, 38.

“ “ _Vipera berus_ (common viper or adder), 27.

“ “ poisonous snake-bite; localities:-- Australia, 100, 261. France,
3. India, 2, 38, 363. Martinique, 113.

Mottled Rattle-snake 124, 125. _See also Crotalus confluentus._

Moudon, on bite from _Cerastes_, 348.

Moult of snake’s skin, 16, 20.

“ venom shows greatest activity after, 176.

Mouse, experiments on, demonstrating neutralisation of venom by
antitoxin, 254.

Mucous membranes, acute inflammation produced by deposit of venoms
on, 180.

_Muræna_, 309.

“ poison apparatus in buccal teeth, 288.

“ “ “ of, 309, 310.

“ _helena_, 309.

“ _moringa_, 309.

_Murænidæ_, 307, 309.

_Murex brandaris_, 286.

“ _trunculus_, 286.

Murison, Lieutenant C. C., on bite from _Echis carinata_, 347.

Muscles, striated, action of venoms on, 184.

Muscular apparatus of head of poisonous snakes, 11, 12, 13.

Myriopods, venomous species of, 280.

_Naja_ (cobra), 33, 59.

“ habits of species of, 37.

“ legend relating to marks on its neck, 37.

“ mortality from bite of, in India, 38.

“ poison-glands of, 148.

“ venom of, active hæmolysing power possessed by, 199.

“ worship bestowed on, by Hindus, 38.

“ _anchietæ_, 62.

“ _bungarus_ (_Ophiophagus_ or _Hamadryas elaps_, king cobra or
hamadryad), 37, 38.

“ “ action of venom, 39.

“ “ feeds on other snakes, 38.

“ “ killed by mongoose, 223.

“ “ method of procuring food, 38, 39.

“ “ vindictiveness of, 39.

“ _flava_, 61.

“ _goldii_, 62.

“ _haje_ or _haie_ (Egyptian cobra), 59.

“ “ bites from, 356.

_Naja haje_, danger extreme from its boldness in pursuit of victims,
60.

“ “ dreaded and hunted down in Egypt, 60.

“ “ employed by Egyptian snake-charmers, 61.

“ “ secretion of, 149.

“ “ “ tables, 150.

“ “ worshipped among ancient Egyptians, 61.

“ _melanoleuca_, 62.

“ _nigricollis_, 62.

“ _samarensis_, 36.

“ _tripudians_ (Cobra-di-capello), 33-36.

“ “ collection of venom from, 156, 360.

“ “ marks produced on skin by bite of, 10.

“ “ muscular apparatus of head of, 11, 13.

“ “ poison-gland of, 11, 13.

“ “ var. _cæca_, 35.

“ “ “ _fasciata_, 35.

“ “ “ _miolepsis_, 36.

“ “ “ _sputatrix_, 35.

“ “ “ _typica_, 34.

_Naseus_, 301.

Natter-jack, 318.

Neurotoxic and hæmolytic actions of venoms, parallelism between, 255.

Neurotoxin, 191, 195.

“ essential active substance in venoms, 187, 250.

“ highly resistant to heat, 249.

“ of scorpion-poison, 278.

“ of toad-venom (bufotenin), 320.

“ potency of antineurotoxic serum against, 250, 251.

“ predominance in venom of _Colubridæ_, 249.

“ present in venoms of some species of _Viperidæ_, 249.

Neuwied on _Elaps_, 108.

New Caledonia, terrestrial poisonous snakes unknown in, 100.

New Guinea, poisonous snakes of, 81-100.

New Zealand, _Katipo_ found in, 275.

“ no poisonous snakes in, 100.

Nicolas, J., and Lumière, A., on effect of intense cold on venom, 166.

Noc, on action of different venoms, 190, 191.

“ bacteriolytic property of venom, with respect to different
micro-organisms, 207, 208, 209.

“ hæmolytic powers of venoms, 196.

“ study of venom of _Ornithorhynchus_, 324.

Noguchi, H., on action of aniline colours on venom, 167.

“ failure of hæmolysis under large doses of venom, 200, 201.

“ and Flexner, cytolytic action of venoms, 206.

“ “ “ investigations on toxicity of snakes’ organs, 220.

“ “ “ on action of snake-serums on red corpuscles, 219.

“ “ Madsen, Th., on ratio between dose of venom and time elapsing
till death, 177.

Normandy, coast of, _Cottus_ abundant on, 292.

_Notechis_, 95.

“ _scutatus_ (syn. _Hoplocephalus curtus_, tiger-snake), 95.

“ “ “ “ “ bite dangerous, 100.

“ “ venom of, dose lethal for rabbit, 175.

Oceania, geographical distribution of genera of poisonous snakes
(tables), 145.

Octopods, poisonous juice exuded by, a means of overpowering prey,
287.

_Ogmodon_, 82.

“ _vitianus_, 82.

Oil beetles, 281. _See also Meloë._

_Ophiogeni_ in Egypt, 228-229.

_Ophiophagus_, 37. _See also Naja bungarus._

Ophthalmia, purulent, produced by snake-venom experimentally, 180.

“ “ “ venom of species of _Sepedon_, 180.

_Opisthoglypha_, group of _Colubridæ_, 3.

“ sub-families of, 3. _See also Homalopsinæ_, _Dipsadomorphinæ_,
_Elachistodontinæ_.

“ “ slightly poisonous and not dangerous to man, 4.

_Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_, or _O. anatinus_ (duck-billed platypus),
323.

“ “ “ “ “ venom of, 324, 325.

“ “ “ “ “ action similar to venoms of _Viperidæ_, 324.

“ “ “ “ “ toxicity very slight, 325.

Pacific Ocean (Equatorial), _Pterois_ found in, 296.

“ “ (Tropical), _Scorpæna diabolus_ found in, 293.

“ “ “ _Synanceia brachio_ most commonly found in, 291.

“ rattle-snake, 124, 125. _See also Crotalus confluentus._

Pain, severe, after bite of species of _Viperidæ_, 169.

“ slight from bite of cobra, 169.

Panama, _Thalassophryne reticulata_ found on shores of, 303.

Pancreatic juice, addition to venom produces kinasic power, 213.

Paris, brown _Pelobates_ found near, 318.

Parotid glands, venomous secretions, 147.

Pasteur Institute (Lille), poisonous snakes in captivity at, 72.

“ “ “ preparation of antivenomous serum at, 245-248.

“ “ “ rattle-snakes in captivity at, 125.

“ “ “ work and experiments at, 189, 190, 191, 204, 214, 223, 224,
244-248, 267.

Paterne, D., bites from European vipers, 341.

Peal, H. W., on bite from _Hydrophiidæ_ (sea-snakes), 338.

Pedicellariæ (organs of the _Echinoidea_), poison prepared from, 273.

_Pediculati_, 303.

Pedlar on chemical constituents of venom, 160.

_Pelias berus_ (common viper), bite from, 339.

“ “ “ “ “ cure, 357.

_Pelobates fuscus_ (brown _Pelobates_), 318.

Pelor, 293, 296.

_Percidæ_, 304.

Peritoneum, hæmorrhagic injections of, produced by venoms of
_Viperidæ_, 179, 180.

Permanganate of potash, antidote to venom before absorption, 260.

“ “ solution, modifies or destroys venoms, 164.

Philadelphia, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at,
248, 252.

Philippine Islands, poisonous snakes inhabiting, 30-57.

Phisalix, experiments of, on venom with alternating currents of high
frequency, 165.

“ on effects of emanations of radium on venom, 166.

“ variations in local effects of venoms, 176.

“ venom of _Cryptobranchus japonicus_, 317.

“ poison from bee-venom prepared by, 283.

“ researches of, on glands of snakes, 147.

“ and Bertrand, experiments on immunity of hedgehog to venom, 226.

“ “ “ preparation of toad-venom, 319.

_Phoorsa. See Echis carinatus._

Phrynolysin, 320.

“ extracted from skins of toads, 320.

Physiology of experimental poisoning, 170.

_Physostomi_, 307.

Pig, destruction of vipers and rattle-snakes by, 125, 222, 226.

“ immunity to snake-venom due to defence provided by adipose tissue,
222.

“ serum, devoid of antitoxic substance, 222.

Pigeons, vaccination against rattle-snake-venom, 241.

“ killed by causing them to ingest venom, 180.

Pinto, Col. S., on immunity to inoculation, 238, 239.

_Platurus_, 140.

“ _colubrinus_, 141.

“ _laticaudatus_, 141.

“ _muelleri_, 141.

“ _schistorhynchus_, 141.

_Plectognathi_ (family _Gymnodontes_), 305.

Pliny on salamanders, 312.

“ treatment of poisonous snake-bites, 259.

_Plotosus_, 308.

“ _lineatus_, 308.

“ “ poison-apparatus of, 308.

Plutarch on snake-charmers, 228.

Poison-apparatus of _Cottus_, 293.

“ _Muræna_, 309, 310.

“ _Plotosus lineatus_, 308.

“ _Scorpæna_, 294.

“ snakes, 8.

“ _Synanceia_, 291.

“ _Trachinus_ (weevers), 297, 298, 299.

“ venomous fishes, 289.

Poison-fang, 8.

“ action of, 148.

“ of _Proteroglypha_ grooved, 4,

“ _Viperidæ_ canaliculate, 5.

Poison-gland of Hymenoptera, 281, 282.

Poison-gland of non-venomous snakes, 217.

“ venomous snakes, 10, 11, 12, 13.

_Polistes_, 285.

_Pompilus_, 285.

Pondicherry, collection of venom at, 156-158.

“ Hospital, collection of venom, method, 362.

“ public notice in, _re_ capture of poisonous snakes, 360.

Prairie rattle-snake, 120. _See also Sistrurus catenatus._

Pravaz syringe, injection of serum with, 263.

Precipitins of venoms, 202.

_Prionurus_, 301.

Pröscher on extraction of phrynolysin from skins of toads, 320.

Proteids, extraction from snake-venom, 163.

Proteolytic action of venoms, 204.

“ “ “ extent and limitations, 205.

_Proteroglypha_ (group of _Colubridæ_), 4.

“ bite rapidly produces general intoxication, 168.

“ poison-fangs of, grooved, 4.

“ sub-families of, 4. _See also Hydrophiinæ_; _Elapinæ_.

Proto-albumoses, active principle of snake-venom, 164.

“ separation from snake-venom, 162, 163.

_Pseudechis_, 87.

“ venom of, experiments on, 162.

“ “ ingestion by rats harmless, 181.

“ _australis_, 88.

“ _cupreus_, 88.

“ _darwiniensis_, 88.

“ _ferox_, 88.

“ _microlepidotus_, 88.

“ _papuanus_, 88.

“ _porphyriacus_ (black snake), 88.

“ “ “ “ bite dangerous, 100.

“ “ “ “ secretion of, 149.

“ _scutellatus_, 88.

_Pseudelaps_, 84.

“ _diadema_, 85.

“ _harriettæ_, So.

“ _krefftii_, 85.

“ _muelleri_, 84.

“ _squamulosus_, 84.

“ _sutherlandi_, 86.

“ _warro_, 86.

_Pseudocerastes persicus_, 47.

Psylli, Egyptian charmers and healers, 228-229.

“ Roman charmers and healers, 228.

“ “ “ “ “ Lucan on, 240.

_Pterois_, 293, 295-296.

Puff adder, 69. _See also Bitis arietans._

Putrefaction, rapid, following death from snake-bite, 211, 212.

Pyramids, viper of (_Echis carinatus_), 76.

Queensland, mortality from snake-bite slight in, 100.

Rabbit, experiments on, demonstrating neutralisation of venom by
antitoxin, 255.

“ minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, 173, 174, 175.

“ vaccination against cobra-venom, 243.

_Rascasse_, 296.

Rat, P., on common viper’s bite, 358.

“ ingestion of venom of _Pseudechis_ harmless to, 181.

“ minimal doses of various venoms lethal for, 174.

Rat-serum, bacteriolytic action of venom not comparable to, 208.

Rattle-snake, common, 125. _See also Crotalus durissus._

“ dog-faced, 124. _See also Crotalus terrificus._

“ ground, 120. _See also Sistrurus miliarius._

“ horned, 129. _See also Crotalus cerastes._

“ Pacific, or mottled, 124. _See also Crotalus confluentus._

“ prairie, 120. _See also Sistrurus catenatus._

“ Texas, 124. _See also Crotalus scutulatus._

“ venom, vaccination of pigeons against, 241.

Red Sea, _Naseus_ found in, 301.

Reichert on chemical constituents of venom, 160.

Renaux, P., on bites from _Crotalus horridus_, 355.

Rennie, Major S. J., case of bite of _Bungarus cæruleus_, 337.

Reptiles, toxicity of blood in, 217.

Respiratory centres, nerve-cell of, attacked by albumose of
snake-venom, 162.

_Rhinhoplocephalus_, 95.

“ _bicolor_, 95.

_Rhynchelaps_, 97.

“ _australis_, 98.

“ _bertholdi_, 97.

“ _fasciolatus_, 98.

“ _semifasciatus_, 98.

Richards on fatal results of experimental ingestion of venoms, 180.

Richet, C., congestin from _Anemone scultata_ prepared by, 270.

“ thalassin, from _Anemone scultata_ prepared by, 269.

Ringhals slang, 63. _See also Sepedon hæmachates._

River-jack viper, 73. _See also Bitis gabonica._

Rogers, Major L., experiments on action of venom on nervous centres,
186.

“ “ researches of, on glands of snakes, 147.

Romans, snake-charmers’ customs among, 228.

“ “ “ “ Lucan on, 240.

Roudot, Natalis, on Hindu snake-charmers, 229.

Russell, on the venom of _daboia_ (_Vipera russellii_), 46.

Sachs, on relation of toxins to antitoxins, 254.

Salamandarin, 316. _See also_ Salamandrine.

Salamander, Japanese, 317. _See also Cryptobranchus japonicus._

“ venom of, closely analogous to that of toad, 321.

“ “ potency exaggerated by the ancients, 312.

Salamanders and toads most dreaded by ancients, 312.

_Salamandra atra_ (black salamander), 313.

“ _maculosa_ (spotted salamander), 313, 314.

Salamandridine prepared from venom of salamanders, 317.

Salamandrine, prepared from venom of salamanders, 317.

Saliva of _Heloderma horridum_ sometimes toxic, sometimes harmless,
323.

“ venomous, of non-poisonous snakes, 214.

Sangis, name of snake-charmers of Bengal, 229.

São-Paulo (Brazil), laboratory for production of antivenomous serum
at, 248, 252.

Scales, arrangement of, on heads of poisonous snakes, 14, 15.

_Scolopendra_, 280.

_Scolopendridæ_, bite of, 281.

_Scorpæna_, 288, 289, 293.

“ poison-apparatus of, 294.

“ _diabolus_, 293.

“ _grandicornis_, 293.

“ _porcus_, 294.

_Scorpio occitanus_, 277, 278.

Scorpion, blood of, antitoxic, 279.

“ manner of stinging, 277.

“ poison, 278.

“ “ affinities with that of _Colubridæ_, 278.

“ “ neurotoxin of, 278.

_Scorpionidea_ (scorpions), 276.

Sea-snakes, 131. See also Hydrophiinæ.

“ (_Hydrophis_), venom from, 360.

_Sepedon hæmachates_ (spitting snake or ringhals slang), 63.

“ “ bite of, cure, 337.

“ “ venom of, purulent ophthalmia discharged by spitting, 63, 64.

“ “ “ “ “ caused by projection of, 62, 180.

Serous membranes, local effects on, of cobra-venom, slight, 179.

“ “ “ “ venoms of _Viperidæ_, severe, 179.

Serph, collection of venom. 156.

_Serranus_, 304.

“ _ouatabili_, 304.

Serum, antivenomous, antineurotoxic, 250, 251.

“ “ “ potency against cobra-venom, 250, 251, 252.

“ “ in treatment of bites of poisonous snakes, 326.

“ “ “ yellow fever, 184.

“ “ method for measuring power of, 256, 257.

“ “ “ “ “ _in vitro_, 202.

“ “ neutralisation of snake-venom by, 253-258.

“ “ “ “ “ experiments showing necessary proportions to effect, 254,
255.

“ “ polyvalent, 251.

“ “ “ prepared from horse, 251.

“ “ preparation of, 246.

“ “ “ test-solutions, 217.

“ “ “ at Pasteur Institute, Lille, 245-248.

“ “ “ special laboratories, 248, 252.

Serum, antivenomous, preventive power tested by intravenous
injection, 246.

“ “ rules respecting proportions of quantity to be administered, 266,
267, 268.

“ “ specificity of, 248.

“ Calmette’s, in treatment of cobra-bites, 363, 364, 365.

“ therapeutics, antivenomous, 241-252.

“ “ “ technique of, 262-265.

“ _See also_ Snake serum.

Serums, specific against coagulant venoms, 192.

Sewall on vaccination of pigeons against rattle-snake venom, 241.

_Siluridæ_, 307, 308.

_Silurus glanis_, 308.

_Sistrurus_, 110, 120.

“ _catenatus_ (prairie rattle-snake, or massasanga), 120.

“ _miliarius_ (ground rattle-snake), 120.

“ _ravus_, 120.

Skin, marks produced on, by bites of different species of snakes
(venomous and non-venomous), 10.

Smell, loss of, following bite of viper, 178.

Smith, MacGarvie, researches of, 149.

“ “ on chemical constituents of venom, 160.

“ “ and Martin, C. J., on local and general effects of albumoses
derived from snake-venoms, 163.

Snake-bite, death from, rapid putrefaction following, 211, 212.

“ hypoleucocytosis accompanying, in lethal cases, 211, 212.

“ mortality from, 2, 3, 38, 57, 100, 261, 363.

“ non-lethal, suppuration following, 212.

“ poisonous, treatment in domestic animals, 265.

“ “ “ men and animals, 259.

“ “ “ _See also_ Serum therapeutics, antivenomous.

Snake-charmers, 228.

“ deaths from bites, 234.

“ Egyptian, 228-229.

“ “ employment of _Naja haje_ for performances, 61.

“ Indian, 229-234.

“ Libyan, 228.

“ Roman, 228.

“ safety in skill, 234.

Snake-serum combined with snake-venom does not destroy red
corpuscles, 220.

“ dissolution of red corpuscles by, 219.

Snake-venom, action on heart, 184.

“ “ kidney, 183.

“ “ liver, 182.

“ “ lungs, 184.

“ “ nervous centres, 185.

“ “ spleen, 183.

“ “ striated muscles, 184.

“ activity greatest after prolonged fasting and after moult, 176.

“ aids digestion of prey, 213, 214.

Snake-venom, antagonism between coagulant and anticoagulant kinds,
194.

“ antidotes to, before absorption, 260, 261.

“ artificial introduction into egg of fowl, effect on embryo, 214.

“ bacteriolytic action, 206.

“ “ substance in, peculiarities of, 207, 208.

“ chemical study of, 159.

“ collection of, 147, 152-158.

“ “ in French Settlements in India, 359.

“ combination with lecithin, 254.

“ combined with snake-serum does not dissolve red corpuscles, 220.

“ complex effects on tissues, 215.

“ complexity of means of defence against, 215.

“ cytolytic action, 206.

“ diastasic action of, 212.

“ dried, 149.

“ effects of, in non-lethal doses, 177.

“ extraction of, by Hindus, 233.

“ “ from _Alcatifa_, for inoculation, 239.

“ freshly collected, 149.

“ hypoleucocytosis following fatal dose, 216.

“ immunity to, 222.

“ “ from inoculation, 234-235.

“ “ of herons to, probable, 226, 227.

“ ingestion of, fails to secure immunity to lethal dose, 214, 215.

“ “ harmless, 214.

“ lethal to snakes of other species, 219.

“ neutralisation by antitoxin, 253-258.

“ “ injection of antitoxic serum, second step in treatment after
bite, 262.

“ no strict ratio between dose inoculated and time elapsing till
death, 177.

“ parallelism between neurotoxic and hæmolytic action, 255.

“ prevention of absorption first step in treatment after bite, 262.

“ produces acute inflammation of mucous membrane, 180.

“ protective _rôle_ of leucocytes against, 216.

“ proteolytic action, 204.

“ reconstitution, method of, 257, 258.

“ secretion of, 147-152.

“ temperature lowered after fatal dose, 216.

“ toxic conditions of, 151.

“ vaccination against, 241.

“ variations in local effects of, 176.

Snakes, coloration of, 15, 16.

“ “ subject to biological laws of mimicry, 15, 16.

“ cranial skeleton of, 6.

“ dentition of, 6.

“ moulting of skin, 16, 20.

“ non-poisonous, arrangement of scales on head of, 14.

“ “ poison-glands in, 217.

“ “ venomous saliva of, 214.

Snakes, non-poisonous, withstand large doses of venom, 172.

“ poisonous, all species carnivorous, 17.

“ “ arrangement of scales on head of, 15.

“ “ artificial feeding of, 17, 18.

“ “ bite of, danger diminished by clothing or other means of
protection, 170.

“ “ blood of, toxicity, 217.

“ “ characterised by special arrangement of facial bones, 6.

“ “ deaths from, in Queensland, 100.

“ “ devoured by herons, 227.

“ “ different species should not be placed in same cage, 219.

“ “ difficult to distinguish from non-venomous, 2.

“ “ digestion aided by venom, 213, 214.

“ “ dread of destruction of, cause of excessive mortality from
snake-bite in India, 2.

“ “ geographical distribution of, 2, 3.

“ “ habits of, 17.

“ “ health authorities’ notices respecting, in Australia, 100.

“ “ kept in captivity, 61, 72, 125, 156, 223.

“ “ method of capture, 20, 21.

“ “ “ striking and seizing prey, 17.

“ “ muscular apparatus of head of, 11, 12, 13.

“ “ of Africa, 57-81.

“ “ Asia, Dutch Indies and Philippine Islands, 30-57.

“ “ Australia, 81-100.

“ “ Europe, 22-29.

“ “ Malaysia, 81.

“ “ New Guinea, 81-100.

“ “ South Sea Islands, 81-100.

“ “ Sunda Islands, 81.

“ “ poison-apparatus of, 8.

“ “ poison-fangs of, 8.

“ “ poison-glands of, 10, 11, 12, 13.

“ “ succumb to venom of other species, 173.

“ “ teeth of, difference in arrangement and dimensions of various
species, 9.

“ “ treatment of bites from, in French Settlements in India, 359.

“ “ unaffected by enormous doses of their own venom, 172.

“ “ unknown in New Caledonia, 100.

“ “ "New Zealand, 100.

“ “ victory of mongooses over, in combat, due mainly to natural
agility, 225.

“ worship of, 2.

“ “ extant in India, 2.

_Solenoglypha_, 109.

“ bite produces important local disorders, 168.

“ marks produced on skin by bite of one of, 10.

Sonoran coral-snake, 102. _See also Elaps euryxanthus._

South Sea Islands, poisonous snakes of, 81-100.

Sparrows, effect of venom of _Heterometrus maurus_ on, 279.

_Sphærechinus granularis_, poison from pedicellariæ, 273.

Spinal cord, comparative actions of venoms of _Colubridæ_ and
_Viperidæ_ on, 185, 186.

Spiders. _See Araneida._

Spitting snake, 63. _See also Sepedon hæmachates._

Spleen, action of venom on, 183.

Sponge-divers, malady of, 272.

_Squamipinnes_, 304.

Stings (wasp- or bee-), treatment for, 286.

Stomach, acute inflammation of gastric mucous membrane produced by
ingestion of venoms of _Viperidæ_, 180.

_Strongylocentrotus lividus_, poison from pedicellariæ of, 273.

Strychnine, injection of, of no value as antidote against
snake-venom, 261.

Sunda Islands, poisonous snakes of, 81.

Superstitions, native methods of inoculation full of, 239-240.

Suppuration following non-lethal snake-bites, 212.

Surucucu or bushmaster, 112. _See also Lachesis mutus._

Sutherland, Surgeon-Captain, bite from _Echis carinatus_, 348.

Sydney, laboratory for production of antivenomous serum at, 248, 252.

_Synanceia_, 288, 289, 290.

“ poison-apparatus of, 291.

“ _brachio_, 291.

Syncope, following inoculation of venom of _Synanceia brachio_, 292.

_Teleostei_, 290, 305, 307.

Temperature, effect of, on venoms, 161.

_Tetrodon_, 290, 305.

“ _rubripes_, 306.

“ _stellatus_, 306.

_Teuthididæ_, 301.

_Teuthis_, 301.

Texas rattle-snake, 124. _See also Crotalus scutulatus._

Thalassin, poison from _Anemone scultata_, 270.

_Thalassophis_, 133.

_Thalassophryne_, 288, 303.

“ _maculosa_, 303.

“ _reticulata_, 302-303.

Thuau on bites from European vipers, 342.

Tidswell, F., on venom of _Ornithorhynchus_, 324.

Tiger-snake, 95. _See also Notechis scutatus_.

Toad, common, 318.

“ green, 318.

“ musical, 318.

“ and frog, distinctions between, 318.

“ “ salamander, much dreaded by ancients, 312.

“ venom of, 318, 319.

“ “ active principles of, 319, 320.

“ “ closely analogous to that of salamander, 321.

“ “ preparation, 319.

“ “ exaggerated by the ancients, 312.

_Trachinidæ_, 297.

_Trachinus_ (weever), 288, 289, 297.

_Trachinus_ (weever) poison-apparatus of, 297, 298, 299.

“ _araneus_, 297.

“ _draco_, 297.

“ _radiatus_, 297.

“ _vipera_, 297.

Travers, P. M., on bite from _Bitis arietans_, 350.

Trichloride of iodine modifies or destroys venoms, 164.

_Triglidæ_, 290.

_Trigonocephalus_, bites from, 352, 355.

_Trimeresurus gramineus_, 55. _See also Lachesis gramineus._

“ _riukianus_, 53. _See also Lachesis flavoviridis._

_Triodon_, 305.

_Triton cristatus_, 313.

“ _marmoratus_, 313, 314.

_Tropidechis_, 94.

“ _carinatus_, 94.

_Tropidonotus matrix_ (grass-snake), venogen of, 151.

Trypanosomes, dissolution by cobra-venom, 207.

Tubriwallahs, snake-charmers of Bengal, 229.

Tunis, snake-charmers of, 228.

Tuxpan, natives of, inoculation methods, 235-237.

Urodela, salamanders belong to order of, 312.

_Urutù_, 115. _See also Lachesis neuwiedii._

Vaccination against cobra-venom, 242.

“ “ snake-venom, 241.

Van Denburgh, J., observations on _Heloderma horridum_, 323.

Vatuas, method of inoculation of, 239.

Venomous secretion, histology, 151.

de Villiers, on common viper’s bite, 357.

Viper, common, of Europe. See _Vipera berus_.

“ horned, bite from, 349.

“ inoculation of professional catchers of, in France, 234.

_Vipera_, 43.

“ zoological characters of, 23, 24.

“ _ammodytes_, 29, 69.

“ _aspis_ (asp, or red viper), 27, 28.

“ “ bite from, cure, 339.

“ “ poison-cells, 151.

“ berus (common viper, or adder), 25, 26.

“ “ devoured by hedgehogs, 222, 226.

“ “ mortality from bite, 27.

“ “ venom of, chemical constituency, 149, 160.

“ “ “ immunity of hedgehog to, 226.

“ “ “ uncertain coagulant action on blood, 189, 190.

“ _latastii_, 28, 69.

“ _lebetina_, 44, 69.

_Vipera raddii_, 44.

“ _renardi_, 44.

“ _russellii_ (_daboia_, or Russell’s viper), 45, 40.

“ “ muscular apparatus of head of, 11, 12.

“ “ poison-gland of, 11, 12.

“ “ protection against, adopted by natives, 46.

“ “ venom of, coagulant action on blood, diminished when heated, 191.

“ “ “ extremely potent, 46.

“ “ “ dose lethal for rabbit, 175.

“ “ “ ingestion causing death, 180.

“ _superciliaris_, 69.

“ _ursinii_, 24, 25, 44.

_Viperidæ_, 5, 43, 66.

“ bites of, local gangrene resulting from, 177.

“ characteristics of, 5.

“ geographical distribution, 6.

“ poison-fangs canaliculate, 5.

“ species of, bite produces grave local disorders, 168.

“ sub-families of, 6. _See also Viperinæ, Crotalinæ._

“ venoms of, absorption by digestive tract sets up acute inflammation
of gastric mucous membrane, 180.

“ “ action on nervous centres weak, 185, 186.

“ “ comparison of coagulant action on blood of various species, 190.

“ “ easily destroyed by heat, 161.

“ “ hæmolysing power, weak, 199.

“ “ lethal effects on mammals, 171.

“ “ neurotoxin present in those of some species, 249.

“ “ non-dialytic, 161.

“ “ produce coagulation of blood, 179, 188, 189.

“ “ “ hæmorrhagic injections of peritoneum, 179, 180.

“ “ recovery after non-lethal doses, slow, 177.

“ “ “ “ “ followed by loss of sight, smell, or hearing, 178.

“ “ recovery after non-lethal doses complicated by visceral
hæmorrhages, 177, 178.

“ “ resemblance in action of that of Japanese salamander to, 317.

“ “ “ “ “ _Ornithorhynchus_ to, 324.

“ “ richness in hæmorrhagin, 249.

Viperin, chemistry of, 130.

_Viperinæ_, 43, 66, 101. _See also Atheris_, _Atractaspis_, _Bitis_,
_Causus_, _Cerastes_, _Echis_, _Pseudocerastes_, _Vipera_.

“ characteristics of, 6.

Viscera, hæmorrhages from, complicating recovery from bites of
_Viperidæ_, 177, 178.

“ hyperæmia of, caused by fatal bite of species of _Colubridæ_, 171.

Wall, chemical constituents of venom, 160.

Waller, fatal instance of rapid poisoning from bite of _Naja haje_,
60.

_Walterinnesia_, 64.

_Walterinnesia ægyptia_, 65.

Wasp, sting of, death from, 283.

“ “ remedies for, 286.

Weevers, 297. _See also Trachinus._

“ stings of, 298, 299.

Wehrmann, on diastasic actions of venoms, 212, 213.

“ experiments on ingestion of venom, 214.

Wertheimer, Austrian naturalist, fatally bitten by coral snake, 108.

Witch-doctors, remedies of, 237, 238, 239.

Wolfenden, Norris, chemical constituents of venom, 160.

Wright, O. B., observations on _Heloderma horridum_, 323.

Yellow fever, treatment by antitoxin of venom, 184.

Zervos, Dr. S., malady of sponge-divers, 272.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] As regards the distinctive characters of these various snakes, and of the majority of those that we shall describe in this book, we have followed the statements in the “Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History),” vol. iii., by George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. (London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1896.)

[2] _Acad. de médecine_, March 19, 1889.

[3] _Erpétologie générale_, t. vii.

[4] “Le serpent cracheur de la côte occidentale d’Afrique,” _Société Zool. de France_, 1895, p. 210. Bavay thinks that the Spitting Snake is a _Naja haje_, but the description that he gives of the head of the reptile, which was sent to him by Le Naour, certainly agrees with the characters of _Sepedon_. Moreover, I have satisfied myself that the many specimens of _Naja haje_ that I have kept in captivity in my laboratory never possessed the faculty of spitting their poison to a distance.

[5] “The Snakes of Australia,” Sydney, 1869.

[6] L. Lannoy, “Thèse de doctorat ès sciences,” Paris, 1903, No. 1,138, série A, 454.

[7] “Snake Commission Report,” 1874.

[8] _Bulletin de l’Académie de Médecine_, t. x., 1883, p. 947.

[9] _Zeitschrift für Biologie_, xxiii.

[10] Kühne and Chittenden, “Ueber Albumosen,” _Zeitschrift für Biologie_, 1884.

[11] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, 29 février, 1896.

[12] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1896, p. 489.

[13] _Province médicale_, 21 Septembre, 1901.

[14] Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, 1906.

[15] _Proc. Roy. Soc._, London, lxxiv., 1904, pp. 108-109.

[16] _Ibid._, pp. 104-108.

[17] “Communication de l’Institut Sérothérapique de l’État danois,” tome i., Copenhagen, 1906.

[18] _Indian Annals_, July, 1868.

[19] _Medical News_, Philadelphia, 1884.

[20] “Zur Pathologie des Schlangenbisses,” _Forschungen der Medicin_, Berlin, 1890.

[21] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, t. xii., 1898, p. 369.

[22] _Thèse Bordeaux_, 1902.

[23] _Virchow’s Archiv für Pathologie, Anatomie, und Physiologie_, Band 179, 1905.

[24] Société de Médecine et de Chirurgie de São Paulo (Brazil), June 15, 1904.

[25] _Medical Record_, September 15, 1900.

[26] _Lancet_, January 2, August 20, October 22, 1904, and September 23, 1905.

[27] _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. lxxi., 1903.

[28] “The Constitution of Snake-venom and Snake-sera,” _University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, vol. xv., 1902, p. 345.

[29] Fontana, “On Poisons,” translated by J. Skinner: London, 1787.

[30] _Smithsonian Reports_, 1854.

[31] _Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge_, 1860.

[32] _Medical Times and Gazette_, vol. ii., 1873.

[33] “On the Physiological Action of the Venom of the Australian Black Snake,” _Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales_, July, 1895.

[34] _Indian Medical Gazette_, December, 1901.

[35] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, November 4, 1899.

[36] _Ibid._, October 28, 1899.

[37] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, June, 1904.

[38] At the Serum-therapic Laboratory of São Paulo (Brazil), Dr. Vital, Brazil, is at the present time preparing serum specific against _Lachesis_-venom.

[39] _Medical Times and Gazette_, vol. ii., 1873.

[40] “The Thanatophidia of India.” Churchill, London, 1872.

[41] “On the Physiological Action of the Venom of the Australian Black Snake,” _Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales_, July 3, 1895.

[42] _Archives biologiques_, 1897 and 1898; _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, October 28, 1899.

[43] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, October 28, 1899; November 4, 1899; July 26, 1902.

[44] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, June, 1904.

[45] _Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology_, 1899-1900.

[46] _Journal of Experimental Medicine_, March 17, 1902; _University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, November, 1902.

[47] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, June 16, 1902.

[48] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, No. 27, 1902.

[49] _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_, Nos. 38, 39, 1902; Nos. 2-4, 1903; Nos. 42-43, 1903.

[50] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1904, p. 387.

[51] _Journal of Experimental Medicine_, 1905, No. 2, pp. 191-222.

[52] _Lancet_, April 2, 1904, pp. 916-921.

[53] “The Constitution of Snake-venoms and Snake-sera,” _University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, vol. xv., November, 1902, p. 345.

[54] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, August 11, 1902.

[55] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, June, 1904.

[56] “Sur l’action protéolytique des venins,” _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, September, 1902, and _Thèse Paris_, No. 1,138, 1903.

[57] “On the Plurality of Cytolysins in Snake-venom,” _University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, vol. xvi., 1903, p. 163.

[58] _Ann. Soc. Méd. de Gand_, 1905, fasc. 3.

[59] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, April, 1905.

[60] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1898.

[61] _Thèse Paris_, No. 1138, 1903.

[62] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, August 11, 1902.

[63] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, January 11, 1896.

[64] Wehrmann, _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1897 and 1898.

[65] Carrière, “Sur le sort des toxines et des antitoxines dans le tube digestif,” _ibid._, 1898, p. 435.

[66] _British Medical Journal_, 1895 and 1897.

[67] Chatenay, “Les réactions leucocytaires vis-à-vis de certaines toxines,” _Thèse Paris_, 1894.

[68] Flexner and Noguchi, “Snake-venom in Relation to Hæmolysis, Bacteriolysis, and Toxicity,” _Journal of Experimental Medicine_, vol. vi., March 17, 1902.

[69] “Trattado del veneno della vipera,” 1787.

[70] _Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie_, Bd. ix., 1873.

[71] _Morphologisches Jahrbuch_, Bd. viii., 1883.

[72] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, January 20, 1894.

[73] _Archives de Physiologie_, 1894.

[74] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, Paris, January 22, 1894.

[75] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, January 13, 1894.

[76] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1897.

[77] _Archives italiennes de Biologie_, 1888 and 1889.

[78] _Archives de Physiologie_, 1894.

[79] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, July 25, 1903.

[80] _Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology_, May, 1903.

[81] _Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology_, 1900, p. 273.

[82] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, July 1, 1905.

[83] “The Jungle Book,” by Rudyard Kipling. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd. Reprint of 1905, pp. 183, 184.

[84] _Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift_, 1898.

[85] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, 1895, p. 639, and 1899, p. 77; _Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle_, 1895, t. i., p. 294, t. ii., p. 100.

[86] “Aperçu général sur l’Egypte.” Paris, 1840.

[87] Brehm’s “Thierleben”; French edition, “Les Reptiles,” p. 480.

[88] _Maclure’s Magazine_, April, 1894.

[89] _British Medical Journal_, August 17, 1895.

[90] _Archives de médecine navale_, 1867, p. 390.

[91] _Revue scientifique_, 1892, p. 254.

[92] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, February 24, 1896.

[93] “The Pharsalia of Lucan, translated into blank verse by Edward Ridley, Q.C., sometime Fellow of All Souls’ College, Oxford.” (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1896). Book ix., p. 296, lines 1,046 to 1,065.

[94] _Journal of Physiology_, vol. viii., 1887, p. 203.

[95] “Les Vipères de France,” p. 136 (1889).

[96] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1892, p. 181.

[97] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, t. 118, February, 1894, p. 356, March, 1894, p. 720; _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, February, 1894, pp. 111, 120; _Archives de Physiologie_, July, 1894; _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, May, 1894, p. 275, April, 1895, p. 225.

[98] _British Medical Journal_, June 15, 1895.

[99] _Cf._ papers by George Lamb, _Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India_, New Series, Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 16; L. Rogers, _Proceedings of the Royal Society of London_, vol. lxxii., and _Lancet_, February 6, 1904; C. J. Martin, _Intercolonial Medical Journal of Australasia_, August 20, 1897, April 20, 1898; Dr. Hunter, _Lancet_, January 2, 1904; Dr. Tidswell, _Australasian Medical Gazette_, April 21, 1902; A. Calmette, _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, May 2, 1904; Dr. Vital Brazil, “Contribution a l’étude de l’intoxication ophidienne” (separately published pamphlet), Paris, 1905; G. Bill, _Intercolonial Medical Journal of Australasia_, July 20, 1902.

[100] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1895, No. 4.

[101] “The Nature of the Antagonism between Toxins and Antitoxins,” _Proceedings of the Royal Society of London_, vol. lxiii., 1898, p. 420.

[102] Calmette, _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, 1902, No. 24; Preston Kyes, _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_, 1904, No. 19.

[103] _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_, 1905, No. 50.

[104] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, Paris, September, 1881.

[105] “Le venin de la vipère,” Paris, 1889.

[106] _Transactions of the Third Intercolonial Congress_, 1892, p. 152.

[107] “Les morsures de vipères chez les animaux,” _Recueil de médecine vétérinaire d’Alfort_, May 15, 1897.

[108] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, December 13, 1902; June 6, July 25, 1903; February 20, 1904.

[109] _Semaine médicale_, June 24, 1903.

[110] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, May 19, 1906.

[111] “El Latrodectus formidabilis de Chile,” by Fredérico Puga-Borne, Santiago, 1892; and “Biologia Centrali-Americana,” Arachnida, vol. ii., pl. 35.

[112] Blackwell, “Experiments and Observations on the Poison of Araneida,” _Transactions of the Linnean Society of London_, 1855, p. 31. See also “Insect Life” (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1889), vol. i., parts 7, 8, 9 and 10, and vol. ii., part 5.

[113] “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Giftspinnen.” Stuttgart, 1901.

[114] “Zur Kenntniss des Kreuzspinnengiftes,” _Hofm. Beiträge_, ii., p. 125, 1902.

[115] Joyeux-Laffuie, “Appareil venimeux et venin de scorpion” (Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Science), Paris, 1883; and _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, November 6, 1882.

[116] “Ueber die Giftwirkung des Nordafrikanischen Skorpiones,” _Zeitschrift für Biologie_, Bd. xii., p. 170, 1876.

[117] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, 1885, p. 574.

[118] _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_, 1903, Nos. 42, 43.

[119] _Annales de l’Institut Pasteur_, 1895, p. 232.

[120] _Proceedings of the Royal Society_, vol. xlii., 1887, p. 17.

[121] “L’immunité dans les maladies infectieuses,” Paris, 1901.

[122] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, November 15, 1904.

[123] “La scolopendre et sa piqure,” _Thèse Paris_, 1887.

[124] “Appareil venimeux et venin de la scolopendre,” _Thèse Montpellier_, 1885.

[125] “Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Wirbellosen Tiere,” 1848.

[126] _Arch für anat. Wissensch._, 1859.

[127] _Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences_, 1884.

[128] “Appareil glandulaire des hyménoptères,” Paris, 1894.

[129] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, 1898.

[130] _Annales sc. Anat. Zoologie_, 8^e série, t. x., 1898.

[131] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, July 25, 1890.

[132] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, July 24, 1905.

[133] _Berliner klinische Wochenschrift_, 1906, No. 44.

[134] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie de Médecine_, t. liii., 1905, p. 498.

[135] “Traité de zoologie médicale,” t. ii. (Paris).

[136] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, January 17, 1908.

[137] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, February 25, 1905.

[138] “Les poissons venimeux,” _Thèse Paris_, 1889.

[139] “Poissons venimeux et poissons vénéneux,” _Archives de Physiologie_, May, 1872; _Archives de médecine navale_, February, 1865, and January, 1881.

[140] “Poissons venimeux et poissons vénéneux,” _Thèse Paris_, 1899.

[141] “Les poissons vénéneux,” Paris, 1900.

[142] “Sédentarité des poissons venimeux,” _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, 1895, p. 86.

[143] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, 1904, p. 666.

[144] _Thèse Paris_, 1884.

[145] _Bulletin du Muséum d’histoire naturelle_, 1899.

[146] “Giftfische und Fischgifte,” _Vorträge im Rostocker Fischerverein_, 1902, and _Die medizinische Wochenschrift_, 1902.

[147] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, October 25 and November 8, 1902, and June 21, 1904; _Journal de Physiologie_, March, 1903.

[148] Brehm (Sauvage’s translation), “Les Merveilles de la Nature--Reptiles et Batraciens” (Paris, 1885).

[149] Hoppe-Seyler’s “Med.-chem. Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1866.

[150] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, April 1, 1889, and January 29, 1890.

[151] _Ibid._, 1890.

[152] “Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Salamandarins und Salamanderalkaloïde,” _Archiv. f. experimentale Pathologie und Pharmakologie_, Bd. xli., 1898, p. 219, and Bd. xliii., 1900, p. 84.

[153] _Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie_, 1897, pp. 723, 823.

[154] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, April 21, 1851, and May, 1852.

[155] _Journal de Thérapeutique_, 1877, p. 929.

[156] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, February 25, 1884.

[157] _Archives de Physiologie_, 1893, p. 511.

[158] _Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie_, Bd. ii., 1889, p. 57.

[159] “Zur Kenntniss des Krotengiftes,” _Hofm. Beiträge_, Bd. i., 1901, p. 575.

[160] “Ueber Bufonin und Bufotalin,” Leipzig, 1902; and _Archiv für experimentale Pathologie und Pharmakologie_, December, 1902.

[161] “Rapports des venins avec la biologie générale,” _Revue générale des Sciences_, December 30, 1903.

[162] _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, December 14, 1903.

[163] H. Coupin, _La Nature_, September 19, 1903.

[164] “On the _Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_, its Venomous Spur and General Structure,” _Trans. Linn. Soc._, 1822, p. 622.

[165] “Observations on the Femoral Gland of Ornithorhynchus and its Secretion;” _Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales_, vol. ix., July, 1894.

[166] “Note sur la sécrétion venimeuse de l’_Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_,” _Comptés rendus de la Société de Biologie_, March 12, 1904.

[167] “On the Effects of Wounds Inflicted by the Spurs of the _Platypus_,” _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania_, 1876.

[168] The photographs, by which this note was accompanied, are reproduced in Chapter IV. of this volume, pp. 155, 157, 158.

[169] _Polygala telophioides_, Will.

[170] We subsequently learnt that he had informed his friends of his intention, but had not said a word about it to his wife.

[171] The thick and cloudy appearance of the contents of the bottles made us hesitate to have recourse to intravenous injection.