Chapter V: Part 5

USES.--The bromides, being particularly useful in the treatment of functional nervous diseases, do not possess nearly the value in veterinary medicine that they have in human practice. Consequently their use is limited mainly to canine disorders, as bromides have little influence upon diseases of horses. They are sometimes used as sedatives to the nervous system, to lower reflex activity, to produce sleep, to subdue excitement of the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion of the brain. Used extensively in fits of dogs, twenty or thirty grain doses of the bromide of potash or bromide of soda dissolved in a tablespoonful of water; may be used per rectum if necessary in any convulsive or spasmodic condition. In strychnine poisoning, the bromide of potash may be used as an antidote in place of chloral hydrate or conjoined with it.

DOSES.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 60 gr.; average dose, 20 gr.

POTASSII CARBONAS--POTASSIUM CARBONATE--SALTS OF TARTAR

DERIVATION.--The solution resulting from the lixiviation of wood ashes is boiled to dryness and the resultant mass is the potash of commerce. This is purified to some extent by burning in ovens, forming pearlash, a mixture of the hydrate and carbonate. Water dissolves mainly the carbonate which is obtained by evaporation of the aqueous solution.

PROPERTIES.--A white, granular powder, odorless and having a strongly alkaline taste; very deliquescent. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.

POTASSII BICARBONAS--POTASSIUM BICARBONATE

DERIVATION.--Potassium bicarbonate is obtained by saturating a strong aqueous solution of potassium carbonate and carbonic anhydride.

PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, odorless and having a saline and slightly alkaline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water. Almost soluble in alcohol.

DOSE.--Same as potassium carbonate.

ACTION AND USES.--They stimulate the production of gastric juice when administered before meals with bitter tonics, or after meals to overcome excessive acidity of the stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty condition to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Useful as an antacid in nettle-rash and other itching skin diseases. Internally and externally as a mild wash, two to four drachms to the pint. A solution of the same strength is injected to overcome acidity of the uterus in leucorrhoea, etc. Calculus made up of ammonium, magnesium and phosphates occur in the bladder and urethra of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use potassium bicarbonate one-half to one drachm, well diluted, conjoined with laxative diet and belladonna to dilate urethra; it is less certain as a diuretic than the acetate or nitrate of potassium.

POTASSII HYDROXIDUM--POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE--CAUSTIC POTASH

DERIVATION.--A solution hydrate is evaporated, and this is fused and run into moulds.

PROPERTIES.--White, translucent pencils or fused masses, hard and brittle, showing a crystalline fracture; odorless or having a faint odor of lye and a very acid and caustic taste. Very deliquescent in air. Soluble in water and alcohol.

Not used in this form to any extent.

LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI--SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

A solution of potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) containing about five per cent of the hydroxide.

DERIVATION.--Boiling a solution of potassium carbonate with calcium hydrate leaves potassium hydrate in solution, while calcium carbonate is precipitated.

PROPERTIES.--A clean, clear colored liquid, odorless, having a very acrid and caustic taste.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 m.

ACTION AND USES.--Externally potassium hydroxide and the solution of potassium hydroxide are irritant and caustic, when applied they abstract water from the parts. They dissolve fatty matters, antacids and if well diluted acts as a sedative. Internally not used to any extent, as milder salts of potassium are preferred, is antacid, alterative, febrifuge and diuretic. Large undiluted doses corrode and inflame the alimentary tract, cause colicy pains, great depression and sometimes perforations. Caustic potash is sometimes used to destroy warts and fungous growths. A dilute solution is used to cauterize poisoned wounds, but is dangerous, as it may penetrate too deeply and spread. This can be overcome by washing with vinegar.

POTASSII IODIDUM--POTASSIUM IODIDE

DERIVATION.--Potassium iodide may be prepared in the same manner as potassium bromide iodine, being used in place of bromine.

PROPERTIES.--It is a colorless, transparent, translucent, or opaque white, cubical crystals, or white granular powder, having a peculiar, faint, iodine-like odor and a pungent, saline, afterwards bitter, taste. Permanent in dry air and but slightly deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in 0.7 parts of water, and in about 12 parts of alcohol at 77° F., in 0.5 parts of boiling water, in 6 parts of boiling alcohol; also soluble in 2.5 parts of glycerine.

ACTIONS.--Potassium iodide closely resembles iodine but is less powerful and devoid of local irritant action. Medical doses are antiseptic, desquamatic, deobstruent, expectorant, alterative and diuretic. It stimulates the lymphatic system. It is readily soluble, and is quickly absorbed in the tissues, where it undergoes decomposition; the iodine, when liberated, apparently combines with albuminoids and acts specially on the lymphatic glands and vessels, modifying nutrition, hastening metabolism and promoting absorption. It is doubtless in this way that it also unites with lead and mercury deposited in the tissues, renders them soluble, carries them into the circulation and causes their elimination.

It is quickly excreted by the mucus and skin surfaces, but chiefly by the kidneys.

USES.--Potassium iodide is useful in promoting absorption of enlarged lymphatic glands, and its action should be assisted by the application of iodine or red iodide of mercury externally. Potassium iodide in small doses diminishes congestion and increases the fluidity and amount of secretions in acute laryngitis, acute and subacute bronchitis, and appears to possess an alterative action in improving the condition and nutrition of the bronchial mucous membranes. It is also of some value in asthma, pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis, unassociated with copious secretion. Chronic pleuritis, pericarditis and ascites are treated with potassium iodide, which assists absorption and occasionally exerts a diuretic effect. Tardy resolution of pneumonia consolidation is hastened by potassium iodide. Endocarditis with cardiac hypertrophy is said to be benefited by potassium iodide and digitalis.

Champignon, or scirrhous cord in horses, is sometimes cured by the sorbefacient powers of potassium iodide in full doses. Potassium iodide is of value in goiter of dogs, calves and sheep when tincture of iodine is used externally. “Roaring” and “thick wind” may be cured by the administration of potassium iodide. It is the best medicine known for actinomycosis. Potassium iodide has a clinical reputation for its power to aid absorption and resolution in inflammation or effusions of the brain or spinal cord, in paralysis of the body or limbs and inflammation of the membranes covering the brain.

DOSES.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, 3 to 6 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 gr.; dogs, 1 to 10 gr.

It should be given to the larger animals in doses of three drachms daily, until iodism appears, which shows itself by loss of appetite, an irritable, catarrhal condition of the mucous membranes of the nostrils, eyes, throat and digestive organs, a vesicular skin eruption, abstinence from water, diminished secretions of urine, temperature elevated and emaciation.

POTASSII NITRAS--POTASSIUM NITRATE--NITRATE OF POTASH--NITER--SALTPETRE

DERIVATION.--Nitrate of potash may be obtained by purifying crude niter, or by the interaction of sodium nitrate and potassium chloride.

PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, six-sided, rhombic prisms, or a crystalline powder, odorless and having a cooling, saline and pungent taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in alcohol.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.

ACTIONS.--Large doses irritate the stomach, bowels and kidneys; medical doses are alterative, febrifuge, diuretic and feebly laxative. Excreted by the bronchial glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of these organs; is a cardiac depressant and mild refrigerant and diaphoretic.

Nitrate of potash is more frequently prescribed than any other potash salt in veterinary medicine, and is commonly considered one of the best febrifuges. Its only service in fevers is as a diuretic.

USES.--In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of legs should be combined with digitalis and general tonics. For dropsical conditions the acetate and citrate are better.

Nitrate of potash is highly recommended in acute laminitis, two to four ounces once or twice daily is given by some veterinarians.

POTASSII CHLORAS--POTASSIUM CHLORATE

DERIVATION.--Pass chlorine into a mixture of potassium carbonate and calcium hydrate; dissolve the result in boiling water and recover the chlorate by crystallization.

PROPERTIES.--Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or plates, or white powder, odorless, having a cooling, saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water. Insoluble in absolute alcohol, but slightly soluble in mixtures of alcohol and water. Explodes readily when rubbed with sugar, sulphur, charcoal, glycerine and many other substances.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.

ACTION.--Chlorate of potash is antiseptic, antacid, alterative, sialagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac depressant; irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract and kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild stimulant and refrigerant. Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate; disintegrates the red blood corpuscles.

USES.--Chlorate of potash is valuable as a wash or gargle, it stimulates the salivary and buccal glands, moistening the dry, parched mouth. It soothes and heals aphthous eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth and throat; while in catarrh, sore throat and bronchitis it thins the secretions and promotes expectoration. Like other salines, in febrile and inflammatory diseases, whether in horses or cattle, it is believed to lower pulse and temperature, clean the tongue, improve appetite, gently stimulate the bowels and render the evacuations more natural and less coated with mucus. It is frequently prescribed with good results in horses suffering from catarrhal conditions of the bowels. In epizootic catarrh, purpura, it is very beneficial prescribed with iron salts, as it increases the coagulability of the blood. It is also prescribed with other salines, bitter tonics or stimulants. Most animals of their own accord will take an ounce daily, dissolved in their drinking water or gruel. Pine tar is a soothing electuary for sore throat, it is conjoined with camphor, belladonna and treacle.

POTASSII BITARTRAS--POTASSIUM BITARTRATE--CREAM OF TARTAR

DERIVATION.--Obtained from crude tartar deposited on the sides of wine casks during fermentation of grape juice, by purification.

PROPERTIES.--Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic crystals, or a white, somewhat gritty powder; odorless and having a pleasant, acidulous taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in alcohol.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.

ACTIONS.--Potassium bitartrate is a non-irritating purgative in large doses. It is a hydragogue cathartic and has a strong affinity for water; abstracting it from the blood vessels in the bowels, holding the same in solution and thus flushing out the intestines.

USES.--Is used for liver disease, chronic constipation, skin disease and as a refrigerant in febrile conditions. It should be given in solution and is useful in dropsies, more particularly of renal origin; also in catarrhal jaundice, and as a laxative for foals and calves. In cases where the urine of the horse is thick, stringy and high colored, it will cause it to regain its normal state. It may easily be administered in either food or drinking water, and its diuretic effect is enhanced when given with a large amount of water.

POTASSII PERMANGANAS--POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE--PERMANGANATE OF POTASH

ORIGIN.--Potassium permanganate may be obtained by the interaction of potassium chlorate, potassium hydroxide and manganese dioxide.

ACTIONS.--Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and readily yields up its oxygen in the form of ozone; hence it is an antiseptic and deodorizer. Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted it is astringent.

USES.--Potassium permanganate is advantageously used to deodorize and disinfect foul smelling wounds, the nostrils in eczema, nasal gleet, the mouth in aphthae, throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in metritis, retention of placenta and leucorrhoea. It is sometimes given internally in puerperal, erysipelas and septicaemia, also to cleanse hands or instruments. Potassium permanganate is used as a prophylactic in solutions of one in five thousand in poultry.

Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizant much more freely upon some organic substances than upon others, by virtue of which fact it is a valuable antidote, notably in the treatment of morphine-poisoning and of snake-poisoning. In the former condition it acts only upon the alkaloid in the stomach, but should be given frequently during the continuance of the symptoms in order to destroy any morphine which may have been eliminated from the blood into the stomach. In snake-poisoning a concentrated solution of it should be injected freely and immediately into the part which has been bitten. Potassium permanganate is one of the best medicines with which to sterilize the hands before operating. A saturated solution is used for this purpose and the stains may be removed from the hands by washing them in saturated solution of oxalic acid, or in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 15 gr. to 1 dr. in one pint of water; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr. in half pint of water; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 11 gr. in capsule with kaolin. For poultry it should be diluted one part to five thousand parts of water.

As an antiseptic and deodorizer for disinfecting newly cut or old foul smelling wounds and for surgical purposes one drachm to half an ounce of the drug to one pint of water.

As an eye wash use about one in two thousand to one in one thousand.

For uterine injections use one in five thousand to one in two thousand.

As an antidote for opium, morphine or weed-poisoning it can be administered by the mouth or hypodermically. When given for these purposes the amount of potassium permanganate should equal that of the poison taken.

QUSSIA--BITTER WOOD

Qussia is obtained from chips or shavings from a tall tree 70 to 100 feet high.

HABITAT.--Jamaica and other West Indian Islands.

PROPERTIES.--Qussia has no odor, but an intensely bitter taste, dependent on a neutral crystalline principle, quassin. There is also a volatile oil, but no tannin.

PREPARATIONS

EXTRACTUM QUASSIAE--EXTRACT OF QUSSIA

Made by percolation with water, boiling and evaporation to pilular consistence.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 gr.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM QUASSIAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF QUSSIA

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water and evaporation.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr.

TINCTURE QUSSIAE--TINCTURE OF QUSSIA

Made by maceration and percolation of qussia, 200 parts; with alcohol and water to make 1000.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.

ACTION AND USES.--Qussia is a bitter stomachic and tonic. It resembles gentian and calumba. It is prescribed for the several domestic animals in dyspepsia, loss of appetite and convalescence from debilitating disorders. Qussia is the most efficient vermicide in our possession for the destruction of Oxyuris curvula, horse; and O. vermicularis, dog, in the lower bowel. An infusion is employed for this purpose, made by soaking qussia chips in cold water (two drachms of the qussia to one pint of water) for half an hour. The rectum should be first thoroughly washed out with soap and water and one-half pint of this infusion is given in enema to dogs; two quarts to horses. The infusion is a narcotic poison for flies and other insects.

JALAPA--JALAP

The dried tuberous roots of Exogonium Purga Bentham, yielding not less than eight per cent of total resin, but not more than one and a half per cent of the resin soluble in ether.

HABITAT.--Southern United States and Mexico.

PROPERTIES.--The root is dark brown, with numerous concentric circles composed of small resin cells; fracture resinous, lustrous, not fibrous; odor slight, but peculiar, smoky and sweetish; taste sweetish and acrid.

DOSE.--Pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.

RESINA JALAPA--RESIN OF JALAP

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, partial distillation; precipitation with water; washing and drying.

PROPERTIES.--Yellowish-brown powder, having a slight, peculiar odor, and a somewhat acrid taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils.

DOSE.--Pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 gr.; cats, 5 to 15 gr.

ACTION AND USES.--Jalap is a hydragogue cathartic, a vermifuge and cholagogue. By adding calomel to jalap its power is increased; jalap is more active than senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge or podophyllum. Jalap may be given to expel round and thread worms; in torpidity of the liver, and in chronic constipation in dogs.

PREPARATIONS

PULVIS JALAPA COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND POWDER OF JALAP

Composed of jalap, 35 parts; potassium bitartrate, to make 100.

DOSE.--Dogs, 15 to 30 gr.

RHAMNUS PURSHIANA--CASCARA SAGRADA--CALIFORNIA BUCKTHORN--CHITTEM BARK

The bark of Rhamnus Persiana de Candolle (nat. ord. Rhamnaceae). Collected at least one year before being used.

HABITAT.--United States from Northern Idaho west to the Pacific Ocean.

PROPERTIES.--Externally the bark is reddish-brown. Internally yellowish to light brownish, becoming dark with age. Odor distinct; taste bitter and slightly acrid.

CONSTITUENTS.--Three resins; a neutral body; a volatile oil; malic and tannic acids.

DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 gr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr.

PREPARATIONS

FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHAMNUS PURSHIANA

Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and evaporation.

DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANA AROMATICUM--AROMATIC FLUIDEXTRACT OF CASCARA SAGRADA

DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m.

ACTION AND USES.--Used as a non-irritant tonic laxative or cathartic; small doses are stomachic; to overcome chronic constipation, give small repeated doses; very useful in canine practice. The aromatic fluidextract is the best preparation, and is occasionally given to dogs and cats with castor oil.

RHEUM--RHUBARB

The dried roots of Rheum, of which there are several species.

HABITAT.--China and Thibet.

PROPERTIES.--When powdered it is of a bright orange-yellow, odor characteristic; taste bitter, astringent; gritty when chewed.

DOSE.--As a stomachic--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep, 1 dr.; dogs and cats, 5 to 10 gr.

As a mild purgative--Foals and calves, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.; poultry, 5 to 10 gr., in pill.

PREPARATIONS

FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHUBARB

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and evaporated.

DOSE.--Same as that of rhubarb.

PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND POWDER OF RHUBARB--GREGORY’S POWDER

Composed of rhubarb, 25 parts; magnesia, 65 parts; ginger, to make 100.

DOSE.--Foals and calves, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 dr.

TINCTURE RHEI AROMATICA--AROMATIC TINCTURE OF RHUBARB

Composed of rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg.

DOSE.--Calves, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; foals, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep, 4 dr. to 1 oz.; lambs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 dr.

ACTION AND USES.--Rhubarb is a stomachic, tonic, astringent, mildly cathartic and cholagogue. Rhubarb is useful where there is a lack of tone to the bowels; used in diarrhoea in small doses, for its stimulating tonic action; as a laxative in large doses or may be combined with other laxatives, to prevent griping in milk-fed animals, or may be combined with bismuth, opium or sulphuric acid, to stop diarrhoea; as a laxative or purgative. The fluidextract or powdered root may be combined with calomel, jalap, etc.

SALICINUM--SALICIN

A neutral principle (glucoside) obtained from several species of the willow and poplar tree.

HABITAT.--Europe, but cultivated in North America.

DERIVATION.--Obtained from a decoction of willow bark. Salicin crystallizes on evaporation, after removal of tannin by agitation with lead oxide. It is purified by repeated solution and crystallization.

PROPERTIES.--A white, silky, shining crystalline needle, or colorless crystalline powder; odorless, and having a very bitter taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in 28 parts of water and 30 parts of alcohol.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 to 4 dr.; pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.

ACTIONS.--Bitter tonic, antipyretic, antiferment and antiseptic, somewhat antiperiodic resembling quinine in its actions, but not as powerful.

USES.--Used in febrile conditions about the same as quinine, its chief use is in acute rheumatism, for which it is a very good remedy; as a diaphoretic is used in large doses.

SINAPIS ALBA--WHITE MUSTARD

DERIVATION.--The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis alba Linne.

HABITAT.--Southern Europe and Asia; cultivated in temperate climates.

DESCRIPTION.--Globular, with a circular hilum; shell yellowish, finely pitted, hard; embryo oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; free from starch; inodorous; taste pungent and acrid.

DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 10 to 15 gr.

SINAPIS NIGRA--BLACK MUSTARD

DERIVATION.--The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis Nigra Linne.

HABITAT.--Same as White Mustard.

DESCRIPTION.--Globular, with a circular hilum; shell blackish-brown, or grayish-brown, finely pitted, hard; embryo oily, with curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; free from starch; inodorous when dry, but when triturated with water, of a pungent, penetrating, irritating odor; taste pungent and acrid.

CONSTITUENTS.--In the presence of water the latter converts the former into the acrid, volatile, official oil of mustard.

DOSE.--Same as white mustard. Commercial form of mustard is a mixture of black and white mustard, and constitutes Sinapis.

PREPARATIONS

OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE--VOLATILE OIL OF MUSTARD

DERIVATION.--A volatile oil obtained from black mustard by maceration with water and subsequent distillation.

PROPERTIES.--A colorless or pale yellow, and strongly refractive liquid, having a very pungent and acrid odor and taste. Freely soluble in alcohol, ether or carbon disulphide, the solution being neutral to litmus paper. Specific gravity 1.013 to 1.020.

ACTIONS.--Is irritant or counter-irritant, rubefacient, vesicant or suppurant, according to the manner in which it is used; it acts much quicker than cantharides, but its action is not so prolonged; the paste made with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces its effects within twenty minutes; in two to six hours vesication occurs, pustules may occur where the paste is used very strong or closely repeated, or too much has been used.

The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesicant and acts very quickly.

USES.--It is used as a counter-irritant in laryngitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy, or wherever a counter-irritant is indicated; applied in the early congested stages it lessens the pain and relieves difficult breathing, besides reflexly limiting the amount of blood in the parts; it thus limits or decreases the inflammatory action; also useful in the exudative stages of these diseases; to promote the absorption of the exudate and thus hasten resolution, or where these diseases remain dormant; also arouse a depressed nervous system and reflexly stimulates the heart; can be used in spinal diseases or in congestion of the kidneys.

It acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 minutes, then washed off and repeat in an hour or two; also used in acute indigestion, applied to the abdomen; also in colic, enteritis and peritonitis; in phlebitis mustard can be used, but a cantharides blister is better. In making a mustard plaster, take the pure powdered mustard and gradually pour in warm water (not hot); can also be made with cold water or vinegar; rub in with moderate friction.

As an emetic for dogs one to two teaspoonfuls in one or two ounces of warm water is very effective.

SODIUM BICARBONATE--BICARBONATE OF SODA

ORIGIN.--Bicarbonate of soda may be obtained by exposing crystals of sodium carbonate to carbonic anhydride, or by the interaction of sodium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate.

PROPERTIES.--Bicarbonate of soda is a white, opaque powder, odorless and having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. It is permanent in dry, but slowly decomposes in moist air. Soluble in twelve parts of water at 15° C. (59° F.); above this temperature the solution gradually loses carbon dioxide, and at boiling heat the salt is entirely converted into normal carbonate, insoluble in alcohol.

ACTIONS.--Antacid, peristaltic stimulant, carminative, alterative and mildly anodyne externally. It also increases fluidity of and secretion of gastric juice.

USES.--In disorders of the digestive organ administered half hour before meals, to increase the flow of gastric juice, or as an antacid after meals. Young calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from dyspepsia, are benefited by one to two drams of bicarbonate of soda, dissolved in each meal of milk. Bicarbonate of soda has become a very popular medicine in the treatment of azoturia in about four ounce doses every four hours. Bicarbonate of soda is used to lessen the irritation of itching skin disorders, as nettle-rash and urticaria, one ounce to a quart of water. Also used as an injection for leucorrhoea. It is an antidote for acid poisoning.

DOSES.--Horses, 2 dr. to 4 oz.; cattle, 2 dr. to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 10 to 30 gr.

SODII CHLORIDUM--SODIUM CHLORIDE--COMMON OR TABLE SALT

ORIGIN.--Mined in a native state and obtained by evaporation of brine, spring or sea water.

PROPERTIES.--It is officially described as in “colorless, transparent, cubical crystals, or a white, crystalline powder, odorless and heavy, a purely saline taste.” Permanent in dry air. Soluble in two and eight-tenths parts of water at 25° C. (77° F.), and in two and a half parts of boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol.

ACTIONS.--Sodium chloride in small doses is a condiment, restorative, tonic, stomachic, antiferment, alterative, laxative, anthelmintic antiseptic emetic for dogs and used as an injection for pin worms.

Animals deprived of salt do not thrive as it is an essential constituent of food necessary to the composition of HCl in the gastric juice, and of blood plasma, from which it is constantly eliminated in the urine. As an emetic for dogs one to four drams of salt, and one dram of powdered mustard dissolved in four ounces of tepid water. Common salt as an eye-wash is a tonic to the eyes; one dram to a pint of water. Feed animals refined salt, as rocksalt contains irritating properties due to its great impurity. A cooling and stimulating lotion for sprains and bruises may be made by dissolving two ounces of common salt, nitrate of potash and chloride of ammonia in a quart of water.

Use pure cooking salt in _normal salt solution_, which contains six of one per cent (about fifty grains to a pint), or may be made at once by adding a heaping teaspoonful of pure salt into a quart of sterilized water at a temperature of 100° to 110° F. In cases of azoturia give plenty of salt; it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse thirsty and causes him to drink water freely and flushes the kidneys.

DOSE.--Horse, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep, 2 to 4 dr.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. These doses are stomachic alterative; when used for cattle as a cathartic and vermifuge give 10 to 20 ounces in water, usually combined with magnesium or sodium sulphate.

SODII SULPHAS--SODIUM SULPHATE--GLAUBER’S SALTS

ORIGIN.--Sodium sulphate effloresces on the soil in various parts of Europe. It also exists in solution in many mineral springs in the United States. Sodium sulphate is also produced artificially in several chemical operations.

PROPERTIES.--Sodium sulphate is in large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, or granular crystals; odorless, and having a bitter, saline taste. It effloresces rapidly in the air, and finally loses all its water of crystalization. Soluble in three parts of water at the temperature of 59° F., insoluble in alcohol, soluble in glycerine.

ACTIONS.--Saline cathartic, cholagogue, hepatic stimulant, slightly diuretic and febrifuge. When the effects of a hepatic stimulant is required it should be given in small repeated doses.

USES.--It is advantageously used as a cathartic in congestion of the liver, in small repeated doses, also useful in dropsical conditions, influenza, especially where the liver is involved; tetanus and febrile diseases, where the bowels are apt to be constipated. Give two to four ounces in a bucket of water. It is successfully used in itching skin diseases in full doses combined with bicarbonate of soda two to four ounces.

DOSES.--As a cathartic, well diluted in water at about 59° F.; horses, 16 to 24 ounces; cattle, 1 to 2 pounds; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 ounces. Where repetition is necessary the dose should be reduced one-eighth of the above. Best results are obtained when administered with capsicum or ginger, as it prevents griping and assists its action.

SODII THIOSULPHAS--SODIUM THIOSULPHATE--SODIUM HYPOSULPHITE

ORIGIN.--Sodium hyposulphite is prepared by dissolving sulphur in boiling aqueous solution of sodium sulphite.

PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms; odorless and having a cooling, afterwards bitter taste. Permanent in air 91.4° F., but efflorescent in dry air above that temperature; slightly deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in about 0.35 parts of water at 77° F. At boiling heat the solution is rapidly decomposed; insoluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in turpentine.

ACTIONS.--Sodium hyposulphite is an antiseptic, deodoriser and insecticide. In the presence of acids, without and also within the body, it gives off sulphurous acid, which it therefore resembles. It is thought to destroy ferments and bacteria, and removes offensive smells. Its properties are greatly increased when used along with the tar acids. When standing long in contact with water the sulphite decomposes and gives off hydrogen sulphide.

USES.--Sodium hyposulphite is recommended in indigestion, fermentation, flatulence and foul smelling feces and in general septic conditions, but have proven as useless as most other medicines in their latter stages. It is used externally in parasitic affections of the skin and mouth in the form of an ointment or solution.

DOSES.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ ozs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.

SPIRITUS AETHERIS NITROSI--SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER--SWEET SPIRITS OF NITER

An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrate, yielding when freshly prepared not less than four per cent of ethyl nitrate.

DERIVATIVE.--Mix sulphuric acid (40 c. c.) with water (120 c. c.), cool and add alcohol and water each, (85 c. c.) and place in (1000 c. c.) flask surrounded by ice and water. Dissolve sodium nitrate (100 gm.) in water (285 c. c.), filter and allow filtrate to drop slowly into the flask above. Wash ethyl nitrate formed with sodium carbonate solution, to remove acid, and agitate with potassium carbonate, to remove water. Add ethyl-nitrate to 22 times its weight of alcohol.

PROPERTIES.--A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable liquid, of a pale-yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, having a fragrant ethereal and pungent odor, free from acidity, and a sharp burning taste. Mixes freely with water and alcohol.

DOSES AS A STIMULANT AND ANTISPASMODIC.--Horses, 1 to 3 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 dr.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr. As a febrifuge and diuretic horses take from 4 dr. to 1 oz.; 4 dr. is sufficient as a rule every two, three or four hours, usually combined with other medicines for all of its purposes, in fever and colic cases.

ACTIONS.--Spirit of nitrous ether conjoins the action of the alcohol and ethyl nitrite of which it consists. It is hence a general stimulant and a relaxer and paralyzer of non-striped muscle. It relieves acute fever and the difficult breathing of bronchitis and asthma. It is antispasmodic, diaphoretic and diuretic. Large doses are narcotic.

USES.--Consisting of strong spirit and a saline ether, when swallowed it stimulates the stomach and intestines; is hence stomachic, carminative and antispasmodic, and is prescribed to animals in indigestion, tympanites, colic and convalescence from debilitating disorders. But its properties as a diffusible nitrite, relaxing spasm of involuntary muscles, also come into operation. It dilates arterioles, thus decreases arterial tension, and hence is of special value in the acute stages of fever, whether depending upon specific conditions or local inflammation. It relaxes the muscular fibers of the bronchial tubes, and thus relieves the spasmodic contraction and difficulty of breathing, which characterise catarrh, bronchitis and some forms of asthma. It is specially indicated when the heart action is weak and there is difficulty of breathing--conditions frequently concurring in influenza of horses. During excretion, notably by the skin and kidneys, its twofold constitution is further useful as the alcohol stimulates secretion, while the ethyl nitrate dilates the lumen of contracted vessels, and thus diaphoresis and diuresis are promoted in fevers, local inflammations, rheumatism and other disorders. As it is readily decomposed, even by water, it should be diluted or mixed with other medicines or water only immediately before it is administered. It is usually given in cold water, beer or linseed tea.

SPIRITUS GLYCERYLIS NITRATIS--SPIRIT OF GLYCERYL TRINITRATE--SPIRIT OF GLONOIN

An alcoholic solution containing one per cent, by weight, of nitroglycerine. It is probably decomposed in the formation of potassium and sodium nitrite.

DERIVATION.--Nitroglycerine is prepared by dropping pure glycerine upon a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, kept cool by ice, and purified by washing with water. The official one per cent solution is not explosive unless it becomes concentrated by evaporation to an extent exceeding ten per cent.

PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless liquid, possessing the odor and taste of alcohol. Caution should be exercised in tasting it, since even a small quantity is liable to produce violent headache.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 20 m.; dogs, 1 to 2 m. It is administered hypodermically, intravenously, intracheally or by the mouth according to the emergency of the case. For hypodermic injections one-half drachm is usually sufficient and should be diluted with one or two parts of water. It may be repeated in 15 or 20 minutes if necessary, then every hour or two if required. Care should be exercised not to repeat oftener than is necessary, or to give too large a dose as violent headache is produced by the drug in animals as well as in man.

ACTIONS.--Are the same as amyl nitrite, but more prolonged.

Spirit of nitroglycerine is the most prompt and powerful of all heart stimulants, showing its effects usually within three to five minutes.

USES.--It is best used in the official solution, but for dogs may be carried in tablets or pills containing ¹⁄₁₀₀ of a grain of glonoin. The spirit, however is more dependable. It is a good plan in cases of cardiac weakness to brace up the heart with Spirit of Glonoin, then maintain the effect with Tincture Strophanthus.

SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM--SUBLIMED SULPHUR--FLOWERS OF SULPHUR

DERIVATION.--Obtained from native sulphur by sublimation.

PROPERTIES.--A fine, yellow powder, having a slightly characteristic odor and a faintly acid taste. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in absolute alcohol; more readily soluble in benzine, benzol, oil of turpentine and many other oils; also in ether, chloroform and in boiling aqueous solutions of alkaline hydrates.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 dr.

PREPARATIONS

SULPHUR LOTUM--WASHED SULPHUR

DERIVATION.--Obtained from sublimed sulphur, which is treated with diluted ammonia water to wash out sulphurous and sulphuric and ether impurities.

PROPERTIES.--A fine, yellow powder, without odor or taste. Solubility same as sublimed sulphur.

DOSE.--Same as sublimed sulphur.

SULPHUR PRECIPITATUM--PRECIPITATED SULPHUR

DERIVATION.--Obtained from a solution of sublimed sulphur, 100; in boiling calcium hydrate, 50; by precipitation with hydrochloric acid.

PROPERTIES.--A fine, amorphous powder, of a pale yellow color, without odor or taste. Solubility same as sublimed sulphur.

DOSE.--Same as sublimed sulphur.

UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS--SULPHUR OINTMENT

Composed of washed sulphur, 150; benzoinated lard, 850.

ACTIONS.--Sulphur applied to skin or mucous surfaces is a feeble, mechanical stimulant, and hence relieves chronic passive congestion. It destroys parasitic infestation of the skin. Administered internally it is a laxative and alterative. It destroys fungi on vines and kills similar parasites affecting plants and animals. How much of this toxic effect depends on the sulphur acting as sulphur, and how much on the alkaline sulphides, sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid into which it is gradually converted, has not been determined. Sulphur when swallowed is slowly acted upon by the alkaline secretions of the intestines, and small quantities are converted into sulphides, which stimulate the intestinal mucous membrane. A further change liberates sulphuretted hydrogen, which imparts its disagreeable smell to the breath, secretions of the skin and bowels. The greater part of the sulphur swallowed is removed unchanged by the bowels, but a portion is excreted in the urine as sulphates. Over-doses given to horses and other animals cause colic, purging, prostration and sometime fatal gastro-enteritis.

USES.--Sulphur is given to the several domestic animals as a laxative where more powerful purgatives might irritate--as in pregnancy, convalescence from acute diseases in young animals, and in piles.

Its alterative and stimulant effects on the skin have led to its use in rheumatism, eczema and cutaneous diseases. Some veterinarians affirm that it benefits dry congested conditions of the respiratory membrane by stimulating its epithelial cells and increasing movements of the cilia. It has no special vermicide action. Sulphur dusted on the skin slightly stimulates, but when dissolved by admixture with an alkali or oil, and smartly rubbed in, it more actively stimulates the cells of the rete Malpighi and thus hastens desquamation; while it also increases contractility of the muscular textures, and hence overcomes passive cutaneous hyperaemia. It thus promotes a healthier action in chronic eczema and psoriasis, and in such cases sulphur dressings are used with benefit combined or alternated with iodine or tar acids, and are aided by the internal use of sulphur and arsenic. Infriction of sulphur ointment is stated to relieve the pain of rheumatic muscles and joints. Sulphurous gas from burning sulphur is used for husk or hoose of sheep and calves; this is a disease in which worms affect the bronchial tubes, due to strongylus micrurus in calves and strongylus filaria in sheep. The patients are placed in a loose box and sulphur is burned about six feet away from them, so that air may dilute the fumes before being inhaled by the animals; let them inhale the fumes for ten or twenty minutes or longer, unless irritation is too great.

TARAXACUM--DANDELION ROOT

The fresh and dried roots of Taraxacum officinale, collected in the autumn.

HABITAT.--United States and Europe.

PROPERTIES.--The root is about six to twelve inches long, half an inch to an inch thick, is dark brown externally and white within. It breaks with a short fracture; from the fractured surface a milky juice exudes, which is inodorous, but has a bitter taste.

CONSTITUENTS.--Taraxacin, a bitter, soluble, crystalline substance; inulin, taraxacerin, resin causing milky juice, asparagin of no medical value.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.

PREPARATIONS

EXTRACTUM TARAXACI--EXTRACT OF TARAXACUM

Made by percolation of powdered taraxacum with alcohol and water, and evaporation.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.

FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF TARAXACUM

Made by maceration and percolation with dilute alcohol, and evaporation.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.

ACTION AND USES.--Taraxacum is a simple stomachic and bitter and may be employed in place of gentian or calumba. It has been generally taught that taraxacum is a hepatic stimulant and increases the secretion of bile. This has been proven valueless. The extract is often used as a base in preparing masses.

ZINGIBER--GINGER

The scraped and dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale.

HABITAT.--East and West Indies and India; cultivated in tropical climates.

PROPERTIES.--Ginger owes its taste to a pungent resin, its aroma to a volatile oil, and its medicinal and flavoring properties to both constituents, which are chiefly found in the delicate felted layer lying between the starchy, mealy parenchyma and the brown, horny, external covering.

DOSE.--Horses, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 gr.

PREPARATIONS

FLUIDEXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS--FLUIDEXTRACT OF GINGER

Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporated so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug.

DOSE.--Same as for ginger.

TINCTURE ZINGIBERIS--TINCTURE OF GINGER

Made by percolation of ginger with alcohol and water.

DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 2 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 m.

OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS--OLEORESIN OF GINGER

DOSE.--Horses, 30 m. to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 m.

ACTION AND USES.--Ginger is an aromatic stimulant, and is used as a stomachic and carminative for all animals, notably for cattle and sheep. Ginger is administered internally, promotes gastric secretion, digestion and appetite. It is prescribed in atonic dyspepsia, often along with antacids and laxatives. Conjoined with purgatives it diminishes their tendency to nauseate and gripe, and also somewhat hastens their effects. The powder or fluidextract should be added to magnesium and sodium sulphate when given in full purgative doses to cattle or sheep.

ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS--ZINC SULPHOCARBOLATE

DERIVATION.--Zinc sulphocarbolate may be obtained by heating a mixture of phenol and sulphuric acid and saturating the product with zinc oxide.

PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, rhombic prisms or tabular crystals; odorless and having an astringent, metallic taste. Soluble in water and alcohol.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; foals and calves, 5 to 10 gr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr.; dogs, 4 to 6 gr.

ACTION AND USES.--Zinc sulphocarbolate has been employed as an antiseptic astringent stimulant to indolent or foul wounds, and in subacute inflammations of the mucous membrane. The solution used may be a little stronger than those of zinc sulphate employed for similar purposes. It is also used as an intestinal antiseptic.

ZINCI SULPHAS--ZINC SULPHATE

DERIVATION.--Prepared by dissolving zinc in sulphuric acid. Iron and tin exist as impurities and are removed by chlorine solution and zinc carbonate.

PROPERTIES.--A colorless, transparent, rhombic crystal, without odor and having an astringent, metallic taste. Efflorescent in dry air; soluble in water and glycerine; insoluble in alcohol.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 2 to 3 gr. As an emetic for dogs, 10 to 15 gr.

ACTIONS.--Irritant, emetic, astringent, antiseptic and nerve tonic. Externally it is used as stimulant, astringent and antiseptic; in dogs it is a prompt and efficient emetic, causes no depression and acts both on the stomach nerve centers; poisonous or long continued large doses in the horse dry up the secretions, cause nausea, colic and efforts to vomit; dogs cannot be poisoned by it as it causes vomiting.

USES.--As a tonic it is inferior to iron; chief use is externally as an astringent; it is used in white lotion combined with lead acetate; sometimes used internally with opium to stop excessive sweating in frequent small doses. Used as a safe and prompt emetic for dogs and pigs.

Externally in solution as an astringent and stimulant for wounds, ulcers, simple ophthalmia and irritable conditions of the mucous membrane of the uterus or vagina and urethra, vesicular and pustulant skin eruptions. Proper strength, one ounce to one quart of water in ophthalmia, one-half to one drachm to one pint of water.

ZINCI CARBONAS PRAECIPITATUS--PRECIPITATED ZINC CARBONATE

DERIVATION.--Solutions of nearly equal weight of sodium carbonate and zinc sulphate are boiled together; dry precipitate. This salt is in reality a mixture of zinc carbonate and oxide, in varying proportions, with water of crystallization.

PROPERTIES.--An impalpable white powder, of somewhat variable chemical composition, without odor or taste; insoluble in water or alcohol.

ZINCI OXIDUM--ZINC OXIDE

DERIVATION.--Zinc oxide, may be prepared by exposing zinc carbonate to a dull red heat, or from metallic zinc by combustion.

PROPERTIES.--An amorphous, white powder without odor or taste. Insoluble in water or alcohol.

DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 5 to 10 gr. Not much used internally.

PREPARATIONS

UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDE--OINTMENT OF ZINC OXIDE

Composed of zinc oxide, 200 parts; benzoinated lard, 800 parts.

ACTIONS AND USES.--Used chiefly as a dusting powder for wounds and excoriated surfaces; used alone or conjoined with boric acid, subnitrate of bismuth, calomel or in the form of the zinc oxide ointment is desiccant, mildly astringent and protective; it is sometimes used in chorea, epilepsy and other nervous diseases; to check excessive sweating and in diarrhoea. Used extensively in wounds and diseases of the cow’s udder.

ZINCI ACETAS--ZINC ACETATE

DERIVATION.--Dissolve zinc oxide in diluted acetic acid and boil. Evaporate and crystallize.

PROPERTIES.--Soft, white, six-sided monoclinic plates, of a pearly lustre, having a faintly acidious odor and an astringent metallic taste. Soluble in water and in alcohol.

DOSE.--Same as zinc sulphate.

ACTION AND USES.--The same as zinc sulphate; it is the acetate of zinc which is the soluble agent in white lotion, caused by the acetate of lead and sulphate of zinc changing their composition.

ZINCI CHLORIDUM--ZINC CHLORIDE

DERIVATION.--Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid by boiling. The solution contains the zinc chloride with chlorides of iron and lead as impurities. These are precipitated by adding first nitric acid then zinc carbonate. Filter and finally evaporate.

PROPERTIES.--A white, granular powder, or porcelain-like masses, irregular or moulded into pencils; odorless; of such intensely caustic properties as to make tasting dangerous unless the salt be dissolved in much water, when it has an astringent, metallic taste; very deliquescent; soluble in water and alcohol.

LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDE--SOLUTION OF ZINC CHLORIDE

DERIVATION.--Made from zinc chloride and water. It should contain about 50 per cent, by weight, of the salt. Zinc chloride is used externally only.

PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless, liquid, odorless, having a very astringent, metallic taste.

ACTION AND USES.--Is caustic and escharotic, used full strength or in a strong solution; penetrates very deeply and causes deep sloughing; an irritant and corrosive poison; mild medical solutions are antiseptic and astringent; is also disinfectant and deodorizer. Can be used as a caustic when indicated; used with caution, for granulations in chronic ulcers and foot-rot in sheep; to slough out all kinds of fistula, usually mixed with one or two parts of flour made into a paste with water, two ounces in a pint of water is injected as a caustic into fistulous tracts; two or three per cent solution or two to four drachms to the pint of water is used for ordinary astringent purposes and as a parasiticide.

VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS

In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, lb. for pound, gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop.

==================+=========+=========+=========+=========+===========
Name of Drug | Cattle | Sheep | Horses | Hogs | Dogs
------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------
Alcohol |4 oz. |1-2 oz. |2-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |1-4 dr.
Alum |3-4 dr. |40 gr. |2-4 dr. |40 gr. |15 gr.
Ammonia Aromatic |2 oz. |1-2 dr. |1-2 oz. |1-2 dr. |20-60 dp.
Aniseed |1-5 oz. |1-2 dr. |1 oz. |1 dr. |15 gr.
Arnica Tincture |1 oz. |2 dr. |.5-1 oz. |1 dr. |7-20 dp.
Asafetida Tincture|3 oz. |.5 oz. |2 oz. |2 dr. |1 dr.
Boracic Acid |3 dr. |20 gr. |1-3 dr. |15 gr. |8 gr.
Brandy |4 oz. |1-2 oz. |2-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |1-2 dr.
Calomel |1-2 dr. |5-20 gr. |1 dr. |5-20 gr. |1 gr.
Camphor Spirit |1 oz. |2 dr. |2-4 dr. |15 dp. |10 dp.
Carbolic Acid |1-2 dr. |10-20 dp.|.5-2 dr. |5-15 dp. |3-8 dp.
Castor Oil |1 pt. |2-4 oz. |1 pt. |2-4 oz. |1-2 dr.
Chalk |2 oz. |1-2 dr. |.5-2 oz. |1 dr. |.5-1 dr.
Codliver Oil |3-8 oz. |3-8 dr. |2-6 oz. |2-6 dr. |1-3 dr.
Copperas |2 dr. |20 gr. |1 dr. |10 gr. |4 gr.
Copper Sulphate |2-4 dr. |20-30 gr.|2-4 dr. |20-30 gr.|1-2 gr.
Digitalis |10-30 gr.|5-15 gr. |10-50 gr.|3-10 gr. |2 gr.
Epsom Salts |1 lb. |1-4 oz. |.5-1 lb. |1 oz. |1-4 dr.
Fowler’s Solution |5 dr. |5-20 dp. |2-4 dr. |5-20 dp. |1-5 dp.
Gentian |5-8 dr. |1-2 dr. |4-8 dr. |1-2 dr. |40 gr.
Ginger |5-8 dr. |1-2 dr. |2-8 dr. |15-60 gr.|5-20 gr.
Glauber Salts |1-1.5 lb.|1-4 dr. |.5-1 lb. |1 oz. |1-4 dr.
Iodide of Potash |1-2 dr. |10-25 gr.|.5-2 dr. |5-20 gr. |2-8 gr.
Iron Sulphate. |2 dr. |25 gr. |1-2 dr. |25 gr. |4 gr.
Jamaica Ginger |2 oz. |.5 oz. |1 oz. |.5-1 dr. |¹⁄₄-¹⁄₂ dr.
Laudanum |2-5 oz. |1-4 dr. |1-4 oz. |1-2 dr. |20 dp.
Lead Acetate |1 dr. |25 gr. |1 dr. |20 gr. |1-2 gr.
Lime Water |4-6 oz. |2 oz. |4-6 oz. |2 oz. |1-8 dr.
Linseed Oil |1-2 pt. |6-12 oz. |.5-1 pt. |5-10 oz. |1 oz.
Mustard |1 oz. |1-2 dr. |.5-1 oz. |1-2 dr. |20 gr.
Nitre |3-8 oz. |1 dr. |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |5-20 gr.
Nux Vomica |2 dr. |30-40 gr.|1-2 dr. |10-20 gr.|1-2 gr.
Olive Oil |1-2 pt. |3-8 dr. |1-2 pt. |2-6 dr. |2-4 oz.
Pepper |2-4 dr. |15-25 gr.|1-3 dr. |10-20 gr.|4-10 gr.
Potassium Bromide |2 oz. |2-4 dr. |1-2 oz. |2-4 dr. |5-50 gr.
Quinine |1-2 dr. |5-10 gr. |50-60 gr.|5-10 gr. |1-2 gr.
Rhubarb |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |5-10 gr.
Saltpeter |1-3 dr. |.5-1 dr. |2-4 dr. |.5-1 dr. |2-10 gr.
Soda |2 oz. |2-4 dr. |1-1.5 oz.|1-3 dr. |20-50 gr.
Sulphur |3-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |2-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |1-4 dr.
Turpentine |2 oz. |1-4 dr. |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |20-50 dp.
------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------

INDEX

Abbreviations in Prescription Writing, 24
Absolute Alcohol, 36
Acetate of Lead, 131
Acetate of Morphine, 123
Acetate of Potassium, 133
Acetate of Zinc, 162
Acid Arcenous, 58
Acid Benzoicum, 67
Acid, Boric, 25
Acid Boricum, 25
Acid, Carbolic, 26
Acid, Salicylic, 28
Acidum Arsenosum, 58
Acidum Carbolicum, 26
Acidum Carbolicum Crudum, 26
Acidum Salicylicum, 28
Aconite, Fluidextract, 31
Aconite, Tincture, 31
Aconite, 29
Aconitum, 29
Aconitina, 31
Aconitine, 31
Actions of Iron, 93
Adeps Benzoinatus, 66
Administration of Medicines, 20
Aether, 33
Aloe Barbadensis, 11
Aloe Socotrina, 41
Aloes Barbadoes, 41
Alcohol, 35
Alcohol Absolutum, 36
Alkaloidal Salts of Chichona, 84
Aloin, 42
Aloinum, 42
Alum, 44
Alum, Dried, 44
Alumen, 44
Alumen Exsiccatum, 44
Alumini Hydroxidum, 44
Alumini Sulphas, 45
Aluminum Hydroxide, 44
Aluminum Sulphate, 45
Ammonia Aromatic Spirit, 51
Ammonia Liniment, 52
Ammonia Muriate, 54
Ammonia Spiritus, 50
Ammonia Stronger Water, 50
Ammonia Water, 50
Ammonii Benzoas, 67
Ammonii Carbonas, 52
Ammonii Chloridium, 54
Ammonium Acetate Solution, 52
Ammonium Benzoate, 67
Ammonium Carbonate, 52
Amyl Nitrate, 46
Amylis Nitris, 46
Anesthesia, 79
Anise, 47
Anise Oil, 47
Anisum, 47
Antimonii et Potassii Tartars, 48
Antipyrin, 49
Antipyrina, 49
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, 48
Apomorphine Hydrochloride, 127
Apomorphine Hydrochloridum, 127
Aqua Ammoniae, 50
Aqua Ammoniae Fortior, 50
Aqua Camphorae, 71
Aqua Chloroformi, 77
Arcenous Acid, 58
Argenti Nitras, 54
Argenti Nitras Fusus, 55
Argenti Nitras Mitigatus, 55
Arnica, 56
Arnica Root, Extract, 56
Arnica Root, Fluidextract, 56
Arnicae, 56
Aromatic Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada, 146
Aromatic Spirit Ammonia, 51
Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb, 147
Arseni Trioxidum, 58
Arsenic, 57
Arsenic Trioxide, 58
Arsenic, White, 58
Arsenum, 57
Art of Prescribing, 22-23
Aspidium, 61
Atropinae Sulphas, 64

Barbadoes Aloes, 41
Belladonna Extract, 63
Belladonna Leaves, 62
Belladonna Liniment, 64
Belladonna Ointment, 63
Belladonna Radix, 63
Belladonna Root, 63
Belladonna Tincture, 63
Belladonnae Folia, 62
Benzoate of Ammonia, 67
Benzoate of Soda, 67
Benzoic Acid, 67
Benzoin, 66
Benzoin Tincture, 67
Benzoinated Lard, 66
Benzoinum, 66
Bicarbonate of Potassium, 136
Bicarbonate of Soda, 150
Biniodide of Mercury, 102
Bi-Chloride of Mercury, 99
Bitartrate of Potassium, 141
Bitter Wood, 143
Black Mustard, 148
Blister Beetles, 74
Blue Stone, 88
Blue Vitriol, 88
Boracic Acid, 25
Boric Acid, 25
Brandy, 37
Bromide of Potassium, 134
Bromide of Sodium, 134

Calamus, 68
Calamus Fluidextract, 68
Calcium Oxide, 69
California Buckthorn, 145
Calomel, 101
Calumba, 69
Calumba Fluidextract, 70
Calumba Tincture, 70
Calx, 69
Camphor, 71
Camphor Cerate, 72
Camphor Liniment, 72
Camphor Water, 71
Camphora, 71
Camphora Monobromata, 72
Camphorated Oil, 72
Camphorated Tincture of Opium, 121
Cantharis, 74
Cantharides, 74
Cantharides Tincture, 74
Capsicum, 75
Capsicum Fluidextract, 76
Capsicum Oleoresin, 76
Capsicum Tincture, 76
Carbolic Acid, 26
Carbolic Acid, Crude, 26
Carbonate of Ammonia, 52
Carbonate of Potassium, 135
Carron Oil, 69
Cascara Sagrada, 145
Castor Oil, 115
Catechu, 97
Caustic Potash, 136
Cayenne Pepper, 75
Cerate of Camphor, 72
Ceratum Camphorae, 72
Chalk Mixture, 87
Chalk, Prepared, 86
Chichona, 83
Chichona Alkaloids, 84
Chittem Bark, 145
Chlorate of Potassium, 140
Chloride of Iron, 93
Chloride of Mercury, Mild, 101
Chloride of Sodium, 150
Chloride of Zinc, 162
Chloroform, 77
Chloroform Compared with Ether, 81
Chloroform Emulsum, 78
Chloroform Liniment, 77
Chloroform Spirits, 78
Chloroform Water, 77
Chloroformum, 77
Citrate of Potassium, 133
Cocaine Hydrochloride, 85
Cocainae Hydrochloridum, 85
Cod Liver Oil, 114
Codeina, 123
Codeine, 123
Comparison of Ether with Chloroform, 81
Compound Chalk Powder, 87
Compound Powder of Jalap, 145
Compound Powder Rhubarb, 146
Compound Spirit of Ether, 34
Compound Spirit of Juniper, 37
Compound Tincture of Benzoin, 67
Compound Tincture of Gentian, 99
Compound Tincture of Gambir, 97
Copper Sulphate, 88
Copperas, 91
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, 99
Corrosive Sublimate, 99
Cosmoline, 128
Cotton Seed Oil, 115
Cream of Tartar, 141
Creta Praeparata, 86
Cretae Mistura, 87
Cretae Pulvis Compositus, 87
Croton Oil, 118
Crude Carbolic Acid, 26
Cupri Sulphas, 88

Diacetylmorphine, 123
Dandelion Root, 158
Digitalein, 89
Digitalin, 89
Digitalis, 88
Digitalis Infusion, 90
Digitalis Extract, 89
Digitalis Fluidextract, 90
Digitalis Tincture, 90
Digitonin, 89
Digitoxin, 89
Deodorized Opium, 122
Donovan’s Solution, 59
Dose Table of Valuable Drugs, 164
Doses for Young Animals, 21-22
Dover’s Liquid Powder, 121
Dover’s Powder, 121
Dried Ferrous Sulphate, 91

Emulsion of Chloroform, 78
Epsom Salts, 109
Ether, 33
Ether Compared with Chloroform, 81
Ether, Pure, 33
Extract of Arnica Root, 56
Extract of Belladonna Leaves, 63
Extract of Digitalis, 89
Extract of Gentian, 98
Extract of Nux Vomica, 111
Extract of Opium, 121
Extract of Quassia, 143
Extract of Taraxacum, 158
Extractum Arnicae Radicis, 56
Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum, 63
Extractum Digitalis, 89
Extractum Gentianae, 98
Extractum Nucis Vomicae, 111
Extractum Opii, 121
Extractum Quassiae, 143
Extractum Taraxaci, 158