Chapter I: Front Matter

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VICTOR HUGO

_HIS LIFE AND WORK_

BY G. BARNETT SMITH,

AUTHOR OF 'SHELLEY: A CRITICAL BIOGRAPHY,' 'POETS AND NOVELISTS,' ETC.

_WITH A PORTRAIT OF VICTOR HUGO._

LONDON: WARD AND DOWNEY, 12, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1885.

[_All Rights Reserved._]

I INSCRIBE THIS VOLUME TO ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE, REJOICING THUS TO CONNECT THE GREAT BARD AND PROPHET OF FRANCE WITH THE ENGLISH SINGER OF A YOUNGER DAY, WHO HAS DRUNK DEEPLY OF THE MASTER'S SPIRIT.

_G. B. S._

PRELIMINARY NOTE.

I began this study of Victor Hugo in December last, and arrangements were made for its early publication. The great poet has now passed away, and this melancholy event gives the biographical portion of the present volume a completeness not originally anticipated. Notwithstanding the multitude of criticisms which have appeared in our own and other languages upon Hugo's works, this is the only book which relates the full story of his life, and now traces to its close his literary career. More than twenty years have elapsed since the publication of Madame Hugo's memorials of the earlier portion of the poet's history, and since that time M. Barbou's work (excellently translated by Miss Frewer) is the only narrative of a biographical character which has appeared. The writings of various French and English critics, the two works I have named, and those valuable chroniclers, the journals of London and Paris, have been of considerable service to me in the preparation of the biography now offered to the public.

The writings of Victor Hugo are so varied and multifarious, and many of them are so well known to English readers, that I have not deemed it necessary to subject them to a detailed analysis. At the same time, the reader unfamiliar with these powerful works will, I trust, be able to gather something of their purport and scope from the ensuing pages. As they have impressed all minds, moreover, by their striking originality, I thought that it would not be without its value if, while venturing to record my own impressions, I gave at the same time a representation of critical contemporary opinion upon them. Finally, it has been my object to present to the reader, within reasonable compass, a complete survey of the life and work of the most celebrated Frenchman of the nineteenth century.

G. BARNETT SMITH.

HIGHGATE, LONDON, N., _June 3rd, 1885_.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE

I. EARLY YEARS 1

II. DAWNINGS OF GENIUS 18

III. VICTOR HUGO'S HUMANITARIANISM 37

IV. THE TRIUMPH OF ROMANTICISM 49

V. 'NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS' 65

VI. 'MARION DE LORME' AND OTHER DRAMAS 77

VII. LAST DRAMATIC WRITINGS 92

VIII. THE FRENCH ACADEMY 110

IX. PERSONAL AND POLITICAL 121

X. THE POET IN EXILE 141

XI. IN GUERNSEY.--'LES MISERABLES' 152

XII. LITERARY AND DRAMATIC 169

XIII. PARIS AND THE SIEGE 186

XIV. 'QUATRE-VINGT-TREIZE.'--POLITICS, ETC. 201

XV. POEMS ON RELIGION 217

XVI. PUBLIC ADDRESSES, ETC. 223

XVII. 'LA LEGENDE DES SIECLES,' ETC. 237

XVIII. HONOURS TO VICTOR HUGO 248

XIX. PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS 261

XX. THE POET'S DEATH AND BURIAL 274

XXI. GENIUS AND CHARACTERISTICS 304

VICTOR HUGO:

HIS LIFE AND WORK.