Chapter XXVIII: Part II (10)

Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485;
his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215;
he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233;
his contests with the emperor Louis, 234;
England remonstrates with him, 238, 239 _notes_;
his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.

Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487;
his licentiousness, ii. 238.

Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240;
division of the papacy thereupon, 242;
proceedings after his death, 242, 243.

Clergy, ascendency of the (_temp._ Charles the Bald), i. 135;
their privileges under the feudal system, 195, 196;
fighting prelates, 195 _note_ f;
their participation in legislative proceedings, 213, 215;
privileges of their tenants, 319;
bishops in Lombardy and their temporalities, 364, 366 and _note_ x;
share of the citizens in their election, 366 and _note_ y;
a robber archbishop, ii. 95;
immense territorial possessions of the clergy, 148 and _notes_;
their acquisition of political power, 152, 153;
their neglect of the rule of celibacy, 176, 177;
sufferings of the married clergy, 177 and _note_ d;
lax morality of the English clergy, 178, 179 _notes_;
practice of simony, 179;
consent of the laity required in the election of bishops, _ib._;
interference of the sovereigns therein, 180 and _note_ n;
character of the clergy of Milan, 187 _note_ g;
taxation of the clergy by the kings, 216;
tribute levied on them by the popes, 216, 217;
their disaffection towards Rome, 218;
their exemption from temporal jurisdiction, 219-221;
extortions of Edward I., 229;
effects of Wicliff's principles, 252;
priests executed for coining, _ib. note_ e;
spiritual peers in the English parliament, iii. 4, 5;
their qualifications, 122;
clergy summoned to send representatives, 131;
cause of their being summoned, 132;
result of their segregating themselves from the commons, 133;
instances of their parliamentary existence, 135-138;
right of bishops to be tried by the peers, 204-207;
mediaeval clergy not supporters of despotism, 258;
their ignorance of letters, 287-289;
their monastic vices, 303;
why a bishop made a Danish nobleman drunk, 306 _note_ u.
See Church, Monasteries, Papal Power, Superstition.

Clisson (constable de), immense wealth amassed by, i. 69.

Clodomir (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4;
proposed alternative relative to his children, 311 _note_.

Clotaire, portion of dominions allotted to, i. 4;
union of the whole under him, 5;
re-division amongst his sons, _ib._;
criminality of his character, 119.

Clotaire II., reunion of the French dominions under, i. 5;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117.

Clotilda converts her husband to Christianity, i. 3;
her sons, 4.

Clovis invades Gaul and defeats Syagrius, i. 2;
accepts the title of consul, _ib._ and _note_ d;
defeats the Alemanni, 3;
his conversion to Christianity, _ib._;
defeats Alaric, 4;
his last exploits and sanguinary policy, _ib._ and _note_ g;
division of his dominions amongst his sons, 4, 5 and _notes_;
the last of his race, 8;
his alleged subjection to the emperors discussed, _Note_ III. 106-111;
his limited authority: story of the vase of Soissons, 155;
theory built on the story, 301, 302;
crimes of himself and his grandson, iii. 306 and _note_ u.

Clovis II., accession of, i. 120.

Cobham, lord (_temp._ Richard II.). banished, iii. 77.

Coining, extensive practice of, amongst the French nobles, i. 205;
debased money issued by them, 206;
systematic adulteration of coin by the kings, 210, 228, 231;
measures adopted for remedying these frauds, 211 _note_ h;
grant of taxes made conditional on restoration of the coin, 230;
priests executed for coining, ii. 252 _note_ e;
an abbot hanged for the same offence, iii. 205;
clipping of coins by the Jews, 369 _note_ t.

Cologne, antiquity of the municipal institutions of, i. 350.

Coloni, characteristics and privileges of the, i. 325.

Combat. See Trial.

Comines (Philip de), characteristic note on taxation by, i. 236.

Commodianus, literary remains of, iii. 281;
specimen thereof, _ib. note_ n.

Comnenus. See Alexius.

Conrad (duke of Franconia), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67.

Conrad II. (the Salic), important edict of, relative to feuds, i. 166,
167 and _notes_;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68;
his ancestry, _ib. note_ f.

Conrad III. joins in the second crusade i. 38;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 72.

Conrad IV., accession of, i. 392;
his struggles for dominion in Italy, and death, _ib._;
his difficulties in Germany, ii. 76.

Conradin (son of Conrad IV.) attempts to regain his inheritance, i. 407;
put to death by Charles of Anjou, _ib._

Constance, council of. See Council.

Constance, treaty of, i, 376.

Constantine V. dethroned by his mother, i. 122.

Constantinople, advantageous position of, ii. 125;
its resistance to the Moslem assaults, 126;
its capture by the Latins, 128;
its magnificence and populousness, 129, 130;
Vandalism of its conquerors, 130;
its recapture by the Greeks, 131;
besieged by Bajazet, 132, and by Amurath, 135;
attacked by Mahomet II., 136;
its fall, 136, 137;
unrealised schemes for its recovery, 137, 138.

Constitution of England. See English Constitution.

Cordova taken from the Moors, ii. 9;
its extent and wealth, _ib. note_ m.

Corn. See Agriculture, Trade.

Cortes of Castile, original composition of the, ii. 20;
dwindling down of their numbers, 21;
their remonstrance against corruption, 22;
spiritual and temporal nobility, 22, 23 and _notes_;
control of the Cortes over the taxes, 24, 25;
their resolute defence of their right, 26;
their control over expenditure, 27;
its active exercise, 28;
their forms of procedure, 29;
their legislative rights, and attempted limitations thereon by the
kings, 29-32;
their right to a voice in the disposal of the crown, 33, 34;
position of the clergy therein, iii. 106 _note_.

Corvinus (Matthias) elected king of Hungary, ii. 106;
his patronage of literature, 107 and _note_ d.

Council of Basle, enmity of the, towards the papal court, ii. 247;
reforms effected by it, 248 and _note_;
its indiscretions, _ib._ and 250 _note_.

Council of Constance condemns John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be
burned, ii. 102;
deposes John XXIII., 243;
preponderance of Italian interests therein, 244;
French opposition to the English deputies, _ib. note_;
tactics of the cardinals, 246;
national divisions in the council, _ib._;
its breach of faith relative to Huss and Jerome canvassed, 250 and
_note_.

Council of Frankfort convoked by Saint Boniface, ii. 165;
its importance in papal history, _ib._

Council of Lyons, i. 391, ii. 75.

Council of Pavia, ii. 247.

Council of Pisa, proceedings at the, ii. 243.

Cours plenieres, character of the, i. 220.

Courtney (archbishop), despoiled of his temporalities, iii. 66.

Crecy, battle of, i. 55.

Crescentius put to death by Otho III., i. 359 and _note_.

Crusades, origin of the, i. 33;
energetic appeals of Peter the Hermit, 34;
inducements offered to those who joined in them, 35;
crimes and miseries attendant on them, 36;
results of the first crusade, 37;
second crusade, 38;
its failure, _ib._ and _notes_;
origin of the third crusade, 40;
its famous commanders and inconclusive results, _ib._;
crusades of St. Louis and their miserable ending, 41 and _note_;
cause of the cessation of crusades, iii. 305;
their demoralizing influence, 307.

Cyprian's views relative to church government, ii. 159 _note_ h;
further observations thereon, 267, 268.

Dagobert I., insignificance of the successors of, i. 6;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117;
progress of the arts in his reign, 119.

Dagobert II., name of, how restored to history, i. 112.

Damascus, degeneracy of the khalifs of, ii. 120, 121.

Danes, England first infested by the, i. 21.

Dante Alighieri expelled from Florence, i. 402;
his birth, iii. 445;
style of his Vita Nuova, _ib. note_;
characteristics of his great poem, 446-448;
enthusiasm which attended its publication, 448.

Dauphine annexed to the French crown, i. 100;
its origin, 101, _note_ k.

Defiance, institution of the right of, ii. 95;
its abolition, 96.

De la Mare (Peter), opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56;
conduct of the citizens on his imprisonment, 57;
elected speaker of the commons, 58.

Della Bella (Giano), improves the Florentine constitution, i. 424;
driven into exile, 425.

Derby (earl of). See Bolingbroke.

Diet. See Council.

Diet of Worms, important changes effected by the, ii. 94;
abolishes the right of defiance, 96;
establishes the imperial chamber, 97-99.

Domesday Book, origin of the term, iii. 362 _note_ r.

Domestic life in the middle ages, iii. 341-345;
income and style of living, 370.

Douglas (earl of) aids Charles VII., i. 78.

Duelling, introduction of the practice of, iii. 294 and _note_ u.

Du Guesclin (Bertrand), proceeds to Castile, i. 58;
his character 64;
he serves against Peter the Cruel, ii. 15;
is taken prisoner, _ib._

Dunstan and Odo, and their treatment of Edwy and Elgiva, ii. 158;
elucidatory remarks relative thereto, 264-267.

Earl, origin of the title of, ii. 274 _note_ p.

Ebroin, exercise of supreme power by, i. 6, 115, 120.

Eccelin da Romano, tyrannic exercise of power by, i. 389;
pretexts to which his infamous cruelty gave birth, _ib. note_ f;
his fall, 406.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See Church, Clergy, Papal Power.

Edessa, extent of the principality of, i. 37 and _note_ f.

Edward the Confessor, popularity of the laws of, ii. 324, 351.

Edward I. offends Philip IV. of France, i. 43 and _note_;
his brother Edmund outwitted by Philip, 44;
he curbs the power of the clergy, ii. 224;
his tyranny towards them, 228;
his reign a constitutional epoch, iii. 1;
his despotic tendencies, 2;
he confirms the charters, 3 and _note_ c.

Edward II. marries Isabel of France, i. 45;
he yields to the pope, ii. 239.

Edward III. lays claim to the French throne, i. 48;
its injustice shown, _ib._ and _note_ 49;
his policy prior to resorting to arms, 49;
his chances of success, 51;
attempt of the pope to dissuade him from the attempt, _ib. note_;
principal features in his character, 52;
extent of his resources, 53, 54, and _notes_;
excellence of his armies, 55 and _note_;
his acquisition after the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, 56;
his alliance with Charles the Bad, 57;
conditions of the peace of Bretigni, 59;
his stipulation relative to Aquitaine, 61 and _note_ p;
his reverses and their causes, 62, 63 and _notes_;
his opposition to the pope, ii. 239;
progress of parliament under him, iii. 42;
his attempts at encroachment, 44-47;
ascendency of Lancaster and Alice Perrers over him, 55;
ordinance against Alice, 56;
repeal thereof, 57;
revival of the prosecution against her, 58 and _note_ g;
his debts to Italian bankers, 340.

Edward the Black Prince, character of, i. 52;
his victory at Poitiers, 55;
created prince of Aquitaine, 61;
his impolitic conduct in Guienne, 63;
summoned before the peers of France, _ib._ and _note_ t;
machinations relative to his heir, iii. 55 and _note_ a;
his jealousy of the duke of Lancaster, 56;
his death, 57.

Edward IV. accepts a pension from Louis XI., i. 89;
his military force, _ib. note_ p;
Louis's reasons for declining a visit from him, 90;
his accession to the throne, iii. 198;
his inexcusable barbarities, 199;
popularity of his government, _ib._;
his system of benevolences, 200.

Edwy and Elgiva. See Dunstan.

England, first infested by the Danes, i. 21;
its resources under Edward III., 53, 54;
causes of the success of its armies, 55, 77;
high payment to its men-at-arms, 77 _note_ t;
discomfiture of its troops by Joan of Arc, 79;
impolicy touching its relations with France, 82;
deprived of its French possessions by Charles VII., 83;
its obsequiousness to the hierarchy, ii. 158;
its opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 222-225;
its protest against the exactions of the church, 238, 239 and _notes_;
its share in the council of Constance, 244 and _note_;
enactment of the statute of praemunire, 251;
effect of Wicliff's principles, 252;
progress of the country under the Anglo-Saxons [see Anglo-Saxons];
its state at the period of the Norman conquest, 302, 303;
fruitless resistance of its people to Norman rule, 304 and _notes_;
expulsion of its prelates and maltreatment of its nobles, 305 and
_note_;
attempted suppression of its language, 306 and _note_;
wholesale spoliation of property, 308;
abject condition of English occupiers, 309, 310;
vastness of the Norman estates explained, 310;
conquered England compared with conquered Gaul, 311;
forest devastations and forest laws, 311, 312 and _notes_;
depopulation of the towns, 312;
establishment of feudal customs, 314;
preservation of the public peace, 315;
difference between feudalism in England and in France, 316, 317;
hatred by the English of the Normans, 318;
oppressions and exactions of the Norman government, 318, 320;
nature of the taxes then levied, 321, 322;
laws and charters of the Norman kings, 323, 324;
banishment of Longchamp by the barons, 325;
establishment of Magna Charta, 326;
difficulty of overrating its value, 327;
outline of its provisions, 321, 328;
confirmation thereof by Henry III., 329;
constitutional struggles between him and his barons, 331, 334;
limitations on the royal prerogative, 334, 335 and _notes_;
institution of the various courts of law, 336-338;
origin of the common law, 339-341;
character and defects of the English law, 341-343;
hereditary right of the crown established, 343-346;
legal position of the gentry, 346-348;
causes of civil equality, 348-351;
character of its government, iii. 147;
prerogatives of its kings, 147-150;
mitigation of the forest laws, 150 and _note_ p;
jurisdiction of its constable and marshal, 151, 152 and _notes_;
spirit of independence exhibited in mediaeval ballads, 265-267;
its customs farmed by Italian bankers, 339, 340 _note_ d.

English constitution, character of the, iii. 152;
Sir John Fortescue's doctrine, 153-155;
Hume's erroneous views regarding it, 155, 158;
causes tending to its formation, 159;
effect of the loss of Normandy, 160;
real source of English freedom, 162;
principle involved in the relationship between lords and their
vassals, _ib._;
right of distress on the king's property, 163;
feudal sources of constitutional liberty, 164;
influence of the nobility, 165;
salutary provisions of Edward I., 169;
nature and gradual extinction of villenage, 171-183;
instances of regencies and principles whereon they are founded,
184-190;
doctrine of prerogative, 257-260.
See Anglo-Saxons, England, Feudal System, Parliament.

Erigena. See Scotus (John).

Ethelwolf, grant of, relative to tithes, ii. 146 _note_ a, 263.

Eudes elected king by the Franks, i. 127;
his qualifications for the dignity, _ib._

Eudes (duke of Burgundy). See Burgundy.

Eudon signally defeats the Saracens, i. 116;
receives aid from Charles Martel, _ib._

Eugenius IV. (cardinal Julian) advises Uladislaus to break faith with
Amurath, ii. 105;
its fatal consequences, 106;
other instances of his perfidy, 210 _note_ e;
his contests with the councils, 247;
his deposition by the council of Basle, 247 and _note_ q.

Euric, harsh treatment of his catholic subjects by, i. 3 _note_ f.

False Decretals. See Isidore.

Famines in the middle ages, frequency and extreme severity of, i. 328.

Felix V. (pope), election and supersession of, ii. 248.

Ferdinand confirmed in his succession to the crown of Naples, i. 494;
attempt of John of Calabria to oust him, _ib._;
his odious rule, 503 and _note_.

Ferdinand I. of Aragon, independence of the Catalans towards, ii. 57.

Ferdinand II. of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, ii. 18;
they succeed to the Castilian throne, _ib._;
Ferdinand invested with the crown of Aragon, 42;
arrangement of the united governments, 58, 59;
conquest of Granada, 59, 60.

Ferdinand III. of Castile, capture of Cordova by, ii. 9.

Ferdinand IV. of Castile, prevalence of civil dissensions in the reign
of, ii. 12, 13;
his gross violation of justice and remarkable death, 36.

Feudal system, rise of the, i. 145;
nature of alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and _notes_;
distinction of laws, 151;
origin of nobility, 157-159, 189;
fiscal lands or benefices, their nature, condition, and, extent,
159, 160;
introduction of subinfeudation, 161;
origin of feudal tenures, 163;
custom of personal commendation, 164;
its character, _ib._, 165;
edict of Conrad II., 166, 167, and _notes_;
principle of a feudal relation, 167;
rights and duties of vassals, _ib._;
ceremonies of homage, fealty, and investiture, 169;
obligations of the vassal to his lord, 170;
military service, its conditions and extent, 171 and _notes_;
feudal incidents: origin of reliefs, 172, 173;
of fines on alienation, 174;
the custom of _frerage_ in France, 176;
escheats and forfeitures, 177;
objects for which aids were levied, _ib._;
limitations thereof by Magna Charta, 178;
institution of wardships, _ib._;
their vexatious character in later times, 179;
extortionate and oppressive practices relative to marriages, 179, 180;
introduction of improper feuds, 181;
fiefs of office, their nature and variety, 181, 182 and _notes_;
feudal law-books, 182;
the Milanese collection, 183;
difference between that and the French and English systems, 183, 184;
the feudal system not of Roman origin, 185, 186;
localities over which it extended, 187, 188;
privileges of nobility, 191-194;
difference between a French _roturier_ and an English _commoner_,
191 _note_ p;
condition of the clergy, 195, 196;
of the classes below the gentry, 196;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plenieres, 220, 248;
legislative and judicial assemblies [see Legislation,
States-General, Justice];
decline of the feudal system, 249;
its causes: increase of the domains of the crown, 253, 254;
rise of the chartered towns, 255-261 [see Towns];
commutation of military service, 261 [see Military Systems];
decay of feudal principles, 268;
influence of feudalism upon the institutions of England and
France, 269;
civil freedom promoted by it, 270;
its tendency to exalt warlike habits, 271;
its value as an element of discipline, _ib._;
and as producing sentiments of loyalty, 272;
the _mundium_, 318 _note_;
essentials of the feudal system, 319;
its principles aristocratic and exclusive, 321;
Guizot's description of a feudal castle, 322;
laxity of feudal tenures in Italy, 365;
question of their existence in England prior to the Conquest, ii.
293-301;
feudalism under the Normans, 314;
innovation introduced by William I., 315;
difference between the feudal policy of England and France, 316, 318;
tenure of folcland and bocland, 406-410;
abuses of feudal rights, iii. 150.

Feuds, nature of, and derivation of the word, i. 316.

Fiefs. See Benefices, Feudal System.

Field of March (or Champ de Mars), origin of the assemblies so termed,
i. 212, 213;
their character, 213, 214;
not attended by the Roman inhabitants of Gaul, 282;
how often held, 308.

Field Sports. See Sports.

Fines, extent and singularity of, under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 320.

Fire-arms. See Military Systems.

Fiscal lands. See Benefices.

Flanders, fraudulent conduct of Philip IV. towards the count of, i. 44;
successful resistance of its people, _ib._;
large capture of gilt spurs by them, _ib. note_ a;
their commerce with England, 54;
their rebellion against count Louis, 66, 67 and _notes_;
their insubordination, 92;
their resistance to taxation, 93 and _note_;
their woollen manufacture, iii. 318, 319;
their settlement in England, 320 _note_ h;
its policy relative thereto, 321 and _note_ o.
See Trade.

Florence, curtailment of the power of, by Frederic Barbarossa, i. 420;
exclusion of the Ghibelins from offices of trust, _ib._;
Dante's simile relative to its unsettled state, _ib._;
corporations of the citizens, 421;
its magistracy, _ib._;
curious mode of election, 422;
the consiglio di popolo, 423;
defiance of law by the nobility, 424;
Giano della Bella reduces them to obedience, 424, 425;
rise of the plebeian aristocracy, 426;
Walter de Brienne invested with extraordinary powers, 427;
his tyranny and excesses, 428;
his overthrow, 429;
singular ordinances relative to the nobles, 430;
machinations of the Guelfs and persecutions of the Ghibelins, 431-433
and _note_ c;
prostration of the Guelfs, 434;
insurrection of the Ciompi and elevation of Lando, 435;
his judicious administration, 436;
restoration of the Guelfs, 437;
comparative security of the Florentines, 438;
their territorial acquisitions, revenue, population, &c., 439, 440
and _notes_;
Pisa bought by them, 443;
further disquietudes in their government, 496;
rise of the Medici [see Medici];
first Florentine voyage to Alexandria, 499 and _note_;
Florentine bankers and their transactions, iii. 340 and _notes_.

Folcland, nature of, ii. 406.

Foreigners invested with power in Italian states, i. 397, 416, 421,
427, 449.

Forest laws of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 312;
mitigation of their severity, iii. 150;
punishments inflicted, 311.

Fortescue (Sir John), on the English constitution, iii. 154.

France, policy observed in the territorial division of, i. 4 _note_ i;
insignificance of its early monarchs, 6 and _note_ m;
loss of the English possessions in, 27;
increase of the French domains, 42-45;
its state at the commencement of hostilities by Edward III., 51;
its condition after the battle of Poitiers, 56;
assembly of the States-General, _ib._;
desolation of the kingdom by famine, 57 and _note_;
ravaged by banditti, 58;
the Jacquerie insurrection, _ib._ and _note_ k;
state of the country under Charles V. and VI., 65, 66;
under Charles VII., 77, 84;
consolidation of its dominions, 100;
its historians, 101 _note_ m;
its deplorable state under Charles the Bald, 135;
its provincial government under the Merovingian kings, 152;
succession to its monarchy, 154 and 217 _note_;
its progress from weakness to strength, 204;
revenue of its kings, how raised, 208;
its coinage, 210, 211;
taxation, 211, 212;
its constitution never a _free_ one, 229 _note_ b;
designs of its kings upon Naples, 503 _et seq._

Franconia, rise of the House of, ii. 68;
its extinction, 71.

Frankfort, council of. See Council.

Franks, territories occupied by the, i. 2 and _note_ c;
their probable origin, _Note_ II. 104, 105;
their position under Pepin, 117, 118;
their promise to Pepin, 127, 154;
character of their church dignitaries, 150 _note_ q;
increase of the power of their kings, 155;
serfdom and villenage amongst them, 198-200;
extent to which they participated in legislation, 213 and _note_;
origin of the Ripuarian Franks and Salian Franks, 279;
their numbers during the reign of Clovis, 291, 292;
presumed infrequency of marriages between them and the Romans, 296;
extent of power possessed by their kings, 301-309.

Fredegonde, queen. See Chilperic.

Frederic I. (Frederic Barbarossa), third crusade undertaken by, i. 40;
title conferred by him on the archbishop of Lyons, 45;
commencement of his career in Italy, 371;
he besieges Milan, 372;
subjugation and second rise of its citizens, _ib._;
destruction of their city, 373;
league of Lombardy against him, 374;
his defeat and flight, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
his policy relative to Sicily, 378;
his response to Roman oratory, 415 and _note_;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 73;
Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and _note_ y;
he institutes the law of defiance, 95;
his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195;
his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227;
his intellectual acquirements, iii. 286 _note_ d;
his patronage of learning, 422.

Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385;
cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386;
rancour of papal writers against him, _ib. note_ c;
result of his crusade, 387;
his wars with the Lombards, _ib._;
his successes and defeats, 390;
animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391;
sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 75;
his deposition, 76;
he restrains the right of defiance, 96;
his imperial tribunal, 97;
his poetry, iii. 442.

Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and _note_;
his significant motto, 89 _note_ i;
objects of his diets, 96, 97;
he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.

Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. 359 _note_ k.

Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323;
alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324;
other freemen, 325;
consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.

Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.

Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 _note_ x.

Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. 286 _note_ e.

Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;
his death and failure of his son, _ib. note_ e.

Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2;
condition of its Roman natives, 149;
privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 _note_ r, 281 and _note_ e;
retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282;
their cities, 286;
their subjection to taxation, 287;
their accession to high offices, 293;
their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294;
presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.

Genoa, early history of, i. 444;
her wars with Pisa and Venice, _ib._;
victory of her fleet over Pisani, 445;
insolence of her admiral towards the Venetian ambassadors, 446;
her subsequent reverses, 447;
surrender of her forces to Venice, 448;
decline of her power, 449;
her government and its various changes, _ib._;
dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 450;
her first doge, 451;
frequent revolutions of her citizens, _ib._;
the Adorni and Fregosi factions, 496;
commercial dealings of the Genoese, iii. 329;
their position in Constantinople, 330;
their manufactures, 331;
their money transactions, 337, 340;
state security taken by their bankers, 341.

Germany conquered by Charlemagne, i. 9, 10;
held by Louis his grandson, 16;
passes away from his family, 17;
its Hungarian assailants, 19;
its first apostles, 121;
political state of ancient Germany, 145;
mode in which kings were chosen, _ib._;
lands in conquered provinces, how-divided, 146;
customs respecting alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and _notes_;
superior position of its rulers as compared with those of France, 204;
causes of the reversal of this state of things, _ib._;
degree of reliance due to Tacitus's accounts of German institutions,
273-275;
character of its governments, 302;
limited power of its kings, 302-304;
its position at the death of Charles the Fat, ii. 66;
election of its emperors, in whom vested, 77-80;
partitions of territory amongst its princes, 83, 84;
importance of its free cities, 90;
privileges conferred on them, _ib._;
their warfare with the nobles, 91;
the sanctuary of the palisades, 92;
league of the cities, _ib._;
polity of the principalities, 93;
extent of the imperial domains, _ib._;
their gradual alienation by the emperors, _ib._;
the diet of Worms and its results, 94-98;
limits of the German empire at various periods, 100;
absence of towns, iii. 312;
pre-eminence of its robber chiefs, 314.
See Diet, Justice.

Ghent, populousness and impregnability of, i. 92, 93;
policy of its people relative to taxation, 93 _note_;
its trading eminence, iii. 319;
its houses and population, 320 _note_ f.

Ghibelins, origin of the word, ii. 73.
See Guelfs.

Giovanni di Vicenza, singular success of the exhortations of, i. 403;
result of his attempts at sovereignty, 404.

Gloucester, duke of (_temp._ Richard II.), speaks for the parliament,
iii. 67, 68 _note_ c;
made lord appellant, 72;
reinstated in the council, 73;
his animosity towards the duke of Lancaster, 74, 75;
his seizure by the king, 76;
his murder and posthumous attainder, _ib._

Godfrey of Boulogne, eastern domains assigned to, i. 38;
his reasons for refusing the title of king, _ib. note_ g;
his feats of strength, _ib. note_ h.

Granada, fertility and importance of, ii. 60;
its unavailing resistance to Ferdinand, _ib._

Gratian, character of the Decretum compiled by, ii. 203.

Greek church, marriage of priests permitted by the, ii. 176.

Greek empire, degeneracy of the, ii. 120;
its theological dissensions, _ib._;
revival of its power, 124;
tactics of its emperors, 125 and _note_ n;
exploits of celebrated usurpers, 126;
results of the first crusade, 127;
expeditions of Alexius Comnenus, 128;
sacking of the capital, 128-130;
partition of the empire, 130;
its declining state, 132;
lukewarmness of the western Christians, 135;
fall of the empire, 136;
the last of the Caesars, _ib._;
Greek anti-exportation anecdote, iii. 315 _note_ a.
See Constantinople.

Gregory I., character of, ii. 161;
he establishes the appellant jurisdiction, 162, _note_ r.

Gregory II., design of, for placing Rome under Charles Martel's
protection, i. 122.

Gregory IV. and V., submission of, to imperial authority, ii. 182.

Gregory VII., projection of the crusades by, i. 34;
his obligations to the countess Matilda, 380;
his ascendency over the clergy, ii. 183, 184;
elected pope, 184;
his differences with, and excommunication of, Henry IV. of Germany,
184, 185 and _note_;
rigorous humiliation imposed by him on Henry, 186;
his exile and death, 187;
his declaration against investitures, 189;
his illimitable ambition and arrogance, 192;
his despotism towards ecclesiastics, 193;
his arrogance eclipsed by Innocent III., 228.

Gregory IX., excommunications of Frederic II. by, i. 387, 391;
his further designs against Frederic, _ib._;
Decretals published by his order, ii. 203;
his encroachments on the English church, 212;
his pretext for levying contributions, 216;
immense sum extorted by him from England, 217.

Gregory X., tax levied on the church by, ii. 218.

Gregory XI. reinstates the papal court at Rome, ii. 240.

Gregory XII. elected and deposed, ii. 242.

Grimoald, usurpation of supreme power by, i. 6.

Grostete (Robert, bishop of Lincoln), notices of, ii. 217 _note_ f;
iii. 429 _note_ k, 464.

Guarnieri (duke), systematic levy of contributions by, i. 471;
success of his operations, _ib._

Guelfs and Ghibelins, origin of the rival factions of, i. 382;
their German antecedents, 383 and _note_;
characteristics of the two parties, 384;
irrationality of the distinctions, 406;
temporary union of the factions, _ib._;
expulsion of the Ghibelins from Florence, 407;
revival of their party, 410;
origin of the name Guelfs, ii. 73;
See Florence, Genoa.

Gui de Lusignan, cause of his flight from France, i. 36.

Guienne, seized by Philip IV., i. 43;
restored to England, 44;
insurrection of its people against Charles VII., 86 and _note_;
suspicious death of Charles duke of, 89 and _note_.

Guiscard (Robert), territorial conquests of, i. 363;
he takes Leo IX. prisoner, _ib._;
his English opponents at Constantinople, ii. 307.

Guiscard (Roger), conquers Sicily, i. 363;
declared king by Innocent II., 364;
he shelters Gregory VII., ii. 187;
he subjugates Amalfi, iii. 328;
he introduces silk manufactures at Palermo, 331.

Gunpowder. See Military Systems.

Hair, length of, a mark of nobility, i. 310;
Childebert's proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 _note_.

Hanse towns, confederacy of the, iii. 325.

Haroun Alraschid, magnificence of the rule of, ii. 121;
African principalities in his reign, 122.

Hastings, lord (_temp._ Edward IV.), receives bribes from Louis XI.,
i. 90;
his reason for refusing to give receipts for the same, _ib. note_ q.

Hawkwood (Sir John), military renown acquired by, i. 472;
gratitude of the Florentines towards him, _ib._;
his skill as a general, 473.

Haxey (Thomas), surrendered by the commons to the vengeance of Richard
II., iii. 76, 102;
important principles involved in his case, 76 _notes_.

Henry II. of Castile rebels against Peter the Cruel, ii. 14;
his defeat and subsequent victory, 15;
his vow to preserve justice, 36.

Henry III. of Castile marries John of Gaunt's daughter, ii. 15.

Henry IV. of Castile, despicable character of, ii. 17;
deposed by a conspiracy of nobles, _ib._;
futile efforts of his daughter to succeed him, 18;
contests after his death, _ib._;
his reproof by the Cortes of Ocana, 33.

Henry I. of England, extortions on the church by, ii. 216.

Henry II. marries the repudiated wife of Louis VII., i. 25;
opposes the tyranny of the church of Rome, ii. 222;
cause of his dispute with Thomas a Becket, 223.

Henry III. allows Italian priests in English benefices, ii. 213;
abets papal taxation on the clergy, 217;
his submissiveness, 226;
provisions contained in his charter, 327, 328;
worthlessness of his character, 329;
his perjuries, 330;
his pecuniary difficulties and extortions, 331;
his expensive foreign projects, 332;
demands of the pope and resolute conduct of the barons, 333;
his quarrel with, the earl of Pembroke, iii. 164.

Henry IV., policy and views of, towards France, i. 65, 74;
circumstances attending his succession, iii. 81;
invalidity of his hereditary title, 82;
his tactics towards the parliament, 83;
aid granted to him in 1400, 85;
policy of the commons towards him, 86, 87;
limitations imposed on him, 93, 94;
he comes to terms with them, 94.
See Bolingbroke.

Henry V., his exorbitant demands on proposing to marry Catherine of
France, i. 74 and _note_ n;
invasion of France by, _ib._ and _note_ o;
his negotiations with the duke of Burgundy, 75;
his marriage and death, 76;
life subsidies granted to him, iii. 87;
improbability of his alleged dissoluteness, 96;
his claims on popular affection, _ib._;
his clemency to the earl of March, 194.

Henry VI., parliamentary policy during the minority of, iii. 97, 98;
unpopularity of his marriage, 98;
his conduct on Suffolk's impeachment, 99;
state of the kingdom during his minority, 183;
his imbecility, _ib._;
solemnities observed in nominating a regency during his infancy,
186-190;
provisions in consequence of his mental infirmities, 190-194.

Henry VII., conduct of, towards the memory of his predecessors, iii. 200
and _note_ q.

Henry I. of France, alleged large army levied by, i. 24 _note_ h;
extent of authority exercised by him, 137.

Henry I. the Fowler, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67;
his scheme for improving his territories, _ib. note_ d.

Henry II. of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68.

Henry III. of Germany, imperial influence extended by, ii. 68;
instances of his exercise of absolute power, 69, 95;
his judicious nomination of popes, 183.

Henry IV. of Germany, primary cause of the misfortunes of, ii. 69;
conspiracy against him during his infancy, 70 _note_ k;
his abduction by Hanno, _ib._;
his excommunication and its consequences, _ib._ and _note_ n;
his remains insulted by Rome, 71;
zeal of the cities in his cause, 90;
his contests with Gregory VII., 184, 185;
his humiliation by Gregory, 186;
the tables turned, 187;
animosity of Gregory's successors towards him, 187, 188.

Henry V. of Germany, accession and death of, ii. 71;
privilege granted by him to the cities, 90;
his compromise with the popes, 188.

Henry VI. of Germany, repudiates arrangements between his predecessor
and the popes, i. 381;
production of his alleged will, _ib._;
his ambitious project, ii. 74;
his death, 75.

Henry VII. of Germany, acquires Bohemia for his son, ii. 85;
his opposition to the papal power, 234.

Henry the Proud, ancestry and possessions of, ii. 72;
consequences of his disobedience to the emperor's summons, 72, 73.

Henry the lion restored to his birthright, ii. 73;
fatal results of his ingratitude, 74.

Hereditary succession, how far observed among the Franks, i. 154
_note_ f, 299;
disregarded by the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 273;
establishment of the principle in England, 343-346;
elucidatory note upon the subject, 425-428.

Hereford (earl and duke of). See Bohun, Bolingbroke.

Hereward, brave resistance of, to William the Conqueror, ii. 304
_note_ f.

Hilary deposed by Leo the Great, ii. 161 _note_ p.

Hildebrand. See Gregory VII.

Honorius III., establishment of mendicant orders by, ii. 206;
refusal of his requests by France and England, 213.

Hugh the Great of France, procures the election of Louis IV., i. 128.

Hugh Capet. See Capet.

Hungarians, ravages in Europe by the, i. 20;
their ferocity towards the clergy, _ib. note_ z;
their conversion to Christianity, ii. 104;
their wars with the Turks, 105-107.

Hungary, kings and chiefs of. See Andrew, Corvinus, Hunniades, Ladislaus,
Louis of Hungary, Sigismund, Uladislaus.

Hungerford (Sir Thomas), elected speaker, iii. 58.

Hunniades (John), heroic career of, ii. 105, 106;
his death, 106.

Huss (John), burned to death, ii. 102;
characteristics of his schism and his followers, iii. 389 and
_note_ m, 390.

Innocent III., persecution of the Albigeois by, i. 28;
his ambitious policy, 379;
his significant production of the will of Henry VI. of Germany, 381;
position of the Italian cities towards him, _ib._;
use made by him of his guardianship of Frederic II., 385;
increase of temporal authority under him, 416;
his accession to the papal chair, ii. 195;
extravagance of his pretensions, 196;
his scheme of universal arbitration, 197;
his decrees and interdicts, 199;
his interference with the German emperors, 200;
his claim, to nominate bishops, 212;
cause of his anger with the chapter of Poitiers, 213;
he levies taxes on the clergy, 216;
his pretext for exercising jurisdiction, 220;
he exempts the clergy from criminal process, 221;
his arrogance eclipsed by Boniface VIII., 228.

Innocent IV., outrageous proceedings of, against Frederic II., i. 391;
his conduct towards Frederic's successors, 392;
he quarters Italian priests on England, ii. 213;
height of papal tyranny during his pontificate, 217;
his disposal of the crown of Portugal, 231 _note_ g;
anecdote of him, 238 _note_ r.

Innocent VI. elected pope, ii. 242.

Interdicts, ii. 172, 260 _note_ g, and 261.
See Papal Power.

Ireland a mediaeval slave depot, iii. 316 and _note_ d.

Irene, dethronement of Constantine V. by, i. 122;
Leo III.'s project of marriage between her and Charlemagne, _ib._

Isabel of Bavaria (queen of Charles VI.), infamous conduct of, towards
her husband, i. 69;
her hatred of Armagnac, and its consequences, 72;
joins in the treaty with Henry V., 76.

Isabel of France, marries Edward II. of England, i. 45.

Isabella of Castile. See Ferdinand II.

Isidore, publication of the False Decretals of, ii. 166;
their character and object, 166, 167 and _notes_;
authority accorded to them by Gratian, 203.

Italy, occupied by the Ostrogoths, i. 1;
its subjection by the Lombards, 8;
conquests of Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;
its king Bernard, 14;
its state at the end of the ninth century, 355;
authorities referred to for its history, _ib. note_;
its monarchs Berenger I. and II., 357 and _note_ c;
assumption of power by Otho the Great, _ib._;
execution of Crescentius by Otho III., 359;
election and subsequent troubles of Ardoin, _ib._;
condition of its people under Henry II., 360;
cause of its subjection to German princes, _ib._;
accession of Conrad II., and consolidation of Germanic influences,
360, 361;
its Greek provinces, 361, 362;
incursions and successes of the Normans, 362-364;
progress of the Lombard cities [see Lombards];
accession of Frederic Barbarossa, 370 [see Frederic I.];
cause of the decadence of Italy, 377, 378;
its domestic manners, iii. 342, 344.

Jacquerie, insurrection of the, i. 58, and _note_ k.

James II. of Aragon, renounces the Sicilian crown, i 485;
invested with the Sardinian crown, ii. 231 _note_ g.

Jane of Navarre, treaty entered into on behalf of, i. 45;
betrayal of her cause by the duke of Burgundy, 47;
she recovers Navarre, _ib. note_ g.

Janizaries, institution of the, ii. 137.

Jerome of Prague, burned to death, ii. 102.

Jerusalem, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 38;
its conquest by Saladin, 40;
restored to the Christians by the Saracens, 41;
oppressive system of marriages there, under the feudal system, 180;
title of the kings of Naples to sovereignty over it, 386 _note_ d.

Jews, wealth amassed and persecutions endured by the, i. 209;
their early celebrity as usurers, _ib. note_ b;
their final expulsion from France, 210 and _note_ d;
ordinances against them, 222;
exorbitant rates paid by them in England, ii. 320;
their massacre by the Pastoureaux, iii. 297;
their liability to maltreatment, 305;
barbarous customs regarding them, _ib. note_;
the Jew-drowning story, 306 _note_ u;
their early money dealings, 338;
toleration vouchsafed to them, _ib._;
decline of their trade, 339;
their addiction to coin-clipping, 369 _note_ t.

Joan of Arc, character, successes, and fate of, i. 79, 80;
her betrayer, 84 _note_ f;
her name and birthplace, 143;
great merit of Southey's poem, _ib._

Joanna of Naples, married to Andrew of Hungary, i 486;
her husband's murder imputed to her, _ib._ and _note_ q;
she dies by violence, 487.

Joanna II. of Naples, and her favourites, i, 489;
her vacillation relative to her successors, 490;
puts Caraccioli to death, 491 _note_.

John I. of Castile, accession of, ii. 15;
his merited defeat by the Portuguese, 16.

John II. of Castile, wise government by the guardians of, during his
infancy, ii. 15, 16;
he disgraces and destroys his favourite Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17;
his death, 17;
its results, 58.

John (king of England), cited before Philip Augustus, i. 26;
results of his contumacy, 27;
singular fines levied by him, ii. 320;
his rapacity, 326 and _note_ q;
Magna Charta, 326, 329;
curious instance of the unpopularity of his name, iii. 65 _note_ t.

John I. of France, birth and death of, i. 46 and _note_ e.

John II. of France, character of, i. 53;
taken prisoner at Poitiers, 58;
bestows his daughter on Charles of Navarre, 57;
submits to the peace of Bretigni, 59;
his response to the citizens of Rochelle, 63.

John of Procida, designs of, on Sicily, i. 483;
result of his intrigues, 484.

John VIII. (pope), insolence of, towards Charles the Fat, ii. 174;
asserts a right to nominate the emperor, _ib._

John XXII. (pope), claims supremacy over the empire, ii. 235;
his dispute with Louis of Bavaria, _ib._;
he persecutes the Franciscans, 237;
his immense treasures, 238;
his imposts on the clergy, 238 _note_ x.

John XXIII. (pope), convokes and is deposed by the council of Constance,
ii. 243.

Joinville (the chronicler), refuses to accompany St. Louis in his last
crusade, i. 42 _note_.

Judith of Bavaria, marries Louis the Debonair, i. 16.

Julian's betrayal of Spain to the Moors: credibility of the legend,
ii. 62-65.

Jury. See Trial by Jury.

Justice, administration of, under Charlemagne, i. 238;
various kinds of feudal jurisdiction, 239;
judicial privileges assigned to the owners of fiefs, 240;
cruel custom in Aragon, 241 _note_ q;
trial by combat, 242, 243 and _notes_;
the Establishments of St. Louis, 244;
limitations on trial by combat, 245, 246, 247 _note_ p;
royal tribunals and their jurisdiction, 246;
the court of peers, 247;
the parliament of Paris and its lawyers, 248;
jurisdiction of the court of the palace, 336, 337;
its constitution, 337;
imperial chamber of the empire, ii. 97;
its functions and jurisdiction, 98;
the six circles and the Aulic council, 99;
character of the king's court, in England, 336, 420-425;
importance of the office of chief justiciary, 336 _note_ r;
functions of the court of exchequer, 336 and _note_ s, 425;
institution of justices of assize, 337;
establishment of the court of common pleas, 338;
origin of the common law, 339;
difference between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman systems of
jurisprudence, 339, 340;
complicated character of English laws, 341;
necessity for a reformation of the statute-book, 342 and _note_;
jurisdiction of the king's council, iii. 138-147, 249-257;
safeguard for the independence of judges, 152 _note_ t;
rarity of instances of illegal condemnation, 156-158;
origin and jurisdiction of the court of chancery, 241-249.

King's council (England), Jurisdiction of the, iii. 138;
its composition, _ib._;
its encroachments, 140;
limitations on its power, 141;
remonstrances of the commons, _ib._;
its legislative status, 143;
its frequent junction with the lords' house, 144-146 and _notes_;
views of Sir F. Palgrave on the subject, 249-257.

Knighthood. See Chivalry.

Knights Templars, institution of the order of, i. 40;
their large possessions and rapacity, _ib._ and _note_ s;
question of their guilt or innocence, 138, 139;
Count Purgstall's charges against them, 139-142;
Raynouard's attempted refutation, 142;
their estates and remarkable influence in Spain, ii. 8.

Koran, characteristics of the, ii. 114-117.

Labourers, amount of wages paid to, iii. 372, 373;
degree of comfort thereby indicated, 373, 374 and _notes_.

Ladislaus of Naples, accession of, i. 488;
energy displayed by him, 489;
his death, _ib._

Ladislaus of Hungary, defeat of the partisans of, ii. 105;
his accession to the throne, _ib._;
his death, _ib._;
suspicions relative thereto, 106 _note_.

Lambertazzi (Imilda de), pathetic story of, i. 402.

Lancaster (duke of), ascendency of, over Edw. III. iii. 55;
his ambitious projects, _ib._;
cause of his retirement from court, 58;
he curries favour with the commons, 65 and _note_ t;
his quarrel with Arundel and Gloucester, 74;
his marriage with Katherine Swineford, _ib._;
his antenuptial children by her, 75;
conduct of Richard II. on his death, 80.

Lancastrians and Yorkists, wars of the, iii. 197.

Lando (Michel di), cause of the elevation of, i. 435;
his just exercise of power, 436;
sent into exile, 438.

Landwehr, antiquity of the, i. 263 _note_ e.

Lanfranc (archbishop), arrogant conduct of, ii. 305 _note_ h.

Languages, difficulty of accounting for the change of, i. 284, 285;
principles deducible from difference of language, 290, 291.

Languedoc, spread of the Albigensian heresy in, i. 28 and _note_;
devastation of the country by the papal forces, 28, 29 and _notes_;
its cession to the crown of France, 29;
its provincial assembly, 234.

Latimer (lord), impeached by the commons, iii. 56;
their further tactics regarding him, 59.

Latin tongue, corruption of the, iii. 275.
See Learning.

Laura (Petrarch's mistress). See Petrarch.

Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297;
study of the civil law, iii. 414;
fame of the Bolognese school, 415;
necessity for legal knowledge in mediaeval magistrates, 416;
unpopularity of the Roman law in England, 417;
neglect of the elder civilians, 418, 419 and _note_ x.
See Justice.

Learning, causes of the decline of, iii. 270;
neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians, 273;
blighting influence of superstition and asceticism, 274;
corruption of the Latin tongue, 275;
rules observed in its pronunciation, 276-278;
errors of the populace, 278;
changes wrought by the Italians and French, 279, 280;
neglect of quantity, 281;
specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others, 282-284 _notes_;
change of Latin into Romance, 283;
Italian corruptions of the Latin, 285;
effect of the disuse of Latin, 286;
ignorance of various sovereigns, _ib. notes_;
extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning, 286 and _note_ f;
ignorance of the clergy, 287, 288, and _notes_;
scarcity of books, 289 and _note_ p;
erasure of manuscripts, 289;
lack of eminent learned men, _ib._;
John Scotus and Silvester II., 290 and _note_ r;
preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue, 291-293;
non-existence of libraries, 292 _note_;
prevalence of superstitions, 293-295;
revival of literature, 413;
study of civil law, 414-419;
establishment of public schools, 419;
Abelard and the university of Paris, 420, 421;
Oxford university and its founders, 422, 423, and _notes_;
rapid increase of universities, 423-425;
causes of their celebrity, 425;
spread of the scholastic philosophy, 426;
its eminent disputants, 427;
influence of Aristotle and of the church, 429, 430;
unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions, 430, 431;
labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, 432 and _note_ s, 433;
cultivation of the new languages, 433;
the troubadours and their productions, 434-436;
origin of the French language, 436;
early French compositions, 437, 438;
Norman tales and romances, 439;
the Roman de la Rose, 440;
French prose writings, 441, 442 and _notes_;
formation of the Spanish language: the Cid, 442, 443, and _notes_;
rapid growth of the Italian language, 443, 444;
excuses of Italians for writing in French, 445 _note_ z;
Dante and his Divine Comedy, 445-449;
Petrarch and his writings, 449-452;
dawn of the English tongue, 452;
Layamon's Brut, 453 and _note_ k;
Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers, 453;
merit of Piers Plowman's Vision, 454;
cause of the slow progress of the English language, _ib._;
earliest compositions in English, 455;
pre-eminence of Chaucer, 456;
revival of classical learning, 457;
eminent cultivators thereof, 458;
invention of paper, 459;
transcribers and booksellers, _ib. note_ x;
rarity and dearness of books, 460;
recovery of classical manuscripts, 461;
eminent labourers in this field, 462, 463;
revival of the study of Greek, 465, 466;
state of learning in Greece, 466;
services rendered by the mediaeval Greeks, 467-469 and _notes_;
opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford, 470;
fame due to Eton and Winchester schools, _ib._;
invention of printing, 471;
first books issued from the press, _ib._;
first printing presses in Italy, 472;
elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages, 474-476;
Dr. Maitland's views thereon, 476-479;
earliest use of the English language in public documents, 484-486.

Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212;
the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214;
participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336;
Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215;
cessation of national assemblies, 218;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plenieres, 220;
limitation of the king's power, 221;
substitutes for legislative authority, _ib._;
ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222;
general legislation, when first practised, _ib._;
increase of the legislative power of the crown, and its causes,
223, 224;
convocation of the States-General, 224;
constitution of the Saxon witenagemot, ii. 279;
Anglo-Norman legislation, 322, 323 and _note_;
prerogatives of the crown, 410;
custom of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 412.
See Justice, Parliament, States-General.

Leo the Great deposes Hilary, ii. 161 _note_ p.

Leo III. invests Charlemagne with the imperial insignia, i. 11;
his design of marrying Charlemagne to Irene, 122;
Charlemagne's authority over him, ii. 182.

Leo VIII. confers on the emperor the right of nominating popes, ii. 182
and _note_ x.

Leo IX. leads his army in person, i. 363;
devotion of his conquerors towards him, 363, 364.
See Papal Power.

Leon, foundation of the kingdom of, ii. 3;
its king killed in battle, 4;
its union with Castile, 9.

Leopold of Austria defeated by the Swiss, ii. 109.

Libraries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, iii. 460, 461, and
_notes_.

Literature. See Learning.

Lollards, rise of the, iii. 388;
their resemblance to the Puritans, 389.

Lombards, original settlement of the, i. 8 and _note_ t;
extension of their dominions, _ib._;
defeated by Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;
their mode of legislating, 212;
position of their Roman subjects, 295;
progress of their cities, 365;
frequency of wars between them, _ib._;
acquisition of territories by them, 368;
democratic tyranny of the larger cities, 369;
destruction of Lodi by the Milanese, _ib._ and _note_ i;
courage of the citizens of Como, 370;
exclusion of royal palaces from Lombard cities, _ib._;
siege and subjugation of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa, 371, 372;
efforts of the Milanese to regain their freedom, 372;
destruction of Milan, 373;
league of the Lombard cities, 374;
defeat and flight of Barbarossa, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
their successful resistance a lesson to tyrants, 376, 377;
their wars with Frederic II., 387;
party nature of these struggles, 388;
arrangement of the Lombard cities, 388, 389;
chequered results of their conflicts with Frederic, 390;
their papal supporters, _ib._;
causes of their success, 392;
their means of defence, 394, 395;
internal government of their cities, 395;
revival of the office of podesta, 396;
position of aristocratic offenders amongst them, 397;
duties and disabilities of the podesta, 397, 398;
their internal dissensions, 398, 399;
artisan clubs and aristocratic fortifications, 400;
vindictiveness of conquerors of all classes, 401;
inflammatory nature of private quarrels, and their disastrous results,
402;
effect of Giovanni di Vicenza's exhortations, 403, 404;
moral deducible from the fall of the Lombard republics, 408, 409;
the Visconti in Lombardy, 464.
See Visconti.

Longchamp (William, bishop of Ely), constitutional precedent established
by the banishment of, ii. 325.

London, early election of the magistrates of, iii. 219;
its municipal divisions, 220;
its first lord mayor, 221;
not exclusively a city of traders, 223;
its extent and population, _ib._;
comparison with Paris, 224.

Loria (Roger di), naval successes of, i. 484.

Lothaire (son of Louis the Debonair), associated in power with his
father, i. 15;
his jealousy of his half-brother, 16;
territories allotted to him, 16, 17, and _notes_ o, p;
cause of his excommunication, ii. 169, 170.

Lothaire (duke of Saxony), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 71 and
_note_ p;
failure of his scheme of succession, 72;
the picture and couplet relative to his coronation, 195 _note_ g.

Louis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany, ii. 85;
his contest with the popes, 234;
he aids the Visconti, 235;
he dies unabsolved, 236.

Louis I. (the Debonair) succeeds Charlemagne, i. 14;
his cruelty to his nephew, _ib._;
his character, 15;
associates his sons in power with him, _ib._;
his second marriage and its consequences, 16;
enmity of the clergy against him, _ib._;
his practice relative to the hearing of causes, 239, _note_ h;
his attempted deposition by the bishops, ii. 155, 156;
he prohibits trial by ordeal, iii. 295 _note_ x.

Louis of Germany (son of the above) made king of Bavaria by his
father, i. 15;
share of empire allotted to him on his father's death, 16.

Louis II. (the Stammerer), conditions exacted by the French nobles
from, i. 126.

Louis IV. ("Outremer") elected king, i. 128;
Fulk's saucy retort, iii. 286 _note_ e.

Louis V., i. 18, 128.

Louis VI., state of France at the accession of, i. 24;
his contests with the Norman princes, 25;
his participation in judicial matters, 244 _note_ c.

Louis VII., untoward marriage of, and its consequences, i. 25;
confirms the rights of the clergy, 27;
joins in the second crusade, 38;
his submissiveness to Rome, ii. 223.

Louis VIII. opposes Raymond of Toulouse, i. 29;
issues an ordinance against the Jews, 222.

Louis IX. (Saint Louis), accession of, i. 30;
revolt of the barons against him, _ib._;
excellences of his character, his rare probity, &c., 31, 32;
undue influence exercised over him by his mother, 32;
his superstition, 33 and _note_;
he embarks in the crusades, 33;
calamitous results of his first crusade, 41;
his second expedition and death, _ib._;
his Establishments, 222, 224, 244;
his open-air administrations of justice, 244;
the Pragmatic Sanction and its provisions, ii. 214 and _note_;
his submissiveness to the church, 226;
his restraint on the church holding land, 227 and _note_.

Louis X. (Louis Hutin), accession and death of, i. 45;
treatment of his queen and family by Philip the Long, 46;
his edict for the abolition of serfdom, 202;
he renounces certain taxes, 227.

Louis XI., accession of, i. 86;
his character and policy, 86, 87;
bestows Normandy on his brother as an appanage, 88;
and then deprives him of it, 89;
grants pensions to the English king and his nobles, 89, 90;
his contests with Charles of Burgundy, 90, 91, and _notes_;
and with Mary of Burgundy, 94, 95, and _notes_;
his last sickness and its terrors, 96;
his belief in relics, 97 and _note_;
court boast relative to his encroachments, 235;
civic liberty encouraged by him, 352;
he repeals the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 255;
his people oppose the repeal, _ib._;
his treatment of cardinal Balue, 258, _note_ c.

Louis XII. See Orleans.

Louis of Hungary invades Naples, i. 486.