Chapter XX: Part 20

See _Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 631, and note; Bohn’s edition.

Footnote AR:

See my _Examen Critique_, t. iii. pp. 64–99; and _Cosmos_, vol. ii. p.
655. Bohn’s edition.

Footnote AS:

_Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie_, t. ii. p. 343.

Footnote AT:

Chardin, _Voyages_, nouv. éd. par Langlès, 1811, t. iii. p. 376.

Footnote AU:

_Asien_, Bd. viii., Abth. 1, 1847, s. 610, 758.

Footnote AV:

_Historia Regionum Occidentalium, quæ Si-yu vocantur, visu et auditu
cognitarum._

Footnote AW:

_Règne animal_, t. i. p. 257.

Footnote AX:

Ritter, _Asian_, Bd. viii. s. 670, 672, and 746.

Footnote AY:

Humboldt, _Cosmos_, Bohn’s ed., vol. i. p. 281.

Footnote AZ:

_Singapore Journal of the Indian Archipelago_, 1847, p. 286.

Footnote BA:

Sartorius von Waltershausen, _Physisch-geographische Skizze von
Island_, 1847, s. 41.

Footnote BB:

Humboldt, _Premier Mémoire sur les Montagnes de l’Inde, in the Annales
de Chimie et de Physique_, t. iii. 1816, p. 303; _Second Mémoire_, t.
xiv. 1820, pp. 5–55.

Footnote BC:

_De Aëre et Aquis_, § xcvi. p. 74.

Footnote BD:

Strabo, lib. ii. p. 102; and lib. xiii. p. 598, Casaub.

Footnote BE:

Compare Strabo, lib. ii. pp. 71, 128; lib. iii. p. 137; lib. iv. pp.
199, 202; lib. v. p. 211, Casaub.

Footnote BF:

Humboldt, _Asie centrale_, t. ii. p. 141; Klaproth, _Asie polyglotta_,
p. 232.

Footnote BG:

Compare my _Asie centrale_, t. iii. p. 310, with the _Journal of the
Asiatic Soc. of Bengal_, vol. x. 1841, p. 114.

Footnote BH:

See his _Kashmir_, Bd. ii. s. 196.

Footnote BI:

Vigne, _Travels in Kashmir_, 1842, vol. i. pp. 237–293.

Footnote BJ:

Humboldt, _Asie centrale_, t. iii. pp. 281–325.

Footnote BK:

_Il Milione di Marco Polo_, pubbl. dal Conte Baldelli, t. i. pp. 32
and 87.

Footnote BL:

500 toises in the German, accurately 3197 feet. TR.

Footnote BM:

_Asie centrale_, t. ii. pp. 48–52 and 429.

Footnote BN:

In the learned Analysis of his _Karte von Inner Asien_, 1841, s. 99.

Footnote BO:

Ed. Schweighaüser, t. v. p. 204.

Footnote BP:

_Asie centrale_, t. i. p. 247.

Footnote BQ:

_Asie centrale_, t. ii. p. 138.

Footnote BR:

Jacob Grimm, _Gesch. der deutschen Sprache_, 1848, Th. i. s. 227.

Footnote BS:

_Asie centrale_, t. ii. pp. 18–20.

Footnote BT:

Klaproth, _Tableau hist. de l’Asie_, p. 108.

Footnote BU:

_Annales des Mines_, t. v. 1820, p. 137.

Footnote BV:

_Asie centrale_, t. ii. pp. 16–55, 69–77, 341, 356.

Footnote BW:

Baron von Meyendorff in the _Bulletin de la Société Géologique de
France_, t. ix. 1837–1838, p. 230.

Footnote BX:

_Asie centrale_, t. i. pp. xxiii et 118–159; t. ii. pp. 431–434, 465.

Footnote BY:

Strabo, lib. ii. p. 68; lib. xi. pp. 490, 511; lib. xv. p. 689.

Footnote BZ:

Montfaucon, _Collectio nova Patrum_, t. ii. p. 137.

Footnote CA:

Compare _Asie centrale_, t. i. pp. xxiii et 122–138; t. ii. pp.
430–434, with _Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 543, Bohn’s ed.

Footnote CB:

_Travels_, p. 97.

Footnote CC:

_Asie centrale_, t. ii. pp. 427, 483.

Footnote CD:

From a letter of Dr. Joseph Hooker, the learned botanist to the last
Antarctic expedition, dated Darjeeling, 25th of July, 1848.

Footnote CE:

_Asie centrale_, t. i. pp. 138, 154, 198; t. ii. p. 367.

Footnote CF:

Compare Turner in the _Asiatic Researches_, vol. xii. p. 234, with
Elphinstone, _Account of the Kingdom of Caubul_, 1815, p. 95, and
Francis Hamilton, _Account of Nepal_, 1819, p. 92.

Footnote CG:

_Recueil d’Observations astronomiques_, t. i. p. 73.

Footnote CH:

_Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes pour 1830_, pp. 320, 323.

Footnote CI:

See Illustration (5), p. 44.

Footnote CJ:

See Lloyd and Gerard, _Tour in the Himalaya_, 1840, vol. i., pp. 143,
312, and _Asie centrale_, t. iii., p. 324.

Footnote CK:

Colebrooke, in the _Transactions of the Geological Society_, vol. vi.
p. 411.

Footnote CL:

Compare my investigation regarding the snow-limit on both declivities
of the Himalaya in my _Asie centrale_, t. ii., pp. 435–437; t. iii.,
pp. 281–326; and in _Cosmos_, vol. i., p. 337, Bohn’s ed.

Footnote CM:

_Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal._ New Series. No. xxviii. p.
287.

Footnote CN:

_Hist. gén. des Huns, des Turcs, etc._, 1756, t. i. P. 1, p. 217, P.
2, pp. 111, 125, 223, 447.

Footnote CO:

See Klaproth, _Asia Polyglotta_, pp. 183, 211; _Tableaux Historiques
de l’Asie_, pp. 102, 109.

Footnote CP:

See Kalm’s _Reise_, Th. iii. p. 416.

Footnote CQ:

_Archæologia, or Miscellaneous Tracts published by the Society of
Antiquarians of London_, vol. viii. 1787, p. 304.

Footnote CR:

_Relat. hist._ t. iii. p. 155.

Footnote CS:

_Chronica del Peru_, P. 1, cap. 87. (Losa con letras en los edificios
de Vinaque.)

Footnote CT:

_Origen de los Indios_, 1607, lib. iii. cap. 5, p. 258.

Footnote CU:

Navarrete, _Viages de los Españoles_, t. i. p. 67.

Footnote CV:

Humboldt et Bonpland, _Plantæ æquinoctiales_, fasc. ii.

Footnote CW:

See Humboldt’s geognostic view of South America, in his _Relation
historique_, t. iii. pp. 188–244.

Footnote CX:

Garcilaso de la Vega, _Commentarios Reales_, P. i., p. 184.

Footnote CY:

Frémont’s _Exploring Expedition_, 1845, p. 42.

Footnote CZ:

Clavigero, _Storia antica del Messico_, 1780, t. i. p. 73.

Footnote DA:

Buffon, t. xv., p. 155.

Footnote DB:

Azara, _Sur les Quadrupèdes du Paraguay_, t. i. p. 315.

Footnote DC:

On the dogs of America, see Smith Barton’s _Fragments of the Natural
History of Pennsylvania_, p. i., p. 34.

Footnote DD:

J. J. von Tschudi, _Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana_, s.
247–251.

Footnote DE:

Garcilaso, P. i. 1723, p. 326.

Footnote DF:

Humboldt, _Essai polit._, t. ii. p. 448, and _Relation hist._, t. ii.
p. 625.

Footnote DG:

_Geogr._, lib. iii. cap 1.

Footnote DH:

Humboldt, _Asie centrale_, t. i. pp. 247, 252.

Footnote DI:

_Exploration scientifique de l’Algérie, de 1840 à 1842, publiée par
ordre du Gouvernement; Sciences hist. et géogr._, t. viii., 1846, pp.
364, 373.

Footnote DJ:

_Exploration scientif. de l’Algérie, Hist. et géogr._, t. ii. p. 332.

Footnote DK:

Ibid. t. ii. pp. 126–129, and t. vii. pp. 94, 97.

Footnote DL:

Fournel, _Sur les Gisemens de Muriate de Soude en Algérie_, p. 6, in
the _Annales des Mines_, 4me serie, t. ix. 1846, p. 546.

Footnote DM:

_Asie centrale_, t. ii. p. 320.

Footnote DN:

_Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, t. xx. 1845, pp. 170,
882, 1305.

Footnote DO:

See Shaw, _Voyages dans plusieurs parties de la Berbérie_, t. i. p.
169, and Rennel, _Africa_, Append. p. lxxxv.

Footnote DP:

Fournel, _Sur les Gisemens de Muriate de Soude en Algérie_, pp. 28–41;
and Karsten, _Ueber das Vorkommen des Kochsalzes auf der Oberfläche
der Erde_, 1846, s. 497, 648, 741.

Footnote DQ:

_Memoria sull’ abbassamento di temperatura durante le notti placide e
serene_, 1847, p. 55.

Footnote DR:

Consult, also, on African Meteorology, Aimé, in the _Explor. de
l’Algérie, Phys. Gêner._ t. ii., 1846, p. 147.

Footnote DS:

_Explor. de l’Alg., Hist. et Géogr._ t. viii, pp. 65–78.

Footnote DT:

_Relation de l’Expedition de la Malouine._

Footnote DU:

Göbel, _Reise in die Steppe des südlichen Russlands_, 1838, th. ii. s.
244, 301.

Footnote DV:

Humboldt, _Mémoire sur les Lignes Isothermes_, 1817, p. 54. _Asie
centrale_, t. iii. Mahlmann, Table IV.

Footnote DW:

_Asie centrale_, t. iii. p. 176.

Footnote DX:

_Meteor. Essays_, 1827, pp. 230, 278.

Footnote DY:

_Sull’ Abbassamento di Temperatura durante le Notti placide e serene_,
1847, pp. 47, 53.

Footnote DZ:

_Asie centrale_, t. iii. pp. 195–205.

Footnote EA:

_Temperatur-tafeln nebst Bemerkungen über die Verbreitung der Wärme
auf der Oberfläche der Erde_, 1848, s. 95.

Footnote EB:

See the admirable treatise by Samuel Forry, on _The Climate of the
United States_, 1842, pp. 37, 39, 102.

Footnote EC:

Forry, _Op. Cit._, pp. 97, 101, 107.

Footnote ED:

_Message from the President of the United States to Congress_, 1844,
p. 160, and Forry, _Op. Cit._, pp. 49, 67, 73.

Footnote EE:

_Fragments of the Nat. Hist. of Pennsylvania_, P. I., p. 4.

Footnote EF:

See _Neue Berlinische Monatschrift_, Bd. xv., 1806, § 190.

Footnote EG:

On the vegetable remains found in the lignite formations of the north
of America and of Europe, compare Adolph Brongniart, _Prodrome d’une
Hist. des Végétaux Fossiles_, p. 179, and Charles Lyell’s _Travels in
North America_, vol. ii., p. 20.

Footnote EH:

_Relacion del Viage al Estrecho de Magallanes_ (Apendice, 1793), p.
76.

Footnote EI:

See Robert Brown, _Appendix to Flinders’ Voyage_, pp. 575, 584; and
Humboldt, _De Distribution Geographica Plantarum_, pp. 81–85.

Footnote EJ:

Jos. Hooker, _Flora Antarct._, 1844, p. 107.

Footnote EK:

Compare Darwin in the _Journal of Researches_, 1845, p. 244, with King
in vol. i. of the _Narr. of the Voyages of the Adventure and the
Beagle_, p. 577.

Footnote EL:

_Od._, i. 52.

Footnote EM:

_Il._, iv. 561.

Footnote EN:

_Theog._, v. 517.

Footnote EO:

_Op. et Dies_, v. 167.

Footnote EP:

_De Originibus Americanorum_, p. 195.

Footnote EQ:

On the connexion of purely mythical ideas and geographical traditions,
and on the manner in which the Titan Atlas gave occasion to the image
of a mountain beyond the Pillars of Hercules supporting the heavens,
see Letronne, _Essai sur les Idées cosmographiques qui se rattachent
au nom d’Atlas_, in Férussac’s _Bulletin universel des Sciences_, Mars
1831, p. 10.

Footnote ER:

_Asie centrale_, t. i., p. 179.

Footnote ES:

Lib. iii., 53, 55.

Footnote ET:

Maximus Tyrius, viii., 7, ed. Markland.

Footnote EU:

Lib. iv., cap. 9.

Footnote EV:

_Cosmos_, vol. ii., p. 559. Bohn’s ed.

Footnote EW:

Edition de 1810, pp. 7, 353.

Footnote EX:

See _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London_, vol. xvii.,
1847, pp. 74–76.

Footnote EY:

_Viaggio nella Ethiopia_ (Ramusio, vol. i., p. 249).

Footnote EZ:

Compare Ayrton, in the _Journal of the Royal Geog. Soc._, vol. xviii.,
1848, pp. 53, 55, 59–63, with Ferd. Werne’s instructive _Exped. zur
Entd. der Nil-Quellen_, 1848, s. 534–536.

Footnote FA:

Lib. iv., cap. 9.

Footnote FB:

See Rüppell, _Reise in Abyssinien_, bd. i., s. 414; bd. ii., s. 443.

Footnote FC:

Humboldt, _Asie centrale_, t. iii., p. 272.

Footnote FD:

_Op. cit._, t. iii., p. 235.

Footnote FE:

Hakluyt, _Voyages_, vol. iii. p. 14.

Footnote FF:

Rennell, _Investigation of the Currents of the Atlantic Ocean_, 1832,
pp. 96, 136.

Footnote FG:

_Account of the Islands of Orkney_ (1700), p. 60.

Footnote FH:

Bembo, _Historiæ Venetæ_, ed. 1718, lib. vii. p. 257.

Footnote FI:

Ed. Van. Staveren, cur. Bardili, t. ii. 1820, p. 356.

Footnote FJ:

Lib. iii, cap. 5, § 8.

Footnote FK:

_Hist. Nat._ ii. 67.

Footnote FL:

_Historia Gen. de las Indias._ Saragossa, 1553, fol. vii.

Footnote FM:

See _Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 604 (Bohn’s ed.) and _Examen critique de
l’Hist. de la Géographie_, t. ii. pp. 247–278.

Footnote FN:

Sartorius von Waltershausen, _Physisch-geographische Skizze von
Island_, 1847, s. 22–35.

Footnote FO:

Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_, vol. iii. p. 416.

Footnote FP:

_Chronica del Peru_, Sevilla, 1553, cap. 110, p. 264.

Footnote FQ:

See Gay, _Zoologia de Chili, Mamiferos_, 1847, p. 154.

Footnote FR:

See the Inca Garcilaso, _Commentarios Reales_, P. 1, lib. v. cap. 2,
p. 133; and Prescott, _Hist. of the Conquest of Peru_, 1847, vol. i.
p. 136.

Footnote FS:

_Fragments of the Nat. Hist. of Pennsylvania_, P. 1, p. 4.

Footnote FT:

Tschudi, _Fauna Peruana_, s. 256.

Footnote FU:

_Reise um die Erde_, th. iii. s. 64.

Footnote FV:

Tschudi, s. 228. 237.

Footnote FW:

See the pleasing descriptions in Darwin’s _Journal_, 1845, p. 66.

Footnote FX:

See a rare work printed at Mexico, in 1792, and entitled _Cronica
seráfica y Apostólica del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz
de Querétaro_, por Fray Juan Domingo Arricivita.

Footnote FY:

Jacob Grimm, _Gesch. der Deutschen Sprache_, 1848, th. i. s. 62.

Footnote FZ:

lib. v. pp. 199, 232. Wessel.

Footnote GA:

Strabo, xv. 1017.

Footnote GB:

_Geogr. Armen._, ed. Whiston, 1736, p. 360.

Footnote GC:

Ramusio, vol. ii. p. 10.

Footnote GD:

_Abhandl. der Berl. Akad. 1816_, s. 123.

Footnote GE:

_Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes_, 1805, p. 28.

Footnote GF:

Carl Koch, _Beiträge zur Flora des Orients_. Heft. 1, s. 139, 142.

Footnote GG:

Jacob Grimm, _Gesch. der deutschen Sprache_, th. i. s. 69.

Footnote GH:

_Vues des Cordillères et Monuments des peuples indigènes de
l’Amérique_, 2 tomes.

Footnote GI:

Compare the work of D. Antonio del Rio, entitled _Description of the
Ruins of an Ancient City discovered near Palenque_, 1822, translated
from the orig. manuscr. report by Cabrera, p. 9, tab. 12–14 (Rio’s
researches were made in the year 1787); with Stephens, _Incidents of
Travel in Yucatan_, 1843, vol. i. pp. 391, 429–434, and vol. ii. pp.
21, 54, 56, 317, 323; with the magnificent work of Catherwood, _Views
of Ancient Monuments in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan_, 1844;
and lastly with Prescott, _The Conquest of Mexico_, vol. iii. Append.
p. 360.

Footnote GJ:

Stephens, _Incid. of Travel in Yucatan_, vol. i. p. 439, and vol. ii.
p. 278.

Footnote GK:

Klaproth, _Tableaux historiques de l’Asie_, 1824, p. 79; _Nouveau
Journal asiatique_, t. x. 1832, p. 335; and Humboldt, _Examen
critique_, t. ii. pp. 62–67.

Footnote GL:

_Rélat. hist._ t. iii. pp. 155–160.

Footnote GM:

Gomara, _Hist. general de las Indias_, p. 117.

Footnote GN:

Compare my _Relation historique_, t. i. p. 492, t. ii. pp. 653, 703,
with Richard Schomburgk, _Reisen in Britisch Guiana_, th. i. 1847, s.
2, 120, 173, 194.

Footnote GO:

_Historiæ Venetæ_, 1551, p. 88.

Footnote GP:

See text of Riccardi in my _Examen crit._ t. iv. p. 496.

Footnote GQ:

Raleigh, _Discovery of Guiana_, 1596, p. 90.

Footnote GR:

_Brevis et admiranda Descriptio regni Guianæ_ (Norib. 1599), tab. 4.

Footnote GS:

Gumilla, _Historia natural, civil y geografica de las Naciones
situadas en las riveras del Rio Orinoco_, nueva impr., 1791, pp. 143,
145, 163.

Footnote GT:

See _Journal of the Royal Geogr. Society_, vol. xii. 1842, p. 175, and
_Description of the Murichi, or Ita Palm, read in the meeting of the
British Association held at Cambridge, June 1845_ (_published in
Simond’s Colonial Magazine_).

Footnote GU:

See also Sir Robert Schomburgk’s new edition of _Raleigh’s Discovery
of Guiana_ (1848), p. 50.

Footnote GV:

Bernau, _Missionary Labours in British Guiana_, 1847, pp. 34, 44.

Footnote GW:

Humboldt, Bonpland, et Kunth, _Nova genera et species Plantarum_, t.
i. p. 310.

Footnote GX:

Mosheim, _Institut. Hist. Eccles._, 1755, p. 215.

Footnote GY:

See my _Rélat. hist._, t. i. pp. 296, 625; t. ii. p. 161.

Footnote GZ:

Lib. iii. p. 184, Rhod., p. 219, Wessel.

Footnote HA:

Humboldt, Bonpland, et Kunth, _Synopsis Plantarum æquinoct. Orbis
Novi_, t. iii. p. 370.

Footnote HB:

Compare Arago in my _Rélation hist._, t. i. p. 623.

Footnote HC:

See my _Rélat. histor._, t. ii. pp. 196, 626.

Footnote HD:

_Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée_, t. i. pp. 83–87,
and _Rélat. hist._, t. ii. pp. 173–190.

Footnote HE:

_Untersuchungen über thierische Electricität_, von Emil du
Bois-Raymond, 1848, bd. i. s. xv.

Footnote HF:

_Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko_, s. 212.

Footnote HG:

See my _Rélat. hist._ t. ii. pp. 299–304.

Footnote HH:

See my anatomical treatise in _Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie_,
vol. i. p. 18.

Footnote HI:

On the Ethiopian Boa, see Diodor. Sicul., lib. iii. p. 204, ed.
Wesseling.

Footnote HJ:

_Rélat. hist._, t. ii. pp. 618–620.

Footnote HK:

_Historia del Rio Orinoco_, nueva impr., 1791, t. i. p. 179.

Footnote HL:

This was also observed by Gilj, _Saggio di Storia Americana_, t. ii.
p. 311.

Footnote HM:

Thibault de Chanvalon, _Voyage à la Martinique_, p. 85.

Footnote HN:

_Voyage à la Recherche de La Pérouse_, t. ii. p. 322.

Footnote HO:

_Bericht über die Verhandl. der Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J.
1848_, s. 222–225.

Footnote HP:

_Voy. à la Rech. de La Pérouse_, t. ii. p. 205.

Footnote HQ:

See Ehrenberg, _Ueber das unsichtbar wirkende organiche Leben_, 1842,
s. 41.

Footnote HR:

_Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko_ übersetzt von Otto Schomburgk, 1841,
s. 500.

Footnote HS:

Compare _Rélation historique_, t. ii. p. 589, with Martius, _Ueber die
Physiognomie des Pflanzenreichs in Brasilien_, 1824, s. 14.

Footnote HT:

Richard Schomburgk, _Reisen in Britisch Guiana_, th. i. s. 320.

Footnote HU:

_Archæologia Britannica_, vol. v. 1779, pp. 318–324; and vol. vi.
1782, p. 107.

Footnote HV:

See my _Rélat. historique_, t. ii. pp. 547–556.

Footnote HW:

_Reisen in Britisch Guiana_, th. i. s. 441–461.

Footnote HX:

Compare also the older chemical analysis of Boussingault, in the
_Annales de Chimie et Physique_, t. xxxix. 1828, pp. 24–37.

Footnote HY:

Humboldt, in this and other pages of his lecture, addressed, it should
be remembered, to the citizens of Berlin, in 1806, evidently alludes
to the troubles of the times.—ED.

Footnote HZ:

_Hist._, lib. vi., initio.

Footnote IA:

This subject is elaborately discussed in Heeren’s various works.—ED.

Footnote IB:

_Blumenbach, Collectiones suæ Craniorum diversarum gentium_, &c., 4to,
Götting., 1798–1828.—ED.

Footnote IC:

Gilbert’s _Annalen der Physik_, bd. xvi. 1804, s. 394–449.

Footnote ID:

Navarrete, _Viages y Descubrimientos que hiciéron por mar los
Españoles_, t. i. pp. 253, 260; t. iii. pp. 539, 587.

Footnote IE:

Diodor. Sicul., lib. xvii. p. 553 (Rhodom.).

Footnote IF:

_Reisen in Guiana_, 1841, s. 448.

Footnote IG:

See the Memoir which I drew up at the request of the Portuguese
Government, in 1817, “_Sur la fixation des limites des Guyanes
Française et Portuguaise_.” Schoell, _Archives historiques et
politiques, ou Recueil de Pièces officielles, Mémoires, &c._ t. i.
1818, pp. 48–58.

Footnote IH:

_Relation historique_, t. ii. pp. 474–496, 558–562.

Footnote II:

_Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko_, 451.

Footnote IJ:

_Nouvelles Annales des Voyages_, 1836, Sept. p. 316.

Footnote IK:

Humboldt, _Relation historique_, t. ii. p. 158.

Footnote IL:

See my _Relation historique_, t. ii. pp. 223, 239, 406–413.

Footnote IM:

_Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée_, t. i. pp.
306–311, tab. xxviii.

Footnote IN:

_Op. cit._, t. ii. p. 340.

Footnote IO:

Vol. v. (1835), p. 77.

Footnote IP:

Hertha, _Zeitschrift für Erd und Völkerkunde_, von Berghaus, bd. xiii.
1829, s. 3–29.

Footnote IQ:

_Annales des Sciences Naturelles_, t. iv. 1825, pp. 225–253.

Footnote IR:

Berghaus, _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde_, band. ix. s. 322–326.

Footnote IS:

Fitzroy, _Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle_, 1839, vol. ii. p. 481;
Darwin, _Journal of Researches_, 1845, pp. 253 and 291.

Footnote IT:

Mary Somerville, _Physical Geogr._, 1849, vol. ii. 425.

Footnote IU:

_Geographical Memoir upon Upper California, an illustration of his Map
of Oregon and California_, 1848.

Footnote IV:

_Memoir of a Tour in Northern Mexico, connected with Col. Doniphan’s
Expedition_, 1848.

Footnote IW:

_Expedition on the Upper Arkansas, 1845_, and _Examination of New
Mexico in 1846 and 1847_.

Footnote IX:

Humboldt, _Essai polit. sur la Nouvelle Espagne_, t. i. pp. 127–136.

Footnote IY:

Frémont, _Geogr. Mem. of Upper California_, 1848, pp. 8 and 67; see
also Humboldt, _Essai politique_, t. ii. p. 261.

Footnote IZ:

Compare Abert’s _Examination of New Mexico_, in the _Documents of
Congress_, No. 41, pp. 489 and 581–605, with my _Essai pol._, t. ii.
pp. 241–244.

Footnote JA:

Fossil remains of this gigantic antediluvian tortoise are now in the
British Museum.—ED.

Footnote JB:

The weight of the lower branches bends them to the ground, so that a
single tree forms a hemispherical mass of verdure sometimes 150 feet
in diameter.—ED.

Footnote JC:

_Actes de la Société Helvétique_, 1843, p. 324.

Footnote JD:

Claudio Gay, _Historia fisica y politica de Chile, Zoologia_, 1844, p.
91.

Footnote JE:

Compare my _Asie centrale_, t. iii. p. 262, with Hooker, _Journal of
Botany_, vol. i. 1834, p. 327, and the _Edinburgh New Philosophical
Journal_, vol. xvii. 1834, p. 380.

Footnote JF:

_Recueil d’Observ. astron._, t. i. Intr. p. lxxii.

Footnote JG:

_Voyage à l’Equateur_, 1751, p. 184.

Footnote JH:

_Vocabulario de la Lengua general de todo el Peru llamada Lengua
Quichua ó del Inca_, Lima, 1608.

Footnote JI:

See the word in Juan de Figueredo’s vocabulary of Chinchaysuyo words
appended to Diego de Torres Rubio, _Arte, y Vocabulario de la Lengua
Quichua_, reimpr. en Lima, 1751, fol. 222, b.

Footnote JJ:

Velasco, _Historia de Quito_, t. i. p. 185.

Footnote JK:

_Hist. of the Conquest of Peru_, vol. i. p. 125.

Footnote JL:

See my _Vues des Cordillères et Monumens des peuples indigènes de
l’Amérique_, t. i. p. 116; and the Memoir entitled _Ueber zwei
Versuche den Chimborazo zu besteigen, 1802 and 1831_, in Schumacher’s
_Jahrbuch für 1837_, S. 176.

Footnote JM:

_Critical Researches on Philology and Geography_, 1824, p. 144.

Footnote JN:

See my _Recueil d’Observations de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée_,
vol. i. p. 26–45.

Footnote JO:

_Fauna Peruana, Ornithol._ p. 12.

Footnote JP:

_Voyage de l’Amérique méridionale_, t. ii. p. 2. 1752; _Observations
astronomiques et physiques_, p. 110.

Footnote JQ:

Claudio Gay, _Historia fisica y politica de Chile_, publicada bajo los
auspicios del Supremo Gobierno; Zoologia, pp. 194–198.

Footnote JR:

On the action of water, see my _Versuche über die gereizte Muskel-und
Nervenfaser_, Bd. ii. S. 250.

Footnote JS:

See his _Mémoire sur les Tardigrades et sur leur propriété de revenir
à la vie_ (1842).

Footnote JT:

Doyère, _Op. cit._ p. 119.

Footnote JU:

Doyère, _Op. cit._ pp. 130–133.

Footnote JV:

Doyère, _Op. cit._ pp. 117 and 129.

Footnote JW:

_Règne animal_, 1829, t. i. p. 396.

Footnote JX:

Lavoisier, _Mémoires de Chimie_, t. i. p. 119.

Footnote JY:

Milne Edwards, _Eléments de Zoologie_, 1834, p. 543.

Footnote JZ:

_Relat. hist._, t. ii. pp. 192, 626.

Footnote KA:

_Grundriss der Kräuterkunde_, 4te Aufl. Berl. 1805. s. 405–412.

Footnote KB:

Auguste de St. Hilaire, _Leçons de Botanique_, 1840, pp. 565–571.

Footnote KC:

Adrien de Jussieu, _Cours élémentaire de Botanique_, 1840, p. 463.

Footnote KD:

Joh. Reinh. Forster, _Bemerkungen auf seiner Reise um die Welt_, 1783,
s. 57; Le Gentil, _Voyage dans les Mers de l’Inde_, 1772, t. i. pp.
685–698.

Footnote KE:

Forskaal, _Fauna ægyptiaco-arabica, s. Descriptiones animalium quæ in
itinere orientali observavit_, 1775, p. 109.

Footnote KF:

Bory de St.-Vincent, _Voyage dans les Iles des Mers d’Afrique_, 1804
t. i. p. 107, pl. vi.

Footnote KG:

Michaelis, _Ueber das Leuchten der Ostsee bei Kiel_, 1830, s. 17.

Footnote KH:

_Abhandlungen der Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1833_, s. 307,
1834, s. 537–575, 1838, s. 45, 258.

Footnote KI:

Ehrenberg, _Ueber das Leuchten des Meeres, 1836_, s. 110, 158, 160,
163.

Footnote KJ:

_Versuche über die gereizte Muskel- und Nervenfaser_, bd. i. s.
438–441; see also _Obs. de Zoologie et d’Anatomie comparée_, vol. i.
p. 84.

Footnote KK:

_Philosophical Transactions for the year 1834_, part ii. pp. 545–547.

Footnote KL:

See my letter to the editor of the _Annalen der Physik und Chemie_,
bd. xxxvii. 1836, s. 212–214.

Footnote KM:

Humboldt, _Relat. hist._, t. i. pp. 79, 533. Respecting the wonderful
development of mass and power of increase in the Infusorial
animalcules, see Ehrenberg, _Infus._, s. xiii. 291 and 512. “The
galaxy of the smallest organisms,” he says, “passes through the genera
Monas (where they are often only ¹⁄₃₀₀₀ of a line), Vibrio, and
Bacterium,” (s. xix. 244.)

Footnote KN:

Rudolphi, _Entozoorum Synopsis_, pp. 124, 434.

Footnote KO:

See Gözen’s _Eingeweidewürmer_, tab. iv. fig. 10.

Footnote KP:

Müller, _Zoologia danica_, Fasc. ii. tab. lxxx. a-e.

Footnote KQ:

Humboldt et Provençal, _Sur la respiration des Poissons_, in _Rec.
d’Obs. de Zoologie_, vol. ii. pp. 194–216.

Footnote KR:

_Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d’Arcueil_, t. i.
1807, pp. 252–281.

Footnote KS:

_Abhandlungen der Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1832_, s.
393–432.

Footnote KT:

Ehrenberg, _Op. cit._, s. 419.

Footnote KU:

_Asie centrale_, t. i. p. 218.

Footnote KV:

Darwin, _Structure of Coral Reefs_, pp. 39, 111, and 183.

Footnote KW:

Ehrenberg’s _Manuscript Notes_.

Footnote KX:

_Annales des Sciences naturelles_, t. vi., 1825, p. 277.

Footnote KY:

Darwin, _Coral Reefs_, p. 63–65.

Footnote KZ:

Chamisso, in _Kotzebue’s Entdeckungsreise_, bd. iiiv s. 108.

Footnote LA:

See my _Essai Politique sur l’Ile de Cuba_, t. ii. p. 137.

Footnote LB:

Petr. Martyr, _Oceanica_, 1532, Dec. 1, p. 9; Gomara, _Hist. de las
Indias_, 1553, fol. xiv.

Footnote LC:

Lacépède, _Hist. nat. des Poissons_, t. i. p. 55.

Footnote LD:

_Transactions of the Geological Soc._, 2nd Ser. vol. v. P. 1, 1837, p.
103.

Footnote LE:

_Annales des Sciences naturelles_, t. vi., 1825, p. 273.

Footnote LF:

See _Darwin’s Journal_, 1845, p. 467, also his _Structure of Coral
Reefs_, pp. 84–87; and Sir Robert Schomburgk, _Hist. of Barbadoes_,
1848, p. 636.

Footnote LG:

_Report on Ægean Invertebrata in the Report of the Thirteenth Meeting
of the British Association, held at Cork in 1843_, pp. 151, 161.

Footnote LH:

See Ross, _Voyage of Discovery in the Southern and Antarctic Regions_,
vol. i. pp. 334, 337.

Footnote LI:

Ehrenberg, in the _Abhandl. der Berl. Akad. aus dem J. 1832_, s. 430.

Footnote LJ:

Forbes and Spratt, _Travels in Lycia, 1847_, vol. ii. p. 124.

Footnote LK:

See my _Asie centrale_, t. ii. p. 517.

Footnote LL:

Compare James Dana (geologist in the United States’ Exploring
Expedition under the command of Captain Wilkes), _On the Structure and
Classification of Zoophytes_, 1846, pp. 124–131.

Footnote LM:

_Report of the Sixteenth Meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, held in 1846_, p. 91.

Footnote LN:

Otfr. Müller, _Geschichten Hellenischer Stämme und Städte_, bd. i. s.
65, 119.

Footnote LO:

Diodor. Sicul. lib. v. cap. 47, p. 369. Wesseling.

Footnote LP:

_Geschichte der natürlichen Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche_, Th. i.
1822, s. 105–162, and Creuzer’s _Symbolik_, 2te Aufl. th. ii. s. 285,
318, 361.

Footnote LQ:

Lib. i. p. 49, 50. Casaub.

Footnote LR:

Lib. xvii. p. 809. Casaub.

Footnote LS:

Strabo, lib. i. p. 51–56, lib. ii. p. 104. Casaub.

Footnote LT:

Diod. iii. 53–55.

Footnote LU:

Maximus Tyrius, viii. 7.

Footnote LV:

Compare my _Examen critique de l’hist. de la Géographie_, t. i. p.
179, t. iii. p. 136.

Footnote LW:

_Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 481. (Bohn’s edition).

Footnote LX:

See my work, _Versuche über die chemische Zersetzung des Luftkreises,
1799_, p. 177; and Moll’s _Jahrbücher der Berg- und Hüttenkunde_,
1797, p. 234.

Footnote LY:

_Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. Naturæ Curiosorum_, t. xiii. 1827, p.
781.

Footnote LZ:

Humboldt, _Rélat. hist._, t. i. pp. 118, 639.

Footnote MA:

_Vues des Cordillères et Monumens des peuples indigènes de
l’Amérique_, pl. lxix.

Footnote MB:

_Rélat. hist._, t. i., p. 282.

Footnote MC:

_Grundzüge der Botanik_, 1843, § 1003.

Footnote MD:

_Asia Portuguesa_, t. i., cap. 2., pp. 14, 18.

Footnote ME:

Compare also Barros, _Asia_, dec. i. liv. ii., cap. 2, t. i. (Lisboa,
1778,) p. 148.

Footnote MF:

Navarrete, t. v, pp. 8, 247, 401.

Footnote MG:

_Examen critique de l’Hist. de la Géographie_, t. v. pp. 129–132.

Footnote MH:

Ramusio, vol. i. p. 109.

Footnote MI:

_Flore de Sénégambie_ p. 76.

Footnote MJ:

This tree was formerly called “the Ethiopian sour gourd;” Julius
Scaliger, who gave it the name of Guanabanus, instances one, which
seventeen men with outstretched arms could not encompass. The wood is
very perishable, and the negroes place in the hollow of these trees
the corpses of their conjurors, or of such persons who they suppose
would enchant or desecrate the ground, if buried in the usual way.—ED.

Footnote MK:

_Familles des Plantes d’Adanson_, 1763, P. I. pp. ccxv-ccxviii. The
fourteenth century is here stated, but this is no doubt an error.

Footnote ML:

Adrien de Jussieu, _Cours de Botanique_, p. 62.

Footnote MM:

_Voyage au Sénégal_, 1757, p. 66.

Footnote MN:

_Fragmens d’un voyage en Afrique_, t. ii. p. 92.

Footnote MO:

_Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 662. (Bohn’s Edition.)

Footnote MP:

Decandolle, _de la Longévité des Arbres_, p. 65. Fine engravings of
the venerable yew at Fortingal, Fountains Abbey, Ankerwyke, &c., will
be found in Strutt’s magnificent work on forest trees. A very full
account of the Yew-tree, with engravings, will also be found in
Loudon’s _Arboretum Britannicum_.—ED.

Footnote MQ:

Endlicher, _Grundzüge der Botanik_, s. 399.

Footnote MR:

Gould, _Birds of Australia_, vol. i. Introd. p. xv.

Footnote MS:

Adrien de Jussieu, _Cours élémentaire de Botanique_, 1840, p. 61.

Footnote MT:

Kunth, _Lehrbuch der Botanik_, th. i. 1847, s. 146, 164; Lindley,
_Introduction to Botany_, 2nd ed. p. 75.

Footnote MU:

Mühlenpfordt, _Versuch einer getreuen Schilderung der Republik
Mexico_, bd. i. s. 153.

Footnote MV:

Lassen, _Indische Alterthumskunde_, bd. i. s. 260. See an interesting
account of the Banyan tree in Forbes’ _Oriental Memoirs_, vol. i. pp.
25–28. The tree there described (the famous _Cubbeer-Burr_) comprises
350 large trunks and more than 3000 small ones, and extends over an
area of several thousand feet. Milton alludes to the Banyan tree in
his _Paradise Lost_, book ix. line 1100, &c.—ED.

Footnote MW:

_Historiæ Venetæ_, 1551, fol. 83.

Footnote MX:

_Annales de la Société d’Agriculture de la Rochelle, 1843_, p. 380.

Footnote MY:

Darwin, _Journal of Researches into Nat. Hist._, 1845, p. 239.

Footnote MZ:

_Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle_, vol. ii. p. 363.

Footnote NA:

_Flora Antarctica_, p. vii, 1 and 178; and Camille Montague,
_Botanique cryptogame du Voyage de la Bonite_, 1846, p. 36.

Footnote NB:

_General Remarks on the Botany of Terra Australis_, p. 4.

Footnote NC:

Humboldt, _de distributione geographica Plantarum_, p. 23.

Footnote ND:

_Essai élémentaire de Géographie botanique_, p. 62.

Footnote NE:

Formerly librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, now President of the Linnæan
Society.—ED.

Footnote NF:

Robert Brown, _General remarks on the botany of Terra Australis_, in
_Flinders’ Voyage_, vol. ii. p. 338.

Footnote NG:

Compare my essay, _De distributione geographica Plantarum secundum
cœli temperiem et altitudinem montium_, 1817, pp. 24–44; and see the
farther development of numerical relations as given by me in the
_Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles_, t. xviii. 1820, pp. 422–436;
and in the _Annales de Chimie et de Physique_, t. xvi. 1821, pp.
267–292.

Footnote NH:

Humboldt et Bonpland, _Plantes équinoxiales_, t. i. p. 33, tab. 10.

Footnote NI:

See his work, _Regni Vegetabilis Systema naturale_, t. i. pp. 128,
396, 439, 464, 510.

Footnote NJ:

_Biologie_, bd. ii. s. 47, 63, 83, 129.

Footnote NK:

Decandolle, _Théorie élémentaire de la Botanique_, p. 190; Humboldt,
_Nova genera et species Plantarum_, t. i. pp. xvii. 1.

Footnote NL:

_Jahrbücher der Gewächskunde_, bd. i. Berlin, 1818, s. 18, 21, 30.

Footnote NM:

Playfair, in the _Transactions of the Royal Soc. of Edinb._, vol. v.
1805, p. 202; Humboldt, on the sum total of the thermometric degrees
required for the cycle of vegetation of the Cereals, in _Mém. sur des
lignes isothermes_, p. 96; Boussingault, _Economie rurale_, t. ii. p.
659, 663, 667; and Alphonse Decandolle, _Sur les causes qui limitent
les espèces végétales_, 1847, p. 8.

Footnote NN:

_Introduction to Botany_, 2nd ed. p. 504.

Footnote NO:

Manuscript notice communicated to the “Gartenbau-Verein” in Dec. 1846.

Footnote NP:

Kunth, _Enumeratio Plantarum_.

Footnote NQ:

Ernest Dieffenbach, _Travels in New Zealand_, 1843, vol. i. p. 419.

Footnote NR:

Joseph Hooker, _Flora Antarctica_, pp. 73–75.

Footnote NS:

Sir John Herschel, _Results of Astron. Observ. at the Cape of Good
Hope_, 1847, p. 381.

Footnote NT:

_Abhandl. der Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin aus dem J. 1846_, s. 322.

Footnote NU:

See my work, _Ueber die gereizte Muskel-und Nervenfaser_, bd. ii. s.
142–145.

Footnote NV:

Humboldt, _De distributione geographica Plantarum_, pp. 225–233.

Footnote NW:

_Semanario de Santa Fé de Bogotá_, 1809, No. 21, p. 163.

Footnote NX:

Wallich, _Plantæ asiaticæ_, vol. iii. tab. 211.

Footnote NY:

_General remarks on the Botany of Terra Australis_, p. 45.

Footnote NZ:

_Voyage au Brésil_, p. 60.

Footnote OA:

Compare also Darwin, _Journal_, Ed. of 1845, pp. 244, 256.

Footnote OB:

Schomburgk, _Reisen in Britisch Guiana_, Th. i. S. 50.

Footnote OC:

_Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 376. (Bohn’s Edition.)

Footnote OD:

Aug. de Saint-Hilaire, _Morphologie végétale_, 1840, p. 176.

Footnote OE:

“In the Palm groves at Pihiguao, single trees annually bear as 400
fruit of an apple shape; and it is well known among the Brothers of
San Francisco, who live on the banks of the Orinoco and Guania, that
the Indians become very fat at the time that the Palms put forth their
unctuous fruit.”—Humboldt, _de distrib. geogr. Plant._, p. 240.

Footnote OF:

Compare my _Essai sur la Géographie des Plantes_, p. 29, and my
_Rélat. hist._ t. i. pp. 104, 587, t. ii. pp. 355, 367.

Footnote OG:

_Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 524 (Bohn’s Edition).

Footnote OH:

Compare Lassen, _Indische Alterthumskunde_, bd. i. s. 262, with my
_Essai politique sur la Nouvelle Espagne_, t. ii. p. 382, and _Rélat.
hist._, t. i. p. 491.

Footnote OI:

Humboldt et Bonpland, _Plantes équinoxiales_, t. i. p. 82, pi. 24;
_Essai polit. sur la Nouv. Esp._ t. i. p. 98.

Footnote OJ:

See our _Plantes équin._ t. ii. p. 113, pl. 116.

Footnote OK:

See his _Tableau des Provinces situées sur la côte occidentale de la
Mer Caspienne, entre les fleuves Terek et Kour_, 1798, pp. 58, 120.

Footnote OL:

See Molina’s _Storia naturale del Chili_, 1782, p. 174.

Footnote OM:

Klotzsch, _Ueber die geographische Verbreitung der Erica-Arten mit
bleibender Blumenkrone. Manuscr._

Footnote ON:

_Flora Sibirica_, t. iv., p. 129.

Footnote OO:

_Flora Rossica_, t. i., pars 2, p. 53.

Footnote OP:

_Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of the Erebus and Terror_, 1844, p.
210.

Footnote OQ:

_Philos. Transact._, vol. lxxix. p. 86.

Footnote OR:

_Handbuch der Botanik_, s. 609.

Footnote OS:

Claudio Gay, _Flora Chilensis_, 1848, p. 30.

Footnote OT:

Wislizenus, _Tour to Northern Mexico_, 1848, p. 97.

Footnote OU:

See p. 15.

Footnote OV:

Hooker, _Flora antarctica_, p. 69.

Footnote OW:

Compare the section _Orchideæ_ in my work, _De distrib. geogr.
Plant._, pp. 241–247.

Footnote OX:

See Darwin, _Journal of Researches_, p. 449.

Footnote OY:

See his _Abhandl. der Wiss. zu München_, bd. iii. 1837–1843, S. 752.

Footnote OZ:

_Synopsis Coniferarum_, 1847.

Footnote PA:

See _Cosmos_, vol. i. pp. 282–287 (Bohn’s edition).

Footnote PB:

See my _Examen crit._, t. ii. pp. 246–259.

Footnote PC:

_Flora Antarctica_, p. 229.

Footnote PD:

See _Linnæa_, bd. xv. 1841, s. 529, and Endlicher’s _Synopsis
Coniferarum_, p. 96.

Footnote PE:

See Hoffmeister’s _Briefe aus Indien wührend der Expedition des
Prinzen Waldemar von Preussen_, 1847, s. 351.

Footnote PF:

_Dec._ iii. lib. x. p. 68.

Footnote PG:

Thunberg, _Flora Japonica_, p. 275. The allusion is somewhat amusing;
we annex a translation of Thunberg’s note:—“This fruit resembles
acorns, and is of an astringent nature. For this reason the Japanese
interpreters, when constrained to remain in the royal presence longer
than usual, chew it, as an antidiuretic. It is brought to table at the
second course with Acrodrya, and is said to be very wholesome, and to
relax the bowels although it constricts the mouth. The expressed oil
is in request for the kitchen, especially among the Chinese monks who
live at Nagasacca.”—ED.

Footnote PH:

Gay, _Flora Chilensis_, p. 340.

Footnote PI:

See my _Examen crit._ t. iii. p. 24.

Footnote PJ:

See Ratzeburg, _Forstreisen_, 1844, s. 287.

Footnote PK:

Torrey and Frémont, _Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky
Mountains in 1844_, p. 319.

Footnote PL:

Endlicher, _Coniferæ fossiles_, p. 301.

Footnote PM:

See _Journal of the Royal Institution_, 1826, p. 325.

Footnote PN:

See description in Lewis and Clarke’s _Travels to the Source of the
Missouri River and across the American Continent to the Pacific Ocean
(1804–6)_, 1814, p. 456.

Footnote PO:

Dwight, _Travels_, vol. i. p. 36, and Emerson, _Report on the Trees
and Shrubs growing naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts_, 1846,
p. 60–66.

Footnote PP:

Auguste de St. Hilaire, _Morphologie végétale_, 1840, p. 98.

Footnote PQ:

_Linnæa_, bd. xv. 1841, s. 489.

Footnote PR:

Emerson, _Report on the Forests_, pp. 49, 101.

Footnote PS:

_Morphologie végétale_, p. 91.

Footnote PT:

Göppert, _Beobachtungen über das sogenannte Umwallen der
Tannenstöcke_, 1842, s. 12.

Footnote PU:

_Hist. Plant._, lib. iii. cap. 7, pp. 59, 60. Schneider.

Footnote PV:

Th. i. s. 143, 166.

Footnote PW:

Compare Unger, _Ueber den Einfluss des Bodens auf die Vertheilung der
Gewächse_, s. 200; Lindblom, _Adnot. in geographicam plantarum intra
Sueciam distributionem_, p. 89; Martius, in the _Annales des Sciences
naturelles_, t. xviii. 1842, p. 195.

Footnote PX:

Link, _Urwelt_, Th. i. 1834, s. 201–211.

Footnote PY:

Palisot de Beauvois, _Flore d’Oware et de Benin_, t. i. 1804, p. 4,
pl. III.

Footnote PZ:

_Comptes rendus de l’Institut_, t. viii. 1839, p. 454, t. ix. pp.
614–781.

Footnote QA:

Robert Schomburgk, _Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko_, 1841, s. 233.

Footnote QB:

Pöppig, _Reise in Chile, Peru, und auf dem Amazonenstrome_. Bd. ii.
1836, s. 432.

Footnote QC:

Ernest Dieffenbach, _Travels in New Zealand_, 1843, vol. i. p. 426.

Footnote QD:

See the very correct delineations in Adrien de Jussieu, _Cours de
Botanique_, pp. 77–79, figs. 105–108.

Footnote QE:

Patterson, _Reisen in das Land der Hottentotten und der Kaffern_,
1790, s. 55.

Footnote QF:

See his _Reisen im südlichen Afrika_, th. i. s. 370.

Footnote QG:

Buchanan, _Journey through Mysore_, vol. ii. p. 341; and Stirling, in
the _Asiat. Res._ vol. xv. p. 205.

Footnote QH:

See Bojer, _Hortus Mauritianus_, 1837, p. 201.

Footnote QI:

_Relat. hist._ t. i. pp. 605–606.

Footnote QJ:

_Flora antarctica_, p. 97.

Footnote QK:

Hooker, _Icon. plant._ vol. ii. tab. 150.

Footnote QL:

Compare Hooker, _Flora antarctica_, pp. vii. 74, 215, with Sir James
Ross, _Voyage in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, 1839–1843_, vol.
ii. pp. 335–342.

Footnote QM:

Humboldt, _de distrib. geogr. Plant._, pp. 178, 213.

Footnote QN:

_Historia de las Indias_, 1535, fol. xc.

Footnote QO:

Humboldt, _Relat. hist._, t. i. p. 437.

Footnote QP:

Robert Brown, _In Expedition to Congo_, Append. p. 423.

Footnote QQ:

Abu Zacaria Ebn el Awam, _Libro de Agricultura_, traducido por J. A.
Banqueri, t. ii. Madr. 1802, p. 736.

Footnote QR:

See a valuable Treatise by d’Urville, _Distribution géographique des
fougères sur la surface du Globe_, in the _Annales des Sciences nat._,
t. vi. 1825, pp. 51, 66, 73.

Footnote QS:

Count Suminski, _Zur Entwickelungs-Geschichte der Farrnkräuter 1848_,
S. 10–14.

Footnote QT:

_Monatl. Berichte der Akad. zu Berlin_, Januar, 1848, S. 20.

Footnote QU:

Humboldt et Kunth, _Nova Gen. Plant._, t. ii. p. 22, Tab. 99.

Footnote QV:

Lindley, _Introd. to the Natural System of Botany_, p. 99.

Footnote QW:

See the additions to _Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the shores
of the Polar Sea_, 1823, p. 765.

Footnote QX:

_Morphologie végétale_, 1840, p. 52.

Footnote QY:

Adrien de Jussieu, _Cours de Botanique_, pp. 106, 120, and 700;
Darwin, _Journal of Researches_, 1846, p. 433.

Footnote QZ:

_Flora antartica_, p. 12.

Footnote RA:

_Cosmos_, vol. ii. p. 453 (Bohn’s edition.)

Footnote RB:

Aristot. _De Generat. Animal._ v. i. p. 778, and _De Somno et Vigil._
cap. i. p. 455, Bekker.

Footnote RC:

Kunth, _Lehrbuch der Botanik_, 1847. Th. i. s. 511; Schleiden, _Die
Pflanze und ihr Leben_, 1848, s. 100.

Footnote RD:

_Probl._ 20, 7.

Footnote RE:

_Theoria Generationis_, § 5–9.

Footnote RF:

See Kunth, _Synopsis Plantarum quas in itinere collegerunt_, Al. de
Humboldt et Am. Bonpland, t. iii. pp. 87, 360.

Footnote RG:

_Geognostical Essay on the superposition of Rocks in both
Hemispheres._ 8vo. Lond. 1803.

Footnote RH:

See _Abhandl. der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin_. Jahr
1822 und 1823, s. 3–20.

Footnote RI:

_Acta S. Patricii_, p. 555, ed. Ruinart; _Cosmos_, vol. i. p. 220,
(Bohn’s edition).

Footnote RJ:

A Portico in Athens containing a picture gallery painted chiefly by
Polygnotus, with the assistance of Micon and Panænus. Zeno taught his
doctrines there, and was in consequence called the Stoic, from stoa, a
portico, and his school the Stoic-school—ED.

Footnote RK:

The very same idea is expressed in Schiller’s _Walk under the Linden
Trees_.—ED.

Footnote RL:

See _Aphorismi ex doctrina Physiologiæ chemicæ Plantarum_, in
Humboldt, _Flora Fribergensis subterranea_, 1793, pp. 133–136.
_Translation_;—“If you attentively consider the whole nature of
things, you will discover a great and permanent difference amongst
elements, some of which obeying the laws of affinity, others
independent, appear in various combinations. This difference is by no
means inherent in the elements themselves and in their nature, but
seems to be derived solely from their particular distribution. We call
that matter inert, brute, and inanimate, the particles of which are
combined according to the laws of chemical affinity. On the other
hand, we call those bodies animate and organic, which, although
constantly manifesting a tendency to assume new forms, are restrained
by some internal force from relinquishing that originally assigned
them. That internal force, which dissolves the bonds of chemical
affinity, and prevents the elements of bodies from freely uniting, we
call vital. Accordingly, the most certain criterion of death is
putrescence, by which the first parts, or stamina of things, resume
their pristine state, and obey the laws of affinity. In inanimate
bodies there can be no putrescence.”

Footnote RM:

Henle, _Allgemeine Anatomie_, 1841, pp. 216–219.

Footnote RN:

Pulteney Alison, in the _Transact. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh_,
vol. xvi. p. 305.

Footnote RO:

_Cosmos_, vol. i. p. 58. (Bohn’s Edition.)

Footnote RP:

Vol. i. p. 349. (Bohn’s Edition.)

Footnote RQ:

Compare also the critique on the acceptation of special vital forces
in Schleiden’s _Botanik als inductive Wissenschaft_, part i. pp. 60,
and the lately published and admirable treatise of Emil du
Bois-Reymond, _Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität_, vol. i.
pp. xxxiv–1.

Footnote RR:

_Translation._—“From the Province Anti the Montañas of the Antis
received their name. Antisuyu signified the eastern direction, and for
that reason the name Anti was given to all that part of the great
Cordillera of Sierra Nevada which runs along the east of Peru, to
denote that it was situated in the east.” (_Commentarios Reales_, pt.
i. pp. 47, 122.)—ED.

Footnote RS:

See my _Treatise on the Quina Woods_, inserted in the _Magazin der
Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg._ i. 1807, s.
59.

Footnote RT:

_Histoire de l’Acad. des Sciences, année 1738._ Paris, 1740, p. 233.

Footnote RU:

I have given a drawing of it in the _Vues des Cordillères_, pl. xvii.;
see also Cieça, cap. 44, P. i. p. 120.

Footnote RV:

_Translation._—“The road of the Sierras is wonderful to behold; for
truly, throughout all Christendom, there are not to be seen such
beautiful roads on such rugged ground, and, for the most part they are
paved.”

Footnote RW:

See _Vues des Cordillères et Monumens des peuples indigènes de
l’Amérique_, ed. in 8vo. t. ii. pp. 220–267.

Footnote RX:

Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio historico del Descubrimiento de la Nueva
Granada_, 1848, pp. 188, 196, 206, and 208; _Bulletin de la Société de
Géographie de Paris_, 1847, p. 114.

Footnote RY:

_Journal of a Residence in Columbia_, 1825, vol. ii. p. 390.

Footnote RZ:

_Historical Researches on the Conquest of Peru_, 1827, p. 397.

Footnote SA:

Prescott’s _Conquest of Peru_, vol. i. p. 332.

Footnote SB:

See Garcilaso, lib. viii. cap. 2; also Joaquin Acosta, p. 189.

Footnote SC:

See Humboldt, _Recueil des Observ. Astron._ vol. ii. pp. 309–359.

Footnote SD:

_Journal du Voyage fait à l’Equateur_, 1751, p. 186.

Footnote SE:

Pingré, _Cométographie_, t. i. p. 496; and Galle’s _Verzeichniss aller
bisher berechneten Cometenbahnen_, in Olbers’ _Easiest method of
calculating the course of a Comet_, 1847, p. 206.

Footnote SF:

Mädler’s _Astronomie_, 1846, p. 307; also Schnurrer’s _Chronik der
Seuchen in Verbindung mit gleichzeitigen Erscheinungen, 1825,_ part
ii. p. 82.

Footnote SG:

_Commentaries reales de las Incas_, parte ii. 1722, pp. 27, 51.

Footnote SH:

_Historia de las Indias_, 1533, p. 67. See my _Essai Politique sur la
Nouvelle Espagne_, ed. 2, t. iii. p. 424.

Footnote SI:

See the _Essai politique_, t. iii. p. 371, 377; and also Joaquin
Acosta’s _Descubrimiento de la Nueva Granada_, 1848, p. 14.

Footnote SJ:

Prescott’s _Conquest of Peru_, vol. i. pp. 464–477.

Footnote SK:

Relation hist., t. iii. pp. 703, 705, 713.

Footnote SL:

Raleigh, _The Discovery of the large, rich, and beautiful Empire of
Guiana, performed in 1595_. Edition published by Sir Robert
Schomburgk, 1848, pp. 119 and 137.

Footnote SM:

_Examen critique de l’histoire de la Géographie du Nouveau Continent
et des progrès de l’Astronomie nautique aux 15me et 16me siècles_, t.
i. p. 349.

Footnote SN:

Peter Martyr’s _Epist._ dxl. p. 296.

Footnote SO:

Joaquin Acosta, _Compendio hist. del Descubrimiento de la Nueva
Granada_, p. 49.

Footnote SP:

_Vida del Almirante por Don Fernando Colon_, cap. 90.

Footnote SQ:

See my _Atlas géographique et physique de la Nouv. Espagne_, pi. iv.
and _Atlas de la Relation historique_, pl. xxii. xxiii.; also my
_Voyage aux regiones équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent_, t. iii. pp.
117–154, and _Essai politique sur la royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne_,
t. i. 2nd ed. 1825, pp. 202–248.

Footnote SR:

_Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soc. of London for the year
1830_, pp. 59–68.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. P. 54, changed “_Plateau de la Tartaric_” to “_Plateau de la Tartarie_”. 2. P. 134, changed “Compare my _Relation historique_, t. i. p. 492, t. ii. pp. 653, 703, 6ith Richard Schomburgk” to “Compare my _Relation historique_, t. i. p. 492, t. ii. pp. 653, 703, with Richard Schomburgk”. 3. Pp. 380 and 432, added missing footnote anchors. 4. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling. 5. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. 6. Re-indexed symbol designated footnotes using letters and collected together at the end of the last chapter. 7. Numbered footnotes were re-indexed and left in place. 8. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 9. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.