Chapter VII: Epilogue: What Happened to the Seventeenth-Century Styles?

When over the fens and marshy slashes of Jamestown Island the eighteenth century dawned in that year of 1700, there were two significant aspects of Virginia architectural history which stand out clearly. Today the first of these aspects is well known, but the second is known only to a handful of persons. They are:

1. The most important style of architecture of the eighteenth
century--the pseudo-classical Georgian--was about to make its entree
upon the Virginia scene, with the building of the "Governor's
Palace," Williamsburg, begun in 1706.

2. All the styles of architecture, both American Indian and English,
which flourished in the seventeenth century carried over--_hung
over_--into the eighteenth century, and even into the nineteenth
century.

The Georgian Style, of course, was actually English Georgian--Georgian of England--and in Virginia it prevailed from the 1710s to the 1780s--a span of some seventy years. It ushered into the Old Dominion a rage for ballrooms, such as that in the "Governor's Palace," theatres, tea tables, and china. It marked the golden age of the great houses, like "Marmion," "Stratford Hall," "Westover," and "Mt. Vernon."

At the same time in Virginia there existed side by side with the Georgian Style the following five styles of architecture, of which the last four have been identified and named by this writer for convenience:

1. The American Indian Style, which faded away probably in the first
quarter of the nineteenth century.

2. The "Hangover" Medieval Style.

3. The "Hangover" Jacobean Style.

4. The Transitional Style, which, as we have seen, prevailed from
about 1680 to about 1730.

5. The "Hangover" Transitional Style (after about 1730).

In this way, like a mighty river the four main streams of Virginia architecture in the seventeenth century--American Indian, Medieval, Jacobean, and Transitional--flowed into the eighteenth, to be then joined by the Georgian tributary.

Furthermore, in the nineteenth century the men of tidewater Virginia who put up the buildings in the false medieval style, the copybook, birthday-cake Gothic known as the "Gothic Revival," were not aware of, and took no cognizance of, the true medieval examples existing on their very doorsteps--a "Thoroughgood House" here, a "St. Luke's Church" there. That situation was one of the strange paradoxes of our architectural history.

A few of us in very recent years are just beginning to label those English structures along tidewater which make up the bulk of Virginia architecture in the seventeenth century by the correct name, _Medieval_.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ambler Manuscripts, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

"American Notes," C. E. Peterson, ed., _Journal of Society of Architectural Historians_.

Bruce, P. A., _Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century_. N. Y. 1895. 2 vols.

Bushnell, D. I., Jr., _Native Villages and Village Sites East of the Mississippi_. Washington, D. C. 1919.

Bushnell, D. I., Jr., _Virginia before Jamestown_. Washington, D. C. 1940.

Caywood, L. R., _Excavations at Green Spring Plantation_ (brochure). Yorktown, Va. 1955.

Forman, H. C., _The Architecture of the Old South_. Cambridge, Mass. 1948.

Forman, H. C., "The Beginning of American Architecture," in _College Art Journal_, vol. 6. no. 2. Winter, 1946.

Forman, H. C., "The Bygone 'Subberbs of James Cittie,'" in _William and Mary College Quarterly_, 2nd ser., vol. 20, no. 4. October, 1940.

Forman. H. C., _Jamestown and St. Mary's: Buried Cities of Romance_. Baltimore, 1938.

Forman, H. C., "The Old Hardware of James Towne," in _Antiques Magazine_, vol. 39, no. 1, January, 1941.

Harrington, J. C., _Glassmaking at Jamestown_. Richmond, Va. 1952.

Hatch, C. E., Jr., _The Oldest Legislative Assembly in America & its First State House_. Washington, D. C. Revised, 1947.

Historic American Buildings Survey. Library of Congress. Washington, D. C.

Gregory, G. C., "Jamestown--First Brick State House," in _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, vol. 42, pp. 193-199. July 1935.

Lewis, C. M., and Loomie, A. J., _The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570-1572_. Chapel Hill, N. C. 1955.

Mason, G. C., _Colonial Churches of Tidewater Virginia_. Richmond, Va. 1945.

Moorehead, S. P., "Christ's Cross," in _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, vol. 43. January, 1935.

Moorehead, S. P., "The Castle," in _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, vol. 42. October, 1934.

Stewart, T. D., "Excavating the Indian Village of Patawomeke," in _Exploration and Field-Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1938_. Washington, D. C. 1939.

Swem, E. G., _The Virginia Historical Index_. 2 volumes, Roanoke, Va. 1934-36.

Waterman, T. T., _Domestic Colonial Architecture of Tidewater Virginia_. N. Y. 1932.

Whitelaw, R. T., _Virginia's Eastern Shore_. Richmond, Va. 1951. 2 vols.

Yonge, S. H., _The Site of Old Jamestown, 1607-1698_. Richmond 1904.

INDEX

Illustrations are lettered A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J.

Abingdon Glebe, 27, 57

Accohannocks, 1

Accomack Co. (Va.), 14, 41, 58, 59

Accowmacks, 1

Act of 1639, 49;
of 1662, 49

Albemarle Co. (Va.), 5

Alehouse, of Thomas Woodhouse, 58

Alford, John, 29

Algonquian, 1, 5

Allen, Arthur, 41

Ambler Manuscripts, 38, 45

Anglo-Saxons, 3

"Arches" (church), 54

Architectural details, heritage of, 63

Architecture, American Indian, 1, 21, 34, 69;
Dutch, 24;
English, 18, 69;
English styles of, in Va., 21, 22, 28, 69;
Georgian, 25, 27, 62, 69;
Gothic Revival, 70;
"Hangover" Jacobean, 70;
"Hangover" Medieval, 69;
"Hangover" Transitional, 70;
Jacobean, 24, 42, 55;
medieval, 18, 23, 28;
Transitional, 23, 25, 26, 57, 62, 70.
_see also_ Indian Architecture, Medieval Style

Arms, of Great Britain, 64

Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, vi

Athens, Greece, 43

Ayres family, vi

Back Street, 46

Bacon, Nathaniel, 41, 60

Bacon's Castle, 24, 41, 55, 60

Bagnio, Indian, 12, 13

Baltimore, Lord, 16, 47

Bath houses, Indian, 12, 13

Bathing, Indian, 13

Bay (unit), 31

Bedford Co. (Va.), 1, 6

Belmont, 26

Berkeley (plantation), 30, 32

Berkeley, Sir William, 16, 43, 44, 48

Bermudas, 62

Bin House, 36, 46

Bland, Theoderick, 58

Bond Castle (Md.), 41

Bone-house, Indian, 11

Bowl, slipware, A

Branding Iron, 20

Brick Church, Jamestown, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 60

Brick construction, 29, 33

Brick houses, half-and-half, 33

Bricklayer, first, in Va., 33

Bricks, Dutch, 66;
English statute, 65, 66;
ovolo, 65

Brickwork, black-diapered, 23;
Jacobean, 43, 53;
mouse-tooth, E;
rubbed (gauged), 55, 57, 65;
seventeenth-century, in Va., 33, 64, 65

Bridges (wharves), 14, 36

Bridges, Indian, 14

Britain;
_see_ England

Brunswick Co. (Va.), 15

Bruton Church, Second, 24, 55

Buildings, on a Virginia plantation, 35, 36;
public, 58

Buttery (bottlery), 40, 42, 58

Cairns, 6

Calvert, Cecilius, 47

Camping stations, Indian, 13

Capitol, 25, 48, 59

Casement;
_see_ Window

"cats," 34

Ceiling, plastered, at Sherwood's, 64;
of Indians, 15

Cell (aisle), 26, 27, 44, 49

Cellar, wine, 50

Ceremonial centers, Indian, 14

Chapels of ease, 50

Charleton, Stephen, 30

Chelsey, Richard, 28

Cherokees, 2, 6, 15, 16

Chesapeake Bay, 35

Chew family, vi

chimney, board, 34;
"catted," 34;
pyramid, 19, 23, 24, 39;
T-, 40;
wooden (Welsh), 33, 34

Chimney-pent, 39

Chote (Tenn.), 16

Christ's Cross, 41, 42, 43, 57, 67

Church, Argall's, 51;
at Hog Island, 51;
cruck, 31, 50;
elements of medieval, in Va., 50, 56;
Elizabeth City, 51;
First Hungars, 54;
first, on Eastern Shore, 30, 31, 51;
interiors, 55;
Lord Delaware's, 50;
Merchant's Hope, 55;
new in 1636, at Jamestown, 51, 52;
of 1607, 28, 31;
palisaded, 30, 31;
Poplar Spring, 55;
Second Bruton, 24, 55;
Second Hungars, 54;
Second Lynnhaven, 56;
second, on Eastern Shore, 31;
Second York, 57;
transitional, 57;
Ware, 57;
Yeocomico, 57.
_see also_ Brick Church; St. Luke's Church.

Claiborne, William, 30

Clapboards, 32, 54

Clough's tomb, 52

Cock's Head hinge, 39, 48, 67, 68

Cole, John, 58

College, William and Mary, 61, 62

Colonial style, a misnomer, 23, 53

Colonnade, in Va., 36

Construction, English medieval, 29, 32, 33, 34

Cornice, medieval, in Va., D

Corotoman, 35

Cottage Period, the, 28, 33, 37

Cotton, Reverend, 30

Council Room, 16

Country house, development of, 37;
_see also_ Governor's House

Country-Ludwell-State House block, Jamestown, 49, 59

Court House, in Northampton Co., 58;
in Va., 58;
on Eastern Shore, 58;
Room, 60

Cross-house, the, 41, 42, 43, 60

Crotchets;
_see_ Cruck

Cruck, 29, 31, 50

Curtain, the, in Va., 41

Cuspings (gable), 42

Dale, Sir Thomas, 30

Dancing Grounds, Indian, 14

Darby's Grist Mill, 59

Daubing;
_see_ Wattles

Decorated Style (window), 18, 53

Delaware, Lord, 50

Dome, gored, Indian, 12

Don Miguel (spy), 66

Door, battened, 40;
earliest brick, in Va., 52;
English Gothic, 57, 65;
transitional church, 57;
Tudor, 42, 57;
wicket, 57

Double House, back of John White's Land, 46, 50;
on land of Reverend Thomas Hampton, 46, 48, 51, 66

Duplex house, 45, 48

Dutch brick, 66;
oven, 39, 65

Dwelling, _see_ House

Early Cell type, 27

Eastern Shore, 1, 10, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 40, 51, 55, 58

Elizabeth (Queen), 19

Elizabeth City, 51

Elizabethan Style of architecture, 19, 24, 44

Empire, British, 19

England, 18, 19, 22, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 42, 53, 65, 66

English arbor houses, 34

English bond, 33, 40, 52

English Gothic Style, 18, 19, 23, 53

English medieval construction, types of, employed by Indians, 34

English statute bricks, 65, 66

English Tudor Style;
_see_ Tudor Style

Factory, Glass, of 1608, 59, 66

Fairfield, 66

Fences, Indian, 8, 14, 35;
pale, 30, 35;
"Park-pale," 30

Fen's Point, 26

Finland, 13

Firebed, Indian, 9, 10, 13, 35

Fireplace, back-to-back, 48, 49, 50;
diagonal, 26;
hooded, 34;
ornate, in Va., 66

First Hungars Church, 54

First State House, Jamestown, 20, 46, 47, 48, 62, 67;
cellar plan of, 47

Fishing Creek, 31

Flemish bond, 52

Florida, 17

Folsom points, in Va., 1

Fort, at Dutch Gap, 30;
at Henrico, 30;
at Kent Island (Md.), 30;
at Old Point Comfort, 30;
at the "Town," 30;
first, on Jamestown Island, _see_ James Fort; Indian towns

Foster's Castle, 41

Four Mile Tree (plantation), 29

Fourth State House, Jamestown, 60, 61, 62

Fresco, at Jamestown, 63

Furnace, glass, 59, 66

Furniture, Indian, 9, 10

Gables, curvilinear, 24, 42;
crow-step, 52, 53

Gallery, latticed, 51

Gardens, in Va., 36

Garret, the eastern, 60

Garter, plaster, at Jamestown, 64

Geometric Style (window), 53

Georgia, 6, 16

Georgian mansion, the, 25, 37

Georgian Style, in Va., 25, 27, 62, 69

Glass House, of 1608, 59, 66

Glass House Point, 66

Glassmaking, at Jamestown, 66

Glebes, 57, 58;
_see also_ Abingdon Glebe

Gloucester Co. (Va.), 27, 55, 57, 66

Gothic arch, 31

Gothic Revival, 70

Gothic Style of architecture, 18, 19, 53;
_see also_ Medieval Style

Governor, His Majesty's, 63, 64

Governor's Castle (Md.), 43

Governor's House, Jamestown, 45, 46, 63;
drawing of, 45

Governor's Palace, 69

Great Plains, the, 6

Great Room;
_see_ Hall

"Greate Road, the," from Jamestown, 14

Green Spring, the, 16, 36, 43;
pre-Berkeley house at, 44

Gregory-Forman theory, 46

Guillotine window;
_see_ Window

Half-and-half work, 33

Half-timber work, 23, 29, 32, 33

Hall (Great Hall, Great Room), 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 63

Hall, Assembly, 60

Hall-and-parlor house, 39, 40, 48, 58

Hampton (Va.), 2

Hampton Court, 18

Hampton, Reverend Thomas, 46, 48, 51, 66

Hardware, diagram of, 68;
distribution of, at Jamestown, 38;
drawing of door and furniture, from Jamestown, 68;
furniture, 67, 68

Harmanson tract, 14

Harvey, Sir John, 48, 66

Hearth, central, 35

Henrico, City of, 32, 33

Henrico Co. (Va.), 41

Henry VIII, 19

Hog Island Church, 51

Hood, fireplace, 34

"Hortyards," in Va., 36

House, ale, 58;
arbor, 6, 7, 8, 10, 34;
bath, 12;
beehive, 6;
Bin, 36, 46;
brew, 58;
cell, 26, 27;
"central-passage," 40;
country, 35, 37;
cruck, 31, 32;
double, in Va., 45, 48;
double-parlor, 43;
earth, 29;
"fair" or "English," 32;
first brick, in Va., 33;
first pre-fabricated, in Va., 32;
"hall-and-parlor," 39, 40, 48, 58;
hunting, Indian, 13;
Indian "row," 15;
May's, at Jamestown, 38;
of Burgesses, 60;
on land of Issac Watson, 38, 46;
on land of Thomas Hampton, 46, 48, 66;
medieval, one-bay, 23, 37, 38, 39;
puncheoned, 30, 31;
pre-Berkeley, 44;
"quartering," 58;
row, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49;
Sherwood's, 63, 64, 65;
the town, 44, 47;
thatched, 34;
timber-framed, 32, 45;
triplet, 50;
two rows of, at Jamestown, 32, 45;
types of, in Va., 23, 28, 29;
wheat, 37.
_See also_ Cross house, Indian Architecture

Hunting houses, Indian, 13

Huts, or booths, 28, 29, 37

Indian architecture, 1, 15, 21, 69;
building methods on English, influence of, 34;
council chamber, 16;
designs, 15, 34;
houses, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 34;
hunting houses, 13;
landing, 14;
plastered ceilings, 15;
sculpture, 11, 12, 14;
towns, 2;
tribes, 1.
_See also_ Mounds

Ingle recess, 38

Ionic capital, at Athens, 43;
at Christ's Cross, 42, 43

Iron, branding, 20;
wrought-iron, in Va., 66

Iroquoian, 2, 5

Isle of Wight Co. (Va.), 52

Italy, 22

Jacobean capital, 42, 43, 67;
enframements, 42;
gable, 24, 42, 55;
pediment, 42, 53;
quoins, 53;
scrolls, 43, 55;
style of architecture, 19, 23, 24, 55

Jail, 58;
_see also_ Prison

James City;
_see_ Jamestown

James Fort, fire at, 34;
near Governor's House, 46;
painting of, 44;
plan of, 29, 30;
shape of, 28, 29;
site of, 22, 46

James River, 1, 2, 5, 13, 28, 30, 48, 51

Jamestown (James City), 14, 16, 17, 33, 35, 36, 38, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
48, 50, 51, 55, 58, 59, 61, 64, 65, 66

Jamestown Brick Church, 46;
_see also_ Brick Church

Jamestown Island, 28, 29, 31, 46, 64, 69

Jamestown Museum, 44

Jefferson, Thomas, 5

Jenifer, Daniel and Anne, 59

Jerkin (roof), 26

Jesuits, 17

Jones, Inigo, 22

Kecoughtan, 2

Keeling House, 40

Kiln, brick, 36, 65;
lime, 36;
pottery, 36, 59

King's Creek, 31

King's House, Indian, 10

Kocher, Lawrence, 44

Lamb's tongue, 39

Lancaster Co. (Va.), 27, 35

Late Cell type, 27

Latrobe, Benjamin, 43

Linenfold, 66

Listening post, Indian, 8, 14

Liscomb Park Chapel, 53

Littleton, Southey, 41

Log cabins, 31

London, England, 22, 49, 50;
unit floor plan in, 48, 49

Lunette window, 7, 9

Malvern Hill, 41

Manahoac, 2

Marmion, 69

Maryland, 16, 41, 43, 60

Mason, G. C., 52, 55

Massacre of 1622, 30

May, Richard, house of, 38

_Mayflower, The_, 32

Medieval, Late;
_see_ Tudor

Medieval cottage in England, the, 19

Medieval Style of architecture, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 70;
"Hangover," 70

Merchant's Hope Church, 55

Middle Plantation;
_see_ Williamsburg

Mill, Darby's Grist, 59

Mines, iron, in Va., 66

Monocan, 2

Moorehead, S. P., 64

Mortuary temples, Indian, 11

Mounds, burial, 5;
effigy, 6;
platform, 6, 12

Mt. Vernon, 69

National Park Service, 38, 59, 65

New England, 26, 32

New Kent Co. (Va.), 41, 57, 67

New Towne, at Jamestown, 46

Nogging, brick, 32

Norfolk, 40

North Carolina, 30

Northampton Co. (Va.), 29, 37, 54, 58

Nottaway town, 4;
tribe, 2

Old Brick Church;
_see_ St. Luke's Church

Old Plantation Creek, glebe at, 58

One-bay dwelling, in Va., 23, 24, 37, 38, 39

Orange Co. (Va.), 5

Orapaks (Va.), 11, 16

Orapaks Treasure House, 11, 16

Orchard Run, Jamestown, 22, 46, 51

Ossuaries, 12

Outhouses, in Va., 23, 35, 36, 40

Outshuts, 23, 26, 39, 44, 58

Ovens, Indian, 12;
English, 65

Oxford (England), 50

Paint, in Va., 36

Painting of James Fort, 44

Palaces, Indian, 10

Palisading (palisades), 2, 3, 4, 15, 29, 30, 35, 44, 45

Palladio, Andrea, 22

Pamunkey (Va.), 12, 21;
Indian Reservation, 15, 21

Pantile, 48, 61, G

Pargetry, 64

Pasbyhayes (suburb), 14

Paski, town of, 4

Patawomeke (Potomac), village, 3

Paths, Indian, 14, 35

Peaks of Otter, 1, 6

Piedmont, 1, 5

Pilgrim Fathers, 28

"Pinewoods," 40, E

Plan, unit floor, in Va., 48

Plantation, the, in Va., 35

Plaster, 15, 32, 34, 61;
at Sherwood's, 63, 64

Plowden, 34

Plymouth Rock, 28

Pocahontas, 51

Poplar Spring Church, 55, 56

Porch chamber, 41, 60

Porch, enclosed, 41, 42, 43, 49, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60

Portan (Powhatan) Bay, 10

Post and pan (wattle-and-daub), 30

Pottery, Indian, 21

Pottery kiln, 36;
_see also_ Kiln

Powhatan, 10, 11, 12, 16;
Confederacy, 1, 5

Prince George Co. (Va.), 55

Princess Anne Co. (Va.), 40, 41, 56

Prison, log, 58;
_see_ Jail

Pulpit, hexagonal, 56;
wineglass, 54

Puncheoning, 3, 15, 29, 30, 35, 51

Puncheons (quarters, punches), 3, 29, 30

Pungoteague (brick) Church, 55

Quacasum House, 11

Quadrangle, the medieval, 62

Quakers, 37

Queen Anne, 19

Queen Elizabeth, 19

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 30

Rapidan River, 5

Renaissance architecture, 19, 24

Renaissance, Early, 19, 24;
High, 19

Restoration, Williamsburg, 64

Richardson House, 27

Richmond (Va.), 2

Rivanna River, 5, 6

Road, "Greate," 14, 35

Roanoke Fort (N. C.), 30

Robins, Obedience, 59

Rogers, Will, 16

Rolfe, John, 51

Roman numerals, on timbers, 32

Roofs, bark, 7, 8, 15, 34;
board, 30, 31, 34, 54;
catslide, 26, 27;
gambrel, 26, 27;
hinged, of Indians, 15;
hip, 26, 27, 62;
Indian, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15;
mansard, 55;
pantile, 48, 61;
"pyramid," 26;
shingle tile, 49;
"shingled" with dormers, 43;
slate, 49;
sod, 31;
thatched, 34, 35;
wooden shingle, 32, 34, 39

Room, Court House, 60;
waiting, 60

Row houses, in London, 48, 49;
in Jamestown, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50;
Indian, 15

Salt Works, 58

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 66

Sapponey (Va.), 15

Scaffolding, Indian, 12, 13

Screen, rood, 56;
hall, 40

Sculpture, Indian, 11, 12, 14;
folk, at Christ's Cross, 42, 43, 67

Second Bruton Church, 55

Second Hungars Church, 54

Second Lynnhaven Church, 56

Second York Church, 57

Secretary of Va., 60

Secretary's Office, 60, 61

Shenandoah River, 5

Sherwood's House, Jamestown, 63, 64, 65, H

Short, bricklayer in 1607, 33

Shutters, bark, 9;
board, 29, 61

Siouan, 1, 4, 5, 12

Sioux Indians, 6

Skipwith family, vi

Smith, Capt. John, 31, 50

Smith's Fort Plantation (Rolfe House), 41

Soulbury (England), 53

Southampton Co. (Va.), 4

Spain, 66

Spanish architecture, in Va., 17

Spanish settlement in Va., 17

Specifications, for church, 54

St. Augustine (Fla.), 17

St. Luke's Church (Old Brick Church), 52, 53, 54, 55

St. Mary's City (Md.), 16, 60

Stack, freestanding, B;
diamond, 42

Stafford Co. (Va.), 4

Stair Case, the, 60

Stair tower, 23, 41

Stairs, open-well, 26;
winding, 37

State House, First, 20, 46, 47, 48, 62, 67;
Fourth, 60, 61, 62;
Third, 49, 59, 60, 61

State House, Brick, of 1676 (Md.), 60

Storehouses, in Va., 45;
_see also_ Bin House

Strachey, William, 28, 33

Stratford Hall, 69

Style, medieval, naming of, 70

Styles, architectural;
_see_ Architecture

Surry Co. (Va.), 24, 41

Sweating house, Indian, 12, 13;
_see also_ Bath houses

Sweet Hall, 40, F

Sword, from Jamestown, J

Tavern, of John Cole, 58;
_also see_ Alehouse

Temples, Indian, 10, 11, 12

Tennessee, 16

Tercentenary, Jamestown, 52

Third State House, Jamestown, 49, 59, 60, 61

Thoroughgood House, 40

Tiles, Delft, 49, 66;
faience, 49, 66;
shingle, 32, 33, 49;
square paving, 51, 52;
_see also_ Pantiles

Timber-framing, 29, 32, 35, 51, 54;
diagram of, 32

Tombs, in Jamestown Brick Church, 52

Towers, church, 51, 52, 54, 56

Towles Point, 26, 27

Town House, of Cherokees, 16

Town houses, in Va., 44, 47;
stock sizes of, 47

Towns, Indian, 2, 4, 15;
in Virginia, 47

Transitional, "Hangover," 70

Transitional Style of architecture, 23, 24, 25, 26, 57, 62

Treasure House, at Orapaks, 11, 16

Treasure houses, Indian, 10

Triplet house ("triplex"), 50

Tudor Chimney stacks, 42

Tudor Style of architecture, 18, 19, 53, 64

Turnpikes (gates), 4

Vann House (Ga.), 16

Vaults, Indian, 7, 12;
Roman, 7

Vernacular, the English, 18

Virginia Company of London, 47, 66

Virginia Medieval architecture, 23

Walls, battlemented, 47, 52, 53;
palisaded, 2, 3, 4, 15, 30;
puncheoned, 3, 15, 30;
timber-framed, 29, 32;
wattled, 3, 13, 30, 31;
_see also_ House

Warburton House (Pinewoods), 40, E

Ware Church, 57

Washington Farm, 67

Waterman, Thomas T., 44, 52

Watson, Isaac, house on land of, 38, 46

Wattle-and-daub (wattling), 3, 13, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35

West Point (Va.), 15, 21

Westminster Abbey, 53

Westmoreland Co. (Va.), 67

Westover Prison, 58

Wharves, Indian, 14;
called "bridges," 36

White Hall (London), 22

White, John, house back of land of, 46

Wigwam;
_see_ House

William and Mary College, 61, 62

Williams, John, 59

Williamsburg (Va.), 14, 19, 24, 25, 35, 55, 61, 69

Williamsburg Restoration, 64

Windmill, 23, 36, 59

Window, barred, 61;
casement, 23, 25, 26, 29, 39, 40, 42, 48, 51, 61, 67, I;
"guillotine" or sash, 25;
Indian, 7, 9;
lie-on-your-stomach, 39;
lunette, 7, 9;
paper, 29;
pointed, 52, 53;
rose, 55;
traceried, 18, 53;
shutter, 29;
sliding-panel, 29

Windsor Castle, 18

Wingfield, President, 33

Wishart House, 39, 40

Woodhouse, Thomas, 58

Woods, Sam, plantation, 40

Wren Building, 62

Yeardley, Sir George, 45

Yeocomico Church, 57

York River, 10

Yorkminster, 53

Yorktown, 57

Zaharov, John T., G

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

Text in italics or underlined text is surrounded with
underscores: _italics_

Superscripted text is surrounded with curly brackets: 17{th}

Punctuation has been corrected without note.

Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from
the original.

Obvious typographical errors have been corrected as follows:
Page 12: labyrinthin changed to labyrinthine
Page 55: orginally changed to originally
Page 69: ever changed to even

Extensive research did not reveal that the copyright on this book
was renewed.

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