Chapter XII (2)

CADER IDRIS, 274
'Calderas,' formation of, 180
Caldera of Palma, 209
Cambro-Silurian volcanoes of British Islands, 274
_Campi-Phlegræi, map of_, fig. 11
-- -- volcanoes of, 79
-- -- tuff-cones of, 118
-- -- fissures in, 197
Carbonic acid in cavities of crystals, 63
Carboniferous volcanoes of British Islands, 275
Carlsbad, Strudel of, 218
-- Strudelstein of, 184
Caspian Sea, mud-volcanoes of, 182
Catacecaumene, volcano cones in, 79
Cause of proximity of volcanoes to sea, 239
Central Asia, volcanoes of, 236
-- America, mud-volcanoes, 182
-- Pacific, volcanoes of, 236
'Challenger,' H.M.S., voyage of, 73
-- -- soundings of, 359
Chance, Messrs., of Birmingham, 55
Charnwood Forest, ancient volcanic rocks of, 259
Chemical deposits at Vulcano, 44
-- -- on surfaces of lavas, 110
-- elements present in lavas, 46
-- theory of volcanoes, 344, 346
Chiaja di Luna, 108
Chimborazo, size of, 44
-- 151
Chodi-Berg, Hungary, 161
_Citlaltepetl, view of_, 169, fig. 69
Coast-lines, proximity of volcanoes to, 228
Cole, Mr. Grenville, 110
Colours of lavas, 49
Columns in lava, 105
-- -- dimensions of, 105
-- radiating in intrusive masses, 136
Columnar structure in lavas, 104
-- -- origin of, 105
_Columnar lava-stream on the Ardèche_, 107, fig. 28
Combustion, does not take place at volcanoes, 2
Composite cones, 128, 161
Comstock mines, temperature of, 342
_Concentric jointing in lava_, 108, fig. 30
_Cones composed of viscid lava_, 129, fig. 43
-- miniature on lava-streams, 100, 101, figs. 25, 26
-- natural sections of, 129
-- shifting of axis in, 167
Coolin Hills, Skye, 144
Cotopaxi, volcanic dust of, 69
-- _view of_, 168, fig. 68
Craters, formation of, 82
-- origin of, 167
-- position of, 167
-- fissuring of sides, 180
Crater of Stromboli, aperture at bottom of, 15
Crater-lakes, formation of, 171
-- of Agnano, 171
-- of Albano, 171
-- of Avernus, 171
-- _of Bagno_, 171, fig. 71
-- of Bolsena, 171
-- of Bracciano, 171
-- of Frascati, 173, 175
-- _of Gustavila_, 171, fig. 72
-- of Laach, 171
-- of Nemi, 171
Crater-rings, formation of, 170
_Crater-ring of Somma_, 177, fig. 76
Crater-ring of Pianura, 174
-- -- of Piano di Quarto, 174
-- -- of Vallariccia, 174
Creuzot, shafts at, 340
'Critical point' of liquids, 63
Crust of globe, definition of, 308
Crystals in lavas, 51
-- -- formed of crystallites, 54-57
-- -- formed in subterranean reservoirs, 60
-- -- interruption in growth of, 60
-- pressure under which formed, 65
-- deposited on surface of lava, 110
-- porphyritic, origin of, 256
Crystalline minerals formed beneath volcanoes, 146, 147
-- -- ejected from volcanoes, 147
Crystallised minerals of volcanoes, 46
Crystallites, aggregates of, 54, _Frontispiece_
Crystallites in lavas, 53, _Frontispiece_
Crypto-crystalline base, 57
'Cupolas,' 135
Corral of Madeira, 209

DACITES, 198
Dana, Professor, J. D., cited, 100, 159, 291, 301, 327, 338, 339
Darwin, Mr., cited, 245, 246, 271, 289
Daubeny, cited, 182
Daubrée, M., cited, 147, 315, 320, 358
Daubréelite, 314
Davy, Sir Humphry, chemical theory of volcanoes, 344, 345
Deccan of India, 103
Density of the earth, 306
_Denuded cones and craters_, 158, fig. 59
Denudation, effects of, on volcanoes, 114
Deposits about volcanic fissures, 42
Detonations at Vesuvius, 26
Devonian volcanoes of British Islands, 274
Diorite, 59
Dolomieu, cited, 4, 39
Durocher, cited, 201
Dykes, formation of, 116, 117, 209, 210
-- structure of rock in, 211
-- pseudo-, 119
Dynamical theory of volcanoes, 347, 348

EARTH'S interior, nature of, 309
-- -- physical condition of, 325
-- -- hypothesis concerning, 328-330
-- relation to other planets, 310, 311
Earthquakes, depth of origin of, 343, 344
-- connection with volcanoes, 343
-- accompanying Vesuvian eruption of 1872, 27
Ebullition, compared to volcanic eruptions, 19, 20
Eifel, volcanic cones of, 45
Ejected blocks, 45
-- materials, height to which thrown, 72
-- -- stratification of, 117-119
Elements, pyroxenic and trachytic, theory of, 201
Elevation-craters, theory of, 135, 200
Erroneous opinions, sources of, in regard to volcanoes, 2
Eruptions, feeble and violent compared, 31
-- prediction of, not possible, 32
-- intervals between, 33
-- of varying intensity, 33
-- and barometric pressure, 36
-- effects of repetition of from same fissure, 80
Eruptive action in sun and moon, 360-369
Etna, ideas of ancients concerning, 3
-- and Anne Boleyn, 3
-- observatory on, 37
-- size of, 44
--, 151
-- eruptions at summit and on flanks, 207
_Etna, dyke and lava-stream in_, 133, fig. 54
_Etna, views of_, 162, 163, figs. 62, 63
Euganean Hills, 139
-- -- volcanoes of, 201
Europe, volcanoes of, 227
Extra-terrestrial rocks, 316
_Extra-terrestrial rocks, relation to ultra-basic rocks_, 322, fig. 88

FELSTONES, 263
Ferric-chloride, mistaken for sulphur, 41
_Fissure on flanks of Etna_, 194, fig. 84
Fissure-eruptions, 188
Fissures, volcanic cones on, 194
-- systems of, 198
Fingal's Cave, 106
Flames, phenomena mistaken for, 2
-- at volcanoes, feebly luminous, 17
-- false appearance of, in volcanoes, 17
Flames at volcanic vents, 41
Flashing lighthouse, compared to Stromboli, 10
Floods, accompanying volcanic outbursts, 30
Forbes, Mr. David, cited, 337, 339
Fossils, from beneath Vesuvius, 45
-- supposed in basalt, 250
Fouqué, M., cited, 110, 213
Fumaroles, gases emitted from, 213
Fusiyama, form of, 90, 166
_Fusiyama_, 178, fig. 77

GABBRO, 59
Gardiner's river, travertine terraces of, 185
Gases emitted from volcanoes, 40
-- -- volcanic vents, 212-216
Geanticlinals, formation of, 297
Gems, formation of, 147
-- mode of occurrence, 148
Geological continuity, doctrine of, 247
Geosynclinals, formation of, 294
Geysers, formation of, 217
-- intermittent action of, 218
-- of Colorado, 184, 217
-- of Iceland, 184, 217
Giant's Causeway, 108
Gilbert, Mr. G. K., cited, 208
Girgenti, mud-volcanoes of, 182
Glass, formed by fusion of lavas, 52
Glasses, composed of certain silicates, 58
Glassy base, 57
Goethe, cited, 112
_Graham Isle_, 178, 179, fig. 78
Graham, cited, 345
Grand Sarcoui, Auvergne, 161
Granite, 59
Granite of Secondary and Tertiary ages, 254
Granitic rocks, position beneath volcanoes, 145
Great earth movements, nature of, 286
Great volcanic bands of the globe, 232-234
Grenelle, boring of, 341
Greystones, 49
Groundmass of lavas, 52
Grotto del Cane, 215
Guevo Upas, Java, 215
Guiscardi, Professor, referred to, 45
_Gustavila, crater-lake of_, 172, fig. 72

HAMILTON, Sir W., researches of, 4, 75, 84
-- -- observations on Vesuvius, 80
Hannay, Mr., referred to, 147
Hartley, Mr. Noel, referred to, 65
Hawaii, volcanoes of, 100, 125
-- -- lava-masses of, 159
-- -- volcanic eruptions at different levels, 327
Hebrides, volcanoes of, 271
Henry, Dr., cited, 355
Henry Mountains, Southern Utah, 208
Hephæstus, forge of, 3
Hochstetter, cited, 135, 356
Holosiderites, 315
Hopkins, Mr., cited, 349
Hot springs, numbers of, 219
Humboldt, researches of, 4
Hungary, lavas of, 96, 103
-- volcanoes of, 126, 201
-- deep wells of, 341
_Hverfjall, Iceland_, 178, fig. 77
Hydro-electric machine of Sir W. Armstrong, 29
Hypothesis, value of, 331-333

ICE under lava of Vesuvius in 1872, and of Etna, 110
Iceland, volcanic dust of, carried to Norway, 72
Indian Ocean, volcanoes in, 229
_Insel Ferdinandez_, 178, 179, fig. 78
Intermediate lavas, 48
Intervals between Eruptions, 33
Ireland, north-east of, 103
_Iron in Ovifak-basalts_, 319, fig. 87
Iron, seething of, 356
-- of Ovifak, terrestrial origin of, 320
Ischia, eruption in 1301, 164
-- _crater-lake of Bagno in_, 172, fig. 71
-- _plan of_, 163, fig. 64
-- _parasitic cones in_, 164, fig. 65
Island of Bourbon, 93
_Isle Julie_, 178, 179, fig. 78
Isogeotherms, 359

JANSSEN, referred to, 42
Joint-structures in lava, 104-110

_KAMMERBÜHL_, 112-114, fig. 33
-- _section of_, 114, fig. 34
-- _section in side of_, 118, fig. 36
Kant, nebular hypothesis of, 352
Kilauea, volcano of, 71, 138
-- crater of, 181
King, Mr. Clarence, cited, 301

LAACHER SEE, minerals ejected at, 149
_Lac Paven, Auvergne_, 171, fig. 70
'Laccolites,' formation of, 208
Lago di Bolsena, 173, 175
Lago di Bracciano, dimensions of, 172, 173
Lake Avernus, 215
Lapilli, 70
Laplace, nebular hypothesis of, 325, 352
Lavas, action of acid gases on, 41
-- resemblance to slags, 46
-- chemical elements in, 46
-- oxygen in, 47
-- silicon in, 47
-- proportion of silica and other oxides in, 47
-- silicates in, 47
-- acid, intermediate, basic, 48
-- specific gravities of, 49
-- colours of, 49
-- microscopic study of, 50
-- fusibility of, 51
-- minerals in, 51
-- artificially fused, 51
-- crystals in, 51, 93
-- ground mass of, 52
-- crystalline forms of, 59
-- of Bohemia, 103
-- of Hungary, 96, 103
-- of Kilauea, 95
-- of Lipari, 96
-- of Niedermendig, 103
-- of Vesuvius, 104
-- of Volvic, 95
-- of Volcano, 95
-- presence of water In, 102
-- chemical deposits on, 110
-- different fluidity of, 204
-- augite and hornblende in, 267
_Lava, cascade of_, 93, fig. 18
Lava-cones, composed of liquid lava, 125
-- -- of viscid lava, 126, 127
-- characters of, of liquid lava, 159
-- -- of viscid lava, 160
_Lava-cones, outlines of_, 160, fig. 60
Lava, in deep-seated reservoirs, 138
-- consolidation of, at great depths, 139
Lava-fountains, 94
_Lava-sheets, intrusive_, 136, 137, fig. 56
'Lava' ornaments of Naples, 45
'Lava,' slow-cooling of, 110
-- a bad conductor of heat, 110
-- ice under, 110
Lava-streams, nature of movements, 92
-- difference in liquidity of, 92
-- miniature cones on, 100, 101
-- vast dimensions of, 102
-- structure of, 103
-- position of columns in, 106
-- sinking of surface of, 111
'Lave di fango,' 30
'Lave di fuoco,' 30
Lawrencite, 314
Laws of volcanic action, 38
Le Conte, cited, 347
Leucite, absence from ancient lavas, 268
Lightning, accompanying volcanic outbursts, 28
Linear arrangement of volcanic vents, 191
-- -- of volcanoes, 231
Lipari Islands, 3, 39
-- -- fissures in, 197
-- -- pumice-cones in, 154
-- -- order of appearance of lavas in, 200
-- -- _breached pumice-cones in_, 124, fig. 41
-- -- _map of_, 192, fig. 81
-- -- _lavas of_, 96, figs. 20, 21
Liquids in cavities of crystals, 63
_Liquid cavities in lavas_, 60, fig. 7
-- -- _spontaneous movement of bubbles in_, 62, fig. 8
-- -- spontaneous movement of bubbles in, cause of, 65
Lockyer, Mr. Norman, cited, 322, 363, 364
_Lunar craters_, 368, fig. 95
Lyell, Sir Charles, cited, 135, 167, 197

MACCULLOCH, cited, 207, 208
_Madeira, cliff-section in_, 128, fig. 47
Magmas, theory of, 201
-- objections to, 202, 203
Mallet, Mr., cited, 269, 343, 346
_Mamelons of Bourbon_, 126, 127, figs. 45, 46
Maskelyne, Professor, cited, 314
Massa di Somma, destruction of, 26
Mauna Loa, 138
Metamorphism around volcanic vents, 145
Meteorites, nature of, 312
-- composition of, 313
-- minerals of, 314
-- classification of, 315
Melaphyres, 262
Miascite, 59
Michel Lévy, M., 110
Micro-crystalline base, 58
Microliths. _See_ Crystallites
Microscopic study of lavas, 50
Minerals in lavas, 51
-- of Vesuvius, 46
Mineral-veins, formation of, 149
-- connection with volcanoes, 220
-- nature of materials in, 321
_Misenum, Cape of, section of tuff-cone of_, 121, fig. 38
Modena, mud-volcanoes of, 182
_Mont Dore, section at_, 130, fig. 48
Monte Cerboli, Tuscany, 216
Monte Massi, Tuscany, well at, 341
Monte Nuovo, history of formation of, 76
-- -- _description of_, 77, 78, fig. 10
-- -- 152
-- -- crater of, 168
-- -- production of fissure at, 190
Monte Rotondo, Tuscany, 216
Moon, effect of internal forces on, 305
Mountains, all volcanoes not, 2
Mountain-chains, formation of, 291
-- -- all of recent date, 292
Mud-streams at volcanoes, 30
Mud-volcanoes, formation of, 181, 182
_Mull, dissected volcano of_, 142-4, figs. 57, 58
Muscovite, absence of, from modern lavas, 268

NEBULAR hypothesis of Laplace, 325, 352
-- -- of Kant, 352
New Zealand, geysers of, 217
-- -- volcanoes of, 135
-- -- volcanic cones in, 79
Niedermendig, lava of, 103
Nordenskiöld, Professor, cited, 318

OBSERVATORY on Vesuvius, 24, 37
-- on Etna, 37
Obsidian, 59
Oceans, depth of, in volcanic areas, 242
Oceanic islands, volcanoes in, 228
Oliver, Capt. S. P., 92
Oldhamite, 314
_Outlines of Vesuvius_, 87, fig. 17
Ovifak, iron-masses of, 319
Oxidation of materials of globe, 324
Oxygen, proportion in lavas, 47

PACIFIC, volcanoes in, 229
Palmieri, Professor, cited, 25, 37
Papandayang, eruption of, 169
Papin's digester, nature of action in, 22
_Parasitic cones, formation of_, 161, 162, fig. 61
Pele's Hair, 71
Perlitic structure, 109
Phillips, Mr. J. A., cited, 220
Phonolites, 50, 59
Phonolite-volcanoes, 126
_Photograph of Vesuvius eruption_, 24, fig. 5
'Pine-tree, appendage of Vesuvius, 29
Pitchstones, porphyritic, 60
Plateaux formed of lava-sheets, 270
Pliny, Elder, death of, 7
Plombières, hot springs of, 147
Plutonic rocks, 61
Pompeii, nature of materials covering, 117
Ponza Islands, 39
_Ponza, sections in_, 131, 132, figs. 51, 52
Porphyrites, 263
Porphyritic pitchstones, 60
Potentially liquid rock, 250
Pre-Cambrian volcanoes of British Islands, 274
Presence of water in lavas, 353
Pressure under which crystals were formed, 65
_Predazzo, ancient volcano of_, 165, fig. 67
Propylites, 199
Pseudo-dykes, 119
Pumice, how formed, 68
-- cause of white colour of, 71
-- floating on ocean, 73
-- on ocean-beds, 73
Pumice-cones, 154
_Puy de Pariou, Auvergne_, 193, 194, figs. 82, 83
Puzzolana, 89

RAIN, accompanying volcanic outbursts, 30
Rate of movement of lava-streams, 97
Rath, Professor Vom, 72
Red clay of ocean-beds, 74
Red Mountains, Skye, 144
Reservoirs beneath volcanoes, 145
Reyer, Dr. Ed., experiments of, 125, 160
Reykjanes, eruption of, in 1783, 102
Rhyolites, 50, 59
Richthofen, Von, cited, 196, 199, 200, 205
_Rocca-Monfina_, 178, fig. 77
-- --, 204
Rock-masses, movements of, 288
Rocky Mountains, 103
-- -- volcanoes of, 201
Rotomahana, sinter-terraces of, 185
_Ropy-lavas_, 98, fig. 24

_SALINA, section in_, 132, fig. 53
Sandwich Islands, lavas of, 125
San Sebastiano, destruction of, 26
_San Stephano, section in_, 131, fig. 50
Santorin, 42
_Sarcoui, Grand Puy of_, 126, fig. 44
Sciarra del fuoco, 13
Scoria, how formed, 68, 70
Scoria-cones, altered by acid gas, 155
-- breached, 156
-- characters of, 153
-- preservation of, 155
-- red colour of, 154
_Scoria-cone in Vesuvius_, 122, fig. 39
_Scoria-cone near Auckland, N. Z._, 1656, fig. 66
Schmidt, referred to, 153
Schreibersite, 314
Scrope, Mr. Poulett, cited, 5, 69, 106, 135, 198, 205, 212, 238, 289
Sea of Azof, mud-volcanoes of, 182
Secchi, Father, cited, 362
Shiant Isles, 105
Silica, presence in lavas, 47
Silicates in lavas, 47
Silicon, proportion in lavas, 47
Siliceous sinter, deposits of, 220
Silver, spitting of, 355
Silvestri, Professor, cited, 230
Similarity of lavas of different ages, 260
_Sinter-cones, forms of_, 183, fig. 79
Skye, dissected volcano of, 144
Slags, compared with lavas, 46
Smith, Lawrence, cited, 320
Smoke, appearance of, due to steam, 2
Snowdon, 274
_Solar prominences_, 364-366, figs. 92, 93, 94
Solfatara of Naples, 214
Solfatara-stage of volcanoes, 215
Somma, 133
-- crater-ring of, 83
Sorby, Mr. H. C., referred to, 59, 252
Spallanzani, early researches of, 4
-- observations on Stromboli, 8
-- cited, 39, 367
Specific gravities of lavas, 49
-- -- of glassy and crystalline rocks, 59
Spectroscope in vulcanology, 41
Spectrum-analysis, results of, 311
Specular-iron, deposited on lava-streams, 110
Sperenberg, boring of, 341
_Sphærulites_, 54, _Frontispiece_
Sporadosiderites, 316
Stability of crust of globe, 326
Staffa, Isle of, 106
Steenstrup, cited, 319
Steam-engine compared to volcano, 8
Steam, emitted by lava of Vesuvius, 27
Sternberg, referred to, 113
St. Kilda, 181
Stokes, Professor, 65
St. Paul, Island of, 180
Stromboli, 42, 158
-- apertures at bottom of crater, 15
-- appearances in crater of, 16
-- -- at night, 10
-- compared with Vesuvius, 23
-- crater of, 13
-- dependence of eruptions on atmospheric conditions, 34
-- eruption of, 14, fig. 4
-- general features of, 11
-- map of, 11, fig. 2
-- observations by Spallanzani, 8
-- resemblance to flashing light, 10
-- _section of_, 13, fig. 8
-- soundings around, 12
-- vapour-cloud above, 9
-- violent eruptions of, 23
Strombolian stage, 23
Stufas, nature of, 217
Submarine volcanoes, 179
Subterranean forces, beneficial effects of, 303
Subsidence in centre of volcanoes, 165
Sulphur, absorption of water by molten, 356
-- deposited on lava-streams, 110
-- how formed at volcanoes, 18
-- not the cause of volcanic outbursts, 18
_Surfaces of lava-streams_, 97-99, figs. 22, 23
_Sun-spots_, 361-363, figs. 89, 90, 91
Syenite, 59
Syssiderites, 316
Szabo, Professor, cited, 199

TACHYLYTE, 59
Tertiary volcanoes of British Islands, 276
_Terraces, sinter- and travertine-formation of_, 185, fig. 80
Temperature, increase in deeper parts of earth's crust, 335
-- rate of increase in different areas, 340
Teneriffe, 44, 151
_Teneriffe_, 178, fig. 77
-- _peak of_, 175, fig. 73
Tenon-and-mortise structure in basaltic columns, 107
Theodosius and Vulcano, 3
Thunder, accompanying volcanic outbursts, 28
Trachytes, 49, 50, 69
Trap-rocks, origin of, 241
Trass, 90
Travertine or Tibur-stone, 184
-- deposits of, 220
Triassic volcanoes of British Islands, 275
Tridymite deposited on lava-streams, 110
Troilite, 314
Troost, cited, 355
Tufa, or tuff, 90
Tuff-cones, character of, 157
-- denudation of, 157, 158
Typhon, fable of, 3

ULTRA-BASIC lavas, 50, 66
-- rocks, 317

VAL DEL BOVE, Etna, 133, 180, 209
-- -- _dykes in_, 134, fig. 55
Vapour-cloud over Vesuvius, 26, 29
-- -- Stromboli, 9
Ventotienne, Island of, section at, 130, fig. 49
Vesuvius, 37
-- changes in form of, 81
-- compared with Stromboli, 23
-- _crater of in 1756_, 84, fig. 14
-- -- _of in 1767_, 85, fig. 16
-- -- _of in 1822_, 82, fig. 13
-- -- _of in 1843_, 86, fig. 16
-- detonations at, 26
-- early history of, 83
-- eruption of year 79, 84
-- -- of 1822, 69
-- -- of April 1872, 24
-- -- of October 1822, 24
-- ejected blocks of, 45
-- first eruption of, 7
-- form of, 166
-- fossils of, 45
-- growth of cone of, 80
-- history of, 204
-- last eruption of, 7
-- lava-stream of 1855, 101
-- lava-streams of 1858, 1872, 97
-- lavas of, 104
-- minerals of, 46
-- -- ejected at, 149
-- observatory on, 24, 37
-- outlines of, 87
-- pine-tree appendage of, 29
-- scoria-cones in lava, 122
-- -- on lava of 1855, 153
-- steam emitted by lava of, 27
-- vapour-cloud over, 26, 29
Vesuvian stage, 23
-- _eruption, photograph of_, 24, fig. 5
Viscid lavas of Lipari Islands, 94-96
Vitreous lavas, devitrification of, 259
Volcanic action, laws of, 32
-- bombs, 70, 71
-- cycles, nature of, 221, 222
-- -- duration of, 223
-- cones, internal structure of, 115-122
-- -- _experimental illustration of formation of_, 120, fig. 37
-- -- limits to height of, 166
-- -- form of, 152
-- -- dimensions of, 152
-- -- irregular development of, 90
-- -- slopes of sides of, 91
-- -- composed of ejected rock-fragments, 156
-- -- curved slopes of, 156
-- _débris_ on sea-bottom, 240
-- dust, fineness of, 69
-- districts, areas of upheaval, 245
-- ejections, alteration of, 258
-- eruptions, compared to ebullition, 19, 20
-- forces, compensate for denudation, 283
-- -- intensity at former periods, 278
-- -- necessity for action of, 285
-- -- shifting of from one area to another, 277
-- mountains, origin of conical forms, 89
-- -- mode of growth, 89
-- phenomena of the past similar to those at present, 273
-- products, order of appearance of, 198, 199
Volcanic rocks, 61
-- -- similarity of ancient and modern, 253
Volcano, origin of name, 3
-- craters of, 167
-- Island of. _See_ Vulcano.
-- compared to steam-engine, 8
Volcanoes, blocks, ejected from, 45
-- built up of ejected fragments, 74
-- destruction caused by, 281
-- dissected by denudation, 115, 139
-- erroneous ideas concerning, 1
-- ejection of different materials from, 205
-- known to ancients, 3
-- life-history of, 186
-- number of, 224, 225
-- of Africa, 227
-- of America, 236
-- of Asia, 236
-- of Bohemia, 126
-- of Central Asia, 236
-- of Central Pacific, 236
-- of Europe, 227
-- of Hungary, 126
-- position in relation to mountain chains, 243
-- popular ideas concerning, 1
-- reservoirs beneath, 145
Volvic lava of, 103
Vose, cited, 346
Vulcan, forge of, 3
Vulcano, island of, 3, 158
Vulcano and Theodosius, 3
_Vulcano_, 178, fig. 77
-- _and Vulcanello, view of_, 43, fig. 6
-- chemical deposits at, 44
-- eruption in 1786, 43
-- -- in 1873, 43
-- -- _lava-stream in_, 95, fig. 19
-- --, 103, fig. 27
-- _plan of_, 195, fig. 85
-- _section of volcanic cone in_, 116, fig. 35
-- section in, 129
-- shifting of centre of eruption in, 196
_Vulcanello, craters of_, 197, fig. 86
Vulcanology, origin of the science, 4
-- earliest treatise on, 5

Walferdin, M., cited, 340
Water in lavas, 353
-- penetration through rocks, 358
-- presence of in lavas, 102
-- and saline solutions in cavities of crystals, 63
Werner, cited, 201
Western Isles of Scotland, 103, 139, 142
-- -- volcanoes of, 212
Whymper, Mr., 69
Woodward, Mr., experiments of, 119
Wrekin, ancient volcanic rocks of, 259

YOUNG, Professor, cited, 365

ZEOLITES, formation of, 150

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XI. ANIMAL MECHANISM: a Treatise on Terrestrial and Aërial
Locomotion. By Professor R. J. Marey. With 117 Illustrations.
Fourth Edition.

XII. The DOCTRINE of DESCENT and DARWINISM. By Professor Oscar
Schmidt (Strasburg University). With 26 Illustrations. Eighth
Edition.

XIII. The HISTORY of the CONFLICT between RELIGION and SCIENCE. By
J. W. Draper, M.D., LL.D. Twenty-second Edition.

XIV. FUNGI: their Nature, Influences, Uses, &c. By M. C. Cooke,
M.A., LL.D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.R.S.
With Illustrations. Fifth Edition.

XV. The CHEMISTRY of LIGHT and PHOTOGRAPHY. By Dr. Hermann Vogel.
With 100 Illustrations. Sixth Edition.

XVI. The LIFE and GROWTH of LANGUAGE. By William Dwight Whitney.
Sixth Edition.

XVII. MONEY and the MECHANISM of EXCHANGE. By W. Stanley Jevons,
M.A., F.R.S. Eleventh Edition.

XVIII. The NATURE of LIGHT, with a General Account of PHYSICAL
OPTICS. By Dr. Eugene Lommel. With 188 Illustrations and a
Table of Spectra In Chromo-lithography. Sixth Edition.

XIX. ANIMAL PARASITES and MESSMATES. By Monsieur Van Beneden. With
88 Illustrations. Fourth Edition.

London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO., Ltd.

_The International Scientific Series_--continued.

XX. FERMENTATION. By Professor Schützenberger. With 98
Illustrations. Fourth Edition.

XXI. The FIVE SENSES of MAN. By Professor Bernstein. With 91
Illustrations. Seventh Edition.

XXII. The THEORY of SOUND in its RELATION to MUSIC. By Professor
Pietro Blaserna. With numerous Illustrations. Sixth Edition.

XXIII. STUDIES in SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. By J. Norman Lockyer, F.R.S.
With Six Photographic Illustrations of Spectra, and numerous
Engravings on Wood. Fifth Edition. _6s, 6d._

XXIV. A HISTORY of the GROWTH of the STEAM ENGINE. By Professor R.
H. Thurston. With numerous Illustrations. Fifth Edition.

XXV. EDUCATION as a SCIENCE. By Alexander Bain, LL.D. Ninth Edition.

XXVI. The HUMAN SPECIES. By Professor A. de Quatrefages, Membre de
l'Institut. Fifth Edition.

XXVII. MODERN CHROMATICS. With Application to Art and Industry. By
Ogden N. Rood. Third Edition. With 130 original Illustrations.

XXVIII. The CRAYFISH: an Introduction to the Study of Zoology. By
T. H. Huxley, F.R.S. Sixth Edition. With 83 Illustrations.

XXIX. The BRAIN as an ORGAN of MIND. By H. Charlton Bastian, M.D.
Fourth Edition. With 184 Illustrations.

XXX. The ATOMIC THEORY. By Professor A. Wurtz. Translated by E.
Cleminshaw, F.R.S. Seventh Edition.

XXXI. The NATURAL CONDITIONS of EXISTENCE as they affect Animal
Life. By Karl Semper. Fifth Edition. With 3 Maps and 106
Woodcuts.

XXXII. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY of MUSCLES and NERVES. By Prof. J.
Rosenthal. Fourth Edition. With 75 Illustrations.

XXXIII. SIGHT: an Exposition of the Principles of Monocular and
Binocular Vision. By Joseph Le Conte, LL.D. Third Edition.
With 132 Illustrations.

XXXIV. ILLUSIONS: a Psychological Study. By James Sully. Fourth
Edition.

XXXV. VOLCANOES: what they are and what they teach. By John W.
Judd, F.R.S. Fifth Edition. With 96 Illustrations.

XXXVI. SUICIDE: an Essay on Comparative Moral Statistics. By
Professor H. Morselli. Third Edition.

XXXVII. The BRAIN and its FUNCTIONS. By J. Luys, Physician to the
Hospice de la Salpêtrière. With numerous Illustrations. Third
Edition.

XXXVIII. MYTH and SCIENCE: an Essay. By Tito Vignoli. Fourth
Edition.

XXXIX. The SUN. By C. A. Young, Ph.D., LL.D. Fifth Edition. With
numerous Illustrations.

XL. ANTS, BEES, and WASPS. A Record of Observations on the Habits
of the Social Hymenoptera. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.
Fourteenth Edition. With 5 Chromo-lithographic Plates.

XLI. ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. By George J. Romanes. LL.D., F.R.S. Sixth
Edition.

XLII. The CONCEPTS and THEORIES of MODERN PHYSICS. By J. B. Stallo.
Third Edition.

London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO., Ltd.

_The International Scientific Series_--continued.

XLIII. DISEASES of MEMORY. An Essay in the Positive Psychology. By
Th. Ribot. Fourth Edition.

XLIV. MAN BEFORE METALS. By N. Joly, Correspondent de l'Institut de
France. Fifth Edition. With 148 Illustrations.

XLV. The SCIENCE of POLITICS. By Prof. Sheldon Amos. Third Edition.

XLVI. ELEMENTARY METEOROLOGY. By Robert H. Scott. With 11 Plates
and 40 Figures in Text. Seventh Edition.

XLVII. The ORGANS of SPEECH. By Georg Hermann von Meyer. With 47
Illustrations.

XLVIII. FALLACIES: a View of Logic from the Practical Side. By
Alfred Sidgwick. Second Edition.

XLIX. The ORIGIN of CULTIVATED PLANTS. By Alphonse De Candolle.
Second Edition.

L. JELLY FISH, STAR FISH, and SEA URCHINS. Being a Research on
Primitive Nervous Systems. By G. J. Romanes, LL.D., F.R.S.
Second Edition.

LI. The COMMON SENSE of the EXACT SCIENCES. By the late William
Kingdon Clifford. Third Edition. With 100 Figures.

LII. PHYSICAL EXPRESSION: its Modes and Principles. By Francis
Warner, M.D., F.R.C.P. Second Edition. With 50 Illustrations.

LIII. ANTHROPOID APES. By Robert Hartmann. With 63 Illustrations.
Second Edition.

LIV. The MAMMALIA in their RELATION to PRIMEVAL TIMES. By Oscar
Schmidt. Second Edition. With 51 Woodcuts.

LV. COMPARATIVE LITERATURE. By H. Macaulay Posnett, LL.D.

LVI. EARTHQUAKES and other EARTH MOVEMENTS. By Prof. John Milne.
With 88 Figures. Fourth Edition, revised.

LVII. MICROBES, FERMENTS, and MOULDS. By E. L. Trouessart. With 107
Illustrations. Third Edition.

LVIII. GEOGRAPHICAL and GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION of ANIMALS By Prof.
A. Heilprin. Second Edition.

LIX. WEATHER: a Popular Exposition of the Nature of Weather Changes
from Day to Day. By the Hon. Ralph Abercromby. With 96
Figures. Fourth Edition.

LX. ANIMAL MAGNETISM. By Alfred Binet and Charles Fére. Fourth
Edition.

LXI. MANUAL of BRITISH DISCOMYCETES, with descriptions of all the
Species of Fungi hitherto found in Britain included in the
Family, and Illustrations of the Genera. By William Phillips,
F.L.S. Second Edition.

LXII. INTERNATIONAL LAW. With Materials for a Code of International
Law. By Professor Leone Levi.

LXIII. The GEOLOGICAL HISTORY of PLANTS. By Sir J. William Dawson.
With 80 Illustrations.

LXIV. The ORIGIN of FLORAL STRUCTURES THROUGH INSECT and other
AGENCIES. By Prof. G. Henslow. Second Edition.

LXV. On the SENSES, INSTINCTS, and INTELLIGENCE of ANIMALS, with
special reference to INSECTS. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.
With 118 Illustrations. Third Edition.

London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO., Ltd.

_The International Scientific Series_--continued.

LXVI. The PRIMITIVE FAMILY in its ORIGIN and DEVELOPMENT. By C. N.
Starcke. Second Edition.

LXVII. PHYSIOLOGY of BODILY EXERCISE. By Fernand Lagrange, M.D.
Second Edition.

LXVIII. The COLOURS of ANIMALS: their Meaning and Use, especially
considered in the case of Insects. By E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.
With Chromolithographic Frontispiece and upwards of 60 Figures
in Text. Second Edition.

LXIX. INTRODUCTION to FRESH-WATER ALGÆ. With an Enumeration of all
the British Species. By M. C. Cooke, LL.D. With 13 Plates
Illustrating all the Genera.

LXX. SOCIALISM: NEW and OLD. By William Graham, M.A., Professor of
Political Economy and Jurisprudence, Queen's College, Belfast.
Second Edition.

LXXI. COLOUR-BLINDNESS and COLOUR-PERCEPTION. By F. W.
Edridge-Green, M.D. With 3 Coloured Plates.

LXXII. MAN and the GLACIAL PERIOD. By G. F. Wright, D.D. With 111
Illustrations and Maps. Second Edition.

LXXIII. HANDBOOK of GREEK and LATIN PALÆOGRAPHY. By Sir E. Maunde
Thompson, K.C.B. With Tables of Alphabets and Facsimiles.
Second Edition.

LXXIV. A HISTORY of CRUSTACEA: Recent Malacostraca. By Thomas R. R.
Stebbing, M.A. With 19 Plates and 32 Figures in Text.

LXXV. The DISPERSAL of SHELLS: an Inquiry into the means of
Dispersal possessed by Fresh Water and Land Mollusca. By H.
Wallis Kew, F.Z.S. With Preface by A. R. Wallace, F.B.S., and
Illustrations.

LXXVI. RACE and LANGUAGE. By André Lefèvre, Professor in the
Anthropological School, Paris.

LXXVII. The ORIGIN of PLANT STRUCTURES by SELF-ADAPTATION TO THE
ENVIRONMENT. By Rev. G. Henslow. M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c.,
author of 'The Origin of Floral Structures,' &c.

LXXVIII. ICE-WORK PRESENT and PAST. By Rev. T. G. Bonney, D.Sc.,
LL.D., F.R.S., &c., Professor of Geology at University
College, London; Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge.

LXXIX. A CONTRIBUTION to our KNOWLEDGE of SEEDLINGS. By Rt. Hon.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.

LXXX. The ART of MUSIC. By Sir C. Hubert H. Parry, Mus. Doc.

LXXXI. The POLAR AURORA. By Alfred Angot. Illustrated.

LXXXII. WHAT is ELECTRICITY? By J. Trowbridge. Illustrated.

LXXXIII. MEMORY. By F. W. Edridge-Green, M.D. With Frontispiece.

LXXXIV. The ELEMENTS of HYPNOTISM. By B. Harry Vincent. With
Diagrams. Second Edition.

LXXXV. SEISMOLOGY. By John Milne, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c., Author of
'Earthquakes.' With 63 Figures.

LXXXVI. On BUDS and STIPULES. By the Right Hon. Sir John Lubbock,
Bart, M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. With 4 Coloured Plates and
340 Figures in the Text.

LXXXVII. EVOLUTION by ATROPHY, in Biology and Sociology. By Jean
Demoor, Jean Massart, and Emile Vandervelde. Translated by
Mrs. Chalmers Mitchell. With 84 Figures.

London: KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER, & CO., Ltd.

* * * * *

Transcriber Note

Minor typos corrected. Listing of "The International Scientific Series" was split between the front and end of book but are here moved to the end. The list was also reformatted. The captions for the map key in Figure 58 were reformatted into a table. Figure 41 was relocated as it followed Figure 42 in the printed version.