Chapter I: Foreword

This summary volume, entitled "Wage Earning and Education," is one of the 25 sections of the report of the Education Survey of Cleveland conducted by the Survey Committee of the Cleveland Foundation in 1915 and 1916. Copies of all the publications may be obtained from the Cleveland Foundation. They may also be obtained from the Division of Education of the Russell Sage Foundation, New York City. A complete list will be found in the back of this volume, together with prices.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE Foreword 5 List of Tables 10 List of Diagrams 12

CHAPTER
I. THE INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION SURVEY 13
Types of occupations studied 13
The Survey staff and methods of work 14

II. FORECASTING FUTURE PROBABILITIES 18
The popular concept of industrial education 19
The importance of relative numbers 20
A constructive program must fit the facts 23
An actuarial basis for industrial education 24

III. THE WAGE EARNERS OF CLEVELAND 25

IV. THE FUTURE WAGE EARNERS OF CLEVELAND 29
The public schools 29
Ages of pupils 32
Education at the time of leaving school 34

V. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FOR BOYS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 38
What the boys in school will do 40
Organization and costs 44
What the elementary schools can do 45

VI. THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 47
Specialized training not practicable 48
A general industrial course 49
Industrial mathematics 52
Mechanical Drawing 54
Industrial science 55
Shop work 56
Vocational information 58

VII. TRADE TRAINING DURING THE LAST YEARS IN SCHOOL 60
The technical high schools 62
A two-year trade course 66

VIII. TRADE-PREPARATORY AND TRADE-EXTENSION TRAINING
FOR BOYS AND MEN AT WORK 69
Continuation training from 15 to 18 74
The technical night schools 76
A combined program of continuation and trade-extension
training 80

IX. VOCATIONAL TRAINING FOR GIRLS 83
Differentiation in the junior high school 86
Specialized training for the sewing trades 88
Other occupations 90

X. VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE 92
The work of the vocational counselor 92
The Girls' Vocation Bureau 94

XI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 97

SUMMARIES OF SPECIAL REPORTS

XII. BOYS AND GIRLS IN COMMERCIAL WORK 101
A general view of commercial work 106
Bookkeeping 108
Stenography 108
Clerks' positions 109
Wages and regularity of employment 110
The problem of training 111

XIII. DEPARTMENT STORE OCCUPATIONS 115
Department stores 115
Neighborhood stores 116
Five and ten cent stores 117
Wages 118
Regularity of employment 122
Opportunities for advancement 123
The problem of training 124
Character of the instruction 129

XIV. THE GARMENT TRADES 131
Characteristics of the working force 132
Earnings 135
Regularity of employment 139
Training and promotion 140
Educational needs 143
Sewing courses in the public schools 145
Elective sewing courses in the junior high school 147
A one year trade course for girls 148
Trade extension training 149

XV. DRESSMAKING AND MILLINERY 151
Dressmaking 151
Millinery 153
The problem of training 156

XVI. THE METAL TRADES 158
Foundry and machine shop products 159
Automobile manufacturing 169
Steel works, rolling mills, and related industries 170

XVII. THE BUILDING TRADES 173
Sources of labor supply 173
Apprenticeship 174
Union organization 176
Earnings 176
Hours 178
Regularity of employment 179
Health conditions 179
Opportunities for advancement 180
The problem of training 181

XVIII. RAILROAD AND STREET TRANSPORTATION 187
Railroad transportation 187
Motor and wagon transportation 192
Street railroad transportation 193

XIX. THE PRINTING TRADES 195
The composing room 198
The pressroom 201
The bindery 203
Other occupations 204
The problem of training 206

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE 1. Occupational distribution of the working population of Cleveland 26

2. Nativity of the working population in Cleveland 27

3. Pupils enrolled in the different grades of the public
day schools in June, 1915 30

4. Enrollment of high school pupils, second semester,
1914-15 31

5. Ages of pupils enrolled in public elementary, high,
and normal schools in June, 1915 33

6. Educational equipment of the children who drop out
of the public schools each year, as indicated by
the grades from which they leave 35

7. Per cent of total male working population engaged in
specified occupations, 1900 and 1910 40

8. Distribution of native born men between the ages of
21 and 45 in the principal occupational groups 41

9. Distribution of third and fourth year students in
trade courses in the Cleveland technical high
schools, first semester, 1915-16 63

10. Distribution by occupations of Cleveland's technical
school graduates 64

11. Time allotment in the apprentice course given by the
Warner and Swasey Company, Cleveland 70

12. Course and number enrolled in the technical night
schools, January, 1915 77

13. Per cent of total population engaged in gainful
occupations during three different age periods 84

14. Number employed in the principal wage earning
occupations among each 1,000 women from 16 to 21
years of age 85

15. Per cent of women employees over 18 years of age
earning $12 a week and over 120

16. Wages for full-time working week, women's clothing,
Cleveland, 1915 139

17. Average wages for full-time working week for similar
workers, in men's and women's clothing, Cleveland,
1915 139

18. Proportions and estimated numbers employed in machine
tool occupations, 1915 161

19. Average, highest, and lowest earnings, in cents per
hour, and per cent employed on piece work and day
work, 1915 162

20. Estimated time required to learn machine tool work 164

21. Average earnings per hour in pattern making, molding,
core making, blacksmithing, and boiler making 166

22. Estimated number of men engaged in building trades,
1915 174

23. Union regulations as to entering age of apprentice 175

24. Union regulations as to length of apprenticeship
period 175

25. Union scale of wages in cents per hour, May 1, 1915 177

26. Usual weekly wages of apprentices in three building
trades 178

27. Average daily earnings of job and newspaper composing
room workers, 1915 199

28. Average daily earnings of pressroom workers, 1915 202

29. Average daily earnings of bindery workers, 1915 203

30. Average daily earnings in photoengraving, stereotyping,
electrotyping, and lithographing occupations, 1915 205

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

DIAGRAM PAGE 1. Boys and girls under 18 years of age in office work 103

2. Men and women 18 years of age and over in clerical
and administrative work in offices 104

3. Per cent of women earning each class of weekly wages
in each of six occupations 119

4. Per cent of salesmen and of men clerical workers in
stores, receiving each class of weekly wage 121

5. Per cent of male workers in non-clerical positions in
six industries earning $18 per week and over 122

6. Per cent that the average number of women employed
during the year is of the highest number employed
in each of six industries 123

7. Distribution of 8,337 clothing workers by sex in the
principal occupations in the garment industry 134

8. Percentage of women in men's and women's clothing and
seven other important women employing industries
receiving under $8, $8 to $12, and $12 and over
per week 136

9. Percentage of men in men's and women's clothing and
seven other manufacturing industries receiving
under $18, $18 to $25, and $25 and over per week 138

10. Average number of unemployed among each 100 workers,
men's clothing, women's clothing, and fifteen
other specified industries 141

11. Percentages of unemployment in each of nine building
industries 180

12. Number of men in each 100 in printing and five other
industries earning each class of weekly wage 196

13. Number of women in each 100 in printing and six other
industries earning each class of weekly wage 198

WAGE EARNING AND EDUCATION