Chapter XVII: Town Gates and Walls: Bridges

DROGHEDA GATES--‘SHEEP’ GATE, TRIM--WALLS OF ATHENRY--KILMALLOCK
WALLS--WALLS OF LONDONDERRY--BRIDGES--KILLALOE BRIDGE--OLD
THOMOND BRIDGE--NEWBRIDGE.

Although it is certain that the Danes, at an early period, encompassed with ramparts and towers several of the cities and towns which they held in Ireland, their works have long disappeared, with the exception of Reginald’s Tower, Waterford, built in 1003. Though the walls and gates of a few ancient cities or towns remain, they are obviously of comparatively late date, and invariably found in connexion with places which we know to have been strongholds of the English. In some, as at Drogheda and at Athlone, the wall was of considerable height and thickness. That of Waterford, of which a portion remains, was strengthened with semicircular towers; but they are usually plain. The great majority of these works at present remaining in Ireland were spared as relics, for since the general introduction of cannon and gunpowder for siege purposes they could no longer be relied upon as fortifications. The walls of all the Anglo-Irish cities and towns, which were once remarkable for strength, and the security they afforded to the besieged, have been almost entirely destroyed. Several gates and towers, however, remain, and of these the finest may be seen at Drogheda.

St. Laurence’s Gate consists of two lofty circular towers, connected together by a wall, in the lower portion of which an archway is placed. The towers, as well as the wall by which they are connected, are pierced with numerous loop-holes; and it is probable that the latter was originally, upon the town side, divided into stages by platforms of timber, extending from tower to tower, otherwise the loop-holes could not have been used by the defenders of the gate; and we know that even in their most beautiful buildings, the ancient architects rarely added an unnecessary feature. The other remaining gate-tower of Drogheda is octangular in form, pierced with long, narrow loop-holes, wider in the centre than in the other parts, and was further strengthened by a portcullis, the groove for which remains nearly perfect. Since the period of Cromwell’s ‘crowning mercy,’ the successful storming of Drogheda, the walls of that place have been gradually sinking into utter ruin; but, from some portions which yet remain in a tolerably perfect state, an idea may be formed of their ancient strength and grandeur. Most of the gate-towers remaining in Ireland are square, and of considerable height. Their archways are generally semicircular; but there was a beautiful Pointed example at Ross, in the County of Wexford.

The tower by which the ‘Sheep’ Gate of Trim was once surmounted no longer exists. The adjacent wall seems to have suffered a like denudation. A lofty structure figured in the distance, the belfry of St. Mary’s Abbey,[130] is of a late period of Gothic architecture.

Portions yet remain of the walls and flanking towers of Athenry, in the County Galway; but they are much dilapidated. One of the gateways still stands, through which the road entering the town now runs. It was originally defended by two towers, one of which has fallen; but the other has been preserved by the insertion of an archway spanning the road. In recent times it was with difficulty saved from destruction, a road contractor desiring to have it for the sake of the material; and that in one of the stoniest districts in Ireland. Concerning this structure there was a tradition amongst the neighbouring people that it was some time or other to fall upon the wisest man in Ireland. But the selfish official who coveted the stones seems to have had no fear on that account for his personal safety when passing beneath the arch, and, in reply to a gentleman who strongly objected to the proposed removal of the tower, on account of its interesting antiquity, he is said to have scouted the idea, declaring that any antiquity it ever possessed had gone long ago!

Kilmallock retains two of its four gates and much of its walls, which are in a fair state of preservation, and date from the reign of Edward III. These gates were very strong, and in times of need might have served as castles. In Clonmel the west gate is the only one now standing of four, and the remains of the walls surround the churchyard. Of the walls and gateways of Galway but a few pieces stand. These dated from 1270, and as late as 1651 the walls were perfect, with fourteen towers and as many gateways. Little of the four gates and walls which surrounded New Ross now remain; but one of the towers defending the wall still stands.

The walls of Londonderry, the most perfect in Ireland, are comparatively recent--they were raised in 1609--and have now seven gates. The walls and towers of Limerick were of very early date, and King John’s Castle is one of the finest Norman fortresses in the kingdom. The north tower is the most ancient; and it still possesses the original gateway. Since 1760, when the walls and ramparts were abandoned as defences, they have been allowed to decay, and much of them were removed for public convenience. A fine gateway may also be seen at Carrickfergus Castle, showing all the usual defensive appliances, portcullis, embrasures, and openings for dropping missiles or molten lead. The keep is also perfect, and has walls 9 feet thick.

The citizens of Dublin, generally, are not aware that patches of their old walls, including one gate or bar, still remain. The gateway is called St. Audoen’s Arch, and may be seen close to the ancient church of the same name. It is a fragment of an inner wall built by the citizens during the invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce, at a time when he lay encamped at Castleknock, and daily threatened the city. The adjoining portion of the wall is here high and strong; but the gate-tower has been lowered almost down to its arch.

Of the structure whose origin is ascribed to Meyler Fitz Henry, but completed by Archbishop Henry de Loundres, A.D. 1223, a portion may possibly be concealed beneath the piles of modern edifices which represent the present Castle of Dublin. The Castle presents little that is of interest to the architectural antiquary, except he finds it in the massive walls of the Record Tower, the oldest portion of the group of buildings between the Castle yards.

* * * * *

_Bridges._--That the Irish at an early period were in the habit of constructing bridges and causeways over rivers, or from the mainland to an island, or from one island to another, is a fact recorded in the ‘Annals’; and we are not wholly without some existing remains of that interesting class of structures. We read that in A.D. 1054 a bridge was built over the Shannon, at Killaloe, by Turlogh O’Brien. This work was no doubt of timber. It had probably been long decayed or destroyed when Richard de Clare obtained possession of the greater part of that county which still bears his name. But the ford was not so easily obliterated, and Killaloe was for a considerable time called ‘Claresford’ by the English. The little island of Begerin, near Wexford, was formerly connected with another island by a causeway, described by Mr. G. H. Kinahan as consisting of two rows of oak piles, set four feet apart, with about five feet between each pair. ‘On these piles,’ he remarks, ‘there would seem to have originally been longitudinal and transverse beams.’[131] St. Ibar, who died in A.D. 500, had a church and monastery in Begerin, so that there is every probability that this bridge or causeway may be referred to a very early date. The islands of Devenish and Inismacsaint, in Lough Erne, both of which were monastic sites in the sixth century, had similar communications with the mainland. A number of the piles at the latter island may still be seen when the water is low. Many of the lake-dwellings, or crannogs, were, as we have seen, furnished with causeways connecting them with the mainland, or with neighbouring islets.

Few, if any, bridges formed of stone appear to have been erected in Ireland previous to the Anglo-Norman invasion; but the new settlers and their descendants constructed many, several of which remained down to a comparatively late period. Of these, perhaps old Thomond Bridge, which spanned the Shannon at Limerick, was the most remarkable. Low, flat, and narrow in its proportions, defended at one end by a tower and gateway, and exhibiting in its fifteen arches a variety of forms, chiefly Pointed, it constituted, with the castle, and the venerable tower of St. Mary’s Abbey in the background, one of a group of mediæval structures as imposing as they were picturesque. The bridge was, in all probability, coeval with King John’s Castle immediately adjoining. Having at length, in part, become ruinous, it was, in the past century, pulled down, and a structure more in accordance with the requirements of the nineteenth century occupies its historic site.

The Shannon, almost in our own time, was crossed by other bridges of considerable antiquity. That at Athlone was one of the most interesting and picturesque features of the old town. In its abutments were recesses intended for the refuge of foot-passengers whenever any vehicle was passing--a precaution rendered absolutely necessary by the narrow proportions of the ancient roadway. Near the centre, on the northern side, might be seen a very remarkable sculptured and inscribed monument; the stones which composed it were placed in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy.

At Newbridge, two miles from Leixlip, and crossing the Liffey, is perhaps the oldest bridge now remaining in Ireland. This ancient structure, which still remains apparently as strong as when it was built, was, according to _Pembridge’s Annals_, as published by Camden, erected in 1308, by John le Decer, Mayor of Dublin in that year. It is in every respect an interesting work of its kind, and promises, unless taken in hand by some ‘restorer,’ to stand the storms and floods of another five hundred years. Some sixty years ago it was sentenced to destruction as useless, and only escaped demolition through the influence of the then proprietor of St. Woolstan’s, Richard Cane, who, in a spirit worthy of all commendation, declared that he would rather bear the cost of a new bridge than see one stone of John le Decer’s work removed.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Camden’s _Hibernia_, p. 67.

[2] _Journal_ R. S. A. I., 1876–8, p. 294.

[3] _Ibid._, 1887–8, p. 432.

[4] _Ecclesiastical Architecture of Ireland_, p. 107.

[5] _Pagan Ireland_, p. 308.

[6] _Asiatic Researches_, vol. vi., p. 502.

[7] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1888, p. 470.

[8] _Pagan Ireland_, p. 308.

[9] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1892, p. 68.

[10] _Annual Volume_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1892.

[11] _Transactions_ (_Antiquities_), Roy. Ir. Acad., vol. xxiv., p. 421.

[12] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1868, p. 91.

[13] _Ibid._, 1864–6, pp. 357, 497.

[14] _Ibid._, 1883–4, p. 222; 1887–8, p. 427.

[15] _Ibid._, 1879–82, p. 552.

[16] _Ibid._, 1874–5, p. 445.

[17] The cave is known by the name ‘Gillie’s Hole,’ and was used as a retreat, about a hundred years ago, by a pair of lovers who, in consequence of an imprudent marriage, had been discarded by their friends. Such is the local legend.

[18] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1895, p. 64.

[19] April, 1865.

[20] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1883, p. 174.

[21] This--the Royal Society of Antiquaries--collection has been transferred, with the exception of objects of a local interest, to the National Museum, Kildare-street, Dublin.

[22] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1874–5, note, p. 281.

[23] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1868–9, p. 349.

[24] _Ibid._, 1874–5, p. 460.

[25] _Prehistoric Scotland_, p. 279.

[26] Mr. G. A. Lebour, in _Nature_, May 9th, 1872, speaking of the character of the principal dolmens and cist-bearing mounds of Finisterre, says that ‘in most cases in that department the dolmens occupy situations in every respect similar to those in which the tumuli are found, so that meteorological, and indeed every other but human, agencies must have affected both in the same manner and degree. Notwithstanding this, the dolmens are invariably bare, and the cists are as constantly covered; there are no signs of even incipient degradation and denudation in the latter, and none of former covering in the first.’

[27] _Dolmens of Ireland_, p. viii.

[28] _Ibid._, p. 430.

[29] _Dolmens of Ireland_, vol. i., p. 8.

[30] _Maol_ may be interpreted ‘servant of.’

[31] Some doubt has been thrown on the story as told in the ‘Annals’: see _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1897, p. 430.

[32] The Rev. Maxwell Close makes the dimensions 12¼ feet by 9¼ feet, and 5¾ feet thick.

[33] _Proceedings_ Roy. Ir. Acad., 3rd Series, vol. v., No. 3.

[34] The three distinct groups of rocks on the Three-Rock Mountain, a familiar natural feature from the suburbs of Dublin, were considered by Beranger to be ‘Druidical remains.’ From a distance they appear like cairns, but they were never raised by human hands, and their interest is entirely geological.

[35] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1896, p. 93; and 1876, p. 95.

[36] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1872, p. 523.

[37] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. Antiq., 1872, p. 526.

[38] _Ecclesiastical Architecture_, p. 97.

[39] See _Archæologia_, vol. xxv., p. 233.

[40] _Schliemann’s Excavations_, by Dr. C. Schuchhardt (1891), p. 147.

[41] _The Mycenæan Age_, by Dr. Christos Tsountas and Mr. J. Irving Manatt (1897), p. 138.

[42] See _Proceedings_ Roy. Ir. Acad., vol. ix.

[43] _Proceedings_ Roy. Ir. Acad., vol. xxvii. (1892–93).

[44] _Rude Stone Monuments_, p. 219.

[45] The MSS. only state that the Ollamh was buried at Taillten.

[46] _Schliemann’s Excavations_, p. 151.

[47] _Egyptian Decorative Art_, chap. ii.

[48] _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, xiv., p. 329.

[49] See _Journal_, 1894, 1895; also _Trans._ Roy. Ir. Acad., vol. xxx. pt. 1, xxxi. pt. 2.

[50] A somewhat similar example occurs in the sepulchral monument at Glenmalin, Co. Donegal. See _Journal_ Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ir., 1890, p. 264.

[51] _Rude Stone Monuments of Sligo_, p. 136.

[52] _Catalogue of Antiq._, p. 27.

[53] See _Journal_, R. S. A. I., 1870, p. 579.

[54] _Politics_, Bk. iv., Ch. 2.

[55] _Murray’s Handbook of Ireland_ (1902), p. 350.

[56] See _Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist_, vol. i., p. 35.

[57] _British Barrows_, p. 19.

[58] _Rambles and Studies in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Dalmatia_, pp. 132, 133.

[59] _Ibid._, p. 400.

[60] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1852–3, p. 295.

[61] _Pagan Ireland_, p. 108.

[62] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1876–8, p. 178.

[63] _Primeval Antiquities of Denmark_, p. 96.

[64] _The Civilization of Sweden in Heathen Times_, p. 32.

[65] _Schliemann’s Excavations_, by Dr. Schuchhardt, p. 86.

[66] _Early Age of Greece_, by W. Ridgeway, p. 495.

[67] _Early Age of Greece_, by W. Ridgeway, p. 495.

[68] _Annals of the Four Masters_, A.D. 537.

[69] _Ibid._

[70] _Ibid._, A.D. 458.

[71] _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, O’Curry; Introduction, p. cccxl.

[72] Dr. Sullivan was of opinion that these words are used here in the sense of funeral pyre; but this is not accepted, as strictly they are applied to the whole funeral rite, especially to the reciting of dirges, and the performance of games. See _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, vol. i., cccxxiii.

[73] O’Curry, _Manners and Customs_, III. 176.

[74] _Ogam Inscribed Monuments of the Gaedhil_, Richard Rolt Brash, p. 13.

[75] _Irish Names of Places_, vol. i., p. 262.

[76] _Ogam Inscribed Monuments_, R. R. Brash, pp. 99–101.

[77] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1898, p. 1 (Rev. Canon Lett, M.A.).

[78] _Journal_ R.S.A.I., 1885, p. 362.

[79] _Prehistoric Scotland_, p. 352.

[80] For a full account of this structure see a Paper by the Rev. William Falkiner, M.A., _Proc._ R.I.A., vol. v., 3rd series, p. 211.

[81] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1860, p. 222.

[82] For an interesting account of this fort by Mr. P. J. Lynch, see _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1899, p. 5.

[83] _Journal_ R.S.A.I., 1893, p. 281; 1896, pp. 142, 363; 1897, p. 116.

[84] See _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1898, p. 325, for notes and admirable plan, by Mr. P. J. Lynch.

[85] Mr. Stewart Macalister says this should be Cathair na Mairtinech, the ‘Fort of the Martins.’

[86] _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, iii., pp. 56–72.

[87] _Trans._ Roy. Ir. Acad., vol. xxxi., pt. vii., p. 334.

[88] _Eccles. Arch._, p. 445 _et seq._

[89] Donough Cairbreach O’Brien (d. 1242) built a rath, and Brian Boru repaired many of the forts of Munster in his own lifetime.

[90] _Scientific Transactions_, Roy. Dub. Soc, vol. i., 2nd ser., p. 200.

[91] _Catalogue_ R.I.A., p. 254; _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1885, p. 126.

[92] For a full description of Irish copper celts, see a paper by Mr. George Coffey in the _Journal_ of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xxxi., p. 275.

[93] For an account of the ‘Early Metallurgy of Copper, Tin, and Iron, in Europe,’ see a paper by W. Gowland in _Archæologia_, vol. lvi., p. 267.

[94] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, p. 144.

[95] _Egypt under the Great Pyramid Builders_, by E. Wallis Budge (1902), page 136.

[96] _Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, page 28.

[97] _Catalogue_, p. 384.

[98] _Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain_, p. 472.

[99] _Horœ Ferales_, Kemble, p. 190, _et seq._

[100] See _Proceedings_ Roy. Irish Academy, vol. iii., 3rd series, p. 486.

[101] _Lake-Dwellings of Ireland_, by Col. Wood-Martin, pp. 136–7.

[102] These objects are a kind of pear-shaped bell, containing a piece of metal within and admitting ‘a dull feeble sound.’ See Wilde’s _Catalogue_, p. 613.

[103] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1874, p. 22.

[104] For the process of riveting, see Wilde’s _Catalogue_, p. 632; and the _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1876–8, p. 277.

[105] See Roy. Soc. Antiq. edition, p. 32.

[106] For a summary of these, see an Article by R. R. Brash, _Journal_ Roy. Soc. Antiq. of Ir., 1870–1, p. 509.

[107] _Catalogue of the Antiquities of Gold_, p. 2.

[108] See _Archæologia_, vol. 55, p. 391; _Journal_ Roy. Soc. Antiq., 1902, p. 211.

[109] _Lake-Dwellings_, vol. i., p. 23. 2nd ed.

[110] _Catalogue_ R.I.A., p. 235.

[111] _Archæologia_, vol. xxvi., p. 361.

[112] _Lake-Dwellings of Europe_, by Robert Munro, M.D., p. 477.

[113] _Lake-Dwellings of Ireland_, Col. Wood-Martin, p. 236.

[114] _Prehistoric Scotland_, p. 427.

[115] _Journal_, Roy. Soc. Antiq. Ir., 1893, p. 27; 1894, p. 315.

[116] _Journal_, R.S.A.I., 1897, pp. 205, 389; 1901, p. 204.

[117] _Proceedings_ R. I. A., vol. ii., 2nd. ser.

[118] _Journal_, R.S.A.I, 1872, p. 10.

[119] _Journal_, R.S.A.I., 1897, p. 373.

[120] _Lake-Dwellings of Ireland_, Col. Wood-Martin, pp. 145–60. _Catalogue_ R.I.A., pp. 229–33.

[121] _Lake-Dwellings of Europe_, p. 489.

[122] See Adamnan’s _Life of St. Columba_ (Bishop Reeves), p. 286; and _The Celtic Church_ (Dr. G. T. Stokes), p. 107.

[123] _Ecclesiastical Architecture_, George Petrie, p. 432.

[124] _Eccles. Arch._, p. 284.

[125] This is described in Petrie’s _Eccles. Arch._, pp. 242–6.

[126] _Journal_, Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland, 1856–7, p. 315.

[127] See Wright’s _Louthiana_, Plate 14, Book iii.

[128] See _Transactions_ Roy. Ir. Acad., vol. xx.; also vol. xxx., p. 303.

[129] See _Some Notices of the Castle of Trim_ by the late Rev. R. Butler.

[130] Mr. Butler, in his book on the Castle of Trim, remarks that in 1449–50 Richard, Duke of York, held his Court there; that he was a benefactor to St. Mary’s Abbey; and that the ‘Yellow Steeple,’ as the tower is popularly styled, may probably be assigned to his time.

[131] _Journal_ Roy. Soc. of Antiq. Ir., 1872–3, p. 435.

INDEX

N.B.--The Titles of Books, etc., are in _Italics_.

Abbeys, 362.
Bective, 368.
Dunbrody, 365.
Howth, 375.
Jerpoint, 364.
Kilmallock, Window of, 365.
Malahide, 386.
Newtowntrim, 367.

Achill Island, 77.

Adams, Professor Leith, 188.

Adler, Professor, 104.

Aghade, 16.

Alignments, 127.

Allen, Hill of, 171.

Alphabet stone, Kilmalkedar, 22.

_Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain_, 212.

_Ancient Stone Implements_, 196.

Anderson, Dr. Joseph, 120.

Anglo-Irish Remains, 3.

_Annals of Clonmacnoise_, 165, 241, 306.

_Annals of the Four Masters_, 82, 100, 140, 241, 349, 352.

_Annals of Innisfallen_, 354.

_Annals of Tighernach_, 101.

Aranmore, 173.

Arch Druid, 72.

_Archæologia_, 89, 205, 250, 257.

_Archæological Journal_, 332.

Ardagh Chalice, or Cup, 357.

Ardakillen Crannog, 231, 239.

Ardnaree, 60.

Ardoileán, 285.

Aristotle, 122.

Arrow-heads, Flint, 191.
Leaf-shaped, 191.
Triangular, 193.
Stemmed, 193.
Mounted, 194.
Bronze, 227.

Art, Early Christian, 345.

_Asiatic Researches_, 15.

_Athenæum_, 243.

Aynia’s Cove, 76.

Ballon Hill, 134.

Ballyconnell, Stone Monument at, 42.

Ballyheabought, 177.

Ballykinvarga, 172.

Ballynasare, 26.

Balor of the ‘Mighty Blows,’ 43.

Banqueting-Hall of Tara, 168.

Barr of Fintona, 61, 113.

Barrows, 121.

Bateman, Mr., 133.

Battle of Sligo, 139.

Battler, The, 351.

‘Beds’ of Dermot and Grainne, 51.

Bee-hive Huts. (_See_ Clochauns.)

Begerin, 402.

Bells, Ecclesiastical, 346.
Chumascach, 348.
St. Patrick’s, or Armagh, 346.

Beranger, Gabriel, 72.

Bernard, Dr., 184.

Bernard, Dr. J. H., 351.

Betham, Sir Wm., 349, 350.

Bishop’s Island, 284.

Board of Public Works, 181, 258, 303, 341.

_Book of Armagh_, 50.
_Ballymote_, 142, 150, 152, 155.
_Kells_, 306, 351.
_Lecan_, 140.
_Leinster_, 150.
_Rights_, 234, 240.

Borlase, C. W., 52, 54, 55, 58, 70, 71, 75.

Brash, R. R., 35, 38, 152, 242.

Breac Moedoc, The, 352.

Breagho, Stones at, 130.

Brehon’s Chair, 42, 72.

Brian Boru, 184, 307, 309.

Bridges, 401.
Athlone, 403.
Killaloe, 402.
Newbridge, 403.
Thomond, Limerick, 403.

_British Archaic Sculpturings_, 35.

Bronze Age, 49, 66, 76, 90, 98, 105, 134, 202.

Bronze, Discovery of, 204.
Armlets, 240.
Arrow-heads, 227.
Bridle-bits, 229.
Caldrons, 233.
Celts, 206.
‘Dowris,’ 234.
Fibulæ, 238.
‘Head-stalls,’ 232.
Irish, Analysis of, 205.
Mycenæan, Analysis of, 205.
Ornaments, 237.
Penannular Rings, 239, 248.
Rapiers, 216.
Ring Pins, 238.
Shields, 227.
Spears, 222.
Swords, 213.
Sword-sheaths, 219.
Trumpets, 235.

Bruce, Edward, 401.

Brugh na Boinne, 81.

Budge, Dr., 206.

Buick, Rev. Dr., 267.

Bulleid, Mr. Arthur, 266.

Bulláns, 43.
Clane, 46.
Dowth, 45.
Garranbane, 45.
Kill o’ the Grange, 46.
Lough Macnean, Upper, 47.
Meelehans, 46.
Newgrange, 45.
Slieve-na-Calliaghe, 45.
Standing stone, 45.
Templenaffrin, 46.

Burial Customs, 49, 132.
Remains, Exploration of, 133.

Butler, Rev. R., 399.

Cahers, 171.

Caher Fada an Doruis, 178.

Cahernamactirech, 178.

Cairbre Lifeachair, 151.

Cairns, 49, 98, 112.
Horned, 120.

Cairns at--
Barr of Fintona, 113.
Belvoir, 113.
Bighy, 116.
Cairn’s Hill, 112.
Doohat, 118.
Knocknarea, 112.
Loughcrew, 98.

Calliagh Vera or Birra, 58, 99.

Camden, 3.

Cane, Richard, 404.

Cannistown Church, 370.

Canoes or ‘Dug-Outs,’ 274.

Carnac, 127.

Carnbawn, 98.

Carrowmore, Stone Monuments at, 75.
Burials at, 135.

Cashels, 171.

Castellated Mansions, 390.

Castles, Anglo-Norman, 383.
Bullock, 393.
Carrickfergus, 401.
Dalkey, 394.
Drimnagh, 394.
Dublin, 401.
King John’s, Limerick, 400.
Malahide, 385.
Maynooth, 389.
Scurloughstown, 393.
Swords, 394.

Castlerock, 189.

_Catalogue of Antiquities_, Royal Irish Academy, 111, 194, 203, 210,
219, 234, 257, 274.
_of Gold_, Roy. Ir. Acad., 242.

Cathach, or Caah, 349.

Cathair Crofinn, 167.

Cat-stone, 5.

Celleach, Bishop, 59.

_Celtic Church, The_, 286.

Celts, _see_ Bronze, Copper, Stone.

Chair of the Tyrone O’Neills, 39.

Chalices, 356.
Ardagh, 357.

Chamber Monument, 51.

Christchurch, 366.

_Christian Inscriptions_ (G. Petrie), 319.

Churches, Early, 289.
Belfries, 292.
Doorways, 289.
Choir Arches, 291.
Masonry of, 292.
Roofs, 292.
Windows, 290.
Friar’s Island, 304.
Glendalough, 297.
Killiney, 293.
Kilmurvey, 290.
Kilternan, 293.
St. Colman’s, Kilmacduagh, 290.
St. Fechin of Fore, 290.
St. Flannan’s, Killaloe, 307.

Churches, Early Decorated, 308.
Aghadoe, 318.
Clonfert, 318.
Cormac’s Chapel, 313.
Devorgilla’s, Clonmacnoise, 318.
Freshford, 316.
Iniscaltra, 309.
Killeshin, 310.
Rahan, 311.
Tuam Cathedral, 318.

Churches, Early Pointed, 365.
Later, 362.

Cinerary urns, 49, 143.

Cistercian Order, Abbeys of, 363.

Cists, 49.
Greenhills, 66.
National Museum, 66.
Phœnix Park, 63, 65.

_Civilisation of Sweden in Heathen Times_, 137.

Clady Church, 370.

Clocha Labartha, 7.

Clochauns, 172, 279.
Dingle, 177.
Fahan, 178.
Inismurray, 182.
Skellig Michael, 280.

Cloch-bhreac, 19.

Cloch-i-neely, 43.

Cloch-lia, 19.

Cloch-na-n’Arm, 79.

Cloghafoyle, 13.

Cloictheach, 334.

Clontarf, 121.

Cochrane, Mr. Robert, 250.

Coffey, Mr. George, 90, 93, 105, 204, 223.

Coire an Daghdha, 233.

Conal Cearnach, 46.

Conchobhar, 101.

Conquer Hill, 121.

Conwell, E. A., 7, 39, 99, 101, 103.

Copper Age, 202.
Arrow-heads, 227.
Celts, 303.
in Ireland, 204.

Cormac Mac Art, 51, 168, 171.

Cormac McCarthy, 313.

Coronation Stone, 9.

Crannogs, 252.
(_See_ Lake-Dwellings.)
Ballinamore, 268.
Ballyconnell, 268.
Clones, 267.
Lagore, 254.
Lisnacroghera, 263.
Loughavilly, 270.
Lough Eyes, 264.
Lough Faughan, 256.
Lough Gur, 258.
Lough Roughan, 257.
Miracles, the, 270.
Monaghan, 258.
Moylarg, 207.
Roscrea, 245.
Scotch, 265.
Strokestown, 268.
Stone, 268.
Submarine, 268.

Crannog Huts at Drumkellin, 271.
Kilnamaddo, 271.

Crannog Pottery, 272.
Spears, 226.

Cremation, 136.

Cromlechs, 49.
Ballyedmond, 73.
Ballymascanlan, 55, 62.
Black Lion, 60.
Brennanstown (Glen Druid), 71.
Castlederg, 77.
Cloghtogh, 76.
Four Maols, the, 59.
Glencullen, 73.
Glensouthwell, 72.
Greenmount, 59.
Howth, 66.
Kernanstown, 57.
Kilternan, 74.
Knockmany, 74.
Labacallee, 58.
Legananny, 61.
Lennan, 77.
Monasterboice, 58.
Mount Venus, 60.
Shanganagh, 71.
Shankill, 74.
Slievemore, 77.

Crosiers, 352.
Cashel, 353.
Lismore, 354.
St. Berach, 353.

Cross of Cong, 354.

Crosses, Early Irish, 319.
Clonmacnoise, 319, 321.
Finglas, 320.
Kells, 321.
Monasterboice, 323.
Tully, 320.

Crotals, 234.

Cruachan, 13.

Cruck-na-clia, 77.

Cup-and-Circle Markings, 23.

Cumdachs, 349.
Book of Dimma, 349.
Book of Mulling, 349.
St. Columba’s Psalter, 349.
Stowe Missal, 349.

Currachs, 276.

Dalkey Church, 371.

Dallans, 5.

D’Alton, J., 375.

D’Arcy, Dr. S. A., 267.

Dathi, 13, 81.

Day, Mr. Robert, 30.

De Courcy, John, 383.

Deer-stone, Glendalough, 46.

De Lacy, Hugh, 383.
Walter, 389.

Denmark, King of, 55.

Dermot Mac Murrough, 298.

Dermot, son of Fergus, 165.

Devenish, 344, 402.

Dextera Dei, or Hand Symbol, 329.

Diarmid O’Duibhne, 51.

Dolmens, 51.

_Dolmens of Ireland_, 53, 58.

Domnach Airgid, 351.

Domnall of Kells, 351.

Donagh O’Brien, 313.

Doon Cave, 164.

Dorban, 80.

Dowris, 234.

Dowth, 45, 48, 91.
Carvings at, 95.
Entrance to, 94.

Drew, Sir Thomas, 366.

Druid’s Altar, 52.
Chairs, 38, 72.
Judgment Seat, 40.
Temple, 125.

Drumnakilly, 45, 146.

Duald Mac Firbis, 13.

Dubh Caher, 172, 176.

Du Chaillu, M., 120.

Dumha na nGiall, 168.

Dunraven, Lord, 335, 357, 359.

Duns, 159, 161.
Ængus, 172, 176.
Aillinne, 171.
Conor, 176.
Dorsay, 161.
Eochla, 176.
Onaght, 176.

Dunamoe, 172, 180.

Dunbeg, 172, 178.

Dundrum, Co. Down, 189.

Du Noyer, George, 30, 52, 58, 70, 100, 177, 189.

Dunsinane, Hill, 163.

Durer, Albert, Altar Piece by, 386.

Dysart, 135.

_Early Age of Greece_, 138, 139.

Early Christian Remains classified, 2.

_Early Metallurgy of Copper, Tin, and Iron in Europe_, 205.

_Ecclesiastical Architecture_ (G. Petrie), 14, 80, 183, 301, 309, 312.

Eglone, 12.

_Egyptian Decorative Art_, 105.

Egyptian Monoliths, 56.

_Egypt under the Great Pyramid-Builders_, 206.

Eirde Houses, 163.

Emania, or Navan Fort, 169.

Eoghan Bel, 59, 139.

Evans, Mr. Arthur, 104, 240.

Evans, Sir John, 195, 223, 229.

_Excursions through Ireland_, 74.

Fahan, ‘Ancient City of,’ 178.

Falkiner, Rev. W., 164.

Feidhlimidh Reachtmhar, 76.

Feis Teamhair, 165.

Fergus Mac Earc, 9.

Ferguson, Sir Samuel, 77, 78.

Fergusson, James, 16, 53, 61, 100, 109, 110.

Fiachra, 142.

Fingal, 375.

_Fingal and its Churches_, 375.

Fin Mac Coul, 51, 68, 168, 171.

FitzGerald, Lord Walter, 20.

Flaking Tools, or Fabricators, 195.

Fleatuch, 12.

Flint, 189.
Arrow-heads, 190.
Cores, 189.
Knives, 194.
Spear-heads, 191.

Florencecourt, 117.

Fonts, 378.
Christchurch, 382.
Clonard, 381.
Dunsany, 382.
Kilcarn, 379.
Kilkenny Castle, 379.
Killeshin, 379.
Killiney, 378.
Kilternan, 378.
St. John’s Point, 379.

Food-vessels in Graves, 147.

Forradh, 8, 167.

Fothach Rath Grainne, 168.

Fothadh Airgthech, 150.

Franks, Sir A. W., 221, 222.

Frazer, Dr. W., 35, 100.

Gallauns, 5.

_Gentleman’s Magazine_, 38.

Giants’ Graves, 51, 63.

Giant’s Load, 62.

Glasgavlen, 43.

Glasinac, 133.

Glastonbury, 266.

Glencolumbkille, 122.

Glen Fahan, 178.

Glenmalin, 110.

Glensouthwell, 42.

Gold in Ireland, 241.
Fibulæ, 248.
‘Finds,’ 243, 249.
Diadem, or Tiara, 247.
Lunulæ, or Lunette, 245.
Ornaments, Varieties of, 242.
Torques, 243.

Goromna, 268.

Gowland, Mr. W., 205.

Grainger, Rev. Canon, 263.
Collection, 143, 226, 234.

Grainne, 51, 168.

Grain-rubber, 44.

Graves, Bishop, 24, 25, 26, 27, 152, 153, 157.

Graves, Early Christian, 331.
Kilnasaggart, 331.
St. John’s Point, 331.
Town-y-Chapel, 332.

Graves, Rev. James, 10.

Graves, Triangular, 120.

Greenwell, Rev. Canon, 227.

Guaire, King, 59.

_Guide to Lough Corrib_, 121.

Hag’s Castle, 268.
Chair, 39, 102.

Hallstatt, 134, 222.

Hatshepsut, Queen, Obelisk by, 56.

_Hibernia_ (Camden), 3.

Hill of Executions, 60.
Rath, 136.

Hissarlik, 205.

Holed-stones, 14.
Aghadoe, 16.
Ardmore, 16.
Castledermot, 20.
Cuil-Irra, 19.
Cushendall, 19.
Doagh, 19.
Inniskeen, 19.
Inismurray, 21.
Kilmalkedar, 16.
Mainistir, 20.

Hore Abbey, 313.

_Horœ Ferales_, 219, 220.

Howth Collegiate Church, 375.
Lord, Tomb of, 376.

Hugh O’Neill, 39.

Hy Fiachrach, 59.

Hyndford Crannog, 266.

Inauguration Stones, 38.

Incense Cups, 148.

Inis Cathaigh, 284.

Inishmaan, 176.

Inishmore, 176.

Inis-mac-Nessan, 378.

Inismacsaint, 402.

Inismurray, 173, 181, 286.

Interments, Primitive, 49.

Ireland’s Eye, 377.

Irish Antiquarian Remains, Classified, 2.

_Irish Antiquarian Researches_, 349.

_Irish Names of Places_, 159.

Irish-Romanesque Work, 309.

Iron, 206.
Age, Early, 222.
Caldrons, 234.

_Journal_, Roy. Soc. of Antiq., Ir., 16, 20, 35, 44, 46, 47, 60, 76,
77, 106, 110, 116, 136, 161, 163, 165, 174, 179, 194, 219, 234,
242, 250, 267, 268, 332, 402.

_Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 105.

Joyce, Dr. P. W., 159, 160, 161.

_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, 204.

Karnak, Obelisks, 56.

Keller, Dr., 256, 264.

Kelly, Dr. Dillon, 135.

Killee, Stones at, 130.

Kilmacnessan, 378.

Kinahan, Mr. G. H., 11, 30, 44, 188, 402.

King Cormac’s Chapel, 362.

Kistvaens, 49.

Knoc Baine, 76.

Knockaulin, Hill of, 171.

Lacknacor, Flagstone at, 42.

Lagore Crannog, 94, 231, 254.

Lake-dwellings, 263.
(_See_ Crannogs.)
Area of Distribution, 264.
England, 266.
Scotland, 265.
Switzerland, 263.

_Lake-Dwellings_ (Dr. Keller), 256.

_Lake-Dwellings of Europe_ (Dr. Munro), 259, 271.

_Lake Dwellings of Ireland_ (Col. Wood-Martin), 231, 263, 269.

Lake Stone-dwellings, 268.

Laoghaire, King, 50, 140.

Larne Implements, 196.

Late Celtic Art, 221.

La Tène Period, 222.

Layard, Mr., 268.

Leaba Diarmida agus Grainne, 51.

_Leabhar na h-Uidhre_, 80, 150.

Leacht Con Mic Ruis, 108.

Leaghauns, 8.

Lebour, M. G. A., 53.

Le Decer, John, 404.

Lefroy, General, 59.

Legamaddy. (_See_ Stone Circles.)

Lett, Rev. Canon, 161.

Lettered Cave, 31.

Lhwyd, Edward, 82, 97.

Lia Fail, 8, 168.

Lia Lamha Laich, 199.

_Life of St. Patrick_, 6.

Lis or Lios, 159.

Lisnacroghera, 219, 226, 234, 263.

Loch Dowalton Crannog, 265.
Dughaill Crannog, 266.

Lochlee Crannog, 265.

Locmariaker, 89.

Loughcrew, 39, 58, 98.

Lough Ballinafad, 268.
Bola, 268.
Cam, 268.
Derg, 42.
Mask, 268.
Melvin, 35.
Owel, 275.
Skannive, 268.

_Louthiana_, 341.

Lynch, Mr. P. J., 174, 179.

Mab, or Maeve, Queen, 112.

Macalister, Mr. Stewart, 179, 180.

Macbeth’s Castle, 163.

Mac Cullagh, Professor, 356.

Macha, Queen, 170.

Maelmuiri, 80.

Malachy O’Morgair, 277, 363.

_Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish_, 141, 142, 150, 180.

_Martyrology of Donegal_, 286.

Maxwell, Sir Herbert, 265.

Medune, Tombs of, 205.

Mellifont, 363.

Memphis, Monolith at, 56.

Mesgegra, King, 46.

Metal Work, 345.

Methers, 274.

Milligan, Mr. Seaton, 235.

Miltown, Canoe discovered at, 276.

Min, or Mind, 245.

Minchen Hampton, 16.

Miscan Maeve, 112.

Molyneux, 97.

Monasteries, Later, 363.

Monastic Settlements, 279.
Inismurray, 286.
Skellig Michael, 280.

Montelius, Professor, 106, 137.

Moryson, Fynes, 39.

Mounds, 121.

Mount Callan, 152.

Mountjoy, Lord, 39.

Moytura, 121.

Mudge, Captain, 256.

Munro, Dr. Robert, 48, 133, 163, 259, 264, 266, 271.

_Murray’s Handbook for Ireland_, 127.

Mycenæ, 90, 104, 105.

_Mycencæan Age, The_, 91.

Naper, J. L. W., 99.

National Museum, 2, 45, 64, 65, 155, 195, 197, 202, 203, 213, 217,
222, 227, 230, 233, 235, 241, 275, 352, 360.

_Nature_, 53.

Navan Fort, or Emania, 170.

Neolithic Man in Ireland, 188.

Newgrange, 45, 48.
Tumulus at, 81.
Carvings on stone, 86.

Ober Meilen, 256, 263.

O’Brien, Donough Cairbreach, 184.
Murkertagh, 184.

O’Conor, King Roderick, 354, 389.

O’Curry, Eugene, 73, 141, 150, 180, 199.

Odin, or Wodin, 17.

O’Donovan, John, 167.

Oileán-an-Easpoiggortaig, 285.

Ogam Alphabet, 153.
Characters on other objects, 156.

_Ogam Inscribed Monuments of the Gaedhil_, 152, 160.

Ogam stones, 150, 152.
Number of, 154.
Ballintaggart, 155.
Ballyknock, 156.
Burnham, 155.
Drumloghan, 156.
Dunloe, 156.
Monataggart, 154.
National Museum, 155.
Parknasilla, 155.
St. Dogmael, 155.

Oldcastle, 39, 58, 98.

Ollamh Fodhla, 39, 101, 103.
Tomb of, 7.
Chair of, 103.

One Man’s Cairn, 144.

O’Neill, Henry, 70, 73, 74.
Sir Phelim, 258.

O’Neills, 38, 183.

Oratories, Origin of, 278.
Where situated, 279.
Gallerus, 282.
Kilmalkedar, 283.
Temple Gael, 283.

Ornament, Late Celtic, 221.
Spiral, 104.

_Pagan Ireland_, 15, 16, 135.

Pairc-na-gclochalabartha, 7.

Palstave, 208.

Parker, J. H., 99, 391.

Patrickstown Hill, 98.

_Pembridge’s Annals_, 404.

Petrie, Dr. Flinders, 104, 105, 202.

Petrie, George, 9, 13, 80, 167, 176, 183, 206, 245, 254, 277, 289,
298, 301, 307, 309, 317, 319, 334.

Pfhalbauten, 264.

Picts’ Houses, 163.

Pillar-Stones, 5.
Ballynacraig, 12.
Castlecool, 12.
Finner, 12.
Glenasmole, 12.
Keimaneigh, 13.
Kesh, 11, 79.
Killowen, 79.
Kilmacrenan, 11.
Kilnasaggart, 78, 331.
Muff, 10.
Newgrange, 12.
Tara, 8.

Pitt-Rivers, General, 266.

Plunkett, Colonel, 66.

Plunkett, Maud, Tomb of, 386.

_Politics_ (Aristotle), 123.

Portstewart, 189.

Praying Stones, 21.

Prehistoric remains classified, 2.

_Prehistoric Scotland_, 48, 163, 265.

_Primeval Antiquities of Denmark_, 136.

Proleek Stone, 62.

Querns, 44.

Quoits, Fin Mac Coul’s, 68.

Raised Beaches, 189.

Rameses II., Statue of, 56.

_Rambles and Studies in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Dalmatia_, 134.

Rathcroghan, 13.

Raths, 159.
Number of, 160.
Caelchon, 168.
Downpatrick, 170.
Grainne, 168.
Gurteen, 163.
Naas, 171.
na Riogh, 168.
na Seanadh, 168.
Tara, 167.
Tullahogue, 39.
Whitechurch, 162.

Red Branch Knights, 170.

Reginald’s Tower, 396.

Reilick Odrain, 288.

Rhys, Dr., 154, 157.

Ridgeway, Mr. Wm., 138.

Rock Basins, 43.

Rocking-stones, 36.
Black Lion, 36.
Brown’s Bay, 37.
Highwood, 36.
Northern Moytura, 37.

Rock of Cashel, 312.

Rock-Scribings, 23.
Bantry, 30.
Boho, 30.
Broughshane, 30.
Cloverhill, 30.
Gillie’s Hole, 33.
Knockmore, 31.
Lough Blocknet, 31.
Loughnacloyduff, 33.
Mevagh, 30.

Round Towers, 333.
General conclusions regarding, 334.
Doorways, 337.
Windows and Apertures, 338.
Clondalkin, 339.
Devenish, 344.
Kildare, 342.
Lusk, 340.
Monasterboice, 340.
Swords, 340.

_Round Towers of Ireland, Origin and Uses of_, 334.

Royal Irish Academy, 99, 153, 245, 254, 352, 360.
Collection, 45, 64, 114, 147, 199, 200, 213, 235, 242, 357, 403.
_Proceedings_, 66, 100, 164, 268.
_Transactions_, 27, 106, 180, 223, 352.

Royal Residences, Ancient, 165.

Royal Society of Antiquaries, 219.
_Journal_, 60, 76, 77, 106, 110, 161, 163, 174, 175, 179, 194, 219,
234, 242, 250, 267, 268, 332.

_Rude Stone Monuments_, Fergusson, 100, 120.

_Rude Stone Monuments of Sligo_, Col. Wood-Martin, 19, 75, 100, 111,
120.

Samhain, 170.

Scattery Island, 284.

Schliemann, 205, 218.

_Schliemann’s Excavations_, 91, 104, 138.

Schuchhardt, Dr., 91, 104.

_Scientific Transactions_, Royal Dublin Society, 188.

_Senchas-na-Relec_, 80.

Shearman, Rev. Francis, 46.

Shirley, Mr., 269.

Shrines, 347.
(_See_ Cumdachs.)
St. Mura’s Bell, 348.
St. Patrick’s Bell, 349.
St. Senan’s Bell, 347.

Simpson, Sir James, 35.

Skellig Michael, 279.

Slieve-na-Calliaghe, 39, 45, 98.

Sligo, Battle of, 59.

Slope of the Chariots, 230.

Souterrains, 161.

Spenser, Edmund, 38.

St. Audoen’s Arch, 401.

St. Brigid’s Chair, 42.

St. Caimin, 309.

St. Carthach, 312.

St. Catherine’s Pond, 375.

St. Columba, Flagstone of, 42.
House of, Kells, 305.
_Life of_ (Adamnan), 286.

St. Declan, 312.
Day of, 16.

St. Dogmael’s, 155.

St. Doulough’s Church, 373.
Well, 375.

St. Fechin of Fore, 285.

St. Fintan’s Church, 377.

St. Ibar, 402.

St. Kevin, 297.
Bed of, 303.
House or Kitchen of, 300.

St. Kieran, 319.

St. Laurence O’Toole, 303.

St. Macarthen, 351.

St. Mac Dara, Church of, 296.

St. Madron, Well of, 16.

St. Molaise or Laisrén, 286.

St. Molaisi Diamhinsi, 288.

St. Patrick, 5.

St. Patrick’s Cathedral, 365.

St. Ruadan of Lorrha, 115.

St. Senan, 284.

Stokes, Dr., 157.

Stone Age, 49, 90, 137, 141, 187.
Axe-hammers, Perforated, 199.
Celts, 195.
Celts in Crannogs, 271.

Stone Circles, 122.
Ballynoe (Ligamaddy), 125.
Carrowmore, 75.
Callernish, 130.
Lough Gur, 126.
Newgrange, 124.
Slieve-na-Greidle, 125.
Wattle Bridge, 125.

Stone of Destiny, 8, 167.

Stone Forts, 159.
Aran Islands, 176.
Caherconree, 174.
Co. Clare, 175.
Dingle, 176.
Fahan, 177.
Grianan of Aileach, 183.
Moghane, 175.
Staigue, 173.

Stone Implements, 187.

Sullivan, Dr., 140, 142.

Tacitus, 137, 162.

Taillten or Teltainn, 81, 100, 171.

_Táin-bó-Cuailgne_, 150.

Tara, 165.
Brooch, 360.
Raths on, 167.

Teach Cormaic, 168.
Miodchuarta, 168.
Molaise, 287.

Teampull Ceanannach, 292.

Teampull-na-Bfear, 287.
Praying Stones at, 21.

Teampull-na-mBan, 22, 287.

Teampull-na-Teindh, 288.

Tehuti-hetap, 56.

Tempo, 45.

_Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt_, 205, 206.

Thompson, Dr. Maunde, 351.

Three Rock Mountain, 72, 73.

Timahoe, Doorway of Round Tower, 311.

Tin, 204.

Tiryns, Frieze at, 105.

Tlachtga, Palace of, 170.

Tober Brigid, 47.

Tobernavean, 19.

Todd, Dr. J. H., 6.

Tory Island, 43.

Tower-house, 390.

Town Gates, 396.
Athenry, 398.
‘Sheep’ Gate, Trim, 398.
St. Laurence’s, Drogheda, 397.
West Gate, Drogheda, 398.

Town Walls, 396.
Athenry, 399.
Clonmel, 400.
Galway, 400.
Kilmallock, 400.
Limerick, 400.
Londonderry, 400.
New Ross, 400.

Treasury of Atreus, 90.

Tullakeel, 25.

Tumuli, Chambered, 80.

Tumuli, Chambered, at--
Dowth, 91.
Knowth, 91.
Loughcrew, 98.
Newgrange, 81.

Uley, 84.

Urns, Sepulchral, 143.

Ussher, Mr. R. J., 162, 188.

Valenciennes, M., 35.

Vallancey, General, 152, 333.

_Viking Age_, 120.

Vitruvius, 104.

Wangen, 265.

Ward, Hill of, 170.

Ware, Sir James, 319.

Weems, 163.

Westropp, Mr. T. J., 175.

Whitepark Bay, 189.

Wilde, Sir William, 93, 96, 121, 209, 210, 217, 219, 222, 236, 237,
242, 244, 246, 252, 254.
See _Catalogue of Antiquities_.

Woden, or Odin, 17.

Wood-Martin, Colonel, 14, 16, 19, 24, 50, 60, 75, 110, 120, 135, 231.

Worsaae, 136.

Yellow Steeple, Trim, 399.

Yokes, 232.

THE END.

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and hyphenation were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.

Spelling was not thoroughly checked and most spelling variants were retained, although some Index entries were changed to match the spelling on the pages they referenced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected, sequentially renumbered, and placed at the end of the text, just before the Index.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Text mostly uses “cairn,” but sometimes uses “carn;” both retained here.

The List of Illustrations includes a reference to “NEWTOWNTRIM ABBEY, CO. MEATH” on page 367, but the original book does not contain that illustration anywhere.

The ornate illustrated drop cap on pages 80 and 362 is the word “In.”

Page 348: Original text contained a transcription in Irish. Here, it is displayed as an illustration in HTML versions, and just referenced in Plain Text.