Chapter XLIV (2)

Above the inscription, carved in the stone, are the arms of the
Washingtons, with an additional quartering of another family.

The other is of Robert Washington, and of Elizabeth his wife. Robert
was the uncle of the emigrant. This is a slab of the same sandstone,
and measures three feet and five inches long, and two feet and six
inches broad. The inscription is on a small brass plate set into the
stone, and is as follows:

HERE LIES INTERRED Y^E BODIES OF ELIZAB. WASHINGTON WIDDOWE WHO
CHANGED THIS LIFE FOR IMORTALITIE Y^E 19^TH OF MARCH 1622. AS
ALSO Y^E BODY OF ROBERT WASHINGTON GENT. HER LATE HUSBAND SECOND
SONNE OF ROBERT WASHINGTON OF SOLGRAVE IN Y^E COUNTY OF NORTH.
ESQ^R. WHO DEPTED THIS LIFE Y^E 10^TH OF MARCH 1622. AFTER THEY
LIVED LOVINGLY TOGETHER MANY YEARS IN THIS PARISH.

On a separate brass, beneath the inscription, are the arms of the
Washingtons without any addition. These, as you are well aware, have
the combination of stars and stripes, and are sometimes supposed to
have suggested our national flag. In heraldic language, there are
bars of gules and argent, with three mullets, or stars.

I:1616

THOV·THAT·BY·CHANCE·OR·CHOYCE OF·THIS·HAST·SIGHT KNOW·LIFE·TO·DEATH·RESIGNES AS·DAYE·TO·NIGHT BVT·AS·THE·SVNNS·RETORNE REVIVES·THE·DAYE SO·CHRIST·SHALL·VS THOVGH·TVRNDE·TO·DVST·&·CLAY]

In the interesting chapter on the "Origin and Genealogy of the
Washington Family," which you give in the Appendix to your "Life of
Washington," it appears that Lawrence, the father of the emigrant,
died 13th December, and was buried at Brington, 15th December, 1616.
But the genealogical tables, which you followed, gave no indication
of the locality of this church. Had it appeared that it was the
parish church of the Spencer family in Northamptonshire, the
locality, which I believe has not been heretofore known in our
country, would have been precisely fixed.

In point of fact, the slab which covers Lawrence Washington is in
the chancel of the church, by the side of the monuments of the
Spencer family. These are all in admirable preservation, with
full-length effigies, busts, or other sculptural work, and exhibit
an interesting and connected series of sepulchral memorials from the
reign of Henry VIII. to the present time. Among them is a monument
of the early English sculptor, Nicholas Stone; another from
Nollekins from a design by Cipriani, and another by Flaxman, with
exquisitely beautiful personifications of Faith and Charity. Beneath
repose the successive representatives of this illustrious family,
which has added to its aristocratic claims by services to the state,
and also by the unique and world-famous library collected by one of
its members. In this companionship will be found the last English
ancestor of our Washington.

The other slab, covering Robert, the uncle of the emigrant, is in
one of the aisles of the nave, where it is scraped by the feet of
all who pass.

The parish of Brington is between seven and eight miles from the
town of Northampton, not far from the centre of England. It is
written in Domesday Book "Brinintone" and also "Brintone." It
contains about 2,210 acres, of which about 1,490 acres belong to
Earl Spencer, about 326 acres to the rector in right of the church,
and about 130 acres to other persons. The soil is in general a
dark-colored loam, with a small trace of clay towards the north.
Nearly four-fifths of the whole is pasture and feeding land.

In the village still stands the house said to have been occupied by
the Washingtons when the emigrant brother left them. You will see a
vignette of it on the title-page of the recent English work entitled
"The Washingtons." Over the door are carved the words, "The Lord
giveth; the Lord taketh away. Blessed be the name of the Lord;"
while the Parish Register gives a pathetic commentary by showing
that, in the very year when this house was built, a child had been
born and another had died in this family.

The church, originally dedicated to the Virgin, stands at the
northeast angle of the village, and consists of an embattled tower
with five bells, a nave, north and south aisles, a chancel, a
chapel, and a modern porch; the tower is flanked by buttresses of
two stages. The present fabric goes back in its origin to the
beginning of the 14th century, nearly two hundred years before the
discovery of America. The chancel and chapel, where repose the
Spencers and Lawrence Washington, were rebuilt by Sir John Spencer,
the purchaser of the estate, at the beginning of the 16th century.
They afford one of the latest specimens of the Tudor style of
architecture. The church is beautifully situated on the summit of
the highest ground of Brington, and is surrounded by a stone wall
flanked on the inside by trees. Dibdin says that a more complete
picture of a country churchyard is rarely seen. A well-trimmed walk
encircles the whole of the interior, while the fine Gothic windows
at the end of the chancel fill the scene with picturesque beauty.

The Register of the Parish, which is still preserved, commences in
1560. From this it appears that Wm. Proctor was the rector from 1601
to 1627, covering the period of the last of the Washingtons there.
The following further entries occur relating to this family:

1616. "Mr. Lawrence Washington was buried XVth day of December."

1620. "Mr. Philip Curtis & Mis Amy Washington were married August 8."

1622. "Mr. Robert Washington was buried March ye 11th."

---- "Mrs. Elizabeth Washington, widow, was buried March ye 20th."

Of one of the ministers in this church we have an interesting
glimpse in Evelyn's "Memoirs" (vol. i. p. 612), where the following
entry will be found, under date of July, 1688: "Dr. Jeffreys, the
minister of Althorp, who was my lord's chaplain when Embassador in
France, _preached the shortest discourse I ever heard_; but what was
defective in the amplitude of his sermon, he had supplied in the
largeness and convenience of the parsonage-house."

At a short distance--less than a mile--is Althorp, the seat of the
Spencers, surrounded by a park of five hundred acres, of which one
of the gates opens near the church. There are oak-trees bordering on
the churchyard, which were growing at the time of the purchase of
the estate in the reign of Henry VII. Evelyn was often here a
delighted visitor. On one occasion he speaks of "the house or rather
palace at Althorp" (vol. i. p. 612). In another place he describes
it as "placed in a pretty open bottom, very finely watered, and
flanked with stately woods and groves in a park" (vol. i. p. 451).
Let me add that there is an engraving of Althorp at this time, by
the younger Vosterman, a Dutch artist.

There is one feature of the park which excited the admiration of
Evelyn, and at a later day of Mrs. Jameson, who gives to it some
beautiful pages in her "Visits and Sketches at Home and Abroad." It
is the record of the time when different plantations of trees was
begun. While recommending this practice in his "Sylva," Evelyn
remarks, "The only instance I know of the like in our country, is in
the park at Althorp." There are six of these commemorative stones.
The first records a wood planted by Sir John Spencer, in 1567 and
1568; the second, a wood planted by Sir John Spencer, son of the
former, in 1589; the third, a wood planted by Robert, Lord Spencer,
in 1602 and 1603; the fourth, a wood planted by Sir William Spencer,
Knight of the Bath, afterwards Lord Spencer, in 1624. The latter
stone is ornamented with the arms of the Spencers, and on the back
is inscribed, "Up and bee doing, and God will prosper." It was in
this scenery and amidst these associations that the Washingtons
lived. When the emigrant left in 1657, these woods must have been
well-grown. It was not long afterwards that they arrested the
attention of Evelyn.

The Household Books at Althorp show that for many years the
Washingtons were frequent guests there. The hospitality of this seat
has been renowned. The Queen of James I. and the Prince Henry, on
their way to London, in 1603, were welcomed there in an
entertainment, memorable for a masque from the vigorous muse of Ben
Jonson (Ben Jonson's Works, vol. vi. p. 475). Charles I. was at
Althorp, in 1647, when he received the first intelligence of the
approach of those pursuers from whom he never escaped until his life
had been laid down upon the scaffold. In 1698, King William was
there for a week, and, according to Evelyn, was "mightily
entertained" (vol. ii. p. 50). At least one of the members of this
family was famous for hospitality of a different character. Evelyn
records that he used to dine with the Countess of Sunderland--the
title then borne by the Spencers--"when she invited _fire-eaters_,
stone-eaters, and opera-singers, after the fashion of the day" (vol.
i. pp. 458, 483, 579).

The family was early and constantly associated with literature.
Spencer, the poet, belonged to it, and to one of its members he has
dedicated his "Tears of the Muses." It was for Alice Spencer that
Milton is said to have written his "Arcades," and Sir John
Harrington has celebrated her memory by an epigram. The Sacharissa
of Waller was the Lady Dorothy Sidney, wife of the first Earl of
Sunderland, the third Lord Spencer, who perished fighting for King
Charles I. at Newbury. I do not dwell on the other associations of a
later day, as my object is simply to allude to those which existed
in the time of the Washingtons.

"The nobility of the Spencers has been illustrated and enriched by
the trophies of Marlborough; but I exhort them to consider the
'Fairy Queen' as the most precious jewel of their coronet." Thus
wrote Gibbon in his memoirs, and all must feel the beauty of the
passage. Perhaps it is not too much to say that this nobility may
claim another illustration from its ties of friendship and
neighborhood with the family of Washington. It cannot doubt that
hereafter the parish church of Brington will be often visited by our
countrymen, who will look with reverence upon a spot so closely
associated with American history.

I trust that this little sketch, suggested by what I saw at Althorp,
during a brief visit last autumn, will not seem irrelevant. Besides
my own personal impressions, and the volumes quoted, I have relied
upon Dibdin's "Ædes Althorpianæ," so interesting to all
bibliographical students, and especially upon Baker's "History of
Northamptonshire"--one of those magnificent local works which
illustrate English history--to which you refer in your Appendix, but
which was not completed till some time after the "Life of
Washington" appeared.

Of course, the Memorial Stones which I have received from Lord
Spencer are of much historic value, and I think that I shall best
carry out the generous idea of the giver by taking care that they
are permanently placed where they can be seen by the public; perhaps
at the State House, near Chantrey's beautiful statue of
Washington--if this should be agreeable to the Commonwealth.

Pray pardon this long letter, and believe me, my dear Sir, with much
regard,

Ever sincerely yours,

CHARLES SUMNER.

JARED SPARKS, Esq.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by its Representatives, thanked Mr. Sumner, and directed the Memorial Stones to be placed where they now are.

ANALYTICAL INDEX.

A.

Abercrombie, Major-General, letter of Dinwiddie to, recommending
Washington for promotion into the royal army, i. 216;
on unity in the colonies, i. 230;
dilatory movements of--haughtiness of, toward the provincials, i. 231;
Lord Loudoun superseded by, in 1758, i. 252;
his expedition against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, i. 262;
cowardice of, at Ticonderoga, i. 265;
Fort George erected by, i. 266;
the calumniator of Americans in England, i. 267.

Academy, military, establishment of one urged on Congress by Washington,
iii. 455;
Washington's letter to Hamilton in relation to, iii. 549.

Acadia, early history of, i. 178;
removal of the population of, i. 179.

Acadians, cruelties perpetrated by, on the English frontier settlers,
i. 180.

Accounts of Washington, i. 307, 318, iii. 34.

Ackland, Lady, visit of, to the American camp at Bemis's heights,
ii. 534;
biographical notice of (_note_), ii. 535.

Ackland, Major, wounded at Hubbardton, ii. 467;
death of, at Saratoga (_note_), ii. 535.

Adams, John, prediction of, in 1755, i. 70;
extract from the Autobiography of (_note_), i. 432;
his account of the choice, by Congress, of a commander-in-chief,
i. 533;
his admiration of Washington, i. 538;
movements of Washington on the Schuylkill criticised by, ii. 516;
treaty of peace signed by, in 1782, iii. 15;
liberal commercial offer made by, to the British government, iii. 101;
opinions of, on presidential etiquette, iii. 106;
his "Discourses on Davila," iii. 188;
elected vice-president in 1792, iii. 222;
a candidate for the presidency in 1796, iii. 451;
letters of, to his wife, on learning his election to the presidency,
iii. 468;
inauguration of, iii. 472;
jealous of the popularity of Washington, iii. 475;
special session of Congress convened by, in 1798, iii. 494;
letter of, to Washington, anticipating war with France, iii. 509;
advice of Washington to, respecting the choice of generals, iii. 511;
Washington nominated by, as commander-in-chief, in 1798, iii. 512;
inclination of, to reverse Washington's arrangement of the
major-generals, iii. 522;
anxiety of, to avert a war with France, iii. 528;
feud between, and his cabinet, iii. 530;
message of, to Congress, in relation to Mrs. Washington and funeral
honors to her husband, iii. 565.

Adams, John Quincy, appointed minister to the Hague in 1794, iii. 301.

Adams, Mrs. John, lament of, for the death of Warren, i. 571;
remarks of, on the personal appearance of Washington, i. 586;
her description of the cannonade of Boston, ii. 63.

Adams, Samuel, integrity of, i. 345;
active in throwing the tea overboard in Boston harbor, i. 388;
noble sentiments expressed by, i. 437;
outlawed by a proclamation of General Gage, i. 552;
not concerned in _Conway's Cabal_ (_note_), ii. 589;
part taken by, in celebrating the French victories in Holland,
iii. 237.

Addresses of the second continental Congress to the people of Great
Britain and Ireland, i. 606, 610.

Address, Washington's Farewell, iii. 427.

Adet, M., colors of France presented to Washington by, iii. 385;
reply of Washington to the speech of, iii. 386;
attempts of, to influence the American people, iii. 451;
extraordinary letter addressed by, to the _Aurora_ and to the state
department, iii. 452;
pamphlet issued by, from the press of the _Aurora_, iii. 463.

Agriculture, Congress urged by Washington to foster, iii. 455.

Aix-la-Chapelle, boundaries in America left unsettled by the treaty of,
i. 59;
violation of the treaty of, by the French, i. 176.

Albany, congress of delegates from the colonies assembled at, in 1754,
i. 127.

Alexandria, Washington stationed at, in 1754, i. 94;
Washington introduced to the assembled governors at, in 1755, i. 145;
bequest of Washington to the academy in, iii. 536;
lots owned by Washington in, at the time of his death, iii. 543.

Algiers, attention of Congress called by Washington to relations
with--Colonel Humphreys appointed to treat with the dey of, iii. 293;
payment of tribute to, advocated in Congress in 1794, iii. 294;
treaty adjusted with, in 1795, iii. 379.

Aliquippa, Queen, interview of Washington with, i. 91.

Allen, Colonel Ethan, expedition of, against Ticonderoga, i. 524;
disappointed in his desire to invade Canada, i. 531;
retreat of, from St. John on the Sorel, i. 647;
letter of, to the provincial congress of New York, urging the invasion
of Canada, i. 650;
an outlaw by act of the New York legislature--admitted to the floor of
the provincial congress of New York, i. 653;
letter of thanks from, to the provincial congress of New York, i. 654;
letter of, to Governor Trumbull, in relation to the invasion of
Canada--disappointment of, at his rejection by the Green Mountain
Boys, i. 658;
remark of Montgomery respecting, i. 659;
body of Canadians raised by--unauthorized attempt upon Montreal made
by, i. 672;
defeated and made prisoner, i. 673;
brutal treatment of, by Prescott, i. 674;
his letter of remonstrance to Prescott, i. 675;
subsequent history of (_note_), i. 675;
Schuyler and Washington on the insubordination of, i. 675, 676;
letter of Washington to Howe, in relation to the harsh treatment
of--lenient treatment of, in England, ii. 28.

"American Association," articles of, i. 441;
the signers of (_note_), i. 445;
the Quakers adverse to, i. 457;
measures for the enforcement of, adopted in all the colonies in 1775,
i. 464;
popularity of, in New York, i. 515.

"American Continental Army" constituted, i. 531.

Ames, Fisher, letter of, in relation to the Congressional debates on
Jay's treaty, iii. 393;
speech of, in the house of representatives, on the subject of Jay's
treaty, iii. 405;
extracts from the speech of, iii. 405-416;
powerful impression produced by the speech of, iii 416.

Amherst, Major-General Sir Jeffery, expedition of, against Louisburg,
in 1758, i. 260;
biographical notice of (_note_), i. 262;
appointed to the chief command in America in 1759, i. 290;
Ticonderoga taken possession of by, i. 292;
fortifications built at Crown Point by, i. 292.

Ancestry of Washington traceable for six hundred years, i. 18.

Anderson, Captain Ephraim, fire-ships constructed by, ii. 236.

Anderson, James, Washington's farm manager, letter of Washington to,
iii. 548.

André, Major John, among the prisoners taken at St. John on the Sorel,
i. 680;
correspondence of Mrs. Arnold with, ii. 689;
sent by Sir Henry Clinton to confer with Arnold--arrest of, at
Tarrytown, ii. 690;
condemned to the death of a spy, ii. 693;
execution of, ii 694;
names of the captors of, ii. 695.

Annapolis, Irving's description of fashionable society in, before the
Revolution, i. 307;
first theatrical performance in America at, in 1752, i. 308;
journey of Washington to, from New York, in 1783--ball given at, in
honor of Washington, iii. 35;
short stay of young Custis at the college at (_note_), iii. 533.

Anthrax, malignant, Washington attacked by, in 1789, iii. 116.

Appearance, personal, of Washington, i. 46, iii. 584, 590, 595, 597, 601.

Arbuthnot, Admiral, arrival of, in New York, with troops, ii. 661;
fleet of, damaged off Cape Hatteras, ii. 671;
French blockaded by, in Newport, ii. 681.

Armstrong, Colonel John, Kittanning destroyed by, in 1756, i. 226;
medal presented to, i. 227.

Armstrong, Major John, addresses to the continental army written by, in
1783, iii. 16, 18.

Arnold, Benedict, expedition undertaken by, against
Ticonderoga--disappointment of, at finding Allen in the field
before him, i. 524;
a volunteer in Allen's expedition, i. 525;
protest sent by, to the provincial congress of Massachusetts, i. 526;
St. John on the Sorel captured and afterward abandoned by, i. 646;
experience of, at sea in early life, i. 647;
proposition of, to the continental Congress, for the invasion of
Canada, i. 648;
dislike of, for Allen (_notes_), i. 648, 652;
commission thrown up by, i. 649;
friendly reception of, by Washington, i. 682;
letter of General Gates to, at Watertown (_note_), i. 682;
expedition against Quebec intrusted to, i. 683;
instructions of Washington to, on his departure for Quebec, i. 683;
address of, to the inhabitants of Canada (_note_), i. 684;
private letter of Washington to, i. 687;
departure of, from Newburyport, i. 688;
army of, reduced by sickness and desertion, i. 689;
treachery of Indian messengers of, i. 690;
desertion of, by Colonel Enos, with his whole division--unparalleled
hardships endured by the troops of, i. 692;
encampment of, on the eastern shore of Lake Megantic, i. 693;
destruction of vessels of, while descending the Chaudière--message of,
to Montgomery, carried by young Aaron Burr, i. 694;
joined at Sertignan by Norridgewock Indians, i. 695;
friendly reception of, by the _habitans_ of the valley of the
Chaudière--approach of, known in Quebec through Indian
treachery--fears excited in Quebec by the arrival of the troops of,
at Point Levi, i. 696;
names of men in the expedition of, afterward distinguished, i. 697;
operations of, at Quebec, delayed by a snowstorm--Heights of Abraham
scaled by, i. 701;
reliance of, on the friendliness of the people of Quebec, i. 702;
retirement of, from before Quebec--communication of, with Montgomery,
i. 703;
commendation of, by Washington for his conduct in the Quebec
expedition, i. 713;
wounded in the attempt to storm the fortifications of Quebec, i. 720;
withdrawal of, to an entrenched camp--attempts of, to cut off supplies
from the garrison of Quebec, i. 723;
made brigadier-general, ii. 95;
his urgent request of reinforcements from Wooster--letter of, to
Congress, urging further efforts for the conquest of Canada, ii. 98;
sorties from Quebec repelled by--compelled to resort to continental
money for the purchase of supplies, ii. 99;
ineffective fire opened by, upon Quebec--small-pox in the camp
of--arrival of General Wooster at the camp of--departure of, for
Montreal, ii. 100;
letter of Schuyler to, expressing regret at the conduct of Wooster,
ii. 101;
efforts of, to obtain a surrender of prisoners, from Captain Forster,
ii. 149;
warning given to, at Montreal, of the approach of the British, ii. 164;
goods of Montreal merchants seized by (_note_), ii. 165;
retreat of, from Montreal, ii. 165;
narrow escape of, from the British at Longueuil, ii. 166;
the last man that left the shores of Canada, ii. 167;
flotilla constructed by, at Ticonderoga--post taken by, with his
flotilla, at _Isle-aux-Têtes_, ii. 255;
great intrepidity displayed by, in a naval engagement on Lake
Champlain, ii. 334;
destruction of the vessels of--Crown Point abandoned by, ii. 336;
complaints of, ii. 403;
Washington's concern at the neglect of, by Congress, ii. 429;
letter of, to Washington, in relation to his claims to promotion,
ii. 480;
wonderful escape of, while harassing Tryon's retreat from Danbury,
ii. 436, 437;
made major-general by Congress--appointed by Washington to the command
at Peekskill, ii. 438;
recommended by Washington to take the place of St. Clair, ii. 470;
boldness and activity of, at Bemis's Heights, ii. 524;
jealousy of General Gates excited against, ii. 526;
deprived of his command by Gates, ii. 527;
letters of, to Gates, urging him to attack Burgoyne, ii. 528, 529;
activity of, at the second battle near Bemis's Heights, ii. 531;
wounded at Bemis's Heights in the leg maimed at Quebec, ii. 533;
Philadelphia taken possession of by, on the departure of Clinton,
ii. 618;
expensive habits of, in Philadelphia--marriage of, to Miss
Shippen--charges preferred against, by the people of
Philadelphia--sentenced by a court-martial to a reprimand, ii. 688;
cautious advances made by, to Clinton, ii. 689;
command at West Point solicited by, ii. 689;
price of the treason of, ii. 690;
letter of Jameson received by, while at breakfast--escape of, from
West Point, ii. 692;
attempt to abduct, made by Sergeant Champe, ii. 694;
hated and despised by the British, ii. 695;
persons suspected of complicity with, ii. 697;
predatory excursion of, to Virginia--efforts of, to capture Governor
Jefferson, ii. 711;
ravaging expedition of, on the shores of Connecticut, ii. 727.

Arnold, Mrs., early correspondence of, with Major André, ii. 689, 695;
ordered by the executive council of Pennsylvania to leave the state,
ii. 695.

_Articles of Confederation_, adoption of, ii. 710;
substance of (_note_), ii. 710;
considered defective by Washington as a system of government--letter
of Washington to James Warren, in relation to, iii. 54;
letters of Washington and Jay in relation to a revision of, iii. 56;
convention to amend, proposed by commissioners at Annapolis, iii. 59.

Asgill, Captain, selected by lot for execution--sympathies of Washington
excited for, iii. 14.

Ashe, General, surprised by Prevost, at Brier creek, ii. 651.

Asses, sent to Washington by the king of Spain and by Lafayette, iii. 51.

Atlee, Colonel Samuel J., made prisoner at the battle of Long
Island--biographical notice of (_note_), ii. 274.

_Aurora_, abstract of Jay's treaty sent to the editor of, by
Senator Mason, iii. 347;
libel of Washington published in, iii. 369;
confidential questions of Washington to his cabinet relating to the
reception of Genet, published in, iii. 420;
extraordinary letter of Adet addressed to, in 1796, iii. 452;
malignant language of, in 1796, in relation to Washington--malignant
letter of Paine to Washington issued from the press of, iii 461;
a pamphlet issued from the press of, by Adet, iii. 463;
virulent attacks upon the character of Washington, published in, in
1797, iii. 477;
public indignation excited against--editor of, severely beaten,
iii. 478;
American government criminated by, in defence of France, iii. 505.

Awe, inspired by the presence of Washington, iii. 597, 598.

B.

Bache, editor of the _Aurora_, Washington's opinion of his journal,
iii. 268;
severely beaten, iii. 478.

Baker, Captain Remember, prisoners made by, i. 645.

Baird, Sir James, his brutal treatment of General Woodhull when a
prisoner (_note_), ii. 277.

Ball in honor of Washington's inauguration, iii. 109;
in celebration of the birthday of Washington in 1797, iii. 469.

Baltimore, effect of the news of the battle of Lexington at, i. 517;
Continental Congress adjourned to, ii. 362;
reception of Washington at, on his way to Mount Vernon, in 1797,
iii. 480.

Bank, national, advocated by Hamilton, iii. 171;
popularity of Hamilton's plan for--opposition of Jefferson to,
iii. 172;
bill creating, signed by Washington, iii. 173.

Barbados, visit of Lawrence and George Washington to, in 1751, i. 62.

Barbary powers, impunity of their piracies in 1789, iii. 100.

Bard, Doctor, assiduous attention of, to Washington, during his illness
in 1789, iii. 116.

Barney, Commodore, bad conduct of, in the West Indies, iii. 467.

Barnsfare, Captain, death of Montgomery in the attempt to surprise the
battery of, i. 718.

Barré, Isaac, Wolfe's adjutant-general at Quebec, i. 293;
"conciliatory bill" of Lord North denounced by, i. 498.

Barren Hill, escape of Lafayette from the British at, ii. 615.

Barrett, Colonel, militia assembled under, at Concord, i. 506.

Barry, William T., placed at the head of the post-office department in
1829, iii. 123.

Barton, Lieutenant-Colonel William, General Prescott made prisoner by,
ii. 474.

Baskingridge, surprise and capture of General Lee at, ii. 358.

Bassett, Colonel, death of J. P. Custis at the house of, at Eltham,
iii. 5.

Bastile, in France, destruction of, iii. 136;
key of, sent to Washington by Lafayette, iii. 163.

Bath, buildings owned by Washington in, at the time of his death,
iii. 543.

Baume, Colonel, sent by Burgoyne to seize provisions at Bennington,
ii. 486;
death of, at the battle of Bennington, ii. 487.

Baylor, Colonel, party of horse under, surprised by General Grey,
ii. 643.

Beckwith, Major, mission of, to the United States, in 1790, iii. 158;
Washington's opinion of the mission of--action of Washington's cabinet
with regard to, iii. 159.

Bedell, Colonel, fort at Chamblée captured by a party under the command
of, i. 677;
stationed at the Cedars with New Hampshire troops, ii. 148;
cowardice of, ii. 148, 149.

Beekman, James, headquarters of General Howe in New York, at the house
of, ii. 297.

Belvoir, seat of Honorable William Fairfax, i. 43;
mansion of, destroyed by fire, i. 454;
regret of Washington for the destruction of, iii. 490.

Bellamy, Mr., agent of Talleyrand in the attempt to extort money from
American envoys, iii. 502;
astonishment of, at the boldness of the envoys, iii. 503.

Beman, Nathan, Ethan Allen's guide at Ticonderoga, surviving in 1846
(_note_), i. 525.

Bemis's Heights, entrenched camp established on, by Gates, by the advice
of Kosciuszko, ii. 522;
force and position of the army of Gates at--arrival of Burgoyne in the
neighborhood of, ii. 523;
inactivity of Gates at, ii. 524;
anxiety of Arnold to renew the battle at--comparative loss of the
British and Americans in the battle at, ii. 525;
retirement of Burgoyne from, ii. 526;
second battle near, begun by Morgan and his riflemen, ii. 530.

Bennington, Colonel Baume sent by Burgoyne to seize provisions at,
ii. 486;
disastrous consequences to Burgoyne, of Colonel Baume's defeat at,
ii. 487.

Bequests left by Washington to various persons as mementoes, iii. 539.

Bernard, Governor, attempts of, to bribe the leading men of Boston,
i. 345;
petitioned by the Massachusetts assembly to remove the troops from
Boston--departure of, for England, in 1769, i. 367.

Beverage of Washington, iii. 586.

Beverly, skirmish of the _Nautilus_ with a privateer at, i. 732.

Bigelow, Major, mountain ascended by, in expectation of a distant view
of Quebec, i. 691.

Billy, body-servant of Washington, spurious letters of Washington alleged
to have been found in the possession of, iii. 448.

Bingham, Mr., Jay's treaty burned in front of the house of, in
Philadelphia, iii. 353.

Binney, Horace, conclusions arrived at by, respecting the authorship of
Washington's Farewell Address (_note_), iii. 434.

Birthday of Washington, acrimonious debate in Congress respecting the
celebration of, in 1793, iii. 322;
celebration of, in 1797, iii. 469.

Birthplace of Washington, i. 17, 23.

Bishop, the body-servant of Washington, transferred to him by Braddock,
i. 277.

Blair, John, appointed associate judge of the supreme court in 1789,
iii. 122.

"Blockade of Boston," a farce composed by the British officers during
the siege--not written by Burgoyne (_note_), ii. 49;
turned into a tragedy by Knowlton's attack on Charlestown, ii. 50.

Blount, resolutions offered in Congress by, respecting the treaty-making
power, iii. 397;
resolutions of, adopted, iii. 398.

Board of Trade and Plantations, attempts of, to control the colonies,
i. 314.

Bonaparte, Napoleon, treaty concluded by, with the American envoys,
iii. 530;
honors paid to the memory of Washington by, iii. 570.

Bond, British _chargé_, threat and complaint of, in relation to
Jay's treaty, iii. 401.

Boquet, Colonel, letter of Washington to, in relation to a proposed
new road to Fort Duquesne, i. 271.

Boscawen, _Alcide_ and _Lys_ taken by, i. 177;
at the siege of Louisburg in 1758--biographical notice of (_note_),
i. 260.

Boston, reception of Washington in, in 1756--population of, in 1756,
i. 200;
troops landed at, in 1768, under cover of cannon from the ships-of-war,
i. 346;
"massacre" at, i. 366;
troops removed from, after the "massacre"--vengeance threatened
against, for the destruction of tea in the harbor, i. 388;
port of, closed by act of Parliament, i. 389;
sympathy with, in Virginia, i. 392, 395;
money sent from London to assist the suffering poor of, i. 397;
the only spot in Massachusetts in 1774 where the king's government was
obeyed, i. 417;
rumored bombardment of, i. 426;
removal of troops from, advocated by Lord Chatham, i. 489;
intercourse of, with the country, cut off by General Gage, i. 514;
position of the British and American forces at the siege of, i. 619;
scarcity and sickness in the British army in, i. 636;
sufferings of the patriots in, during the siege, i. 637;
a portion of the inhabitants of, sent away by General Gage--number of
residents and troops in, during the siege (_note_), i. 638;
question as to the bombardment of, submitted by Washington to the
committee of Congress, i. 736;
desecration of churches in, by British troops during the siege, i. 745;
oppressive measures of General Howe toward the people of, i. 746;
secret expedition fitted out by General Howe in the harbor of, ii. 29;
anxiety of Washington to drive the British out of, ii. 29, 32, 47;
the small-pox in the British army in--ammunition expended by the
British in the defence of (_note_), ii. 48;
anxiety of Washington for a direct assault upon--council of war adverse
to an attack upon, ii. 53;
cannonade and bombardment of, in anticipation of the attempt upon
Dorchester Heights--cannonade of, heard at the distance of a hundred
miles, ii. 62;
resolution of General Howe to evacuate, ii. 67;
consternation of the tories of, at Howe's preparations for departure
from, ii. 68;
spared by General Howe on condition of his being allowed to depart
unmolested, ii. 69;
outrages committed by Howe's troops at the evacuation of, ii. 70;
scene presented at the evacuation of--prizes taken at sea by the
Americans during the siege of (_note_), ii. 71:
sorrow of the tories on leaving--troops glad to get away from, ii. 72;
entrance of the Americans into, ii. 73;
visitors prohibited from entering without passes, ii. 74;
damage done to buildings in--"Liberty-tree" at, cut down (_note_),
ii. 75;
large amount of property left behind by Howe at the evacuation
of--efforts of Washington to establish order in, ii. 76;
address of the selectmen of, to Washington--congratulatory letters, in
relation to the evacuation of, addressed to Washington (_note_),
ii. 77;
measures of Washington for the defence of, ii. 81;
apprehensions of the people of, of the return of Howe--operations for
the defence of, carried on by Colonel Gridley, ii. 82;
plan of General Lincoln for driving the British fleet from the harbor
of--British store-ships captured in the harbor of, ii. 83;
effect in England of the news of the flight of the army from, ii. 84;
speech of the duke of Manchester on the abandonment of, ii. 86;
the ministry attacked by Barré and Burke in relation to the abandonment
of, ii. 86;
reception of Washington in, on his tour in 1789--dispute between the
selectmen of, and Governor Hancock, in relation to the reception of
Washington, iii. 127;
influenza prevalent at, a few days after Washington's visit (_note_),
iii. 128;
reminiscences of Samuel Breck, of Washington's visit to, in 1789
(_note_), iii. 130;
letter of Washington to the selectmen of, in relation to Jay's treaty,
iii. 356.

_Boston_, French frigate _L'Embuscade_ challenged by, iii. 277.

"Boston Massacre," history of, i. 366-368;
anniversary of, fixed upon for taking possession of Dorchester Heights,
ii. 61;
anniversaries of, observed in Boston (_note_), ii. 65.

Boston Neck, defence of, by Colonel Robinson, i. 513;
fortifications erected on, by Howe, i. 745;
fortifications on, demolished by order of Washington, ii. 81.

Botetourt, Lord, arrival of, in Virginia, in 1768--Junius's description
of--remark of Walpole respecting--his erroneous impressions of the
colonists, i. 351;
palace of, at Williamsburg--parade of, on opening the Virginia
assembly, i. 352;
illusions of, rapidly dispelled, i. 353;
Virginia assembly dissolved by, i. 354;
good faith and justice of--statue erected to the memory of, i 356;
death of, followed by a change of public sentiment in Virginia, i. 374.

Botta, Charles, eloquent remarks of, on the achievements of Washington in
the Jerseys, ii. 394.

Boudinot, Elias, commissary general of prisoners, in the summer of 1777,
ii. 412.

Bowdoin, James, characteristic letter of General Lee to, ii. 342.

Boyd, Colonel, defeated by Colonel Pickens, ii. 651.

Braddock, Edward, father of General Braddock--daughters of, i. 135.

Braddock, General, Walpole's description of, i. 135;
heartlessness of--in the battle of Fontenoy--stationed at Gibraltar in
1753, i. 136;
anecdote of Anne Bellamy, illustrating the character of--arrival of, in
Hampton roads, i. 137;
conference of, with Governor Dinwiddie at Williamsburg--first general
orders of, issued from Alexandria--anxiety of, to procure the
services of Washington, i. 138;
invitation of, to Washington to become one of his family--Washington's
reasons for joining, i. 139;
meeting of, with the colonial governors, at Alexandria, i. 140;
three distinct expeditions planned by, i. 141;
letter of, to Lord Halifax, in relation to Pennsylvania and Maryland,
i. 144;
disappointments and difficulties of--appoints Washington his
aid-de-camp, i. 146;
irritation of, at the indifference of the colonies, i. 147;
Franklin in the camp of, at Fredericktown--his extreme confidence of
success--conversation of Franklin with, in relation to his
expedition, i. 148;
Franklin urged by, to procure wagons for the use of the army, i. 149;
his commendation of Washington and Franklin, i. 150;
war-dance of Indians in the camp of, at Will's Creek--effective force
of, at Will's Creek, i. 151;
names of men afterward distinguished, in the camp of, i. 152;
delay at Will's Creek fatal to, i. 156;
slow march of the army of, i. 157;
advice of Washington to, to press forward rapidly, i. 158;
illness of Washington on his march with--Washington left at the
Youghiogany by the orders of, i. 159;
continued fears of ambuscades in the army of, i. 160;
son of Monacatoocha killed by grenadiers of, by mistake, i. 161;
funeral honors paid by, to the son of Monacatoocha, i. 162;
his fatal rejection of Indian aid--forces of, greatly exaggerated in
the French camp, i. 163;
location of the camp of, on the eve of his defeat, i. 165;
details of the defeat of, i. 166-170;
bravery displayed by, on the field of battle, i. 168;
mortal wound received by, i. 169;
death of, near Great Meadows, on the 14th of July, 1755--funeral
service at the grave of, read by Washington--grave of, still to be
seen (_note_), i. 171;
depressing influence of the memory of the defeat of, i. 205.

Bradford, a leader in the Whiskey Insurrection, iii. 310;
in favor of forming an independent western state, iii. 316.

Bradford, William, successor of Randolph as attorney-general, iii. 289;
lines written by, on the sufferings of Lafayette, iii. 373.

Bradstreet, Colonel, expedition of, against Fort Frontenac--assistance
lent to, by General Stanwix--joined by Red Head and his Indian
warriors, i. 267;
surrender of the fort to--malignant fever among the troops of, i. 268;
Detroit relieved by, in 1764, i. 320.

Brand, bishop of Quebec, refusal of, to issue a _mandement_ in the
interest of the British government, i. 644.

Brandywine, movements of the American and British armies in the
neighborhood of, ii. 501;
battle of--Lafayette a volunteer in the battle of, ii. 505;
Lafayette wounded at the battle of, ii. 506;
skilful movement of General Greene at the battle of--retreat of the
American army from, to Chester, ii. 507;
opinion of General Knox in regard to the battle of--Sullivan censured
for allowing himself to be surprised at--killed and wounded at the
battle of--letter of Washington to Congress, in relation to the
battle at, ii. 508;
conspicuous bravery of Count Pulaski at the battle of, ii. 510.

Brant, Joseph, biographical notice of (_note_), ii. 106.

Brant, and Walter Butler, Cherry Valley desolated by, ii. 642.

Breadstuffs, neutral vessels carrying, seized by the cruisers of England
and France in 1793, iii. 272.

Breakfast-hour of Washington, iii. 586.

Breck, Samuel, his reminiscences of Washington's visit to Boston in 1789
(_note_), iii. 130.

Breed's hill, fortified by Colonel Prescott, instead of Bunker's hill,
i. 556;
Neal's lines on the fortification of--fire opened upon, from
ships-of-war, i. 557;
excitement in Boston during the cannonade upon, i. 558:
troops at, reinforced by Stark's regiment--New England flag hoisted at
(_note_), i. 559;
preparations for the attack upon, i. 560;
suspicion of treachery among the defenders of--arrival of Doctor Warren
and General Pomeroy at, i. 561;
arrival of Colonel Stark at the rail-fence breastwork at--British plan
of attack upon, i. 563;
carnage among the British at, i. 564;
second attack upon, under General Howe, i. 565;
second retreat of the British from--numerous spectators of the battle
on, i. 560;
watched by Sir Henry Clinton from Copp's hill--failure of ammunition of
Americans at, i. 567;
rapid retreat of the Americans from, i. 569;
terrible price paid by the British for their victory at--immense gain
of the Americans by the battle of--British loss at, according to
General Gage (_note_), i. 570.

Bridport, Lord, flags of the fleet of, at Torbay, lowered to half-mast,
at the death of Washington, iii. 570.

Brienne, Marchioness de, ball in honor of Washington directed by,
iii. 110.

Brier Creek, General Ashe surprised by Prevost at, ii. 651.

Brooke, Governor, letter of Washington to, in relation to education,
iii. 333.

Brooklyn, defensive works prepared by General Greene at, ii. 171;
appeal made by Washington to the troops at (_note_), ii. 203;
Sullivan superseded in command at, by Putnam--disorderly conduct of the
troops at, on the approach of the British, ii. 264;
description of the defensive works in the neighborhood of--roads in the
rear of--minute description of the defensive works near, where to be
found (_note_), ii. 265;
plan of the British march upon, ii. 266;
Putnam's camp at, visited by Washington, ii. 267;
American works at, taken possession of by the British, ii. 285.

Brougham, Lord, panegyric pronounced by, upon the character of
Washington, iii. 581.

Broughton, Captain, the first naval commission granted to, by Washington,
in 1795, i. 740.

Brown, Doctor, of Port Tobacco, Washington attended by, in his last
illness, iii. 554.

Brown, Major John, sent by General Schuyler into Canada as confidential
agent, i. 659;
letter of, to Governor Trumbull, in relation to the invasion of
Canada--report of, as to the defenceless condition of Canada, i. 660;
unauthorized attempt made upon Montreal by, in concert with Ethan
Allen, i. 672.

Brunswick, duke of, mercenaries furnished by, ii. 6.

Brunswick, one bed occupied by Franklin and Adams at, ii. 290;
critical position of the American army at, ii. 346;
disappointment of Cornwallis in not finding Washington at, ii. 392;
headquarters of Sir William Howe at, ii. 443.

Brush, Crean, ordered by Howe to seize clothing in Boston, ii. 70.

Buchan, earl of, box of the oak that sheltered Wallace recommitted to, by
the will of Washington, iii. 539.

Buffalo river, fort built on, by the French, in 1752, i. 74.

Buford, Colonel, massacre of a body of troops under, by Colonel Tarleton,
ii. 676.

Bull, Governor, letters of the British government to, seized and sent to
Congress, i. 500.

Bunker's hill, occupied by the British the night after the battle of
Lexington, i. 510;
fortification of, intrusted to Colonel Prescott, i. 556;
intrenchments commenced on, by Putnam, i. 559;
battle of, see _Breed's hill_;
cruel treatment by General Gage, of prisoners taken at, i. 630;
General Sir Henry Clinton placed in command of a redoubt on, i. 744.

Burgoyne, General, biographical notice of, i. 620;
interview with General Lee proposed by, i. 630;
intelligence of the movements of, in Canada, sent to Washington by
Schuyler--doubts of Washington as to the force of, ii. 453;
New York invaded by, ii. 459;
composition of the army of--doubts of Schuyler as to the intentions
of--Indians unwillingly employed by, ii. 460;
faithlessness of the Indians employed by, ii. 481, 485;
Crown Point taken possession of by, pompous proclamation issued by,
ii. 461;
proclamation of Washington in reply to, ii. 462;
Mount Hope and Sugar-Loaf hill taken possession of, by, ii. 464;
fate of, foretold by Washington--progress of, toward Fort Edward,
ii. 480, 481;
Indian allies of, troublesome--humanity of, ii. 481;
large bounty offered by, for prisoners--humane instructions of, to his
Indian allies (_note_), ii. 482;
want of provisions in the army of, ii. 485;
defeat of Baume at Bennington a disastrous blow to, ii. 487;
perplexity and alarm of, after the battle of Bennington, ii. 521;
silent march of, down the valley of the Hudson, ii. 522;
retirement of, from Bemis's Heights--cheering news received by, from
Sir Henry Clinton, ii. 526;
anxiety of, to hear from Clinton, ii. 528;
compelled to fight or fly, ii. 529;
deplorable situation of, ii. 583;
buildings of Schuyler at Saratoga burned by, ii. 535;
arms laid down by the army of--army of, marched to Virginia as
prisoners-of-war--reception of, and his officers, in the American
camp, ii. 537:
impression made upon, by the generosity of Schuyler--a guest at the
house of Schuyler at Albany, ii. 538;
importance of the surrender of, to the republican cause, ii. 539;
effect in Congress and in Parliament of the news of the surrender
of--speech of Chatham in relation to the surrender of--effect on the
continent of Europe of the news of the surrender of, ii. 540.

Burke, Edmund, on the conduct of the British naval commanders, i. 322;
eloquence of, in opposition to the stamp-act, i. 334;
extract from a speech of, on American taxation (_note_), i. 342;
conciliatory resolutions presented by, in Parliament, i. 498;
despondent view taken by, of American affairs, ii. 396.

Burke's History of Virginia, terms of the association to exclude British
merchandise printed in, i. 355.

Burr, Aaron, sent with a verbal message to Montgomery by Arnold, i. 694;
with Arnold in his Quebec expedition, i. 697;
forlorn hope placed under the command of, by Montgomery, i. 717;
not with Montgomery when he fell (_note_), i. 719;
troops of Putnam led out of New York by, ii. 296;
a senator in the Congress of 1791--personal hostility of, to
Washington, iii. 192;
systematic opposition of, to Washington, iii. 300.

Butler, Colonel Zebulon, defence of Wyoming attempted by, ii. 641.

Butler, John, massacre at Wyoming by tories and Indians under the command
of, ii. 641.

Butler, Walter, and Brant, Cherry Valley desolated by, ii. 642.

Buttrick, Major, attack made by, upon the British at Concord, i. 507.

Byron, Admiral, arrival of, at New York, as successor to Lord Howe,
ii. 644.

Byron, Lord, lines of, in allusion to Washington's refusal of
compensation, i. 538.

C.

Cabinet of Washington, dissentions in, in 1790, iii. 151.

Cadwalader, General, duel of, with Conway, ii. 590.

Caghnawaga tribe of Indians, efforts of Schuyler to conciliate, i. 665;
mistake of Captain Baker respecting (_note_), i. 666.

Caldwell, Reverend James, murder of the wife of, at Connecticut Farms,
ii. 677.

Callbeck, Mr., and others, made prisoners by Captains Broughton and
Selman--letter of thanks addressed by, to Washington, i. 742.

Cambridge, departure of Washington from Philadelphia to take command of
the army at, i. 541;
confusion at, on the approach of the British to Breed's hill, i. 560;
reflections on the mission of Washington, on his taking command of the
army at, i. 573;
journey of Washington, to, performed on horseback, i. 574;
reception of Washington at--dwelling occupied by Washington at, i. 584;
arrival of Gates and Sullivan in the camp at, i. 587;
letters of Washington to Congress from the camp at, i. 587-595;
declaration of Congress read to the troops in camp at, i. 617;
arrival of southern riflemen at the camp at, i. 618;
army at, arranged by Washington into three grand divisions--the
headquarters of Washington at the siege of Boston--Putnam's division
stationed at, i. 619;
inactivity of the army at, i. 724;
officers of the army at, consulted by Washington, as to an attack upon
the British in Boston, i. 725;
council of war held at, adverse to an attack--letter of Washington to
Congress in relation to the state of the army at, i. 726;
efforts of Washington to reorganize the army at, i. 747;
deficiency of skilful engineers at, i. 749;
artillery and stores conveyed to, from Lake Champlain, by Colonel Knox,
i. 750;
trials of Washington in the camp at, i. 752;
difficulties attending the reorganization of the army at, i. 755;
bad condition of arms and ammunition at, i. 760;
intrenchments thrown up by the army at, i. 762;
improved state of affairs at--letter of General Greene on the
privations of the troops at (_note_), i. 763;
fruit-trees in the neighborhood of, consumed as firewood (_note_),
i. 764;
Mrs. Washington in the camp at, i. 768;
burning of the king's speech at, ii. 2;
weakness of the army at, in January, 1776, ii. 13, 14;
extraordinary difficulties of Washington while in command of the army
at, ii. 44;
councils of war held at, ii. 47, 52.

Camden, set on fire and abandoned by Lord Rawdon, ii. 719.

Campbell, Captain John, death of, in the battle at Moore's-Creek Bridge,
ii. 118.

Campbell, Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald, and seven hundred men, made
prisoners in Boston harbor, ii. 83;
letter of, to Washington, complaining of his treatment as a prisoner,
ii. 407.

Campbell, Lord, royal power abdicated by, in South Carolina, ii. 186;
badly wounded in the attack upon Fort Sullivan, ii. 193.

Canada, conquest of, urged upon the British government by Franklin
(_note_), ii. 144;
surrender of, to the English, in 1760, i. 301;
prediction of the duke de Choiseul in relation to the loss of, i. 302;
people of, indisposed to revolution, i. 522;
address of the second continental Congress to the people of--resolution
of the second continental Congress not to invade, i. 531;
loyalty of the people of, to the British crown, i. 642;
address of Congress to, contrasted with its language to the people of
England, i. 643;
efforts of Sir Guy Carleton to secure the loyalty of the people of,
i. 644;
auspicious moment for the conquest of, i. 645;
proposition to invade, made by Colonel Ethan Allen, i. 650;
cautious proceedings of Congress in relation to the invasion of,
i. 652;
tardy gathering of the troops for--letter of Ethan Allen to Governor
Trumbull in relation to the invasion of, i. 658;
secret agents sent into, by General Schuyler, i. 659;
delays in the invasion of, i. 660;
address of General Schuyler to the inhabitants of, i. 665;
defenceless condition of, i. 667;
address of Arnold to the inhabitants of (_note_), i. 684;
measures of Congress with regard to, ii. 93;
exertions made for the relief of the troops in, ii. 94;
General Lee named by Washington for command in, ii. 95;
chief command of the troops in, given to Lee by Congress--change of
plans of Congress with regard to, ii. 96;
alienation of the people of, ii. 97;
committee of civilians appointed by Congress to visit, ii. 98;
abandonment of, considered necessary by Schuyler, ii. 103;
total disaffection of the people of, toward the cause of the patriots,
ii. 142;
troops sent toward, under General Thompson, ii. 143;
commissioners appointed to form a union with--instructions of the
commissioners sent to, ii. 145;
indisposition of the people of, to a union with the colonies, ii. 146;
committee of Congress confer with Washington, Gates, and Mifflin, on
affairs in, ii. 159;
efforts of Congress to retain possession of, ii. 160;
letter of Washington to Schuyler in relation to affairs in--deplorable
condition of the American army in, ii. 161;
defeat of General Thompson in, ii. 163;
end of the invasion of, ii. 168;
plan of Congress for the invasion of, abandoned by the advice of
Washington, ii. 644;
opposition of Washington to the French plan for the invasion of,
ii. 647.

Canadians, battalion of, authorized by Congress to be raised, ii. 93.

Canes, gold-headed, left by Washington to various persons, iii. 539.

Capital, the federal, location of, determined in 1790, iii. 150;
surveys and plans of buildings of, examined by Washington--location of,
chosen by Washington, iii. 178;
land surrendered for, by Georgetown and Carrollsburg, iii. 179.

Cardillac, incredulity of, as to the profitable navigation of the western
rivers, i. 68.

Carleton, Sir Guy, at the head of Wolfe's grenadiers at Quebec, i. 293;
efforts of, to secure the loyalty of the Canadians, i. 644;
defeat of, by Colonel Seth Warner at Longueuil, i. 679;
Montreal abandoned by, on the approach of Montgomery, i. 699;
escape of, to Quebec, i. 700;
opportune arrival of, at Quebec, i. 714;
determination of, to defend Quebec, i. 715;
his humane treatment of prisoners taken at the siege of Quebec, i. 721;
reliance of, upon reinforcements from England for the defence of
Quebec, ii. 99;
pursuit of the Americans by, on their retreat from before
Quebec--stores and prisoners taken by--great humanity of, toward the
sick and prisoners, ii. 102;
noble proclamation of, with regard to sick fugitives, ii. 103;
not the policy of, to make prisoners (_note_), ii. 167;
efforts of, to create a navy on Lake Champlain, ii. 333;
Crown Point taken possession of by, on its abandonment by Arnold,
ii. 336;
army of reserve, under the command of, in Canada, ii. 459;
successor of Sir Henry Clinton as British commander-in-chief, iii. 7;
personal interview of Washington with, at Tappan, iii. 22.

Carlisle and Roberts, Quakers, hanged as spies, i. 462.

_Carmagnole_ sung in the streets of New York in 1793, iii. 248.

Carmichael, Mr., _chargé d'affaires_ at Madrid in 1790, iii. 157.

Carpenters' Hall, in Philadelphia, first place of meeting of the
continental Congress, i. 420.

Carroll, Charles, in the commission appointed to form a union with
Canada, ii. 144;
son of, a suitor for the hand of Nelly Custis, iii. 486.

Carroll, Reverend John, associated with the commission to form a union
with Canada, ii. 145;
return of, from Canada, in company with Franklin, ii. 146.

Carter, Charles, mention made of, in Washington's will, iii. 538.

Caswell, Colonel, in command of minute-men in the battle at Moore's-Creek
Bridge--biographical notice of (_note_), ii. 117.

Catawba Indians, bad conduct of, in the expedition against Fort Duquesne
in 1758 (_note_), i. 273.

Catholics, generally the friends of liberty during the Revolutionary
struggle, i. 464.

Cedars, Colonel Bedell stationed at, with a body of New Hampshire troops,
ii. 148.

Ceremonials, opinions of Adams, Jay, Hamilton, and Madison, sought by
Washington in relation to, iii. 105.

Chamberlayne, Mr., Washington introduced to Martha Custis by, i. 277.

Chamblée, capture of the fort at, by a party under Colonel Bedell--arms
and ammunition taken at, i. 677;
flag of the seventh British regiment found in the fort at--letter of
Montgomery to Robert Livingston, relating to the fort at (_note_),
i. 678;
retreat of Sullivan from, ii. 166.

Character of Washington, iii. 573.

Charleston, arms and ammunition in the magazines of, seized by the
patriots, i. 521;
activity of the patriots in, ii. 185;
Admiral Parker's unsuccessful attack upon, ii. 188;
saved by the dilatory movements of the British, ii. 189;
siege of, by Sir Henry Clinton, ii. 671;
bombardment of--surrender of, to the British--General Lincoln and his
army made prisoners at--ill treatment by the British of the prisoners
taken at, ii. 673;
effect in the South of the fall of, ii. 674;
evacuation of, by the British, iii. 12;
reception of Washington at, on his southern tour in 1791, iii. 181.

Charlestown, set on fire by order of General Gage--description of the
carcass used at (_note_), ii. 565.

Charlotte, General Greene at, ii. 699.

Chase, the, Washington's chief amusement before the Revolution, i. 309.

Chase, Samuel, in the commission appointed to form a union with Canada,
ii. 144.

Chastellux, chevalier de, his description of hospitality as it was at
Mount Vernon, i. 288;
letter of Washington to, respecting his northern tour in 1783, iii. 27.