Chapter VIII: Tables and Miscellaneous Information

The following tabulated form shows the order of succession of the various stratified rocks with their usual thicknesses.

-----------------+------------------------------------+------------
| | Thickness
Groups. | Strata. | in Feet.
-----------------+------------------------------------+------------
| |
CAINOZOIC, OR TERTIARY. |
| |
{ RECENT | 1 Modern Deposits. |
{ | |
{ PLEISTOCENE | 2 Drift and Gravel Beds | 20 to 100
{ | |
{ {| 3 Mammaliferous Crag | 10 to 40
{ PLIOCENE {| 4 Red Crag | 30
{ {| 5 Suffolk (Coralline) Crag | 30
{ | |
{ MIOCENE {| 6 Faluns (Touraine) Molasse }|
{ {| Sandstones }| 6000
{ | |
{ EOCENE | |
{ {| 7 Hempstead Series | 170
{ UPPER {| 8 Bembridge Series | 110
{ {| 9 Headon Series | 200
{ | |
{ MIDDLE | 10 Barton Beds | 300
{ | |
{ {| 11 Bagshot and Bracklesham Series | 1200
{ LOWER {| 12 London Clay and Bognor Beds | 200 to 520
{ {| 13 Woolwich Beds & Thanet Sands | 100
| |
| |
MESOZOIC, OR SECONDARY. |
{ {| 14 Maestricht Beds | 110
{ {| 15 Upper Chalk | 300
{ {| 16 Lower Chalk and Chalk Marl | 400
{ CRETACEOUS {| 17 Upper Greensand | 130
{ {| 18 Gault | 100
{ {| 19 Speeton Clay | 130
{ {| 20 Lower Greensand | 250
{ | |
{ WEALDEN {| 21 Weald Clay | 150
{ {| 22 Hastings Sands | 600
{ | |
{ PURBECK | 23 Purbeck Beds | 150
{ | |
{ UPPER {| 24 Portland Rock and Sand | 150
{ OOLITE {| 25 Kimmeridge Clay | 400
{ | |
{ {| 26 Upper Calcareous Grit | 40
{ MIDDLE {| 27 Coralline Oolite | 30
{ OOLITE {| 28 Lower Calcareous Grit | 40
{ {| 29 Oxford Clay | 400
{ {| 30 Kellaways Rock | 30
{ | |
{ {| 31 Cornbrash | 10
{ {| 32 Forest Marble and Bradford Clay | 50
{ LOWER {| 33 Great Oolite | 120
{ OOLITE {| 34 Stonesfield Slate | 9
{ {| 35 Fullers' Earth | 50 to 150
{ {| 36 Inferior Oolite | 80 to 250
{ | |
{ {| 37 Upper Lias Shale | 50 to 300
{ LIAS {| 38 Marlstone and Shale | 30 to 200
{ {| 39 Lower Lias and Bone Beds | 100 to 300
{ | |
{ TRIASSIC, or {| 40 Variegated Marls or Keuper | 800
{ NEW RED {| 41 Muschelkalk |
{ SANDSTONE {| 42 Red Sandstone or Bunter | 600
| |
| |
PALÆOZOIC, OR PRIMARY. |
| |
{ PERMIAN or {| 43 Red Sand and Marl | 50
{ MAGNESIAN {| 44 Magnesian Limestone | 300
{ LIMESTONE {| 45 Marl Slate | 60
{ {| 46 Lower Red Sandstone | 200
{ | |
{ {| 47 COAL MEASURES |3000 to 12,000
{ CARBONIFEROUS{| 48 Millstone Grit | 600
{ {| 49 Mountain Limestone | 500 to 1400
{ {| 50 Limestone Shales | 1000
{ | |
{ DEVONIAN or {| 51 Upper Devonian }|
{ OLD RED {| 52 Middle Devonian }|3000 to 8000
{ SANDSTONE {| 53 Lower Devonian and Tilestones }|
{ | |
{ SILURIAN | |
{ {| 54 Ludlow Rocks | 2000
{ UPPER {| 55 Wenlock Beds | 1800
{ {| 56 Woolhope Series | 3050
{ | |
{ MIDDLE | 57 Llandovery Rocks | 2000
{ | |
{ {| 58 Caradoc and Bala Rocks | 5000
{ LOWER {| 59 Llandeilo Rocks | 4000
{ {| 60 Lingula Flags | 8000
{ | |
{ CAMBRIAN | 61 Longmynd and Cambrian Rocks | 20,000
| |
| |
AZOIC. | |
| |
{ METAMORPHIC {| Clay Slate, Mica-Schist. |
{ {| Gneiss, Quartz Rocks. |
{ | |
{ IGNEOUS | Granite. |
{ | |

THE QUANTITY OF EXCAVATION IN WELLS FOR EACH FOOT IN DEPTH.

(Hurst.)

+-------------+---------------+
| Diameter of | |
| Excavation. | Quantity. |
+-------------+---------------+
| ft. in. | cubic yards. |
| 3 0 | ·2618 |
| 3 3 | ·3072 |
| 3 6 | ·3563 |
| 3 9 | ·4091 |
| 4 0 | ·4654 |
| 4 3 | ·5254 |
| 4 6 | ·5890 |
| 4 9 | ·6563 |
| 5 0 | ·7272 |
| 5 3 | ·8018 |
| 5 6 | ·8799 |
| 5 9 | ·9617 |
| 6 0 | 1·0472 |
| 6 3 | 1·1363 |
| 6 6 | 1·2290 |
| 6 9 | 1·3254 |
| 7 0 | 1·4254 |
| 7 3 | 1·5290 |
| 7 6 | 1·6362 |
| 7 9 | 1·7472 |
| 8 0 | 1·8617 |
| 8 6 | 2·1017 |
| 9 0 | 2·3562 |
| 9 6 | 2·6253 |
| 10 0 | 2·9089 |
| 10 6 | 3·2070 |
| 11 0 | 3·5198 |
| 12 0 | 4·1888 |
+-------------+---------------+

THE MEASURE IN GALLONS, AND THE WEIGHT IN POUNDS, OF WATER CONTAINED IN WELLS, FOR EACH FOOT IN DEPTH.

------------+----------------+----------
Diameter. | No. of Galls. | Weight.
------------+----------------+----------
ft. in. | |
2 0 | 19·61 | 196·1
2 6 | 30·56 | 305·6
3 0 | 43·97 | 439·7
3 6 | 60·00 | 600·0
4 0 | 78·19 | 781·9
4 6 | 98·87 | 988·7
5 0 | 122·23 | 1222·3
5 6 | 147·96 | 1479·6
6 0 | 175·99 | 1759·9
6 6 | 206·59 | 2065·9
7 0 | 239·05 | 2395·0
7 6 | 275·49 | 2754·9
8 0 | 313·43 | 3134·3
8 6 | 353·03 | 3533·0
9 0 | 395·42 | 3954·2
9 6 | 441·71 | 4417·1
10 0 | 489·93 | 4899·3
------------+----------------+----------

BRICKWORK.

THE NUMBER OF BRICKS AND QUANTITY OF BRICKWORK IN WELLS FOR EACH FOOT IN DEPTH.

(Hurst.)

------+------------------------------+------------------------------
| HALF-BRICK THICK. | ONE BRICK THICK.
+-----------------+------------+-----------------+------------
|Number of Bricks.| |Number of Bricks.|
+------+----------+ Cubic Feet +------+----------+ Cubic Feet
| Laid | Laid in | of | Laid | Laid in | of
| Dry. | Mortar. | Brickwork. | Dry. | Mortar. | Brickwork.
------+------+----------+------------+------+----------+------------
1·0 | 28 | 23 | 1·6198 | 70 | 58 | 4·1233
1·3 | 33 | 27 | 1·8145 | 80 | 66 | 4·7124
1·6 | 38 | 31 | 2·2089 | 90 | 74 | 5·3015
1·9 | 43 | 35 | 2·7979 | 112 | 92 | 6·4795
2·3 | 53 | 44 | 3·0926 | 122 | 100 | 7·0686
2·6 | 58 | 48 | 3·3870 | 132 | 108 | 7·6577
3·0 | 68 | 57 | 3·9760 | 154 | 126 | 8·8357
3·6 | 79 | 65 | 4·5651 | 174 | 142 | 10·0139
4·0 | 89 | 73 | 5·1541 | 194 | 159 | 11·1919
4·6 | 100 | 82 | 5·7432 | 214 | 176 | 12·3701
5·0 | 110 | 90 | 6·3322 | 234 | 192 | 13·5481
5·6 | 120 | 98 | 6·9213 | 254 | 209 | 14·7263
6·0 | 130 | 107 | 7·5103 | 276 | 226 | 15·9043
6·6 | 140 | 115 | 8·0994 | 296 | 242 | 17·0825
7·0 | 150 | 123 | 8·6884 | 316 | 260 | 18·2605
7·6 | 160 | 131 | 9·2775 | 336 | 276 | 19·4387
8·0 | 170 | 140 | 9·8665 | 358 | 292 | 20·6167
8·6 | 180 | 148 | 10·4556 | 378 | 308 | 21·7949
9·0 | 191 | 156 | 11·0446 | 398 | 326 | 22·9729
10·0 | 212 | 174 | 12·2227 | 438 | 360 | 25·3291
------+------+----------+------------+------+----------+------------

Good bricks are characterized as being regular in shape, with plane parallel surfaces, and sharp right-angles; clear ringing sound when struck, a compact uniform structure when broken, and freedom from air-bubbles and cracks. They should not absorb more than one-fifteenth of their weight in water.

After making liberal allowance for waste, 9 bricks will build a square foot 9 inches thick, or 900, 100 square feet, or say 2880 to the rood of 9-inch work, which gives the simple rule of 80 bricks = a square yard of 9-inch work.

The resistance to crushing is from 1200 to 4500 lb. a square inch; the resistance to fracture, from 600 to 2500 lb. a square inch; tensile strength, 275 lb. a square inch; weight, in mortar, 175 lb. a cubic foot; in cement, 125 lb. a cubic foot.

Compressed bricks are much heavier, and consequently proportionately stronger, than those of ordinary make.

STORING WELL-WATER.

The reservoirs for storing well-water should be covered with brick arches, as the water is generally found to become rapidly impure on being exposed to the sunlight, principally owing to the rapid growth of vegetation. Various methods have been tried, such as keeping up a constant current of fresh water through them, and a liberal use of caustic lime; but so rapid is the growth of the vegetation, as well as the change in the colour of the water, that a few hours of bright sunlight may suffice to spoil several million gallons. These bad results are completely prevented by covering the reservoirs.

HINTS ON SUPERINTENDING WELL-WORK.

The engineer who has to superintend the construction of a well should be ever on the watch to see whether, in the course of the work, the strata become so modified as to overthrow conclusions previously arrived at, and on account of which the well has been undertaken.

A journal of everything connected with the work should be carefully made, and if this one point alone is attended to it will be found of great service both for present and future reference.

Before commencing a well a wooden box should be provided, divided by a number of partitions into small boxes; these serve to keep specimens of the strata, which should be numbered consecutively and described against corresponding numbers in the journal. At each change of character in the strata, as well as every time the boring rods are drawn to surface, the soil should be carefully examined, and at each change a small quantity placed in one of the divisions of the core box, noting the depth at which it was obtained, with other necessary particulars. A note should be made of all the different water-levels passed through, the height of the well above the river near which it is situated, as well as its height above the sea. The memoranda in the journal relating to accidents should be especially clear and distinct in their details; it is necessary to describe the effects of each tool used in the search for, or recovery of, broken tools in a bore-hole, in order to suit the case with the proper appliances, for without precaution we may seek for a tool indefinitely without being sure of touching it, and perhaps aggravate the evil instead of remedying it. It is by no means a bad plan to make rough notes of all immediate remarks or impressions, in such a manner as to form a full and detailed account of any incidents which occur either in raising or lowering the tools. At the time of an accident a well kept journal is a precious resource, and at a given moment all previous observations, trivial as they may have often seemed, will form a valuable clue to explain difficulties, without this aid perfectly inexplicable.

When an engineer has a certain latitude allowed him in the choice of the position for a well, he should not, other things being equal, neglect the advantages which will be derived from the proximity of a road for the transport of his supplies; of a well, if not a brook, from which to obtain the water necessary for the cleansing of the tools; and of a neighbouring dwelling, to facilitate his active supervision. This supervision, having often to be carried on both day and night, should be the object of particular study; well carried out, it may be effective, while at the same time allowing a great amount of liberty; badly carried out, however fatiguing it may be, it will be incomplete.

RATE OF PROGRESS OF BORING.

(André.)

There are probably no engineering operations in which the rate of progress is so variable as it is in that of boring. That such must necessarily be the case will be obvious when we bear in mind that the strata composing the earth's crust consist of very different materials; that these materials are mingled in very different proportions, and that they have in different parts been subjected to the action of very different agencies operating with very different degrees of intensity. Hence it arises not only that some kinds of rocks require a much longer time to bore through than others, but also that the length of time may vary in rocks of the same character, and that the character may change within a short horizontal distance. Thus it is utterly impossible to predicate concerning the length of time which a boring in an unknown district may occupy, and only a rough approximation can be arrived at in the case of localities whose geological constitution has been generally determined. Such an approximation may, however, be attained to, and it is useful in estimating the probable cost; and to attain the same end, for unknown localities, an average may be taken of the time required in districts of a similar geological character. The following, which are given for this purpose, are the averages of a great number of borings executed under various conditions by the ordinary methods. The progress indicated represents that made in one day of eleven hours.

ft. in.
1. Tertiary and
Cretaceous Strata, to a depth of 100 yards, average progress 1 8
2. Cretaceous Strata,
without flints " 250 " " 2 1
3. Cretaceous Strata,
with flints " 250 " " 1 4
4. New Red Sandstone " 250 " " 1 10
5. New Red Sandstone " 500 " " 1 5
6. Permian Strata " 250 " " 2 0
7. Coal Measures " 200 " " 2 3
8. Coal Measures " 400 " " 1 8
---- ------
General Average 275 1 9
---- ------

When the cost of materials and labour is known, that of the boring may be approximately estimated from the above averages. Should hard limestone or igneous rock be met with, the rate of progress may be less than half the above general average. Below 100 yards, not only does the rate of progress rapidly increase, but the material required diminishes in like proportion, so that for superficial borings no surface erections are needed, and the cost sinks to two or three shillings a yard.

COST OF BORING.

The cost of boring when executed by contract has already been treated of at page 80. The following formula will furnish the same results as the rule there given, but with the least possible labour of calculation;

_x_ = 0·5_d_(·187 + ·0187_d_);

_x_ being the sum sought, in pounds, and _d_ the depth of the boring in yards.

_Example._ Let it be required to know the cost of a bore-hole 250 yards deep.

Here 125{·187 + (·0187 × 250)} = £607·75.

TEMPERING BORING CHISELS.

1. Heat the chisel to a blood red heat, and then hammer it until nearly cold; again, heat it to a blood red and quench as quickly as possible in 3 gallons of water in which is dissolved 2 oz. of oil of vitriol, 2 oz. of soda, and 1/2 oz. of saltpetre, or 2 oz. of sal ammoniac, 2 oz. of spirit of nitre, 1 oz. of oil of vitriol: the chisel to remain in the liquor until it is cold.

2. To 3 gallons of water add 3 oz. of spirit of nitre, 3 oz. of spirits of hartshorn, 3 oz. of white vitriol, 3 oz. sal ammoniac, 3 oz. alum, 6 oz. of salt, with a double handful of hoof-parings, the chisel to be heated to a dark cherry red.

GASES IN WELLS.

The most abundant deleterious gas met with in wells is carbonic acid, which extinguishes flame and is fatal to animal life. Carbonic acid is most frequently met with in the chalk, where it has been found to exist in greater quantity in the lower than in the upper portion of the formation, and in that division to be unequally distributed. Fatal effects from it at Epsom, 200 feet down, and in Norbury Park, near Dorking, 400 feet down, have been recorded. At Bexley Heath, after sinking through 140 feet of gravel and sand and 30 feet of chalk, it rushed out and extinguished the candles of the workmen. Air mixed with one-tenth of this gas will extinguish lights; it is very poisonous, and when the atmosphere contains 8 per cent. or more there is danger of suffocation. When present it is found most abundantly in the lower parts of a well from its great specific gravity.

Sulphuretted hydrogen is also occasionally met with, and is supposed to be generated from the decomposition of water and iron pyrites.

In districts in which the chalk is covered with sand and London clay, carburetted hydrogen is occasionally emitted, but more frequently sulphuretted hydrogen. Carburetted hydrogen seldom inflames in wells, but in making the Thames Tunnel it sometimes issued in such abundance as to explode by the lights and scorch the workmen. Sulphuretted hydrogen also streamed out in the same place, but in no instance with fatal effects. At Ash, near Farnham, a well was dug in sand to the depth of 36 feet, and one of the workmen descending into it was instantly suffocated. Fatal effects have also resulted elsewhere from the accumulation of this gas in wells.

INDEX.

Abridge, well at, 190

Accident tools, Mather and Platt's, 138-143

Acton, wells at, 190

Africa, rainfall in, 30

Air freshening in wells, 53

Albany Street, well at, 190

Aldershot Place, wells at, 190

Alluvion, 5, 7

America, North, rainfall, 30, 31

---- South, 31

American tube well, 81

Amwell End, well at, 190

Apothecaries' Hall, well at, 191

Apparatus for boring, 68, 71, 72

Arlesey, well at, 190

Artesian well, definition, 2

---- ---- causes of failure, 2-4

Ash, well at, 190

Asia, rainfall in, 29, 30

Augers, 62-64

Available rainfall, 27

Bagshot Sands, 5

---- well at, 190

Balance-beam, Kind's, 91

Balham Hill, well at, 190

Ball-clack, 91

Bank of England, well at, 190

Bare outcrop, 18-21

Barking, well at, 190

Barnet, wells at, 190

Battersea, wells at, 190

Bearwood, well at, 191

Beaumont Green, well at, 191

Bell-box, 64

Belleisle, well at, 191

Berkeley Square, well at, 191

Bermondsey, wells at, 191

Berry Green, well at, 191

Bexley, well at, 191

Bexley Heath, wells at, 21

Bickford's fuse, 50

Birkenhead, wells at, 155

Birmingham, wells at, 156

Bishop Stortford, wells at, 167, 191

Blackfriars, well at, 191

Blackheath, well at, 191

Blasting, sinking by, 44

Bootle, wells at, 158

Borers or drills, 47

Boring, 60-80

---- apparatus for, 61, 68, 71, 72

---- at great depths, 85

---- cost of, 80, 209

---- chisels, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

---- difficulties of, 80

---- direct from surface, 72

---- Kind-Chaudron system, 93

---- Mather and Platt's system, 126-149

---- machine, Mather and Platt's, 127-130

---- rate of, 207, 208

---- rods, 64, 65

---- rods, hollow, 80

---- sheer-frame _Frontispiece_, 72

---- tools, 62-79

Boston Heath, well at, 191

Bow, well at, 191

Box-clutch, 107

Box-joint for mizer, 57

Boxley Wood, well at, 191

Braintree, well at, 168, 191

Breaking-up bar, 139, 141

Brentford, well at, 191

Brick steining, 55, 59, 205

Bricks, good, characteristics, 205

Brickwork in wells, 205

Brighton, wells at, 168

Broken tubing, 74-79

---- rods, extracting, 64, 107, 122

Bromley, wells at, 191

Broxbourne, well at, 191

Bucket, sinkers', 67, 150

Bucket grapnel, 140, 142

Bull or clay-iron, 50

Bunter sandstone, 35, 36

Burton-on-Trent, wells at, 156

Bushey, well at, 191

Butte-aux-Cailles, well at, 179

Camberwell, well at, 191

Camden Station, well at, 191

Camden Town, wells at, 192

Canterbury, well at, 192

Carbonic acid in wells, 209

Carburetted hydrogen in wells, 210

Cartridges for blasting, 50

Cast-iron tubes, 66, 143

Caterham, well at, 192

Cement backing, 111, 112

---- ladle for tubbing, 111, 112

Chalk, 5, 7

---- headings or tunnels in, 54

---- level of water in, 8

---- marl, 5

---- rainfall on, 27

Charge of powder, rule for, 45, 46

Chelmsford, well at, 169, 192

Cheshire, thickness of trias, 36

Cheshunt, wells at, 170, 192

Chinese system of boring, 60, 61

Chisels for boring, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

---- or trepans, 113, 115

---- tempering, 209

Chiswell Street, well at, 192

Chiswick, wells at, 192

Clamp for tube well, 81

Claw grapnel, 139

Clay, 12

---- grapnel, 140, 141, 143

---- iron or bull, 50

Cleaning pipes, tube well, 83

---- shot-holes, 49

Clewer Green, wells at, 192

Cold-drawn wrought-iron tubes, 66

Colnbrook, well at, 192

Colney Hatch, well at, 192

Core box, 206

Core grapnel, 140

Cost of boring, 80, 209

---- of headings in sandstone, 54

Covent Garden, well at, 192

Coventry, wells at, 155

Covered outcrop, 21

Cretaceous strata, 167-201

Crewe, wells at, 158

Cribs, fixing, 94

Cricklewood, well at, 192

Crow, Kind-Chaudron, 107

Crow's foot, 64

Croydon, wells at, 192

Curb in underpinning, 40

Cutting grapnel, 139, 141

Cylinder, Mather and Platt's, 130

Cylinders, iron for lining, 56

Dartford Creek, wells at, 193

Deep boring, 72, 85-150

Defective tubing, 74-79

Denham, well at, 193

Deptford, well at, 193

Depth of rainfall, 26

Difficulties of boring, 80

Dip-bucket, 150

Dogs, 65, 67

Dolly, 67, 74

Dorking, well at, 171

Drainage area, definition, 25

Drift, 5-7, 21, 22

---- outcrop covered by, 21

Driving tubes, 67, 73, 74

---- tube well, 81-83

Drum curb, 42

Dru's first trepan, 113

---- system, 113

---- ----, summary, 126

Dudlow Lane well, 160

Dulwich, well at, 193

Durham, sinkings in, 93

---- wells in, 155

Dyke, effect of, 4

Dynamite, 44

Earth-fast, definition, 44

East Barnet, well at, 190

East Ham Level, well at, 193

Edgware, well at, 193

Edgware Road, well at, 193

Edlesborough, well at, 193

Eltham, wells at, 193

Enfield Lock, well at, 193

Enlarging hole below tubes, 67, 68

---- shot-holes, 48

Epping, well at, 193

Erith, well at, 193

Europe, rainfall in, 28, 29

Euyenhausen joint, 85, 88

Excavation in wells, table of, 204

Explosive agents, use of, 45

Fan, for ventilation, 52

Farnham, well at, 193

Fault, effect of, 4

Fauvelle's system, 79

Fissures, 2, 12

---- in blasting, 46

---- in chalk, 8

Flat chisels, 62

Fleet Street, well at, 193

Formation, mineral character of, 11

Foul air in wells, 52, 209

Four and a half inch steining, 59

Free-falling tools, Dru's, 117-123

Freshwater, well at, 187, 188

Fulmer, well at, 193

Fuse for blasting, 50

Gases in wells, 52, 209

Gault, 5

General conditions of outcrop, 18

Geological conditions, epitome of, 10

---- ---- primary, 4

Gneiss, rainfall on, 27

Golden Lane, well at, 193

Granite, rainfall on, 27

Grapin, or clutch, 107

Grapnels, 107, 139-141

Gravesend, well at, 193

Green Lane wells, 160

Greensands, 5, 8

Greenwich, wells at, 193

Grenelle, well at, 85, 179

Guides, bore-head, 132

----, Dru's, for rods, 121

Guncotton, 44

Gunpowder, 44

---- weight of, 49

Hackney Road, well at, 193

Haggerstone, well at, 194

Hainault Forest, well at, 194

Half-brick steining, 59

Halstead, well at, 194

Hammersmith, well at, 194

Hampstead, wells at, 194

---- Road, wells at, 194

Hand-dog, 65

Hand-jumpers, 47

Hanwell, well at, 194

Hard rock, Dru's system, 125

---- ---- sinking in, 44, 53

Harrow, well at, 171, 194

Hastings sand, 5

Haverstock Hill, well at, 194

Hayes, well at, 194

Headings or tunnels, 53, 54

Hedgerley, sands and clays at, 17

Height of strata above surface, 23

Hendon, well at, 194

Herne Bay, section at, 12

Highbury, wells at, 172, 194

Hills or mountains, 5

---- drift on, 6

---- flat-topped, 20

---- outcrop on, 19

Hoddesdon, well at, 194

Holloway, wells at, 194

Hollow rods, 80

Hoop-iron, boring with, 60, 61

Horizontal strata, 9

Hornsey, wells at, 194

Horselydown, well at, 194

Hoxton, well at, 195

Hungerford, section near, 14

Hyde Park Corner, well at, 195

Hydraulic tube-forcers, 146-148

Ickenham, well at, 195

Instruments used in blasting, 46

Iron cylinders for lining, 56

---- drum curb, 42

---- for drills and jumpers, 47

---- rods, 64, 65, 80, 120

---- tubbing, 95, 97, 98

Isle of Dogs, well at, 195

---- of Grain, well at, 195

Isleworth, wells at, 195

Islington Green, well at, 195

Joints, Kind-Chaudron rod, 105-107

---- tubbing, 109

---- tube, 75, 143, 144

Journal of well-work, 206

Jumpers, 47, 48

Kensington, wells at, 195

Kentish Town, well at, 172, 195

Keuper, 5, 35, 36

Key, Kind-Chaudron, 105

Kilburn, well at, 195

Kind-Chaudron system, 93

Kind's moss-joint, 123, 124

---- system, 85-93

Kind's system, time employed, 92

Kingsbury, well at, 195

Kingston-on-Thames, well at, 195

Knightsbridge, well at, 195

Ladle, cement, for tubbing, 111

Lagging of drum curb, 42

Lambeth, wells at, 195, 196

Lancashire, thickness of trias, 36

Lea Bridge, well at, 196

Leamington, well at, 158

Least resistance, line of, 45, 46, 50

Leatherhead, sands and clays at, 17

Leek, wells at, 163

Leicester Square, well at, 196

Lias, 5, 8

Lifting dog, 65

Lift of rods, 70

Limehouse, wells at, 196

Line of least resistance, 45, 46, 50

Lining or steining wells, 54-59

---- tubes for bore-hole, 66, 143, 144

Liquorpond Street, well at, 196

Lithofracteur, 44

Liverpool, wells at, 158

London Basin, wells in, 190-201

---- average section of strata, 13

---- clay, 5

---- measurement of sections, 15, 16

Long Acre, well at, 196

Longton, wells at, 162

Loughton, well at, 196

Lower Morden, well at, 196

---- tertiaries, outcrop of, 23

Luton, well at, 196

Magnesian limestone, 5, 10

Maldon, well at, 196

Margate, well at, 196

Marylebone Road, well at, 196

Mather and Platt's system, 126-154

Measure of water in wells, 204

Michelmersh, well at, 176

Middlesborough, well at, 163

Mile End, wells at, 176, 196

Mile End Road, well at, 197

Millbank, wells at, 197

Mineral character of formation, 11

Mitcham, well at, 197

Mizers, 56, 57

Molasse sandstones, 5

Monkey for tube well, 81

Monkham Park, well at, 197

Mortlake, wells at, 197

Moss box, Kind-Chaudron, 110, 111

Moss joints, 110, 111, 123

Mountain slopes, springs in, 6

Mountains or hills, 5

Muschelkalk, 35

New Barnet, well at, 190

New Cross, well at, 197

New red sandstone, 5, 8, 35

---- ---- headings in, 54

New Wimbledon, well at, 201

Nine-inch steining, 59

North America, rainfall, 30, 31

Northampton, well at, 166

Northolt, well at, 197

Norwich crag, 5

---- well at, 177

Notting Dale, well at, 197

---- Hill, well at, 197

Number of bricks in wells, 205

Observations with rain-gauge, 24

Off-take of rods, 70

Old Kent Road, well at, 197

Old Windsor, wells at, 197

Oolitic strata, 5, 8, 166

Orange Street, well at, 197

Outcrop, 11

---- position of, 18

---- rainfall on, 11

---- rainfall on district, 24

Oxford Street, well at, 197

Paris, wells at, 179

Pass pipes for tubbing, 98

---- valves for tubbing, 98

Passy, well at, 85, 180

Pebble Hill, section at, 14

---- beds, 36, 37

Peckham, well at, 197

Penge, well at, 197

Pentonville, wells at, 197

Permeability of new red sandstone, 37

Permian strata, 155

Picker, 58

Pimlico, wells at, 197

Pinner, well at, 197

Pipe-dolly, 67

---- iron, 74

Plaistow, well at, 197

Planes of bedding, 12

Plant, Dru's system, 114, 115

---- Kind-Chaudron system, 99

---- well sinking, 40-58

---- well boring, 61-79

Plug, tube straightening, 140, 149

Plugs for tamping, 52

Ponders End, wells at, 187, 197

Porous soils, 8

Position of outcrop, 18

---- of well, 207

Pot mizer, 57

Preparations for sinking, 40

Pricker, 50

Primary beds, 5, 9

Principles of blasting, 45

Prong grapnel, 139, 149

Pudsey Hall, well at, 198

Pumps, Mather and Platt's, 149-154

Quantity of brickwork in wells, 205

Quicksand, modes of piercing, 98

Rainfall, 24

---- on new red sandstone, 37

---- on outcrop, 11

---- tables of, 28-32

Rain-gauge, instructions for using, 24

Ratcliffe, wells at, 198

Rate of boring, 207, 208

---- ----, Dru, 123

---- of working, Mather and Platt's, 137

Reculvers, section at, 12

Regent's Park, wells at, 198

Rhætic beds, 5

Richmond, wells at, 198

Rimers, 68

Riming spring, 68

Ring for broken rods, 64

River deposits, 22

Rock, chisels for, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

---- intersected by dyke, 4

---- sinking in, 44

Rod guides, Dru's, 121

---- joints, Dru's, 121

---- at Passy, 86, 89

Rods, boring, 64, 65

---- boring, Dru's, 120, 121

---- Kind-Chaudron system, 101

---- remarks on, 126, 127

Romford, well at, 198

Rope, boring with, 60, 130

Ross, well at, 165, 166

Rotherhithe, wells at, 198

Ruislip, well at, 198

Running sands, Dru's system, 125

Saffron Walden, well at, 198

St. Helens, wells at, 166

Sand, 11

---- Mather and Platt's system, 143

Sandhurst, well at, 198

Sandstone, new red, 35

Sandwich, well at, 198

Scaffolding for boring, 71

Scratcher, 58

Screw grapnel, 139, 142

Screw-jacks, 144, 145

Searching for water, 9

Secondary beds, 5

Setting rain-gauge, 24

Shallow surface springs, 21

Sheer-frame, boring, _Frontispiece_, 72

Sheer-legs, 69

Sheerness, wells at, 198

Shell, 63, 122

---- at Passy, 90

---- Kind-Chaudron system, 105

---- or auger, 63

---- pump, Mather and Platt's, 134, 136

---- ---- jammed, 141, 142

Shoreditch, well at, 198

Shorne Meade Fort, well at, 198

Shortlands, well at, 199

Shot-holes, boring, 48

---- in wet stone, 50

Sinkers' bucket, 67, 150

Sinking mine shafts, 93

---- plant for, 96

---- with drum curb, 42

Sinkings in Durham, 93

---- in hard rock, 44-53, 94

Site for rain-gauge, 24

Slate, rainfall on, 27

Slope of hills, outcrop on, 19

Slough, wells at, 199

Small-shot system in blasting, 44

Smithfield, well at, 199

Snow, measuring fall of, 25

South America, rainfall, 31

Southend, well at, 199

Southwark, wells at, 199

Speed of holing with hand-drills, 48

Spitalfields, well at, 199

Spithead, well at, 146

Spring, definition, 1

---- cutter for tubes, 78, 79

---- darts, 67

---- pole, 61

Springs, 1, 2

---- in alluvium, 7

---- in drift, 6

---- in chalk, 7

---- in permeable strata, 1

---- surface, 21

Staffordshire, thickness of trias, 36

---- wells in, 162, 163

Steam jet for ventilation, 52

Steel for drills, 47

Steining, 40, 43, 54-59

Stemmer or tamping bar, 51

Step-ladder, 139, 141

Stifford, well at, 199

Stockwell Green, wells at, 199

Stone steining, 55

Storing well-water, 206

Strata, disturbances of the, 32

---- table of, 202, 203

Stratford, wells at, 199

Stratified rock, blasting in, 46

Streatham, well at, 199

Stud-block, 66

Sudbury, well at, 199

Sulphuretted hydrogen in wells, 210

Superficial area, extent of, 11

Superintending well-work, hints on, 206

Surface, height of strata above, 23

---- of outcrop, 11

---- springs, 21

Swanage, Dorset, well at, 167

Tables of excavation in wells, 204

---- rainfall, 28-32

---- of strata, 202, 203

Tamping, 50, 51

---- bar, 51

---- tools, 50-52

T-chisels, 62

Tempering boring chisels, 209

Tertiary beds, 5

---- district, division of, 34

Testing machine, for tubbing, 108, 109

Thames Street, Upper, well at, 200

Tillers, 62, 65

Timber steining, 55

Tongs, 67

Tools for well boring, 62-79

Top rods, 65, 66

Tottenham, wells at, 199

Tottenham Court Road, well at, 199

Tower Hill, well at, 199

Trafalgar Square, well at, 199

Trepan at Passy, 85

---- Dru's first, 113

---- Kind-Chaudron system, 101-105

---- Kind's, 86, 87

Trias strata, 35, 36, 155

Tubbing, 94, 95

---- pass pipes for, 98

---- placing Kind-Chaudron, 108, 109

---- testing machine for, 108, 109

Tube clamps, 67

---- forcing apparatus, 74, 144-148

---- grapnel, 139, 149

---- joints, 66, 75

---- well, American, 81

Tubes, 66, 143

Tubing, when necessary, 73

Tunnels or headings, 53, 54

Underpinning, 40

Upchurch, wells at, 199, 200

Upper Thames Street, well, at, 200

Uxbridge, wells at, 200

Valleys, drift in, 6

---- outcrop in, 18

Valve for mizer, 56, 57

Valves for shell, 64, 122, 123, 134

Vauxhall, well at, 200

V-chisels, 62

Wad-hook, 64

Waltham Abbey, well at, 200

Walthamstow Marsh, well at, 200

Wandsworth, wells at, 200

Warwickshire, thickness of trias, 36

Water in new red sandstone, 38

---- measure and weight in wells, 204

---- searching for, 9

Water-bearing deposits, value of, 10

---- strata, height of, above surface, 23

---- ---- sinking through, 56, 93

Well, Artesian, definition, 2

---- ---- causes of failure, 2-4

---- boring, 60-80

---- sinking, 40

Well-water, storing, 206

Wealden clay, 5

Wedging cribs, 94, 95

Weight of water in wells, 204

Westbourne Grove, well at, 200

West Drayton, wells at, 200

West Ham, wells at, 102

West India Dock, well at, 201

Westminster, wells at, 201

Wet stone, shot-holes in, 50

Whitechapel, wells at, 201

Willesden, well at, 201

Wimbledon, wells at, 201

Windsor station well, 160

Windsor, wells at, 201

---- wells at Old, 197

Winchfield, well at, 189

Windlass, 42, 60, 72

Winkfield Plain, well at, 201

Witham, well at, 201

Withdrawing tools, 64

Withdrawing tubes, 74-79

Wolverhampton, wells at, 166

Wooden drum curb, 41, 42

---- rods, 89, 101, 106

Wood tubbing, 95

Woodley Lodge, well at, 201

Woolwich beds, 5

---- wells at, 201

Worm-auger, 64

Wormley, wells at, 201

Wormwood Scrubbs, well at, 201

Wrought-iron tubes, 66

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

E. & F. N. SPON'S NEW BOOKS.

Crown 4to, cloth, 36_s._

_Pyrology; or, Fire Chemistry._

A Science interesting to the general Philosopher, and an Art of
infinite importance to the Chemist, Mineralogist, Metallurgist,
Geologist, Agriculturist, Engineer (Mining, Civil, and Military), &c.,
&c. By WILLIAM ALEXANDER ROSS, lately a Major in the Royal Artillery.

Crown 8vo, cloth, 8_s._

_Electricity: Its Theory, Sources, and Applications._ By JOHN T.
SPRAGUE, Member of the Society of Telegraph Engineers. With 91 Woodcuts
and 30 valuable Tables.

Crown 4to, cloth, 15_s._

_The Draughtsman's Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing_, including
Instructions for the preparation of Engineering, Architectural, and
Mechanical Drawings, with numerous Illustrations and Coloured Examples.
By G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Member of the Society of Engineers,
Assoc. Inst. C.E.

Second Edition, royal 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._

_A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering Surveying,
Levelling, Estimating Quantities, &c._ With a General Description of
the several Instruments required for Surveying, Levelling, Plotting,
&c. By H. S. MERRITT. 41 fine Plates, with Illustrations and
Tables.

With Portrait, 8vo, cloth, 12_s._ 6_d._

_The Autobiography of Sir John Rennie, past President of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, F.R.S., &c., &c._ Edited by his Son, C.
G. C. Rennie.

Crown 8vo, cloth, 5_s._

_Arbitrations: a Text-Book for Surveyors, in tabulated form._ By
BANISTER FLETCHER, A.R.I.B.A., Author of 'Model Houses,'
'Dilapidations,' 'Compensations,' &c.

32mo, roan, 4_s._ 6_d._; or cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

_Spons' Architects' and Builders' Pocket-Book of useful Memoranda
and Prices for 1875._ By W. YOUNG, Architect, Author of
'Picturesque Architectural Studies,' &c.

Crown 4to, cloth, 15_s._

_Practical Geometry and Engineering Drawing_.

A Course of Descriptive Geometry, adapted for the requirements of
the Engineering Draughtsman, including the Determination of Cast
Shadows and Isometric Projection, each chapter being followed
by numerous Examples. To the above are added Rules for Shading,
Shade-Lining, &c., together with practical Instructions as to the
Lining, Colouring, Printing, and general Treatment of Engineering
Drawings. By GEORGE S. CLARKE, Lieut. Royal Engineers, Instructor
in Mechanical Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering College, Coopers
Hill.

Third Edition, 8vo, sewed, 1_s._ 6_d._

_The Liverpool Waterworks_. By CHARLES M. BELOE, M. Inst.
C.E., Author of the 'Construction of Catch-Water Reservoirs.'

Crown 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

_Dry Rot_. A Treatise on the Origin, Progress, Prevention, and
Cure of Dry Rot in Timber, Remarks on the Means of Preserving Wood
from Destruction by Sea-Worms, Beetles, Ants, &c. By THOMAS
ALLEN BRITTON, late Surveyor to the Metropolitan Board of
Works, &c., &c.

To be completed in 12 Monthly Parts, 4to, sewed, 5_s._ each, Parts I.
to V. now ready.

_Mining Engineering_. A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining. By
G. G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Mining Civil Engineer, Member of the
Society of Engineers. With Plates of Practical Drawings.

Foolscap 8vo, cloth, 6_s._

_Slide Valve._--_On Designing Valve Gearing._ By EDWARD
J. COWLING WELCH, Memb. Inst. Mechanical Engineers. With
Diagrams.

London: E. & F. N. SPON, 48, Charing Cross.
New York: 446, Broome Street.

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

RELATING TO

PRACTICAL SCIENCE

PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY

E. & F. N. SPON.

LONDON: 48, CHARING CROSS. NEW YORK: 446, BROOME STREET.

=Architects' Handbook=.

A Handbook of Formulæ, Tables, and Memoranda,
for Architectural Surveyors and others engaged in
Building, by J. T. Hurst, C.E., tenth edition,
thoroughly revised and re-written, royal 32mo, roan 5 0

=Andre's Handbook of Mapping=.

Containing Instructions for the Preparation of
Engineering, Architectural, and Mechanical Drawings,
_with numerous coloured examples_, crown 4to, cloth 15 0

=Blast-Furnace=.

Researches on the Action of the Blast-Furnace, by
Charles Schintz, translated from the German by W. H. Maw,
and Moritz Müller, _plates_, crown 8vo, cloth 8 6

=Bridges=.

Estimates and Diagrams of Railway Bridges for Turnpike,
Public and Occupation Roads, in the Embankments of Double
or Single Lines, and Cuttings of Double Lines, with Form
for Calculating Quantities in Skew Structures, etc.; also
Culverts of various dimensions, and at Station Buildings,
by J. W. Grover, M.I.C.E., second edition, enlarged, _with
37 coloured plates_, folio, cloth 31 6

=Bridges=.

Iron and Timber Railway Superstructures and General Works;
giving Dimensions and Quantities for the Standard
4ft. 8-1/2in. gauge and the Mètre 3ft. 3-3/8in. gauge,
with some Earthwork Tables and Outlines of a Specification
and Requirements, by J. W. Grover, M. Inst. C.E.,
folio, cloth £2 2 0

=Bridges=.

The Strains upon Bridge Girders and Roof Trusses,
including the Warren, Lattice, Trellis, Bowstring, and
other Forms of Girders, the Curved Roof, and Simple
and Compound Trusses, by Thos. Cargill, C.E.B.A., T.C.D.,
Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers,
_with 64 illustrations_, _drawn and worked out to scale_,
8vo, cloth 12 6

=Bridges=.

Construction of the Great Victoria Bridge, in Canada,
by James Hodges, Engineer to Messrs. Peto, Brassey,
and Betts, Contractors, vol. 1, imp. 4to, _illustrated
with 17 coloured plates_, _and numerous wood
engravings_; vol. 2, royal folio, _containing 28 double
and 19 single plates_, together 2 vols., half-bound in
morocco £4 14 6

=Bridges=.

Long-Span Railway Bridges, comprising Investigations of
the Comparative Theoretical and Practical Advantages of
the various adopted or proposed Type Systems of
Construction, with numerous Formulæ and Tables giving
the weight of Iron or Steel required in Bridges from 300
feet to the limiting Spans; to which are added similar
Investigations and Tables relating to Short-Span Railway
Bridges, second and revised edition, by B. Baker, Assoc.
Inst. C.E., _plates_, crown 8vo, cloth 5 6

=Builders' Price-Book=.

Spons' Builders' Pocket-Book of Prices and Memoranda,
edited by W. Young, architect, royal 32mo, roan 4 6 or
cloth, vermillion edges 3 6

_Published Annually_.

=Cabinet Making=.

The Cabinet Maker; being a Collection of the most approved
designs in the Mediæval, Louis-Seize, and Old English
styles, for the use of Cabinet Makers, Carvers, etc., by
R. Charles, 96 _plates_, folio, half-bound 21 0

=Carpentry=.

Elementary principles of Carpentry, by Thomas Tredgold,
revised from the original edition, and partly re-written,
by John Thomas Hurst, contained in 517 pages of
letterpress, and _illustrated with_ 48 _plates and_ 150
_wood engravings_, second edition, crown 8vo, handsomely
bound in cloth 18 0

=Compensations=.

Compensations, a Text-book for Surveyors, in tabulated
form, by Banister Fletcher, crown 8vo, cloth 5 0

=Coffee=.

The Coffee Planter of Ceylon, by William Sabonadière, with
an Appendix, containing various extracts and letters from
other authority, bearing on the same subject, second
edition, enlarged and revised, _illustrated by plates
and wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth 7 6

=Coffee and Chicory=.

Coffee and Chicory; the Culture, Chemical Composition,
Preparation for Market, and Consumption, with simple tests
for detecting adulteration, and practical hints for the
Producer and Consumer, by P. L. Simmonds, F.S.S., author
of 'The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom,'
'Dictionary of Products,' etc., etc., _illustrated by
numerous wood engravings_, post 8vo, cloth 2 0

=Cotton Cultivation=.

Cotton Cultivation in its various details, the Barrage of
Great Rivers, and Instructions for Irrigating, Embanking,
Draining, and Tilling Land in Tropical and other Countries
possessing high thermometric temperatures, especially
adapted to the improvement of the cultural soils of India,
by Joseph Gibbs, Member Institute Civil Engineers, _with_
5 _plates_, crown 8vo, cloth 7 6

=Curves, Railway=.

Treatise on the setting out of Railway Curves, with full
Tables of the Angles, Distances, and Offsets required,
especially arranged for the use of Measurements in feet
and imperial links, but also adapted for the use of any
other unit of Measurement, by David Livingstone, crown
8vo, cloth 10 6

=Curve Tables=.

Tables for setting out Railway Curves, arranged by Chas.
Pullar Hogg, C.E., a series of cards arranged for
Manipulation, with a sheet of Explanations and Examples,
in neat cloth case 4 6

=Dilapidations=.

Dilapidations, a Text-book for Architects and Surveyors,
in tabulated form, by Banister Fletcher, Fellow Royal Inst.
Brit. Arch. (Author of Model Houses), showing who are
liable for Dilapidations, and the extent of the liability
of Lessors, Lessees, Tenants at will, Tenants by elegit,
Statute, Merchant, or Staple Tenants in fee simple, Tenants
in tail, Tenants for life, Tenants for years without
impeachment of waste, Mortgagor, Mortgagee in possession,
Yearly Tenants, Tenants in common, and joint Tenants, Rights
of comparceners, also what are dilapidations and waste, and
further fully instructs the surveyor how to take and value
them, to which is added the duties of surveyors, with a
table of legal cases, embracing the most recent, and
illustrated throughout by examples drawn from the author's
experience, and latest legal decisions, crown 8vo, cloth 5 0

=Earthwork Tables=.

Tables for Computing the Contents of Earthwork in the
Cuttings and Embankments of Railways, by W. Macgregor,
royal 8vo, cloth 6 0

=Economy in the Use of Steam=.

A Statement of the Principles on which a Saving of Steam
can be best effected, by Frank Salter, B.Sc., crown 8vo 3 6

=Electrical Standards=.

Reports of the Committee on Electrical Standards appointed
by the British Association, revised by Sir W. Thomsom,
Dr. J. P. Joule, Professors Clark, Maxwell, and Fleeming
Jenkin, with a Report to the Royal Society on Units of
Electrical Resistance, by Prof. F. Jenkin, edited by
Professor Fleeming Jenkin, F.R.S., _plates_, 8vo, cloth 9 0

=Electric Telegraph.=

Electrical Tables and Formulæ for the Use of Telegraph
Inspectors and Operators, compiled by Latimer Clark and
Robert Sabine, _with wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth 12 6

=Engineering.=

Spons' Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical,
Military, and Naval, with technical terms in French,
German, Italian, and Spanish, 3100 pp., and _nearly_
8000 _engravings_, super-royal 8vo, in

8 divisions, cloth 13_s._ 6_d._ each £5 8 0
8 " half-morocco £6 8 0
8 " French morocco £7 4 0
Complete in 3 vols., cloth £5 5 0
Bound in a superior manner, half-morocco, top edge
gilt, 3 vols. £6 12 0

=Engineers' Companion.=

The Office and Cabin Companion for Engineers and
Officers of Steam Vessels, consisting of observations,
rules, and tables to facilitate such Calculations as
Naval Officers and Engineers are called upon to make,
by J. Simond Holland, second edition, 12mo, cloth 3 0

=Engineering Drawing.=

An Elementary Treatise on Orthographic Projection, being
a new Method of Teaching the Science of Mechanical and
Engineering Drawing, intended for the Instruction of
Engineers, Architects, Builders, Smiths, Masons, and
Bricklayers, and for the use of Schools, _with numerous
illustrations on wood and steel_, by William Binns,
Associate Institute Civil Engineers, late Master of the
Mechanical Drawing Class at the Department of Science and
Art, and at the School of Mines, formerly Professor of
Applied Mechanics, at the College for Civil Engineers,
etc., eighth edition, 8vo, cloth 9 0

_Mr. Binns' system of Mechanical Drawing is in successful operation in all the Art Schools of the United Kingdom._

=Engineering Drawing.=

The Second Course of Orthographic Projection; being a
continuation of the new Method of Teaching the Science
of Mechanical and Engineering Drawing; with some Practical
Remarks on the Teeth of Wheels, the Projection of Shadows,
Principles of Shading, and the Practice of Making to Scale
Drawings from Actual Machinery. Intended for the
Instruction of Engineers, Architects, Builders, Smiths,
Masons, and Bricklayers, and for the use of Science
Schools and Classes, _with numerous illustrations_, by Wm.
Binns, Consulting Engineer, Associate I.C.E., late Master
of the Mechanical Drawing Class, at the Department of
Science and Art, and at the Royal School of Mines;
formerly Professor of Applied Mechanics at the College for
Civil Engineers, etc., 8vo, cloth 10 6

=Engineers' Pocket-Book.=

The Pocket-Book of Pocket-Books, being Molesworth and
Hurst's Pocket-Books, printed on India paper, bound
together in one volume, royal 32mo, Russia, gilt edges 12 6

=Engineers' Pocket-Book.=

A Pocket-Book of Useful Formulæ and Memoranda, for Civil
and Mechanical Engineers, by Guilford L. Molesworth, Mem.
Ins. C.E., Consulting Engineer to the Government of India
for State Railways, eighteenth edition, revised, with
considerable additions by the author; together with a
valuable contribution on Telegraphs, by R. S. Brough,
32mo, roan 6 0

Ditto, interleaved with ruled paper for Office use 9 0

Ditto, printed on India paper, for the waistcoat pocket 6 0

=Engineers' Price-Book.=

Appleby's Illustrated Handbook of Machinery and Iron Work,
with the Cost, the Working Expenses, and the Results
obtained in the use of Steam and Hand Cranes, Pumps, Fixed
and Portable Steam Engines, and various other Machines;
with Weight Measurement, etc., etc.; also Prices of Tools,
Iron Works, Stores and Materials required by Civil and
Mechanical Engineers, Merchants, and others; together with
numerous Tables and Memoranda, by Appleby Bros., Engineers,
_many hundred wood engravings_, 8vo, cloth 12 6

=Engineers' Tables.=

Spons' Tables and Memoranda for Engineers, selected
and arranged by J. T. Hurst, C.E., Author of
'Architectural Surveyors' Handbook,' 'Hurst's Tredgold's
Carpentry,' etc., 64mo, roan, gilt edges, second edition 1 0

Or in cloth case 1 6

=French Measures.=

French Measures and English Equivalents, by John Brook.
For the use of Engineers, Manufacturers of Iron,
Draughtsmen, etc., 18mo, roan 1 0

"In a series of compact tables the English values of the French measures are arranged from one to a thousand millimètres, and from one to a hundred mètres; the fractions of an inch progressing in sixteenths are also reduced to French values. The little book will be found useful to almost every engineer." --_Engineering._

=French-Polishing.=

The French-Polisher's Manual, by a French-Polisher,
containing Timber Staining, Washing, Matching, Improving,
Painting, Imitations, Directions for Staining, Sizing,
Embodying, Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing, French-Polishing,
Directions for Re-polishing, royal 32mo, sewed 0 6

=Gas.=

Analysis, Technical Valuation, Purification and Use of
Coal Gas, by the Rev. W. R. Bowditch, M.A., _with wood
engravings_, 8vo, cloth 12 6

=Gas Works.=

Instructions for the Management of Gas Works, by W. C.
Holmes, Engineer, 8vo, cloth 4 0

=Gunner's Pocket-Book.=

Bridges' Gunner's Pocket-Book, compiled by Captain T. W.
Bridges, H.P. Royal Artillery, crown 32mo, roan, 1_s._;
or morocco 1 6

=Handrailing.=

Handrailing cut square to the Plank, without a Falling
Mould, as discovered and taught at the Mechanics'
Institution, Liverpool, by John Jones, Staircase Builder,
_containing seven plates, with full instructions for
working them_, fol. boards 6 0

=Hydraulics.=

Practical Hydraulics: a Series of Rules and Tables
for the use of Engineers, etc., etc., by Thomas Box,
fourth edition, _numerous plates_, post 8vo, cloth 5 0

=Iron.=

Iron as a material of Construction, forming a Handbook
for the use of Students in Engineering, by William Pole,
C.E., F.R.S., _cuts_, post 8vo, cloth 6 0

=Iron and Steel.=

The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, edited by
Jno. Jones, F.G.S., and David Forbes, F.R.S., published
half-yearly, 8vo, each Part 7 6

=Indian Engineering.=

India and Indian Engineering: Three Lectures delivered at
the Royal Engineer Institute, Chatham, in July, 1872, by
Julius George Medley, Lieut.-Col. R.E., Assoc. Inst.
C.E., Fellow of the Calcutta University, Principal
Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee, crown 8vo,
cloth 3 0

=Link-Motion.=

Link-Motion and Expansion-Gear practically considered,
by N. P. Burgh, Engineer, _illustrated with 90 plates
and 229 wood engravings_, small 4to, handsomely
half-bound in morocco £2 2 0

=Mechanical Engineering.=

The Mechanician and Constructor for Engineers,
comprising Forging, Planing, Lining, Slotting, Shaping,
Turning, Screw-cutting, etc., by Cameron Knight,
_illustrated by 96 4to plates, containing 1147
illustrations, and 397 pages of letterpress_, 4to,
cloth £2 10 0

Or, half-bound French morocco £2 12 6

=Mechanics.=

The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics, based on
the principle of work, designed for Engineering Students,
by Oliver Byrne, formerly Professor of Mathematics, College
for Civil Engineers, second edition, _illustrated by
numerous wood engravings_, post 8vo, cloth 7 6

=Mechanics.=

The Principles of Mechanics and their Application to Prime
Movers, Naval Architecture, Iron Bridges, Water Supply,
etc., by W. J. Millar, C.E., Secretary to the Institution
of Civil Engineers and Shipbuilders, Scotland, crown 8vo,
cloth 4 6

=Metric Weights and Measures.=

Scales for the Ready Comparison of British and Metric
Weights and Measures, by A. L. Newdigate, M.A., in neat
cloth case 5 0

=Military Terms.=

A Handy Dictionary of Military Terms, by Major W. W.
Knollys, F.R.G.S., 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, Garrison
Instructor, Home District, etc., 18mo, cloth 2 0

=Mill Gearing.=

A Practical Treatise on Mill Gearing, Wheels, Shafts,
Riggers, etc., for the use of Engineers, by Thomas Box,
post 8vo, cloth, _with eight plates_ 5 0

=Millwright's Guide.=

The Practical Millwright's and Engineer's Ready Reckoner,
or Tables for finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels,
diameter, weight and power of shafts, diameter and strength
of bolts, etc., by Thomas Dixon, fourth edition, 12mo,
cloth 3 0

=Mine Engineering.=

A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining, by George G. André,
Mining Civil Engineer, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E.,
_numerous plates_, 2 vols., royal 4to, cloth £3 12 0

=Mining.=

Records of Mining and Metallurgy; or, Facts and Memoranda
for the use of the Mine Agent and Smelter, by J. Arthur
Phillips and John Darlington, in crown 8vo, cloth,
_illustrated with wood engravings_ 4 0

=Oilman's Calculator.=

The Oilman's Calculator, containing Tables showing the
Conversion in Imperial Gallons of any Weight of Oil of a
specific Gravity of from ·700 to ·960, from 1 lb. to
400 cwt.; Prices per Gallon equivalent to Prices per Ton
at 16 different Weights, from £3 to £100; Contents of
Circular Tanks in Imperial Gallons from 3 feet to 36 feet
diameter; Conversion of Foreign Moneys and Weights into
British Value, etc., by James Ireland, 8vo 7 6

=Pyrology.=

Pyrology, or Fire Chemistry; a Science interesting to the
general Philosopher, and an art of infinite importance to
the Chemist, Mineralogist, Metallurgist, Geologist,
Agriculturalist, Engineer (Mining, Civil, and Military),
etc., etc., by William Alexander Ross, lately a Major in
the Royal Artillery, _with plates and woodcuts_, crown
4to, cloth £1 16 0

"A work which we have no hesitation in pronouncing original and invaluable. The author is not a chemist trained in the orthodox school outside which there is no salvation: for cooked results and unproved theories he shows very little respect. We can strongly recommend this book to ANALYSTS, ASSAYERS, MINERALOGISTS, and to all persons interested in MINING AND METALLURGY."--_Chemical News_, August 6th, 1875.

=Railway Engineering.=

Manual of Railway Engineering, for the Field and the
Office, by Charles P. Cotton, C.E., second edition,
revised and enlarged, post 8vo, cloth 7 6

=Rennie, Sir John.=

The Autobiography of Sir John Rennie, Past-President of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, F.R.S., etc., etc., edited
by his son, C. G. C. Rennie, _with portrait_, 8vo, cloth 12 6

=Reservoirs.=

On the Construction of Catch-water Reservoirs in Mountain
Districts for the supply of Towns, or for other purposes,
by C. H. Beloe, Author of 'The Handbook of the Liverpool
Waterworks,' _plates_, 8vo, cloth 5 0

=Retaining Walls.=

Surcharged and different Forms of Retaining Walls, by
J. S. Tate, _cuts_, 8vo, sewed 2 0

=Ropemaking.=

A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and private
Rope-yards, with a description of the manufacture, rules,
tables of weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping,
Mining, Railways, Builders, etc., by R. Chapman, formerly
foreman to Messrs. Huddart and Co., Limehouse, and late
Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford, second edition,
12mo, cloth 3 0

=Sanitary Engineering.=

Proceedings of the Association of Municipal and Sanitary
Engineers and Surveyors, Vol. I., 1873-4, edited by Lewis
Angell, Mem. Inst. C.E., F.R.I.B.A., etc., etc., 8vo,
cloth 10 6

Ditto, Vol. II. 7 6

=Sanitary Engineering.=

A Series of Lectures given before the School of
Engineering, Chatham. Division I. Air. Division II. Water.
Division III. The Dwelling. Division IV. The Town and
Village. Division V. The Disposal of Sewage. Copiously
illustrated. By J. Bailey Denton, C.E., F.G.S., Honorary
Member of the Agricultural Societies of Norway, Sweden,
and Hanover, and Author of the 'Farm Homesteads of England,'
'Storage of Water,' etc., etc., royal 8vo, cloth 21 0

=Sanitary Works Abroad.=

Report of the Commission appointed to propose Measures for
Remedying the Pollution of the Seine; with a Description
of the Works in course of execution for the Sewerage of
Berlin, and the Application of Sewage to Irrigation at
Marienfelder and Falkenburg. Translated from the French by
Robert Manning, M. Inst. C.E., Chief Engineer to Her
Majesty's Board of Public Works in Ireland, 8vo, sewed 2 0

=Sewage.=

A Handbook of Sewage Utilization, by Ulick Ralph Burke,
Esq., Barrister-at-Law, crown 8vo, cloth 3 6

This work treats: I. Of the evils of the present System of Sewage Treatment, the Pollution of Water, and the Waste of Manure. II. Remedies, Privy, and Ash-pit; Eureka System; Milan, Goul, and Moule's Systems. III. Treatment of Sewage by Chemical means; Experiments with Lime; Lime and Chloride of Iron; Sulphate of Ammonia; Holden's Process; Sulphate of Alumina; Persalts of Iron; Blyth, Lenk, Phospate, A.B.C., Scott, and Hille Processes; Filtration. IV. Irrigation. With an APPENDIX, including the Law relating to Sewage Utilization.

=Sewage.=

The Sewage Question on the Treatment and Utilization of
Sewage, the Preparation of Land for Irrigation, and for
Intermittent Downward Filtration, by J. Bailey Denton,
Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., 8vo, sewed 2 0

=Silver Mines.=

Vazeeri Rupi, the Silver Country of the Vazeers, in Kulu:
its Beauties, Antiquities, and Silver Mines, including a
Trip over the lower Himalayah Range and Glaciers, by J.
Calvert, F.G.S., Mem. Inst. C.E., _illustrated with a map
and coloured plates_, 8vo, cloth 16 0

=Slide Valve.=

The Slide Valve practically considered, by N. P. Burgh,
Engineer, seventh edition, _containing 88 illustrations
and 121 pages of letterpress_, crown 8vo, cloth 5 0

=Slide Valve. Designing Valve Gearing.=

A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide Valve
Gearing, by Simple Geometrical Construction, based upon the
principles enunciated in Euclid's Elements, and comprising
the various forms of Plain Slide Valve and Expansion
Gearing; together with Stephenson's, Gooch's, and Allan's
Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to variable
expansion combinations, by Edward J. Cowling Welch, Memb.
Inst. Mechanical Engineers, crown 8vo, cloth 6 0

The system described in this work enables any draughtsmen or foreman to "get out" in a _few minutes_, and with the greatest precision, all the details of a Slide Valve Gear, without recourse to models or other similar appliances.

=Steam Boilers.=

Practical Treatise on Steam Boilers and Boiler-making,
by N. P. Burgh, Mem. Inst. Mec. Eng., _illustrated by
1163 wood engravings and 50 large folding plates of
working drawings_, royal 4to, half-morocco £3 13 6

=Steam Engine.=

Modern Marine Engineering applied to Paddle and Screw
Propulsion; consisting of _36 plates, 259 wood
engravings_, and 403 pages of descriptive matter, the
whole being an exposition of the present practice of
the following firms: Messrs. J. Penn and Sons; Maudslay,
Sons, and Field; James Watt and Co.; J. and G. Rennie;
R. Napier and Sons; J. and W. Dudgeon; Ravenhill and
Hodgson; Humphreys and Tenant; Mr. J. F. Spencer; and
Messrs. Forester and Co. By N. P. Burgh, Engineer,
4to, cloth £2 5 0

=Steam Engine.=

Modern Compound Engines, being a Supplement to Modern
Marine Engineering, by N. P. Burgh, Mem. Inst. Mech.
Eng., _numerous large plates of working drawings_,
4to, cloth 18 0

The following Firms have contributed Working Drawings of their best and most modern examples of Engines fitted in the Royal and Mercantile Navies: Messrs. Maudslay, Rennie, Watt, Dudgeon, Humphreys, Ravenhill, Jackson, Perkins, Napier, Elder, Laird, Day, Allibon.

=Steam Engine.=

Practical Treatise on the Condensation of Steam:
contained in 262 pages of letterpress, _and illustrated
with 212 engravings_, by N. P. Burgh, Engineer,
super-royal 8vo, cloth £1 5 0

=Steam Engine.=

A Pocket-Book of Practical Rules for the Proportions of
Modern Engines and Boilers for Land and Marine purposes,
by N. P. Burgh, fifth edition, revised, with Appendix,
royal 32mo, roan 4 6

Details of High-Pressure Engine, Beam Engine, Condensing, Marine Screw Engines, Oscillating Engines, Valves, etc., Land and Marine Boilers, Proportions of Engines produced by the rules, Proportions of Boilers, etc.

=Steep Gradients on Railways.=

A Treatise on the Improved Method for overcoming Steep
Gradients on Railways, whereby an ordinary locomotive
capable of hauling a given load up a gradient 1 in 80,
can take the same up 1 in 8, by Henry Handyside, 8vo,
sewed 1 0

=Strength of Beams.=

On the Strength of Beams, Columns, and Arches, considered
with a view to deriving methods of ascertaining the
practical strength of any given section of Beam, Column,
or Arch, in Cast-iron, Wrought-iron, or Steel, by B. Baker,
_numerous cuts_, crown 8vo, cloth 9 0

=Strength of Beams.=

New Formulas for the loads and Deflections of Solid Beams
and Girders, by William Donaldson, M.A., Assoc. Inst. C.E.,
8vo, cloth 4 6

=Sugar.=

The Practical Sugar Planter; a complete account of the
cultivation and manufacture of the sugar-cane, according
to the latest and most improved processes, describing and
comparing the different systems pursued in the East and
West Indies, and the Straits of Malacca, and the relative
expenses and advantages attendant upon each, being the
result of sixteen years' experience of a sugar planter in
those countries, by Leonard Wray, Esq., _with numerous
illustrations_, 8vo, cloth 10 6

=Short Logarithms.=

Short Logarithmic and other Tables, intended to facilitate
Practical Calculation, and for solving Arithmetical
Problems in class, by Professor W. C. Unwin, 8vo, cloth 2 0

=Sulphuric Acid.=

The Chemistry of Sulphuric Acid Manufacture, by Henry
Arthur Smith, _cuts_, crown 8vo, cloth 4 6

=Surveying.=

The Principles and Practice of Engineering, Trigonometrical,
Subterraneous, and Marine Surveying, by Charles Bourne,
C.E., third edition, _numerous plates and woodcuts_, 8vo,
cloth 5 0

=Surveying.=

A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and Engineering
Surveying, Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc., with a
general description of the several Instruments required for
Surveying, Levelling, Plotting, etc., by H. S. Merrett, _41
fine plates, with illustrations and tables_, royal 8vo,
cloth, second edition 12 6

=Table of Logarithms.=

Table of Logarithms of the Natural Numbers, from 1 to
108,000, by Charles Babbage, Esq., M.A., stereotyped
edition, royal 8vo, cloth 7 6

=Tables of Squares and Cubes.=

Barlow's Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube
Roots, Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000,
post 8vo, cloth 6 0

=Teeth of Wheels.=

Camus (M.) Treatise on the Teeth of Wheels, demonstrating
the best forms which can be given to them for the purposes
of Machinery, such as Mill-work and Clock-work, and the art
of finding their numbers, translated from the French, third
edition, carefully revised and enlarged, with details of
the present practice of Millwrights, Engine Makers, and
other Machinists, by Isaac Hawkins, _illustrated by 18
plates_, 8vo, cloth 5 0

=Telegraphy.=

Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, including
original Communications on Telegraphy and Electrical
Science, edited by Major Frank Bolton and G. E. Preece,
Parts I. to XII., demy 8vo, sewed, _with wood engravings_,
each 5 0

_To be continued quarterly._

=Torpedo Warfare.=

A Treatise on Coast Defence; based on the experience gained
by Officers of the Corps of Engineers of the Army of the
Confederate States, and compiled from Official Reports of
Officers of the Navy of the United States, made during the
North American War from 1861 to 1865, by Von Scheliha,
Lieutenant-Colonel and Chief Engineer of the Department of
the Gulf of Mexico, of the Army of the late Confederate
States of America; _with numerous fine plates_, imperial
8vo, cloth, top edge gilt 15 0

=Trevithick.=

The Life of Richard Trevithick (Inventor of the
High-pressure Steam-engine), with an account of his
Inventions, by Francis Trevithick, C.E., 2 vols., medium
8vo, cloth, _illustrated by a steel portrait, lithographs,
and numerous beautiful wood engravings, including many
accurate illustrations of Cornwall, its Mines, and Mining
Machinery_, reduced to 12 6

=Turbine.=

A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and
Vertical Waterwheels, _with 11 plates_, specially designed
for the use of operative Mechanics, by William Cullen,
Millwright and Engineer, second edition, revised and
enlarged, small 4to, cloth 12 6

=Turning.=

The Practice of Hand-turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc.,
with Instructions for Turning such work in Metal as may be
required in the Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc.;
also an Appendix on Ornamental Turning, by Francis Campin,
second edition, _with wood engravings_, crown 8vo, cloth
(a book for beginners) 6 0

=Valve-Gears.=

Treatise on Valve-Gears, with special consideration of the
Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines, by Dr. Gustav Zeuner,
third edition, revised and enlarged, translated from the
German, with the special permission of the author, by
Moritz Müller, _plates_, 8vo, cloth 12 6

=Ventilation.=

Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with
Warm Air by Self-acting Suction Powder, with Review of the
mode of Calculating the Draught in Hot-air Flues, and with
some actual Experiments, by J. Drysdale, M.D., and J. W.
Hayward, M.D., second edition, with Supplement, demy 8vo,
_with plates_, cloth 7 6

The Supplement separate 0 6

=Weight of Iron.=

Tabulated Weights of Angle, T, Bulb, and Flat Iron, for the
use of Naval Architects and Shipbuilders, by Charles H.
Jordan, M.I.N.A., 18mo, sewed, second edition 1 6

=Wood-working Factories.=

On the Arrangement, Care, and Operation of Wood-working
Factories and Machinery, forming a complete Operators'
Handbook, by J. Richards, Mechanical Engineer, _woodcuts_,
crown 8vo, cloth 5 0

=Wood-working Machines.=

A Treatise on the Construction and Operation of
Wood-working Machines, including a History of the Origin
and Progress and Manufacture of Wood-working Machinery,
by J. Richards, Mechanical Engineer, _25 folding plates
and nearly 100 full-page illustrations_ of English,
French, and American Wood-working Machines in modern
use, selected from the designs of prominent Engineers,
4to, cloth £1 5 0

=Workshop Receipts.=

Workshop Receipts for the Use of Manufacturers,
Machinists, and Scientific Amateurs, by Ernest Spon,
crown 8vo, cloth 5 0

Royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

_Spons' Engineers' and Contractors' Illustrated Book of
Prices of Machines, Tools, Ironwork, and Contractors' Material._

E. & F. N. SPON: LONDON AND NEW YORK

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

A Table of Contents was added for the convenience of the reader.

Hyphenation has been made consistent except where the meaning would be affected.

Metre and centimetre changed to mètre and centimètre for consistency; all other accentuation unchanged.

Original spelling has been retained with the exception of 'guage,' which has been changed to 'gauge;' Parimaribo changed to Paramaribo; filteration changed to filtration; homogenous changed to homogeneous. Suction 'powder' appears to be a misprint for 'power' and has not been changed.

Some illustrations are not referenced in the text and have no title, e.g. Fig. 10. Descriptive titles were added by transcriber where needed in the plain text version only.

'P. S. Reed' is mentioned in several places and is probably a misprint for 'Reid'; see NEIMME Library. H. S. Merritt changed to H. S. Merrett.