Chapter VIII: Part II: Exotic Trees and Shrubs (2)

The typical species (Corsican Pine) is a slender tree of somewhat pyramidal form, growing to the height of 80 to 120 feet. The Austrian Pine, though a large tree, is of smaller proportions--from 60 to 80 feet high--but with stouter and longer branches, and denser foliage. The leaves, which vary from three to five inches in length, are sheathed in pairs, convex on the outer side, rigid, glossy, dark green, and with toothed margins. The cone is conical (!), with a rounded base, two to three inches in length, and its position on the branch is almost horizontal, the scales somewhat similar to those of the Scots Pine, but with stronger bosses, and of a yellowish-brown colour, polished. It takes about seventeen months to become full grown and ripen the seeds.

The Austrian Pine is one of those that do well on poor soils, and takes kindly to chalk. From the density of its foliage, it makes a good shade and shelter tree. Its timber, though coarse in grain, is very durable, and useful for outside work.

* * * * *

Cedar of Lebanon (_Cedrus libani_).

Made familiar, by name at least, from very early times by frequent references to it in the books of the Old Testament, it is rather strange that so hardy a tree was not one of the first of those introduced for ornament into Britain. It is true that local legends attaching to some old Cedars in this country credit them with having been planted in "the spacious times of great Elizabeth"--as the great Cedar at Whitton, Middlesex, blown down in 1779; but, on the other hand, we have the fact that no mention is made of the Cedar by John Evelyn in his "Sylva" (1664). This, it is true, is only negative evidence; but it is strong none the less, for it is not at all likely that so keen and pious an arboriculturist would have omitted mention of so noteworthy a tree had such been growing here when he wrote. There is reason to believe, however, that the still-existing Enfield Cedar was planted about the date of Evelyn's publication by Dr. Uvedale, master of the Enfield Grammar School.

The researches of Sir J. D. Hooker, subsequent to his memorable expedition to Lebanon and Taurus in 1860, established the specific identity of the three Cedars known as the Mount Atlas Cedar, the Cedar of Lebanon, and the Deodar. Though the arboriculturist still treats them as distinct species, they are scientifically regarded as geographical forms of one species. For convenience we here adopt the arboriculturist's view.

The Cedar varies greatly--no tree more so--in height and general outline, according to situation and environment, and though the stature of well-grown trees in this country may be correctly stated as from 50 to 80 feet, we are not without examples of 100 and 120 feet where the conditions have been specially favourable. There is one of 120 feet at Strathfieldsaye, and among the numerous fine Cedars at Goodwood there is the celebrated Great Cedar, 90 feet high, with a bole 25 feet in circumference, and a broad conical head whose base has a diameter of 130 feet. But the Cedar, as usually seen on lawns and in parks, has a low, rounded, or flattened top, the great spreading arms having grown more rapidly than the trunk. Thus grown, the huge bole has seldom any great length, throwing out these timber branches at from six to ten feet from the ground, and immediately afterwards the trunk is divided into several stems. From these the main branches take a curving direction, at first ascending, but the part furthest from the trunk becoming almost horizontal. It is chiefly at the extremity of the branches that the branchlets and leaves are produced.

The evergreen leaves last for three, four, or five years, and are of needle-shape, varying in length from a little less to a little more than an inch. They are produced in a similar manner to those of the Larch--in tufts that are arranged spirally round dwarf shoots, mostly on the upper side of the branchlets. The male flowers are to be found at the extremity of branchlets which, though six or seven years old, are very short, their development having been arrested. The solid, purple-brown cones are only three or four inches long, broad-topped, and with a diameter of about half the length; the scales thin and closely pressed together; they are at first greyish-green, tinged with pink. The development and maturity of these cones takes two or three seasons, and they remain on the tree for several years longer. The seeds are angular, with a wedge-shaped wing.

The trees do not produce cones until they are from twenty-five to thirty years old; but they may be a century old before producing either male or female flowers.

The trunk is covered with thick, rough, deeply fissured bark. On the branches the bark is smooth, and peels off in thin flakes. The Cedar, in its native habitat, produces admirable timber, but that of trees grown in our own country is described by Loudon as "reddish-white, light and spongy, easily worked, but very apt to shrink and warp, and by no means durable." For these reasons the tree is grown almost solely for ornament.

The name Cedar is supposed to be derived from the Arabic _kedroum_, or _k[e']dre_ (power), and has reference to its majestic proportions and strong timber.

* * * * *

The Deodar, or Indian Cedar (_Cedrus deodara_).

Although, as we have indicated, the differences between the Cedar of Lebanon and the Cedar of Himalaya are not such as can be scientifically accepted as constituting specific distinctness, they are sufficient to at once strike the ordinary observer. In proportion to the height of the trunk, for example, the main branches are much shorter, the result being a more regular pyramidal outline, terminating in a light spire. The terminal shoots of the branches are longer, more slender, and quite pendulous. These differences, though really slight, transform the rather heavy majesty of the Cedar, as represented by _C. libani_, into one of graceful beauty. Although the experience of sixty years has sadly falsified the high hopes entertained as to the suitability of the Deodar for cultivation in this country as a timber tree, its value for ornamental purposes and in landscape gardening has not been impaired.

The headquarters of the Deodar are in the mountains of north-west India, where it forms forests at various altitudes above 3500 feet. Its vertical distribution, indeed, extends to a height of 12,000 feet, but its principal habitat lies between 6000 and 10,000 feet. Deodar timber produced in its native forests is exceedingly durable, being compact and even grained, not liable to warp or split, and standing the test of being alternately wet and dry. Loudon states that when a building, which had been erected by the Emperor Akbar in the latter part of the sixteenth century, was pulled down between 1820 and 1825, the Deodar timber used in its construction was found to be so sound that it was again used in building a house for Rajah Shah. And Brandis tells of very much more ancient bridges in Srunagar, whose piers are of Deodar wood, and appear to be as yet unaffected by decay.

It is to the Hon. W. L. Melville that we are indebted for the introduction of the Deodar to Britain in 1831, and during the next ten years many young trees were raised here from seeds. Favourably impressed by the rapidity of growth of these seedlings, the government, fearing a coming shortage of Oak for naval purposes, imported and distributed large numbers of Deodar seeds, and high estimates were formed of the future value of these trees. But in framing these estimates one important factor was omitted--the uncertainty of the British climate, with its rapid changes, "everything by turns, and nothing long." A score or two of years served to demonstrate that such conditions were opposed to the longevity and uniform development that produced sound timber on the Indian mountains; and to-day the Deodar is not mentioned among the trees that are to bring riches to the British timber grower. In spite of this failure, there are to be seen in many parts of these islands fine young Deodars of forty or fifty years, and from fifty to seventy feet in height.

There is no necessity for repeating the particulars already given respecting the Cedar of Lebanon, and which apply to the Deodar with such modifications as are indicated in the first paragraph above. Specimens grown where they have sufficient space for spreading out their long arms, retain their branches to the base of the trunk, and if these are cut off they can reproduce them. Several nursery varieties--with golden (_aurea_), silvery (_argentea_), or more intense green (_viridis_) foliage than the type--have appeared as a result of European cultivation.

* * * * *

Lawson's Cypress (_Cupressus lawsoniana_).

Lawson's Cypress belongs to that section of Conifers which includes the Junipers and Thuias, and is a representative of the North American Sylva. It is a native of South Oregon and North California, where it is believed to have been first discovered by Jeffrey, about 1852. Two years later seeds were received by Messrs. Lawson, the Edinburgh nurserymen, from Mr. William Murray, and from these seeds were raised the first young trees of this species sent out by the firm. The name was bestowed in honour of Mr. Charles Lawson, the then head of the firm, and by this name it is generally known in Europe, but in the United States it is the Port Orford Cypress. At Port Orford, on the Oregon coast, according to Sargent, "it forms one of the most prolific and beautiful coniferous forests of the continent, unsurpassed in the variety and luxuriance of its undergrowth of Rhododendrons, Vacciniums, Raspberries, Buckthorns, and Ferns," and any one who has seen well-grown specimens in the pleasure-grounds of this country can easily realize something of the beauty of such a forest, though allowance has to be made for the fact that in forest growth the lower branches are lost at an early age.

In its native home the Lawson Cypress attains a height of between 120 and 150 feet, occasionally reaching 200 feet, with a base circumference of 40 feet. The thick brown bark splits into rounded scaly ridges. The short horizontal branches divide a good deal towards their leafy extremities, which are curved, and commonly drooping. The leaves are little evergreen scales, which overlap, and being closely pressed to the branchlet, completely clothe and hide it. They are bright dark-green in colour, and endure for three or four years. The male flowers are produced at the tips of short branchlets, formed a year earlier. They are of cylindric form, crimson in colour, and each stamen bears from two to six anther-cells. The small "cones" are more or less globular, but instead of a large number of spirally arranged overlapping scales, as in the Pines and Firs, here there are only eight, whose edges at first join to form a box. When the "cone" is ripe these scales separate, to allow the escape of the seeds.

The Lawson Cypress produces a valuable wood, close-grained and strong, yet light. It is considered one of the most important timber trees of North America; but in this country it has been planted solely with a view to its ornamental qualities. Its perfect hardiness and its freedom of growth may, with longer experience than half a century affords, lead to its being regarded as a timber producer here also.

The Common Cypress (_Cupressus sempervirens_) of the Mediterranean region and the East, of which poets have sung in all ages, has been cultivated in this country for at least three hundred and fifty years.

The Chili Pine (_Araucaria imbricata_).

The Chili Pine, or "Monkey Puzzle," is a familiar sight on suburban lawns, where, however, it seldom attains a large size or long retains health. The lower branches drop off, and the upper ones become brown, as though scorched. But away from the smoke-laden atmosphere and uncongenial soils, some handsome and massive Araucarias may be seen rising from fair lawns, with dense branches curving at their tips, and regularly disposed in whorls from the dome-like head of the tree to the grass at its base. Such was the magnificent specimen at Dropmore that died in 1902, such is the fine tree at Woodstock, Co. Kilkenny, which now presumably takes the position of eminence in these islands hitherto held by the Dropmore example.

The Chili Pine is a native of Southern Chili, where it was discovered by a Spaniard, Don F. Dendariarena, in 1780, as he was prospecting for timber. About the same time two other Spaniards, Drs. Ruiz and Pavon, were botanizing in Chili, and came across the Araucaria, of which they sent herbarium specimens to Europe. But in spite of this three-fold opportunity for Spain, the actual introduction of the Araucaria to Europe must be credited to Britain. Archibald Menzies, who accompanied Captain Vancouver as botanist on his celebrated voyage, came across the tree in Chili, and brought home both seeds and young plants. One of these became a fine tree at Kew, where it was for many years the object of admiration and interest, but it perished in 1892.

The Araucaria forms extensive pure forests in the province of Arauco, from which it gets its name, and to whose inhabitants the seeds are a most important item of their food-supply. Not only do the trees in these forests lose their lower branches, but even those growing in the open plains of their native country have similarly bare trunks for nearly half their height. It is therefore a satisfaction to know that the finest specimens grown in this country have really surpassed those grown in their natural home. The height reached by old trees is from eighty to a hundred feet, with a trunk-girth of from sixteen to twenty-three feet. The tapering of this trunk is very slight, and a few of the stiff, spine-tipped leaves, with which its younger extremity is densely clothed, still remain attached in a dried-up condition far down the column. These leaves will have been observed to entirely cover the branches, not being restricted, as in most trees, to the newly formed branchlets and twigs. They are very hard, and endure for about fifteen years; are about an inch and a quarter long, and overlap, though their sharp-pointed ends turn away from the branch.

The cylindrical male flowers are four or five inches long, borne singly or in small clusters. It was formerly supposed that the sexes were on separate trees, but though many individuals only produce flowers of one kind, this is by no means the general rule. The female flowers are about four inches long, almost round in shape, but broader at the base than above. They are covered with long, narrow, overlapping scales, beneath which are found the seeds when the flower has developed into the brown cone, which is six inches in diameter. The scales are then easily detached; in fact, when the seeds are ripe, the cone falls to pieces. The seed is about an inch and a half long, enclosed in a hard, thin shell.

The Chili Pine does not succeed in this country unless it is given pure air, sunshine, abundant moisture, and an open subsoil to carry it off. Yet it will grow to a very handsome tree if these conditions are observed. Very fine effects have been obtained in some places by planting an Araucaria grove. Such an avenue is in fine condition at Woodstock, Co. Kilkenny (running parallel with an avenue of _Abies nobilis_), every tree with its branches intact from turf to summit, and bearing fertile cones. There is a similar, but less perfectly preserved, Araucaria grove at Bicton in Devonshire.

CLASSIFIED INDEX

TO

NATURAL ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES

_Described in this work._

Order TILIACEAE.

TILIA platyphyllos, Scop., 36, 40. _Plates_ 27, 28, 29, 30, 31
" parvifolia, Ehrh., 37, 40
" vulgaris, Hayne, 37, 40

Order ILICINEAE.

ILEX aquifolium, L., 85. _Plates_ 81, 82, 83, 84

Order CELASTRINEAE.

EUONYMUS europaeus, L., 88. _Plates_ 85, 86, 87
" japonicus, Thunb., 90
" latifolius, C. Bauh., 90

Order RHAMNEAE.

RHAMNUS catharticus, L., 90. _Plate_ 89
" frangula, L., 91. _Plates_ 88, 90

Order SAPINDACEAE.

AESCULUS hippocastanum, L., 139. _Plates_ 1, 144, 145, 146, 147
" carnea, Willd., 143

ACER campestre, L., 49. _Plate_ 43
" platanoides, L., 53
" pseudo-platanus, L., 51. _Plates_ 44, 45, 46, 47, 48

Order LEGUMINOSAE.

LABURNUM vulgare, Presl., 145. _Plate_ 149

ROBINIA pseudacacia, L., 147. _Plates_ 150, 151, 152

Order ROSACEAE.

PRUNUS communis, Hudson, 92. _Plates_ 92, 93
" insititia, L., 94
" domestica, L., 94. _Plate_ 91
" avium, L., 95. _Plates_ 94, 95
" cerasus, L., 97
" padus, L., 98. _Plates_ 96, 97, 99

PYRUS communis, L., 98. _Plates_ 100, 102, 103
" cordata, Desv., 100
" malus, L., 101. _Plates_ 98, 101, 104, 105, 106
" aria, Ehrh., 103. _Plates_ 107, 108, 109, 110
" latifolia, Syme, 105
" scandica, Syme, 105
" torminalis, DC., 105
" aucuparia, Gaert., 106. _Plates_ 111, 112, 113, 114
" sorbus, Gaert., 109. _Plates_ 115, 117, 119
" germanica, Hook., 110. _Plate_ 116

CRATAEGUS oxyacantha, Pall., 112. _Plates_ 118, 120, 121, 122, 123

Order CORNACEAE.

CORNUS sanguinea, L., 116. _Plates_ 125, 126
" suecica, L., 118

Order CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

SAMBUCUS nigra, L., 123. _Plates_ 129, 131

VIBURNUM opulus, L., 120. _Plate_ 130
" lantana, L., 118. _Plates_ 127, 128

Order ERICACEAE.

ARBUTUS unedo, L., 114. _Plate_ 124

Order OLEACEAE.

FRAXINUS excelsior, L., 45. _Plates_ 39, 40, 41, 42

Order LAURACEAE.

LAURUS nobilis, L., 143. _Plate_ 148

Order EUPHORBIACEAE.

BUXUS sempervirens, L., 125. _Plates_ 132, 133

Order URTICACEAE.

ULMUS montana, Stokes, 40. _Plates_ 32, 33, 34, 35
" campestris, L., 43. _Plates_ 36, 37, 38

Order PLATANACEAE.

PLATANUS orientalis, L., 128. _Plates_ 134, 135, 136
" occidentalis, L., 129

Order JUGLANDACEAE.

JUGLANS regia, L., 131. _Plates_ 137, 138, 139

Order CUPULIFERAE.

BETULA alba, L., 25. _Plates_ 13, 14, 15, 16
" verrucosa, Ehrh., 28
" pubescens, Ehrh., 28
" nana, L., 28

ALNUS glutinosa, Medic., 29. _Plates_ 17, 18, 19, 20

CARPINUS betulus, L., 31. _Plates_ 21, 22, 23, 24

CORYLUS avellana, L., 34. _Plates_ 25, 26

QUERCUS robur, L., 13. _Plates_ 2, 3, 4, 5, 10
" ilex, L., 18. _Plate_ 6
" cerris, L., 19. _Plate_ 7

CASTANEA sativa, Mill., 135. _Plates_ 140, 141, 142, 143

FAGUS sylvatica, L., 20. _Plates_ 8, 9, 11, 12

Order SALICINEAE.

SALIX triandra, L., 66. _Plates_ 66, 67
" pentandra, L., 66. _Plates_ 68, 69, 70
" fragilis, L., 63. _Plates_ 59, 60, 61
" russelliana, Sm., 64
" alba, L., 65. _Plates_ 62, 63, 64, 65
" cinerea, L., 68
" aurita, L., 68
" caprea, L., 67
" repens, L., 69
" nigricans, Sm., 69
" phylicifolia, L., 70
" arbuscula, L., 72
" viminalis, L., 70
" reticulata, L., 72
" purpurea, L., 71. _Plates_ 71, 72
" lanata, L., 71
" sadleri, Syme, 71
" lapponum, L., 72
" myrsinites, L., 72
" herbacea, L., 72
" babylonica, Hort., 73

POPULUS alba, L., 55. _Plates_ 49, 50, 51
" canescens, Sm., 56
" tremula, L., 56. _Plate_ 52
" nigra, L., 58. _Plates_ 53, 54, 55
" fastigiata, Desf., 60. _Plates_ 56, 57, 58
" balsamifera, L., 61
" monilifera, Hort., 61

Order TAXACEAE.

TAXUS baccata, L., 74. _Plates_ 73, 74, 76

Order CONIFERAE.

JUNIPERUS communis, L., 79. _Plates_ 75, 77
" bermudiana, L., 81
" virginiana, L., 81

CUPRESSUS lawsoniana, Murr., 169. _Plates_ 173, 174

ARAUCARIA imbricata, Pav., 171. _Plate_ 175

PICEA excelsa, Link., 155. _Plates_ 159, 160, 163

CEDRUS deodara, Loud., 167. _Plates_ 171, 172
" libani, Loud., 164. _Plates_ 169, 170

LARIX europaea, DC., 149. _Plates_ 153, 154, 155, 156

ABIES pectinata, DC., 152. _Plates_ 157, 158

PSEUDOTSUGA douglasii, Carr, 157. _Plates_ 161, 162

PINUS sylvestris, L., 81. _Plates_ 78, 79, 80
" laricio, Poir., 162. _Plates_ 166, 167, 168
" pinea, L., 160. _Plates_ 164, 165

INDEX.

Abele, 55. _Plates_ 49, 50, 51

_Abies pectinata_, 152. _Plates_ 157, 158

_Acer campestre_, 49. _Plate_ 43
" _platanoides_, 53
" _pseudoplatanus_, 51. _Plates_ 44, 45, 46

_Aesculus carnea_, 143
" _hippocastanum_, 139. _Plates_ 1, 144, 145, 146, 147

Alder, 29, _Plates_ 17, 18, 19, 20;
Berry-bearing Alder, 91, _Plates_ 88, 90

_Alnus glutinosa_, 29. _Plates_ 17, 18, 19, 20

Apple, Wild, 101. _Plates_ 98, 101, 104, 105, 106

_Araucaria imbricata_, 171. _Plate_ 175

_Arbutus unedo_, 114. _Plate_ 124

Ash, 45, _Plates_ 39, 40, 41, 42;
Mountain Ash, 106, _Plates_ 111, 112, 113, 114

Aspen, 56. _Plate_ 52

Austrian Pine, 162. _Plates_ 166, 167, 168

Bay Tree, 143. _Plate_ 148

Beech, 20. _Plates_ 8, 9, 11, 12

_Betula alba_, 25. _Plates_ 13, 14, 15, 16
" _nana_, 28

Birch, 25, _Plates_ 13, 14, 15, 16;
Dwarf Birch, 28

Blackthorn, 92. _Plates_ 92, 93

Box, 125. _Plates_ 132, 133

Buckthorns, 90;
Breaking Buckthorn, 91, _Plates_ 88, 90;
Purging Buckthorn, 90, _Plate_ 89

Bullace, 94

_Buxus sempervirens_, 125. _Plates_ 132, 133

_Carpinus betulus_, 31. _Plates_ 21, 22, 23, 24

_Castanea sativa_, 135. _Plates_ 140, 141, 142, 143

Cedar of Lebanon, 164, _Plates_ 169, 170;
Indian Cedar, 167, _Plates_ 171, 172;
Red Cedar, 81

_Cedrus deodara_, 167. _Plates_ 171, 172
" _libani_, 164. _Plates_ 169, 170

Cherry, Wild, 95, _Plates_ 94, 95;
Dwarf Cherry, 97;
Bird Cherry, 98, _Plates_ 96, 97, 99

Chestnut, Horse, 139, _Plates_ 1, 144, 145, 146, 147;
Sweet Chestnut, 135. _Plates_ 140, 141, 142, 143

Chili Pine, 171. _Plate_ 175

Conifers, Native, 73;
Exotic, 149

Cornel, 116;
Dwarf Cornel, 118

_Cornus sanguinea_, 116. _Plates_ 125, 126
" _suecica_, 118

_Corylus avellana_, 34. _Plates_ 25, 26

Crab, 101. _Plates_ 98, 101, 104, 105, 106

_Crataegus oxyacantha_, 112. _Plates_ 118, 120, 121, 122, 123

_Cupressus lawsoniana_, 169. _Plates_ 173, 174

Deodar, 167. _Plates_ 171, 172

Dogwood, 116. _Plates_ 125, 126

Douglas Fir, 157. _Plates_ 161, 162

Elder, 123. _Plates_ 129, 131

Elms, 40;
Wych Elm, 40, _Plates_ 32, 33, 34, 35;
Common Elm, 43, _Plates_ 36, 37, 38

_Euonymus europaeus_, 88. _Plates_ 85, 86, 87
" _japonicus_, 90
" _latifolius_, 90

_Fagus sylvatica_, 20. _Plates_ 8, 9, 11, 12

False Acacia, 147. _Plates_ 150, 151, 152

False Plane, 51. _Plates_ 44, 45, 46, 47, 48

Fir, Douglas, 157. _Plates_, 161, 162;
Silver Fir, 152. _Plates_ 157, 158;
Spruce Fir, 155. _Plates_ 159, 160, 163

Fraxinus excelsior, 45. _Plates_ 39, 40, 41, 42

Gean, 96. _Plates_ 94, 95

Guelder Rose, 120. _Plate_ 130

Hawthorn, 112. _Plates_ 118, 120, 121, 122, 123

Hazel, 34. _Plates_ 25, 26

Holly, 85. _Plates_ 81, 82, 83, 84

Holm Oak, 18. _Plate_ 6

Hornbeam, 31. _Plates_ 21, 22, 23, 24

Horse Chestnut, 139. _Plates_ 1, 144, 145, 146, 147;
Red-flowered Horse Chestnut, 143

_Ilex aquifolium_, 85. _Plates_ 81, 82, 83, 84

_Juglans regia_, 131. _Plates_ 137, 138, 139

Juniper, 79. _Plates_ 75, 77;
Virginian Juniper, 81

_Juniperus bermudiana_, 81
" _communis_, 79. _Plates_ 75, 77
" _virginiana_, 81

Laburnum, 145. _Plate_ 149;
White Laburnum, 147

_Laburnum vulgare_, 145. _Plate_ 149

Larch, 149. _Plates_ 153, 154, 155, 156

_Larix europaea_, 149. _Plates_ 153, 154, 155, 156

_Laurus nobilis_, 143. _Plate_ 148

Lawson's Cypress, 169. _Plates_ 173, 174

Lime, 36. _Plates_ 27, 28, 29, 30, 31

Locust Tree, 147. _Plates_ 150, 151, 152

Maples, 49;
Field or Common, 49. _Plate_ 43;
Great Maple, 51. _Plates_ 44, 45, 46, 47, 48;
Norway Maple, 53

May, 112. _Plates_ 118, 120, 121, 122, 123

Medlar, 110. _Plate_ 116

Monkey Puzzle, 171. _Plate_ 175

Norway Maple, 53

Oak, 13. _Plates_ 2, 3, 4, 5, 10;
Holm Oak, 18. _Plate_ 6;
Turkey Oak, 19. _Plate_ 7

Osier, 70;
Purple Osier, 71. _Plates_ 71, 72

Pear, Wild, 98. _Plates_ 100, 102, 103

_Picea excelsa_, 155. _Plates_ 159, 160, 163

Pine, Austrian, 162. _Plates_, 166, 167, 168;
Chili Pine, 171. _Plate_ 175;
Scots Pine, 81. _Plates_ 78, 79, 80;
Stone Pine, 160. _Plates_ 164, 165

_Pinus laricio_, 162. _Plates_ 166, 167, 168
" _pinea_, 160. _Plates_ 164, 165
" _sylvestris_, 81. _Plates_ 78, 79, 80

Planes, 128;
Oriental Plane, 128;
Occidental Plane, 129;
Maple-leaved Plane, 131. _Plates_ 134, 135, 136

_Platanus occidentalis_, 129
" _orientalis_, 128. _Plates_ 134, 135, 136

Plums, Wild, 92, 94. _Plates_ 91, 92, 93

Poplars, 54;
White Poplar, 55. _Plates_ 49, 50, 51;
Grey Poplar, 55;
Black Poplar, 58. _Plates_ 53, 54, 55;
Lombardy Poplar, 60. _Plates_ 56, 57, 58;
Black Italian Poplar, 61;
Balsam Poplar, 61

_Populus alba_, 55. _Plates_ 49, 50, 51
" _balsamifera_, 61
" _canescens_, 55
" _fastigiata_, 60. _Plates_ 56, 57, 58
" _monilifera_, 61
" _nigra_, 58. _Plates_ 53, 54, 55
" _tremula_, 56. _Plate_ 52

_Prunus avium_, 95. _Plates_ 94, 95
" _cerasus_, 97
" _communis_, 92. _Plates_ 92, 93
" _domestica_, 94. _Plate_ 91
" _insititia_, 94
" _padus_, 98. _Plates_ 96, 97, 99

_Pseudotsuga douglasii_, 157. _Plates_ 161, 162

_Pyrus aria_, 103. _Plates_ 107, 108, 109, 110
" _aucuparia_, 106. _Plates_ 111, 112, 113, 114
" _communis_, 98. _Plates_ 100, 102, 103
" _cordata_, 100
" _germanica_, 110. Plate 116
" _latifolia_, 105
" _malus_, 101. _Plates_ 98, 101, 104, 105, 106
" _scandica_, 105
" _sorbus_, 109. _Plates_ 115, 117, 119
" _torminalis_, 105

_Quercus cerris_, 19. _Plate_ 7
" _ilex_, 18. _Plate_ 6
" _robur_, 13. _Plates_ 2, 3, 4, 5, 10

_Rhamnus catharticus_, 90. _Plate_ 89
" _frangula_, 91. _Plates_ 88, 90

_Robinia pseudacacia_, 147. _Plates_ 150, 151, 152

Rowan, 106. _Plates_ 111, 112, 113, 114

_Salix alba_, 65. _Plates_ 62, 63, 64, 65
" _arbuscula_, 72
" _aurita_, 68
" _babylonica_, 73
" _capraea_, 67
" _cinerea_, 67
" _fragilis_, 63. _Plates_ 59, 60, 61
" _herbacea_, 72
" _lanata_, 71
" _lapponum_, 72
" _myrsinites_, 72
" _nigricans_, 69

_Salix pentandra_, 66. _Plates_ 68, 69, 70
" _phylicifolia_, 70
" _purpurea_, 71. _Plates_ 71, 72
" _repens_, 69
" _reticulata_, 72
" _russelliana_, 64
" _sadleri_, 71
" _triandra_, 65. _Plates_ 66, 67
" _viminalis_, 70

Sallow, 67;
Grey Sallow, 68;
Eared Sallow, 68

_Sambucus nigra_, 123. _Plates_ 129, 131

Scots Pine, 81. _Plates_ 78, 79, 80

Service, Wild, 105;
True Service, 109. _Plates_ 115, 117, 119

Silver Fir, 152. _Plates_ 157, 158

Sloe, 92. Plates 92, 93

Spindle-tree, 88. _Plates_ 85, 86, 87

Spruce Fir, 155. _Plates_ 159, 160, 163

Stone Pine, 160. _Plates_ 164, 165

Strawberry-tree, 114. _Plate_ 124

Sweet Chestnut, 135. _Plates_ 140, 141, 142, 143

Sycamore, 51. _Plates_ 44, 45, 46, 47, 48

Tacamahac, 61

_Tilia parvifolia_, 37, 40
" _platyphyllos_, 36, 40. _Plates_ 27, 28, 29, 30, 31
" _vulgaris_, 37, 40

Turkey Oak, 19. _Plate_ 7

_Ulmus campestris_, 43. _Plates_ 36, 37, 38
" _montana_, 40. _Plates_ 32, 33, 34, 35

_Viburnum lantana_, 118. _Plates_ 127, 128
" _opulus_, 120. _Plate_ 130

Walnut, 131. _Plates_ 137, 138, 139

Wayfaring-tree, 118. _Plates_ 127, 128

White Beam, 103. _Plates_ 107, 108, 109, 110

Whitethorn, 112. _Plates_ 118, 120, 121, 122, 123

Willows, 61;
Crack Willow, 63. _Plates_ 59, 60, 61;
Bedford Willow, 64;
White Willow, 65. _Plates_ 62, 63, 64, 65;
Golden Willow, 65;
Almond-leaved Willow, 66. _Plates_ 66, 67;
French Willow, 66;
Bay-leaved Willow, 67. _Plates_ 68, 69, 70;
Dwarf Silky Willow, 69;
Dark-leaved Willow, 69;
Tea-leaved Willow, 70;
Woolly Willow, 71;
Sadler's Willow, 71;
Lapland Willow, 72;
Whortle-leaved Willow, 72;
Small Tree Willow, 72;
Least Willow, 72;
Net-leaved Willow, 72;
Weeping Willow, 73

Withy, 63. _Plates_ 59, 60, 61

Wych Elm, 40. _Plates_ 33, 34, 35

Yew, 74. _Plates_ 73, 74, 76;
Irish Yew, 79

THE END.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

End of Project Gutenberg's Wayside and Woodland Trees, by Edward Step

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