Chapter XVIII: Appendix: Measures and Weights

A few tables of measures may be helpful here because accurate measurements are necessary to insure success in the preparation of any article of food.

All dry ingredients, such as flour, meal, powdered sugar, etc., should be sifted before measuring.

The standard measuring cup contains one-half pint and is divided into fourths and thirds.

To measure a cupful or spoonful of dry ingredients, fill the cup or spoon and then level off with the back of a case-knife.

In measures of weight the gram is the unit.

A “heaping cupful” is a level cup with two tablespoonfuls added.

A “scant cupful” is a level cup with two tablespoonfuls taken out.

A “saltspoon” is one-fourth of a level teaspoon.

To measure butter, lard, and other solid foods, pack solidly in spoon or cup and level with a knife.

TABLE OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS[21]

4 saltspoons = 1 teaspoon, tsp.
3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon, tbsp.
4 tablespoons = 1/4 cup or 1/2 gill.
16 tablespoons (dry ingredients) = 1 cup, c.
12 tablespoons (liquid) = 1 cup.
2 gills = 1 cup.
2 cups = 1 pint.
2 pints = 1 quart.
4 quarts = 1 gallon.
2 tablespoons butter = 1 ounce.
1 tablespoon melted butter = 1 ounce.
4 tablespoons flour = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons granulated sugar = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons liquid = 1 ounce.
2 tablespoons powdered lime = 1 ounce.
1 cup of stale bread crumbs = 2 ounces.
1 square Baker’s unsweetened chocolate = 1 ounce.
Juice of one lemon = (about) 3 tbsp.
5 tablespoons liquid = 1 wineglassful.
4 cups of sifted flour = 1 pound.
2 cups of butter (packed solidly) = 1 pound.
2 cups of finely chopped meat (packed solidly) = 1 pound.
2 cups of granulated sugar = 1 pound.
2-2/5 cups of powdered sugar = 1 pound.
2-2/3 cups brown sugar = 1 pound.
2-2/3 cups oatmeal = 1 pound.
4-3/4 cups rolled oats = 1 pound.
9 or 10 eggs = 1 pound.
1 cup of rice = 1/2 pound.

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHTS[22]

20 grains = 1 scruple, ℈
3 scruples = 1 drachm, ʒ
8 drachms (or 480 grains) = 1 ounce, ℥
12 ounces = 1 pound, lb.

APOTHECARIES’ MEASURES[22]

60 minims (M) = 1 fluid drachm, fʒ
8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce, f℥
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint, o or pt.
2 pints = 1 quart, qt.
4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal.

APPROXIMATE MEASURES[23]

One teaspoonful equals about 1 fluid drachm.
One dessertspoonful equals about 2 fluid drachms.
One tablespoonful equals about 4 fluid drachms.
One wineglassful equals about 2 ounces.
One cup (one-half pint) equals about 8 ounces.

METRIC MEASURES OF WEIGHT[23]

In measures of weight the gram is the unit.

1 gram 1.0 gm.
1 decigram 0.1 gm.
1 centigram 0.01 gm.
1 milligram 0.001 gm.

FOOTNOTES:

[21] _Practical Dietetics_, Alida Frances Pattee.

[22] _Practical Dietetics_, Alida Frances Pattee.

[23] _Practical Dietetics_, Alida Frances Pattee.

INDEX

Absorption of food, 145

Achlorhydria, 258

Acne, 295

Adulteration of foods, 118

Age, 165
Diet in, 230
Affecting digestion, 165

Albumin, 10

Albumin water, 309

Albuminoids, 12, 56

Alcohol, 184

Alkalies, 45

Almond oil, 25

Anemia, 37, 245-250

Appetite, affecting digestion, 160, 161, 163, 164

Apples, 47, 49, 51

Apricots, 47

Arrowroot, 20

Asparagus, 43, 44

Asthma, 282

Athlete, diet for, 228

Baking soda, 136

Balanced diets, 232

Bananas, 48, 49-50

Barley, 74

Barley water, 310

Beans, 43, 82, 85-86

Beef, 53, 54

Beets, 39, 41

Beverages, 103-109

Bile, 144

Biliousness, 267

Biscuits, 68

Blackberries, 48

Blood, affecting digestion, 157

Bouillons, 57

Boy or girl, diet for, 226-228

Bread, 66

Bread and crackers, 61, 62
Graham bread
Rye bread
Wheat bread
Graham crackers
Oatmeal ”
Oyster ”
Soda ”

Breakfast foods, 72-80

Breathing, 3

Blight’s disease, 272

Brussels sprouts, 43

Business man, diet for, 224

Butter, 89

Buttermilk, 89, 101

Cabbage, 44

Caffein, 106

Calcium, 4, 6, 34, 36, 59

Calories, 127-129

Candy, 15-16

Carbohydrates, 13

Carbon, 4, 122

Carbon dioxid, 20

Carbonaceous foods, 4, 9, 10, 38-53

Carbonaceous foodstuffs, 13-25

Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 9, 61-102

Carrots, 39, 41

Casein, 90

Cassava, 20

Catarrh of intestines, 264

Catarrh of stomach, 253

Celery, 43, 44

Cells, formation of, 1, 2

Cellulose, 45

Cereal coffees, 80-81

Cereals, 61-80

Cheese, 89, 100

Cherries, 47

Chicken, 57

Chlorin, 4

Chocolate, 108

Chorea, 291

Circulation affecting digestion, 181

Citrates, 45

Citric acid, 45

Citrus fruits, 216

Clams, 55

Classification of foods, 38-102
Carbonaceous, 38-53
Fruits, 45
Green vegetables, 42
Roots and tubers, 38
Carbo-nitrogenous foods, 61-102
Cereals, 61
Legumes, 82
Milk, 89
Nitrogenous foods, 53-59
Eggs, 58
Meat, 53

Cocoa, 108

Cod-liver oil, 24

Coffee, 106-107

Condiments, 109-111
Capers
Catsup
Cinnamon
Ginger
Horseradish
Mustard
Pepper
Salt
Spices
Tabasco sauce
Worcestershire sauce

Constipation, 96, 97, 262

Convalescent, feeding the, 302

Cooking, 185-199

Corn, 71

Cornstarch, 10

Cotton-seed oil, 24

Crabs, 55

Cranberries, 48

Cream, 89

Cucumbers, 43

Currants, 48, 52

Custards, 314, 315

Dates, 48

Diabetes, 279

Diet, in abnormal conditions, 242-304
In age, 230, 231
For athlete, 228
For boy or girl, 226-228
For business man, 224
For laboring man, 229-230
In sedentary occupation, 222-224
In traveling, 213
Mixed, _versus_ vegetable, 210

Diets, 216-231

Digestion, 133-150
Intestinal, 143
Salivary, 135
Stomach, 140

Dilatation of the stomach, 259

Diuretic foods, 126

Dysentery, 265

Dyspepsia, 250

Economy in food, 148

Eczema, 294

Effervescing waters, 109

Eggnog, 60, 308

Egg preparations, 308

Eggs, 58

Elimination, 2, 130-133

Energy, 2, 13, 120-129

Enteritis, 264

Epithelium, 136

Exercise, 2

Exercise and breathing affecting digestion, 171-174

Fatigue, 174

Fats, 13, 21-25, 58, 59
Almond oil
Butter
Cod-liver oil
Cotton-seed oil
Cream
Meat fat
Nut oils
Olive oils

Figs, 48

Fish, 54, 55, 58

Flaxseed tea, 276

Flour and meals, 62-65, 73, 74
Bran
Corn
Gluten
Graham
Nutri meal
Oatmeal
Wheat
Whole wheat

Food elements, 3, 8, 9

Foodstuffs, 8-10

Frequency of meals affecting digestion, 169

Fruits, 45-53
Bland, 47
Dates
Figs
Prunes
Raisins
Sweet, 47
Apples
Bananas
Blackberries
Blueberries
Grapes
Peaches
Pears
Plums
Raspberries

Fruit juices, 305

Fruit sugar (levulose), 14, 15

Gallstones, 269

Gastritis, 253

Gelatinoids, 12, 56

Glucose, 10, 15, 16, 40

Gluten, 5, 10

Glycerin, 22

Glycogen, 16, 21, 151

Gooseberries, 47

Gout, 277

Grapefruit, 46

Grape juice, 307

Grapes, 48, 50

Greens, 43

Gruels, 314, 317

Gum-chewing, 139

Ham, 54

Heat and energy, 3, 120-129

Hives, 293

Honey, 10, 15

Hydrochloric acid, 34, 35, 46, 140

Hydrogen, 4

Hyperchlorhydria, 257

Hypochlorhydria, 257

Ice-cream, 115

Improperly balanced diet, 221

Indigestion, 250
Mental effect on, 135
Nervous, 252

Infant feeding, 320-356

Influence of mind, 177-178

Insufficient diet, effect of, vii

Intestinal disorders, 262

Intestinal indigestion, 143

Intestines, work of, 141-148

Invalids, foods for, 305

Iron, 4, 37, 59

Itching, 295

Jellies, 313, 314

Junket, 102, 314

Kidneys, derangements of, 271
Affecting digestion, 155, 160

Kumyss, 98

Laboring man, diet for, 229-230

Lactose, 15

Leanness, 298

Legumes, 63, 82-87
Beans
Lentils
Peanuts
Peas

Lemonade, 60, 108, 306

Lemons, 46, 48

Lentils, 82

Lettuce, 43

Levulose, 15

Lime, 7

Lime water, 96

Limes, 46

Liquid foods, 307

Liver, derangements of, 266
Affecting digestion, 151-152, 159
Work of, 151-152

Lobster, 55, 58

Lungs, 153, 154, 155, 160

Macaroni, 62, 69, 203

Magnesium, 4, 34, 45, 46, 59

Malates, 45

Malic acid, 45

Maltose, 15, 143

Maple sugar, 15

Meat broths, 312

Meat juices, 311

Metabolism, 1, 130-133

Milk, 308
Albuminized, 309
And milk products, 89-102
Malted, 92-93

Mind, influence of, 177

Mineral salts, 6, 34-37
Waters, 30

Mollusks, 55

Mould, 68

Mouth, 138

Mulberries, 48

Muscles, work of, 152, 160

Mussels, 58

Mustard, 110

Mutton, 54

Nasal passages, 138

Nephritis, 272

Nerves, work of, 153, 154, 160

Neuralgia, 289

Neurasthenia, 287

Nitrogen, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11

Nitrogenous foods, 9, 10, 53-60
Foodstuffs, 10-13

Nut oil, 24

Nuts, 87-88

Oats, 61

Obesity, 299

Olive oil, 24, 25

Onions, 39, 40

Orangeade, 60, 306

Oranges, 45, 46, 48

Organs and conditions affecting digestion, 151-184
Age, 165
Appetite, 160
Blood, 157
Circulation, 181
Exercise and breathing, 171
Fatigue, 174
Frequency of meals, 169
Influence of mind, 177
Intestines, 156
Kidneys, 155
Liver, 151
Lungs, 153
Muscles, 152
Nerves, 153, 154
Regularity of eating, 168
Season and climate, 164
Skin, 155
Sleep, 177
Tobacco and alcohol, 184
Ventilation, 174

Overeating, effect of, vi

Oxidation, 124, 125

Oxygen, 4

Oysters, 55, 58

Pancreatic juices, 20, 34

Pancreatin, 99, 223

Parsnips, 38, 39, 41

Pastry, 194

Peaches, 47

Peanuts, 83

Pears, 48

Peas, 43, 82, 85, 86

Pectin, 45

Pepsin, 140

Peristalsis, 142

Phosphates, 11

Phosphorus, 4, 36, 59

Pineapples, 48, 52

Plums, 47

Poisoning from food, 113-118

Potassium, 4, 34, 36, 46, 51, 59

Potatoes, 39-40

Poultry, 54

Predigested foods, 78

Preservation of foods, 111-113

Prolapsus of stomach, 259

Protein, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 53-60

Prunes, 48

Pruritus, 295

Ptyalin, 136

Purposes of food, 1-3
Produce heat and energy
Rebuild tissue

Pylorus, 142

Pyorrhea, 138

Quinces, 52

Raisins, 48

Raspberries, 48

Recipes for invalids and semi-invalids, 305

Regularity of eating affecting digestion, 168

Rennin or rennet, 90, 140, 141

Repair of waste, 130-133

Rheumatism, 297

Rhubarb, 43, 44

Rice, 61, 69

Rye, 61

Saccharin, 15

Sago, 10, 20
Soup, 311

Saliva, 20
Affecting digestion, 158

Salivary digestion, 135

Salts, 6, 34-37
Calcium (lime), 34, 36
Iron, 34
Magnesium, 34
Potassium, 36
Sodium, 34, 35, 36

Sausage, 54

Season and climate, 164

Sedentary occupation, diet in, 223-224

Shrimps, 55

Skin, work of, 155, 156

Skin diseases, 292

Sleep, 177

Soap, 22

Sodium carbonate (baking soda), 136

Sodium chlorid (salt), 4, 34, 35, 36, 46, 136

Souffles, 318

Soups, 313

Spaghetti, 69

Spinach, 43

Starch, 20-21, 136

Steapsin, 144

Stomach, 158

Strawberries, 48

Sucrose, 14, 15

Sugar, 10, 14, 19
Cane sugar (sucrose), 14, 15
Fruit sugar (levulose), 14, 15
Sugar of grapes or corn (glucose), 15, 16
Sugar of malt (maltose), 15
Sugar of milk (lactose), 15, 16

Sulphates, 11

Sulphur, 4, 11, 36, 59

Syrups, 10

Sweat-baths, 2

Sweetbreads, 54

Tables of use in making up balanced diets, 232

Tannin, 49, 104

Tapioca, 10, 20

Tartaric acid, 45

Tartrates, 45

Tea, 104

Terrapin, 55

Theobromin, 108

Tired, meaning of, 131

Toasts, 318

Tobacco, 184

Tomatoes, 43, 44

Traveling, diet in, 213

Trypsin, 141

Tuberculosis, 283

Turnips, 39, 41

Ulcer of the stomach, 260

Uremia, 275

Uric acid, 46
Excess of, 276

Urticaria, 293

Veal, 54

Vegetable marrow, 43

Vegetables, green, 43-45

Ventilation, 174

Villi, 146

Vitamins, 70

Volatile oil, 40, 41

Water, 25-34

Watercress, 43

Watermelons, 48

Wheat, 61, 63

Whey, 101

Wheys, 307

Whortleberries, 48

Yeast, 67

Transcriber’s Notes

pg 12 Changed: the tissues themselves wll be consumed
to: the tissues themselves will be consumed

pg 262 Changed: the condidition brings a result similar
to: the condition brings a result similar

pg 321 Changed: and in thirty-two, bottled-fed
to: and in thirty-two, bottle-fed