Chapter II: Introduction: xiii

I THE FUNCTIONS OF MARKS AND HOW PERFORMED 1

REAL AND APPARENT MEANINGS 6

II THE FUNDAMENTAL PURPOSES OF PUNCTUATION—GROUPING 14

THE NAMES OF MARKS 15

THE RELATIVE VALUES OF MARKS 16

PUNCTUATION OF SERIES 21

III MODIFIED PARENTHESIS, EXPLANATORY AND RESTRICTIVE
TERMS, AFTERTHOUGHT, AND APPOSITIVES 30

IV GROUPING DONE BY THE SEMICOLON AND
THE COLON 50

V SOME USES OF THE DASH 74

VI PUNCTUATION BY REASON AND CONVENTION 91

FIRST, SECOND, WHEN, NOW, BECAUSE,
ETC. 94

YES, NO, AGAIN, ETC. 102

VII COMMA, SEMICOLON, COLON, AND PERIOD—THEIR
DIFFERENTIATION 107

COMMA AND SEMICOLON 121

VIII COMMA, DASH, AND PARENTHESES—THEIR
DIFFERENTIATION 131

COMMAS AND PARENTHESES 136

DASHES AND PARENTHESES 137

IX MISCELLANEOUS USES OF MARKS 147

ADJECTIVES BEFORE A NOUN 147

DOUBLE OBJECT 147

A “LONG” SUBJECT 148

DOUBTFUL MODIFIERS 150

INTERMEDIATE RESTRICTIVE GROUPS 152

NOT—BUT 157

O AND OH 159

X CONVENTIONAL USES OF MARKS 163

THE PERIOD 164

THE COLON 169

THE SEMICOLON 171

THE INTERROGATION-POINT 174

THE EXCLAMATION-POINT 174

ELLIPSIS 175

XI QUOTATION-MARKS 177

XII BRACKETS AND PARENTHESES 185

XIII ABBREVIATION AND MISCELLANY 194

FORMS OF ADDRESS 194

FIRM OR CORPORATION NAMES 195

FIGURES 196

TIME OF DAY 196

TEMPERATURE, ETC. 196

BIBLE REFERENCES 199

FOOT-NOTES 199

STAR, DAGGER, ETC. 201

PER CENT, ETC., &C., 4TO, I.E., E.G., etc. 201

THE APOSTROPHE 201

WHEREAS—RESOLVED 202

XIV COMPOUND WORDS 203

XV CLOSE AND OPEN PUNCTUATION 208

PRESS NOTICES OF THE FIRST EDITION 221