Chapter II: Part 2

Low, perennial herb, with creeping stem. Naturalized from Europe
and found in waste places, woods, and thickets from Newfoundland
to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Globeflower. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.

_Gnaphalium margaritaceum_ L. Same as _Anaphalis margaritacea_.

=Gnaphalium obtusifolium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Gnaphalium polycephalum_ Michx.

Sweet balsam; life-everlasting; sweet life-everlasting; white
balsam.

Native, herbaceous annual, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry, open places
and old fields from Nova Scotia and Manitoba south to Florida and
Texas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Gnaphalium polycephalum_ Michx. Same as _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.

=Gnaphalium uliginosum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Mouse-ear; low cudweed; marsh-cudweed; wartwort; dysentery-weed.

Annual herb, 2 to 8 inches high, occurring in damp soil from
Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Indiana and Virginia;
apparently naturalized from Europe.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Gnaphalium undulatum_ Walt. Same as _Pterocaulon undulatum_.

Goat’s-rue. See _Cracca virginiana_.

Goldenrod, anise-scented. See _Solidago odora_.

Goldenrod, fragrant-leaved. See _Solidago odora_.

Goldenrod, sweet. See _Solidago odora_.

Goldenseal. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.

Goldthread. See _Coptis trifolia_.

_Goodyera pubescens_ R. Br. Same as _Peramium pubescens_.

_Goodyera repens_ R. Br. Same as _Peramium repens_.

Goose-grass. See _Galium aparine_.

Grape, Oregon. See _Berberis aquifolium_.

Grape, Rocky Mountain. See _Berberis aquifolium_.

Gravel-plant. See _Epigaea repens_.

Gravelroot. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.

Gravel-weed. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.

Greenbrier, long-stalked. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.

Grindelia. See _Grindelia robusta_ and _G. squarrosa_.

=Grindelia robusta= Nutt. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Grindelia; gum-plant.

Perennial herb, about 1½ feet high, native in the States west of
the Rocky Mountains.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).

Grindelia, scaly. See _Grindelia squarrosa_.

=Grindelia squarrosa= (Pursh) Dunal. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Grindelia; scaly grindelia; broad-leaved gum-plant.

Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring on the plains
and prairies from the Saskatchewan to Minnesota, Texas, and
California.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).

Gromwell, Virginia false. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.

Ground-centaury. See _Polygala nuttallii_.

Ground-ivy. See _Glecoma hederacea_.

Ground-raspberry. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.

Ground-squirrel pea. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.

Gum, cotton-. See _Nyssa aquatica_.

Gum, red. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.

Gum, star-leaved. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.

Gum, sweet-. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.

Gum, tupelo. See _Nyssa aquatica_.

Gum-plant. See _Grindelia robusta_.

Gum-plant, broad-leaved. See _Grindelia squarrosa_.

Gypsy-flower. See _Cynoglossum officinale_.

Gypsy-weed. See _Lycopus virginicus_.

Hackmatack. See _Larix laricina_.

Haircap-moss. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.

Hamamelis. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.

=Hamamelis virginiana= L. =Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae)=.

Hamamelis; witch-hazel; winterbloom; snapping hazel.

Indigenous shrub, found in low, damp woods from New Brunswick to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

_Parts used._--Leaves (collected in autumn), bark, and twigs
(official).

Hardhack. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.

Hart’s-thorn. See _Rhamnus cathartica_.

Haw, black. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.

Hawkweed, early. See _Hieracium venosum_.

Hawthorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.

Hazel, snapping. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.

Heal-all. See _Prunella vulgaris_ and _Scrophularia marilandica_.

Healing-herb. See _Symphytum officinale_.

Heart-liverleaf. See _Hepatica acuta_.

Heartsease. See _Viola tricolor_.

Hedeoma. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.

=Hedeoma pulegioides= (L.) Pers. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Hedeoma; American pennyroyal; tickweed; squawmint.

Low, native, annual plant, 6 to 12 inches high, growing in barren
woods and dry fields, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Nebraska
and Florida.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the volatile oil
distilled from these, are official.

Hedge-fumitory. See _Fumaria officinalis_.

Hedgethorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.

=Helenium autumnale= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Sneezeweed; sneezewort; swamp-sunflower.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in swamps, wet fields,
and meadows, Canada to Florida and Arizona.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Helianthemum canadense= (L.) Michx. =Rock-rose family (Cistaceae)=.

Frostweed; frostwort; frost-plant; Canadian rock-rose.

Native, perennial herb, about one foot in height; in dry, sandy
soil, Maine to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Kentucky.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Hellebore, American. See _Veratrum viride_.

Hellebore, green. See _Veratrum viride_.

Hellebore, swamp-. See _Veratrum viride_.

Helmetpod. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.

_Helonias dioica_ Pursh. Same as _Chamaelirium luteum_.

Hemlock. See _Tsuga canadensis_.

Hemlock, poison-. See _Conium maculatum_.

Hemlock, water-. See _Cicuta maculata_.

Hemlock-spruce. See _Tsuga canadensis_.

Hemp, black Indian. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.

Hemp, Canadian. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.

Hemp, white Indian. See _Asclepias incarnata_.

Henbane. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.

=Hepatica acuta= (Pursh) Britton. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Hepatica acutiloba_ DC.

Heart-liverleaf; sharp-lobed liverleaf; liverwort.

Perennial herb, 4 to 9 inches high, found in woods from Quebec and
Ontario, south to Georgia (but rare near the coast), west to Iowa
and Minnesota.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

_Hepatica acutiloba_ DC. Same as _Hepatica acuta_.

=Hepatica hepatica= (L.) Karst. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Hepatica triloba_ Chaix.

Round-lobed liverleaf; kidney-liverleaf; liverwort.

Perennial herb, 4 to 6 inches high; in woods from Nova Scotia to
northern Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; less common than the
heart-liverleaf.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

_Hepatica triloba_ Chaix. Same as _Hepatica hepatica_.

=Heracleum lanatum= Michx. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

Masterwort; cow-parsnip; youthwort.

Native, perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, growing in moist meadows
and cultivated ground from Canada south to North Carolina, Utah,
and California.

_Parts used._--Root, leaves, and seeds (nonofficial).

Hercules-club. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.

=Heuchera americana= L. =Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae)=.

Alum-root; American sanicle.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet in height; in shady, rocky
woodlands from Connecticut to Minnesota, south to Alabama and
Louisiana.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Hickory, shellbark-. See _Hicoria ovata_.

=Hicoria ovata= (Mill.) Britton. =Walnut family (Juglandaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Carya alba_ Nutt.

Shagbark, shellbark-hickory.

Large, native tree, sometimes 120 feet in height; in rich soil from
Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas.

_Parts used._--Bark and leaves (nonofficial).

=Hieracium venosum= L. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.

Early hawkweed; rattlesnake-weed; bloodwort; striped bloodwort.

Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in dry woods
and thickets from Maine to Georgia, west to Nebraska; more common
in the northern and eastern United States.

_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).

Highbelia. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.

Hive-vine. See _Mitchella repens_.

Hoarhound. See _Marrubium vulgare_.

Hoarhound, water-. See _Lycopus virginicus_.

Hoarhound, wild. See _Eupatorium aromaticum_.

Hog-potato. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.

Hog’s-bean. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.

Hogweed. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.

Holly, American. See _Ilex opaca_.

Holly, white. See _Ilex opaca_.

Honeybloom. See _Apocynum androsaemifolium_.

Hoodwort. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.

Hoop-ash. See _Fraxinus nigra_.

Hop-hornbeam. See _Ostrya virginiana_.

Hop-tree. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.

Hornbeam, hop-. See _Ostrya virginiana_.

Horse-balm. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.

Horse-chestnut. See _Aesculus hippocastanum_.

Horsefly-weed. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.

Horsefoot. See _Tussilago farfara_.

Horse-gentian. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.

Horseheal. See _Inula helenium_.

Horsemint. See _Monarda fistulosa_ and _M. punctata_.

Horse-nettle. See _Solanum carolinense_.

Horsetail. See _Equisetum hyemale_.

Horseweed. See _Erigeron canadensis_.

Hound’s-tongue. See _Cynoglossum officinale_.

Hydrangea. See _Hydrangea arborescens_.

=Hydrangea arborescens= L. =Hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceae)=.

Hydrangea; wild hydrangea; seven-barks.

Indigenous shrub, 5 or 6 feet in height; on rocky river banks from
southern New York to Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; very
abundant in the valley of the Delaware.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Hydrangea, wild. See _Hydrangea arborescens_.

Hydrastis. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.

=Hydrastis canadensis= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

Hydrastis; goldenseal; yellowroot; ground-raspberry; orangeroot;
yellow puccoon.

Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich soil in
shady woods, southern New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and
Missouri, but principally in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and West
Virginia.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).

Hyoscyamus. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.

=Hyoscyamus niger= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.

Hyoscyamus; henbane; hog’s-bean; insane-root.

Biennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, sparingly naturalized from
Europe, in waste places from Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York,
and Michigan.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops from plants of second
year’s growth (official); seeds are also used (nonofficial).

=Hypericum perforatum= L. =St. John’s-wort family (Hypericaceae)=.

John’s-wort; common St. John’s-wort.

Herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
common in fields and waste places throughout almost the entire
United States, except the Southern States.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Hyssop. See _Hyssopus officinalis_.

Hyssop, wild. See _Verbena hastata_.

Hyssop-skullcap. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.

=Hyssopus officinalis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Hyssop.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
found along roadsides and in waste places from Ontario and Maine
to North Carolina, and on the Pacific coast.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Ilex opaca= Ait. =Holly family (Aquifoliaceae)=.

American holly; white holly.

Native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, with evergreen leaves; in
moist woodlands, Maine to Florida, and west to Missouri and
Texas; most abundant in the Atlantic States.

_Parts used._--Leaves and bark (nonofficial).

=Ilex verticillata= (L.) A. Gray. =Holly family (Aquifoliaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Prinos verticillata_ L.

Black alder; feverbush; Virginia winterberry.

A native shrub, growing in moist woods and along banks of streams
from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Missouri.

_Parts used._--Bark and berries (nonofficial).

=Impatiens aurea= Muhl. =Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Impatiens pallida_ Nutt.

Jewelweed; pale touch-me-not; snapweed; wild celandine.

Native, annual plant, 2 to 4 feet high, found in rich soil in
moist, shady places from Quebec to Oregon, south to Georgia and
Kansas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Impatiens biflora= Walt. =Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Impatiens fulva_ Nutt.

Jewelweed; spotted touch-me-not; snapweed; silverleaf.

Native, annual plant, 2 to 5 feet high, growing in rich soil in
moist, shady places from Canada to Alaska and Oregon, south to
Florida and Missouri; more common than the pale touch-me-not.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Impatiens fulva_ Nutt. Same as _Impatiens biflora_.

_Impatiens pallida_ Nutt. Same as _Impatiens aurea_.

Indian-cup. See _Silphium perfoliatum_.

Indian-paint. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.

Indian-physic. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.

Indian-pipe. See _Monotropa uniflora_.

Indian-root. See _Aralia racemosa_.

Indigo, American. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.

Indigo, wild. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.

Indigo, yellow. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.

Indigo-weed. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.

Inkberry. See _Phytolacca decandra_.

Inkroot. See _Limonium carolinianum_.

Insane-root. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.

Inula. See _Inula helenium_.

=Inula helenium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Inula; elecampane; horseheal; scabwort.

Rough, perennial herb, 3 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and found along roadsides and in fields and pastures from Nova
Scotia to North Carolina, westward to Missouri and Minnesota.

_Part used._--Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Ipecac, American. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.

Ipecac, Carolina. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.

Ipecac, false. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.

Ipecac, milk-. See _Euphorbia corollata_.

Ipecac, wild. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_ and _Triosteum perfoliatum_.

Ipecac-spurge. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.

=Ipomoea pandurata= (L.) Meyer. =Morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Convolvulus panduratus_ L.

Manroot; man-of-the-earth; wild potato; hog-potato; wild jalap.

Native perennial, with trailing stems 2 to 12 feet long; in dry
fields or on hills from Connecticut to Michigan, south to Florida
and Texas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Iris. See _Iris versicolor_.

=Iris versicolor= L. =Iris family (Iridaceae)=.

Iris; blue flag; flag-lily; liver-lily; water-flag; snake-lily.

Native, perennial plant, 2 to 3 feet high, found in wet, marshy
localities from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and
Arkansas.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Ironwood. See _Ostrya virginiana_.

Ivy, American. See _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_.

Ivy, ground-. See _Glecoma hederacea_.

Ivy, poison-. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.

Jack-in-the-pulpit. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.

Jacob’s-ladder. See _Polemonium reptans_.

Jacob’s-ladder, American. See _Smilax herbacea_.

Jalap, wild. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.

James-tea. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.

Jamestown-weed. See _Datura stramonium_.

Jasmine, Carolina. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.

Jasmine, yellow. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.

=Jeffersonia diphylla= (L.) Pers. =Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.

Twinleaf; rheumatism-root; helmetpod; yellowroot; ground-squirrel
pea.

Native, perennial plant, 8 to 14 inches in height, growing in woods
and near streams from New York to Virginia, westward to Wisconsin.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

Jewelweed. See _Impatiens aurea_ and _I. biflora_.

Jimson-weed. See _Datura stramonium_.

Job’s-tears, wild. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.

Joe-Pye-weed. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.

John’s-wort. See _Hypericum perforatum_.

Judas-tree. See _Cercis canadensis_.

Juglans. See _Juglans cinerea_.

=Juglans cinerea= L. =Walnut family (Juglandaceae)=.

Juglans; butternut; white walnut.

Indigenous tree, 20 to 50 feet in height, common in rich woods from
New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to Georgia, Mississippi, and
Arkansas.

_Part used._--Bark of root, collected in autumn (official in U. S.
P. 1890).

Juniper. See _Juniperus communis_.

=Juniperus communis= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

Juniper.

Evergreen shrub or low tree, common on dry, sterile hills from
Canada south to New Jersey, west to Nebraska, and in the Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico.

_Part used._--Fruit (nonofficial). The oil of juniper, distilled
from the fruit, is official.

=Juniperus sabina= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

Sabina; savin; shrubby red cedar.

A shrub, usually procumbent, seldom more than 4 feet in height,
occurring in rocky places in the northern United States.

_Part used._--Tops, and the oil of savin, distilled from the fresh
tops, are official.

=Juniperus virginiana= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

Red cedar; red savin.

A tree, sometimes 100 feet in height, common in dry soil from
Canada to Florida and Arizona.

_Part used._--Leaves and “cedar apples” (nonofficial).

=Kalmia angustifolia= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

Sheep-laurel; lambkill; calfkill; narrow-leaved laurel.

Native, evergreen shrub, about 3 feet high, growing in moist soil
from Canada south to Georgia.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Kalmia latifolia= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

Mountain-laurel; calico-bush; broad-leaved laurel; sheep-laurel.

Native, evergreen shrub, 10 to 20 feet high, growing in sandy or
rocky soil from New Brunswick to Ohio, Florida, and Louisiana.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

Kidney-liverleaf. See _Hepatica hepatica_.

Kidneyroot. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.

Knight’s-spur. See _Delphinium consolida_.

Knobroot. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.

Knotweed, biting. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.

=Koellia montana= (Michx.) Kuntze. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Pycnanthemum montanum_ Michx.

Thin-leaved mountain-mint.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found in woods from southern
Virginia to Georgia and Alabama.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Koellia pilosa= (Nutt.) Britton. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Pycnanthemum pilosum_ Nutt.

Hairy mountain-mint.

Native perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, occurring in prairies and dry
woods from Ohio to Georgia, west to Missouri and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Lacinaria scariosa= (L.) Hill. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Liatris scariosa_ Willd.

Blue blazingstar; large button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-master;
gay-feather; devil’s-bit.

Native, perennial herb, 4 to 5 feet high, found in dry woods and
sandy fields from Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Lacinaria spicata= (L.) Kuntze. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Liatris spicata_ Willd.

Dense button-snakeroot; colic-root; prairie-pine; gay-feather;
rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot; backache-root.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist places from
Massachusetts to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Lacinaria squarrosa= (L.) Hill. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Liatris squarrosa_ Willd.

Scaly blazingstar; colic-root; rattlesnake-master (in the South).

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, in dry soil, Ontario to
Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Lactuca canadensis= L. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Lactuca elongata_ Muhl.

Wild lettuce; tall lettuce; wild opium; trumpet-milkweed.

Annual or biennial plant, 3 to 10 feet in height, native in moist,
open places, British America south to Georgia and Louisiana.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Lactuca elongata_ Muhl. Same as _Lactuca canadensis_.

Ladies-slipper, large yellow. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.

Ladies-slipper, small yellow. See _Cypripedium parviflorum_.

Lady-fern. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.

Lady’s-glove. See _Digitalis purpurea_.

Lambkill. See _Kalmia angustifolia_.

Lappa. See _Arctium lappa_.

_Lappa major_ Gaertn. Same as _Arctium lappa_.

Larch, American. See _Larix laricina_.

Larch, black. See _Larix laricina_.

_Larix americana_ Michx. Same as _Larix laricina_.

=Larix laricina= (Du Roi) Koch. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Larix americana_ Michx.

Tamarack; American larch; hackmatack; black larch.

A tall, slender tree, native in swampy woods and moist places from
Canada south to New Jersey, Indiana, and Minnesota.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

Lark-heel. See _Delphinium consolida_.

Larkspur, field-. See _Delphinium consolida_.

Larkspur, tall. See under _Delphinium consolida_.

Laurel, broad-leaved. See _Kalmia latifolia_.

Laurel, deer-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.

Laurel, great. See _Rhododendron maximum_.

Laurel, mountain-. See _Kalmia latifolia_.

Laurel, narrow-leaved. See _Kalmia angustifolia_.

Laurel, rose-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.

Laurel, sheep-. See _Kalmia angustifolia_ and _K. latifolia_.

Laurel, spurge-. See _Daphne mezereum_.

Laurel, swamp-. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

_Laurus benzoin_ L. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.

Lavender, sea-. See _Limonium carolinianum_.

Leafcup, yellow. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.

Leatherwood. See _Dirca palustris_.

=Ledum groenlandicum= Oeder. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Ledum latifolium_ Ait.

Labrador tea; continental tea; James-tea.

Evergreen shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, native in cold bogs and damp
mountain woods, northern part of the United States and in Canada.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

_Ledum latifolium_ Ait. Same as _Ledum groenlandicum_.

Lemon, wild. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.

Lemon-balm. See _Melissa officinalis_.

=Leonurus cardiaca= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Motherwort; lion’s-tail; throwwort.

Perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
occurring in fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to North
Carolina westward to Nebraska.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Leptamnium virginianum= (L.) Raf. =Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Epiphegus virginiana_ Bart.; _Orobanche virginiana_ L.

Beechdrops; cancerroot.

Plant 6 inches to 2 feet in height, parasitic upon the roots of
beech trees from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Michigan and
Louisiana.

_Part used._--Whole plant (nonofficial).

Leptandra. See _Veronica virginica_.

_Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt. Same as _Veronica virginica_.

_Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton. Same as _Erigeron canadensis_.

Lettuce, Indian. See _Frasera carolinensis_.

Lettuce, tall. See _Lactuca canadensis_.

Lettuce, white. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.

Lettuce, wild. See _Lactuca canadensis_.

_Leucanthemum vulgare_ Lam. Same as _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.

Leverwood. See _Ostrya virginiana_.

_Liatris odoratissima_ Michx. Same as _Trilisa odoratissima_.

_Liatris scariosa_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria scariosa_.

_Liatris spicata_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria spicata_.

_Liatris squarrosa_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria squarrosa_.

Life-everlasting. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_ and _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.

Life-everlasting, sweet. See _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.

Liferoot. See _Senecio aureus_.

=Ligustrum vulgare= L. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.

Privet; primwort; prim.

A shrub, 5 or 6 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from
cultivation and grows wild in woods and along roadsides from
Ontario to Pennsylvania and North Carolina.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

Lily, cow-. See _Nymphaea advena_.

Lily, flag-. See _Iris versicolor_.

Lily, large yellow pond-. See _Nymphaea advena_.

Lily, liver-. See _Iris versicolor_.

Lily, snake-. See _Iris versicolor_.

Lily, sweet-scented water-. See _Castalia odorata_.

Lily, water-. See _Castalia odorata_.

Lily, white pond-. See _Castalia odorata_.

Lily-of-the-valley. See _Convallaria majalis_.

Lime, Ogeechee. See _Nyssa ogeche_.

=Limonium carolinianum= (Walt.) Britton.
=Plumbago family (Plumbaginaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Statice caroliniana_ Walt.

Marsh-rosemary; inkroot; sea-lavender; cankerroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, in salt meadows on the
Atlantic and Gulf coasts.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Linden, American. See _Tilia americana_.

_Lindera benzoin_ Meissn. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.

Lion’s-foot. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.

Lion’s-tail. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.

=Liquidambar styraciflua= L. =Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae)=.

Sweet-gum; star-leaved gum; red gum.

Large, native tree, 80 to 140 feet high, in moist woods from
Connecticut to Florida, Illinois, and Missouri. Most common near
the coast in the Middle and Southern States.

_Parts used._--Bark and resin (nonofficial).

=Liriodendron tulipifera= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.

Tulip-tree; yellow poplar; whitewood; tulip-poplar; canoewood.

An indigenous tree, 60 to 190 feet in height, growing in rich woods
from New England to Florida, west to Michigan and Arkansas;
reaches greatest size in the Middle and Southern States.

_Part used._--Bark of trunk and of root (nonofficial).

_Lithospermum virginianum_ L. Same as _Onosmodium virginianum_.

Liverleaf, heart-. See _Hepatica acuta_.

Liverleaf, kidney-. See _Hepatica hepatica_.

Liverleaf, round-lobed. See _Hepatica hepatica_.

Liverleaf, sharp-lobed. See _Hepatica acuta_.

Liver-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.

Liverwort. See _Hepatica acuta_ and _H. hepatica_.

Lobelia. See _Lobelia inflata_.

Lobelia, blue. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.

=Lobelia cardinalis= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.

Cardinal-flower; red cardinal; red lobelia.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, with showy scarlet
flowers; in moist soil from British America south to Florida and
Texas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Lobelia, great. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.

=Lobelia inflata= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.

Lobelia; Indian tobacco; gagroot; vomitwort; bladderpod.

Native, annual, herbaceous plant, 1 to 3 feet high, poisonous; in
dry soil, fields, old pastures, and along roadsides from Canada
to Georgia, Nebraska, and Arkansas.

_Parts used._--Leaves and tops, collected after a portion of the
capsules have become inflated (official). The seeds are also used
(nonofficial).

Lobelia, red. See _Lobelia cardinalis_.

=Lobelia siphilitica= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.

Blue cardinal-flower; great lobelia; blue lobelia; highbelia.

Native, perennial herb, about 1 to 3 feet high, growing in moist
soil from Ontario to Georgia, west to Louisiana and the Dakotas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Locust, black. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.

Locust, yellow. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.

Locust-plant. See _Cassia marilandica_.

Locust-tree. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.

Lycopodium. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.

=Lycopodium clavatum= L. =Club-moss family (Lycopodiaceae)=.

Lycopodium; club-moss; stag’s-horn.

Native perennial, with trailing stem, growing in dry situations in
woods from Canada to North Carolina, Michigan, and Washington.

_Part used._--Spores of this or of other species of Lycopodium
(official).

=Lycopus virginicus= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Bugleweed; sweet bugle; water-bugle; gypsy-weed; water-hoarhound.

Indigenous, perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches in height; in wet,
shady places from Canada to Florida, Missouri, and Nebraska.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Madweed. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.

=Magnolia acuminata= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.

Cucumber-tree; mountain-magnolia; blue magnolia.

Native tree, 60 to 80 feet in height, occurring in the mountainous
regions from New York to Georgia. More abundant in the Southern
States.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

Magnolia, blue. See _Magnolia acuminata_.

_Magnolia glauca_ L. Same as _Magnolia virginiana_.

Magnolia, mountain-. See _Magnolia acuminata_.

Magnolia, sweet. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

=Magnolia tripetala= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Magnolia umbrella_ Lam.

Cucumber-tree; umbrella-tree; elkwood.

A small native tree, not more than 40 feet high, growing in rather
moist, rich soil; widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain
region, but nowhere very common.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

_Magnolia umbrella_ Lam. Same as _Magnolia tripetala_.

=Magnolia virginiana= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Magnolia glauca_ L.

White bay; sweet bay; sweet magnolia; beaver-tree; swamp-sassafras;
swamp-laurel.

A native tree, averaging about 25 feet in height, growing in swamps
and morasses, Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

Maidenhair-fern. See _Adiantum pedatum_.

Male-fern. See _Dryopteris filix-mas_.

Mallow, common. See _Malva sylvestris_.

Mallow, dwarf. See _Malva rotundifolia_.

Mallow, high. See _Malva sylvestris_.

Mallow, low. See _Malva rotundifolia_.

Mallow, running. See _Malva rotundifolia_.

=Malva rotundifolia= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.

Low mallow; running mallow; cheeses; dwarf mallow.

Annual or biennial procumbent plant, naturalized from Europe, and
widely distributed as a weed in waste places.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).

=Malva sylvestris= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.

High mallow; common mallow; cheeseflower.

Biennial herb, adventive from Europe; sparingly distributed in
the United States and Canada, growing in waste places and along
roadsides.

_Part used._--Flowers (nonofficial).

Mandrake, American. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.

Mandrake, wild. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.

Man-of-the-earth. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.

Manroot. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.

Manzanita. See _Arctostaphylos glauca_.

Maple, red. See _Acer rubrum_.

Maple, swamp-. See _Acer rubrum_.

Maple, vine-. See _Menispermum canadense_.

Marrubium. See _Marrubium vulgare_.

=Marrubium vulgare= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Marrubium; hoarhound.

Bushy, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and growing in dry, sandy soil, in fields and waste places, from
Maine southward to Texas and westward to California and Oregon.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).

Marsh-cudweed. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.

Marsh-gentian. See _Gentiana villosa_.

Marshmallow. See _Althaea officinalis_.

Marsh-rosemary. See _Limonium carolinianum_.

Marsh-trefoil. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.

_Maruta cotula_ DC. Same as _Anthemis cotula_.

Masterwort. See _Angelica atropurpurea_ and _Heracleum lanatum_.

May-apple. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.

Mayflower. See _Epigaea repens_.

May-pops. See _Passiflora incarnata_.

Maythorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.

Mayweed. See _Anthemis cotula_.

Meadow-clover. See _Trifolium pratense_.

Meadow-fern. See _Comptonia peregrina_.

Meadowpride. See _Frasera carolinensis_.

Meadow-scabish. See _Aster puniceus_.

Meadowsweet, pink. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.

Mealy-tree. See _Viburnum dentatum_.

Melilot, yellow. See _Melilotus officinalis_.

=Melilotus officinalis= (L.) Lam. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

Yellow melilot; yellow sweet clover.

Annual or biennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, introduced from Europe,
and occurring in waste places throughout the eastern United
States.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (nonofficial).

Melissa. See _Melissa officinalis_.

=Melissa officinalis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Melissa; balm; lemon-balm; garden-balm; sweet balm.

Perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches high, naturalized from Europe, and
growing in waste places, fields, and woods from Maine to Georgia.

_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Menispermum. See _Menispermum canadense_.

=Menispermum canadense= L. =Moonseed family (Menispermaceae)=.

Menispermum; yellow parilla; Canada moonseed; Texas sarsaparilla;
vine-maple.

Native, perennial, woody climber, found in woods along streams from
Canada to Georgia and Arkansas.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Mentha piperita. See _Mentha piperita_ L.

=Mentha piperita= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Mentha piperita; peppermint.

Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and occurring in damp places from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Cultivated principally
in Michigan and New York.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of peppermint
distilled from these, are official.

=Mentha spicata= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Mentha viridis_ L.

Mentha viridis; spearmint.

Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and growing in moist fields and waste places from Nova
Scotia to Utah, south to Florida and Kansas. Also cultivated.

_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of spearmint
distilled from these, are official.

Mentha viridis. See _Mentha spicata_.

_Mentha viridis_ L. Same as _Mentha spicata_.

=Menyanthes trifoliata= L. =Buck-bean family (Menyanthaceae)=.

Buck-bean; bog-bean; marsh-trefoil; water-shamrock.

Indigenous, perennial plant, about 1 foot in height, found in
spongy, boggy soils and swamps from Canada and Alaska south to
Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and California.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and leaves (nonofficial).

Mezereon. See _Daphne mezereum_.

Mezereon, American. See _Dirca palustris_.

Mezereum. See _Daphne mezereum_.

_Mezereum officinarum_ C. A. Mey. Same as _Daphne mezereum_.

=Micromeria chamissonis= (Benth.) Greene. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Micromeria douglasii_ Benth.

Yerba buena.

A trailing, perennial herb, common in woods along the Pacific coast
of the United States.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

_Micromeria douglasii_ Benth. Same as _Micromeria chamissonis_.

Milfoil. See _Achillea millefolium_.

Milk-ipecac. See _Euphorbia corollata_.

Milk-purslane. See _Euphorbia nutans_.

Milkweed, common. See _Asclepias syriaca_.

Milkweed, swamp-. See _Asclepias incarnata_.

Milkweed, trumpet-. See _Lactuca canadensis_.

Milkwort, Nuttall’s-. See _Polygala nuttallii_.

Mint, hairy mountain-. See _Koellia pilosa_.

Mint, mountain-. See _Monarda didyma_.

Mint, thin-leaved mountain-. See _Koellia montana_.

Mistletoe. See _Phoradendron flavescens_.

Mistletoe, American. See _Phoradendron flavescens_.

=Mitchella repens= L. =Madder family (Rubiaceae)=.

Squaw-vine; checkerberry; partridgeberry; deerberry; hive-vine;
squawberry.

Small, creeping, evergreen herb, common in moist woods from Nova
Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

Miterwort, false. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.

Moccasin-flower, yellow. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.

Mohawk-weed. See _Uvularia perfoliata_.

=Monarda didyma= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Bee-balm; Oswego tea; mountain-mint; scarlet balm.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in moist soil,
especially along streams, from New Brunswick to Michigan and
south to Georgia.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Monarda fistulosa= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Wild bergamot; horsemint.

Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found on dry hills and in
thickets from Ontario south to Florida and Louisiana.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Monarda punctata= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Horsemint.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in dry, sandy
fields from New York to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Monotropa uniflora= L. =Indian-pipe family (Monotropaceae)=.

Indian-pipe; fit-plant; fitroot; ghostflower; pipe-plant.

A curious plant, white in all its parts, growing in rich, moist
woods from Canada to Florida, westward to Washington and
California.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Moonseed, Canada. See _Menispermum canadense_.

Moose-elm. See _Ulmus fulva_.

Moosewood. See _Dirca palustris_.

Mortification-root. See _Althaea officinalis_.

Moss, club-. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.

Moss, haircap-. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.

Motherwort. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.

Mountain-ash, American. See _Sorbus americana_.

Mountain-balm. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.

Mountain-laurel. See _Kalmia latifolia_.

Mountain-magnolia. See _Magnolia acuminata_.

Mountain-mint. See _Monarda didyma_.

Mountain-mint, hairy. See _Koellia pilosa_.

Mountain-mint, thin-leaved. See _Koellia montana_.

Mountain-sumac. See _Sorbus americana_.

Mountain-tea. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.

Mouse-ear. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.

Mouthroot. See _Coptis trifolia_.

Mugwort, common. See _Artemisia vulgaris_.

Mullein. See _Verbascum thapsus_.

Musquash-root. See _Cicuta maculata_.

Mustard, black. See _Brassica nigra_.

Mustard, brown. See _Brassica nigra_.

Mustard, red. See _Brassica nigra_.

Mustard, white. See _Sinapis alba_.

Mustard, yellow. See _Sinapis alba_.

_Myrica asplenifolia_ L. Same as _Comptonia peregrina_.

=Myrica cerifera= L. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.

Bayberry; wax-myrtle; candleberry; waxberry.

Grows in sandy swamps or wet woods from Florida and Texas northward
to Maryland. In the South it is a small evergreen tree, becoming
in its northward range a tall, semi-deciduous shrub, or a dwarfed
and deciduous shrub.

_Parts used._--Bark of root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).

=Myrica gale= L. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.

Sweet gale; Dutch myrtle; bog-myrtle; golden osier.

Indigenous shrub, growing in swamps and along streams from Canada
and Alaska to Virginia and Washington.

_Parts used._--Leaves and buds (nonofficial).

Myrtle, bog-. See _Myrica gale_.

Myrtle, Dutch. See _Myrica gale_.

Myrtle, wax-. See _Myrica cerifera_.

=Nabalus albus= (L.) Hook. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Prenanthes alba_ L.

Lion’s-foot; rattlesnake-root; white lettuce; white canker-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, common in rich, moist
woods from Canada to Georgia and Kentucky.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

=Nabalus serpentarius= (Pursh) Hook. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Prenanthes serpentaria_ Pursh.

Lion’s-foot; canker-weed; white lettuce; rattlesnake-root;
snake-gentian.

Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, growing in dry, sandy
soil in fields and thickets from Ontario to Florida and Alabama.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

Nannybush. See _Viburnum lentago_.

Necklace-weed. See _Actaea alba_ and _Onosmodium virginianum_.

=Nepeta cataria= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Catnip; catmint.

Common, perennial weed, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
found in waste places and cultivated land from Canada to
Minnesota, south to Virginia and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

_Nepeta glechoma_ Benth. Same as _Glecoma hederacea_.

Netleaf-plantain. See _Peramium pubescens_.

Netleaf-plantain, smaller. See _Peramium repens_.

Nettle, bull-. See _Solanum carolinense_.

Nettle, great. See _Urtica dioica_.

Nettle, horse-. See _Solanum carolinense_.

Nettle, stinging. See _Urtica dioica_.

Niggerhead. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.

Nightshade, woody. See _Solanum dulcamara_.

_Nuphar advena_ R. Br. Same as _Nymphaea advena_.

Nuttall’s-milkwort. See _Polygala nuttallii_.

=Nymphaea advena= Soland. =Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Nuphar advena_ R. Br.

Large yellow pond-lily; cow-lily; spatter-dock; beaverroot.

An aquatic plant, found in ponds and slow streams from Canada to
Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

_Nymphaea odorata_ Dryand. Same as _Castalia odorata_.

=Nyssa aquatica= L. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Nyssa uniflora_ Wang.

Large tupelo; cotton-gum; tupelo gum.

A large, native tree, occurring in swamps from southern Virginia to
Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.

_Part used._--Root wood (nonofficial).

_Nyssa capitata_ Walt. Same as _Nyssa ogeche_.

=Nyssa ogeche= Marsh. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Nyssa capitata_ Walt.

Sour tupelo; Ogeechee lime.

A small tree, growing in swamps near the seacoast from southern
South Carolina to Florida.

_Part used._--Root wood (nonofficial).

_Nyssa uniflora_ Wang. Same as _Nyssa aquatica_.

Oak, champion-. See _Quercus rubra_.

Oak, Jerusalem. See _Chenopodium anthelminticum_ and _C. botrys_.

Oak, poison-. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.

Oak, red. See _Quercus rubra_.

Oak, Spanish. See _Quercus rubra_.

Oak, stone-. See _Quercus alba_.

Oak, white. See _Quercus alba_.

=Oenothera biennis= L. =Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Onagra biennis_ (L.) Scop.

Evening-primrose; tree-primrose; night willow-herb.

Annual or biennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, common in fields
and waste places from Labrador to Florida, west to the Rocky
Mountains. Native.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

Old-man’s-beard. See _Chionanthus virginica_.

Olive, spurge-. See _Daphne mezereum_.

_Onagra biennis_ (L.) Scop. Same as _Oenothera biennis_.

=Onosmodium virginianum= (L.) DC. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Lithospermum virginianum_ L.

Virginia false gromwell; gravel-weed; necklace-weed; pearl-plant;
wild Job’s-tears.

Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry,
hilly grounds from the New England States to Florida, Kansas, and
Texas.

_Parts used._--Root and seeds (nonofficial).

Opium, wild. See _Lactuca canadensis_.

Orangeroot. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.

_Orobanche virginiana_ L. Same as _Leptamnium virginianum_.

Osier, golden. See _Myrica gale_.

Osier, green. See _Cornus circinata_.

Osier, red. See _Cornus amomum_.

_Osmorrhiza longistylis_ DC. Same as _Washingtonia longistylis_.

=Osmunda regalis= L. =Royal fern family (Osmundaceae)=.

Royal fern; buckhorn-brake.

A tall, native fern, with fronds 3 to 4 feet high, occurring in
swamps and marshes from Canada to Florida and Mississippi.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

=Ostrya virginiana= (Mill.) Willd. =Birch family (Betulaceae)=.

Hop-hornbeam; ironwood; deerwood; leverwood.

Native tree, 25 to 30 feet in height, growing in rich woods, Canada
and eastern United States.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Oxalis acetosella= L. =Wood-sorrel family (Oxalidaceae)=.

White wood-sorrel; shamrock; sour trefoil.

Small, native, perennial herb, found in cold, damp woods, Canada
south to Michigan and North Carolina.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Oxeye daisy. See _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.

=Oxydendrum arboreum= (L.) DC. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Andromeda arborea_ L.

Sourwood; sorrel-tree; elk-tree.

Native tree, sometimes 40 to 50 feet in height, growing in rich
woods from Ohio to Maryland, south to Alabama and Florida.

_Parts used._--Leaves and bark (nonofficial).

Palmetto, saw-. See _Serenoa serrulata_.

=Panax quinquefolium= L. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.

Ginseng.

Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, found in rich,
shady woods from the Middle and Northern States south to Alabama
and Georgia.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Pansy. See _Viola tricolor_.

Papoose-root. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_.

Paradise-plant. See _Daphne mezereum_.

Parilla, yellow. See _Menispermum canadense_.

Parsley, spotted. See _Conium maculatum_.

Parsley-fern. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.

Parsnip, cow-. See _Heracleum lanatum_.

=Parthenocissus quinquefolia= (L.) Planch. =Grape family (Vitaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_ Michx.

American ivy; Virginia creeper.

A common, woody vine, native in woods and thickets from Canada to
Florida and Texas.

_Parts used._--Bark and young twigs (nonofficial).

Partridgeberry. See _Mitchella repens_.

Pasqueflower, American. See _Pulsatilla hirsutissima_.

=Passiflora incarnata= L. =Passion-flower family (Passifloraceae)=.

Passion-flower; passion-vine; may-pops.

Climbing, perennial plant, native in dry soil from Virginia to
Florida, westward to Missouri and Arkansas.

_Parts used._--Root and stem base (nonofficial).

Passion-flower. See _Passiflora incarnata_.

Passion-vine. See _Passiflora incarnata_.

Paul’s-betony. See _Veronica officinalis_.

Pawpaw, North American. See _Asimina triloba_.

Pea, ground-squirrel. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.

Pea, hoary. See _Cracca virginiana_.

Pea, turkey-. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.

Pearl-plant. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.

Pencil-flower. See _Stylosanthes biflora_.

Pennyroyal, American. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.

=Penthorum sedoides= L. =Virginia stonecrop family (Penthoraceae)=.

Virginia stonecrop; ditch-stonecrop.

Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, growing in ditches
and swamps from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Pepper, water-. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.

Peppermint. See _Mentha piperita_.

Pepper-plant. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.

=Peramium pubescens= (Willd.) MacM. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Goodyera pubescens_ R. Br.

Downy rattlesnake-plantain; rattlesnake-weed; netleaf-plantain;
scrofula-weed.

Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches in height, occurring in
rich woods from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Tennessee. Most common southward.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

=Peramium repens= (L.) Salisb. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Goodyera repens_ R. Br.

White plantain; lesser rattlesnake-plantain; smaller
netleaf-plantain; squirrel-ear.

A smaller plant than _P. pubescens_, but very similar to it and
more common northward.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

Persimmon. See _Diospyros virginiana_.

=Phoradendron flavescens= (Pursh) Nutt.
=Mistletoe family (Loranthaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Viscum flavescens_ Pursh.

Mistletoe; American mistletoe.

Parasitic shrub, found on deciduous-leaved trees from New Jersey to
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.

_Parts used._--Leaves and branches (nonofficial).

Phytolacca. See _Phytolacca decandra_.

_Phytolacca americana_ L. Same as _Phytolacca decandra_.

=Phytolacca decandra= L.[e] =Pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Phytolacca americana_ L.[e]

Phytolacca; poke; pokeweed; garget; scoke; inkberry.

Native, perennial herb, with large and branching stem, 6 to 10 feet
high; in rich, moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Texas.

_Parts used._--Root collected in autumn (official); fruit (official
in U. S. P. 1890); leaves (nonofficial).

=Picea mariana= (Mill.) B. S. P. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Abies nigra_ Desf.

Black spruce; spruce-gum tree.

Indigenous, evergreen tree, 40 to 80 feet in height, growing on
elevated situations and in cold bogs from Canada south along the
mountains to North Carolina, and to Minnesota.

Parts used.--Branches, and the essence obtained from the same
(nonofficial).

Pilewort. See _Erechtites hieracifolia_ and _Scrophularia marilandica_.

Pilotweed. See _Silphium laciniatum_.

Pimpernel. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.

Pimpernel, red. See _Anagallis arvensis_.

Pimpernel, scarlet. See _Anagallis arvensis_.

=Pimpinella saxifraga= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

Burnet-saxifrage; bennet; pimpernel.

Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, adventive from Europe,
and found in waste places in eastern Pennsylvania, at several
localities in the valley of the Delaware, and in Ohio.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Pine, northern. See _Pinus strobus_.

Pine, prairie-. See _Lacinaria spicata_.

Pine, prince’s-. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.

Pine, Weymouth. See _Pinus strobus_.

Pine, white. See _Pinus strobus_.

Pink, rose-. See _Sabbatia angularis_.

Pinkroot. See _Spigelia marilandica_.

Pinkroot, Indian. See _Spigelia marilandica_.

Pinkroot, Maryland. See _Spigelia marilandica_.

=Pinus strobus= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.

White pine; northern pine; Weymouth pine.

Large, indigenous forest tree, sometimes 175 feet in height,
growing in woods from Canada south to Georgia and Iowa.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

Pipe-plant. See _Monotropa uniflora_.

Pipsissewa. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.

Pitcher-plant. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.

=Plantago major= L. =Plantain family (Plantaginaceae)=.

Common plantain; dooryard-plantain; greater plantain.

Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common
in fields and waste places and along roadsides nearly throughout
North America.

_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).

Plantain, common. See _Plantago major_.

Plantain, dooryard-. See _Plantago major_.

Plantain, downy rattlesnake-. See _Peramium pubescens_.

Plantain, greater. See _Plantago major_.

Plantain, lesser rattlesnake-. See _Peramium repens_.

Plantain, netleaf-. See _Peramium pubescens_.

Plantain, smaller netleaf-. See _Peramium repens_.

Plantain, white. See _Peramium repens_.

Pleurisy-root. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.

Podophyllum. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.

=Podophyllum peltatum= L. =Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.

Podophyllum; May-apple; wild mandrake; American mandrake; wild
lemon.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high, found in low, rich woods
from Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

_Part used._--Rhizome (official).

Poison-hemlock. See _Conium maculatum_.

Poison-ivy. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.

Poison-oak. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.

Poison-vine. See _Rhus radicans_.

Poke. See _Phytolacca decandra_.

Pokeweed. See _Phytolacca decandra_.

Polar-plant. See _Silphium laciniatum_.

Polecat-weed. See _Spathyema foetida_.

=Polemonium reptans= L. =Phlox family (Polemoniaceae)=.

American Greek valerian; abscess-root; sweetroot; Jacob’s-ladder.

Native, perennial herb, 12 to 20 inches high, growing in woods and
damp ground from New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and
Missouri.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Polygala nuttallii= T. & G. =Milkwort family (Polygalaceae)=.

Nuttall’s-milkwort; ground-centaury.

Slender, erect, annual herb, 6 to 12 inches high, native in dry,
sandy soil from Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Alabama
and Missouri.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Polygala senega= L. =Milkwort family (Polygalaceae)=.

Senega; Seneca snakeroot.

Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches high, found in rocky woods
and on hillsides from New Brunswick and western New England to
Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.

_Part used._--Root (official).

=Polygonatum biflorum= (Walt.) Ell.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Convallaria biflora_ Walt.; _Salomonia biflora_
(Walt.) Britton.

Hairy Solomon’s-seal; smaller Solomon’s-seal.

Native, perennial herb, 8 inches to 3 feet high, found in woods and
thickets from Canada south to Florida and Michigan.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

=Polygonatum commutatum= (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr. =Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Polygonatum giganteum_ Dietr.; _Salomonia commutata_
(Roem. & Schult.) Britton.

Giant Solomon’s-seal; great Solomon’s-seal; smooth Solomon’s-seal.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 8 feet high, occurring in moist woods
and along streams from Canada to Georgia, west to Louisiana and
Utah.

_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).

_Polygonatum giganteum_ Dietr. Same as _Polygonatum commutatum_.

=Polygonum hydropiper= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.

Smartweed; water-pepper; biting knotweed; pepper-plant.

Smooth, annual plant, 8 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe; common in moist waste places almost throughout North
America.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Polygonum punctatum= Ell. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.

Dotted smartweed; water-smartweed.

Native, annual or perennial herb, found in swamps and other wet
places throughout most of North America.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Polymnia uvedalia= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Yellow bear’s-foot; yellow leafcup; uvedalia.

Large, native, perennial plant, 3 to 6 feet high; in ravines and
edges of woods from New York to Michigan, south to Florida and
Texas.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

_Polypodium filix-mas_ L. Same as _Dryopteris filix-mas_.

_Polypodium marginale_ L. Same as _Dryopteris marginalis_.

=Polypodium vulgare= L. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.

Common polypody; fernroot; rock-brake; female-fern.

Native fern, 3 to 10 inches in height, with a perennial, creeping
rhizome; on shady, rocky banks, in woods and mountains almost
throughout North America.

_Parts used._--Rhizome and tops (nonofficial).

Polypody, common. See _Polypodium vulgare_.

=Polytrichum juniperinum= Hedw. =Haircap-moss family (Polytrichaceae)=.

Haircap-moss; robin’s-rye.

Native moss, 4 to 7 inches in height, growing along margins of dry
woods and exposed places, mostly on poor, sandy soil.

_Part used._--Whole plant (nonofficial).

Pond-lily, large yellow. See _Nymphaea advena_.

Pond-lily, white. See _Castalia odorata_.

Poolroot. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_, _E. aromaticum_, and _Sanicula marilandica_.

Poolwort. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_ and _E. aromaticum_.

Poplar, silver. See _Populus alba_.

Poplar, silverleaf-. See _Populus alba_.

Poplar, trembling. See _Populus tremuloides_.

Poplar, tulip-. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.

Poplar, white. See _Populus alba_ and _P. tremuloides_.

Poplar, yellow. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.

=Populus alba= L. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.

White poplar; silverleaf-poplar; silver poplar; white-bark.

A large tree, sometimes 120 feet in height, naturalized in the
United States; occurs along roadsides from New Brunswick to
Virginia.

_Part used._--Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).

_Populus balsamifera candicans_ A. Gray. Same as _Populus candicans_.

=Populus candicans= Ait. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Populus balsamifera candicans_ A. Gray.

Balm-of-Gilead.

A large tree, about 80 feet in height, mostly escaped from
cultivation, New Brunswick to New Jersey, west to Minnesota.

_Parts used._--Leafbuds and bark (nonofficial).

=Populus tremuloides= Michx. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.

Quaking aspen; American aspen; white poplar; trembling poplar;
quiverleaf.

A slender, indigenous tree, growing in dry or moist soil from lower
Canada south to Kentucky and in the Rocky Mountains to Lower
California.

_Part used._--Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).

=Porteranthus trifoliatus= (L.) Britton. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Gillenia trifoliata_ Moench.

Indian-physic; Bowman’s-root; false ipecac; western dropwort.

Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in moist, shady
places in rich woods from New York to Michigan, south to Georgia
and Missouri; more common in the Atlantic States than in the
Western States.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Potato, hog-. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.

Potato, wild. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.

=Potentilla canadensis= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Fivefinger; cinquefoil.

A small, annual or biennial plant, with creeping stems, growing in
dry soil from Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota and the Indian
Territory.

_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).

Prairie-pine. See _Lacinaria spicata_.

_Prenanthes alba_ L. Same as _Nabalus albus_.

_Prenanthes serpentaria_ Pursh. Same as _Nabalus serpentarius_.

Prickly ash, northern. See _Xanthoxylum americanum_.

Prickly ash, southern. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.

Prideweed. See _Erigeron canadensis_.

Prim. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.

Primrose, evening-. See _Oenothera biennis_.

Primrose, tree-. See _Oenothera biennis_.

Primwort. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.

Prince’s-pine. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.

_Prinos verticillatus_ L. Same as _Ilex verticillata_.

Privet. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.

=Prunella vulgaris= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Self-heal; heal-all; brownwort; sicklewort; blue-curls.

Perennial plant, 2 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and found in fields, woods, and waste places throughout nearly
the whole of North America.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Prunus serotina= Ehrh. =Plum family (Amygdalaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Prunus virginiana_ Mill., not of Linnaeus.

Prunus virginiana; wild cherry; rum-cherry.

A large, indigenous tree, 50 to 80 feet high, growing in woods or
open places from Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Dakota.
Most abundant in the Southwestern States.

_Part used._--Bark, which should be collected in autumn and
carefully dried and preserved (official).

Prunus virginiana. See _Prunus serotina_.

_Prunus virginiana_ Mill., not L. Same as _Prunus serotina_.

Psoralea. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.

_Psoralea melilotoides_ Michx. Same as _Psoralea pedunculata_.

=Psoralea pedunculata= (Mill.) Vail. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Psoralea melilotoides_ Michx.

Psoralea; Samson’s-snakeroot; Congo-root.

Slender, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, native in dry
soil in open woods from Ohio and Kentucky southward.

_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).

=Ptelea trifoliata= L. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.

Wafer-ash; wingseed; hop-tree; shrubby trefoil.

Native shrub, 6 to 8 feet high; in shady woods from New York to
Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas; grows more abundantly west
of the Alleghenies.

_Parts used._--Bark of root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).

=Pterocaulon undulatum= (Walt.) Mohr. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Gnaphalium undulatum_ Walt.

Indian blackroot.

Native, perennial herb, growing in sandy pine lands from North
Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

Puccoon, red. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.

Puccoon, yellow. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.

Pulsatilla, American. See _Pulsatilla hirsutissima_.

=Pulsatilla hirsutissima= (Pursh) Britton.
=Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Anemone patens_ var. _nuttalliana_ A. Gray.

American pasqueflower; American pulsatilla.

Native, perennial herb, 6 to 16 inches high, found in the prairie
regions of Illinois, west to the Rocky Mountains and the
Northwest.

_Part used._--Flowering herb (nonofficial).

Purging-root. See _Euphorbia corollata_.

Purslane, black. See _Euphorbia nutans_.

Purslane, milk-. See _Euphorbia nutans_.

Pussy-willow. See _Salix nigra_.

Putty-root. See _Aplectrum spicatum_.

_Pycnanthemum montanum_ Michx. Same as _Koellia montana_.

_Pycnanthemum pilosum_ Nutt. Same as _Koellia pilosa_.

Pyramid-flower. See _Frasera carolinensis_.

_Pyrethrum parthenium_ Smith. Same as _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.

_Pyrus americana_ DC. Same as _Sorbus americana_.

Quack-grass. See _Agropyron repens_.

Queen-Anne’s-lace. See _Daucus carota_.

Queen-of-the-meadow. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.

Queen’s-delight. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.

Queensland asthma-weed. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.

Queen’s-root. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.

Quercus. See _Quercus alba_.

=Quercus alba= L. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.

Quercus; white oak; stone-oak.

Large, indigenous forest tree, 50 to 100 feet in height, in woods
from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. More
abundant in the Middle States.

_Part used._--Bark, “collected from trunks or branches 10 to 25
years of age, and deprived of the periderm” (official).

=Quercus rubra= L. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.

Red oak; champion-oak; Spanish oak.

Large, wide-spreading, indigenous forest tree, about 70 feet in
height, from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas. More common in the Northern States and in Canada.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

Quinine-flower. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.

Quinine-herb. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.

Quinine-plant. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.

Quiverleaf. See _Populus tremuloides_.

Ragged-cup. See _Silphium perfoliatum_.

Ragweed. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.

Ragwort, golden. See _Senecio aureus_.

Raspberry, black. See _Rubus occidentalis_.

Raspberry, ground-. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.

Raspberry, wild red. See _Rubus strigosus_.

Rattle-root. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_.

Rattlesnake-herb. See _Actaea alba_ and _A. rubra_.

Rattlesnake-master. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_, _Lacinaria scariosa_, _L. spicata_, and _L. squarrosa_.

Rattlesnake-plantain, downy. See _Peramium pubescens_.

Rattlesnake-plantain, lesser. See _Peramium repens_.

Rattlesnake-root. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.

Rattlesnake-violet. See _Erythronium americanum_.

Rattlesnake-weed. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_, _Hieracium venosum_, and _Peramium pubescens_.

Redbud. See _Cercis canadensis_.

Redroot. See _Ceanothus americanus_.

=Rhamnus cathartica= L. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.

Buckthorn; hart’s-thorn; waythorn.

A shrub 6 to 15 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from
hedges and growing in dry soil in the New England and Middle
States.

_Part used._--Berries (nonofficial).

Rhamnus purshiana. See _Rhamnus purshiana_ DC.

=Rhamnus purshiana= DC. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.

Rhamnus purshiana; cascara sagrada; chittem-bark; sacred-bark;
bearberry-tree.

Small, indigenous tree, 15 to 20 feet in height, found on the sides
and bottoms of canyons, Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific
Ocean, and extending north into British America.

_Part used._--Bark, collected at least one year before being used
(official).

Rheumatism-root. See _Dioscorea villosa_ and _Jeffersonia diphylla_.

Rheumatism-weed. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.

=Rhododendron maximum= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.

Great laurel; rose-bay; deer-laurel; rose-laurel.

Tall, native, evergreen shrub or small tree, found in low woods and
along streams from Canada to Georgia.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Rhus aromatica= Ait. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.

Fragrant sumac; sweet-scented sumac.

Indigenous shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, growing in woods and rocky
situations, Canada to Florida, especially along the mountains,
west to Minnesota and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).

Rhus glabra. See _Rhus glabra_ L.

=Rhus glabra= L. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.

Rhus glabra; smooth sumac; scarlet sumac.

Indigenous, branching shrub, from 4 to 12 feet high; in dry soil,
thickets, and waste grounds nearly throughout the United States
and Canada.

_Parts used._--Fruit (official); bark and leaves (nonofficial).

=Rhus radicans= L.[f] =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.

Rhus toxicodendron (pharmacopœial name, 1890); poison-ivy;
poison-oak; poison-vine.

Native, woody vine, clinging to trees and fence rows; Canada to
Florida, west to Nebraska and Arkansas. Very poisonous to the
touch.

_Part used._--Fresh leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).

Rhus toxicodendron. See _Rhus radicans_.

=Rhus toxicodendron= L. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.

Poison-ivy; poison-oak.

Low, erect, and finely pubescent plant, more shrubby than _Rhus
radicans_, and found in dry soil in more southern localities from
Virginia to Georgia. Very poisonous to the touch.

_Part used._--Fresh leaves, collected with those of _Rhus radicans_.

Richweed. See _Collinsonia canadensis_ and _Eupatorium ageratoides_.

=Robinia pseudacacia= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.

Locust-tree; black locust; yellow locust; false acacia.

A large, indigenous tree, sometimes 80 feet in height, growing in
woods from Pennsylvania south along the western slope of the
Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, west to the Indian Territory.
Most abundant in the Middle and Eastern States.

_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).

Robin’s-rye. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.

Rock-brake. See _Polypodium vulgare_.

Rock-rose, Canadian. See _Helianthemum canadense_.

Rope-bark. See _Dirca palustris_.

Rose, Canadian rock-. See _Helianthemum canadense_.

Rose-bay. See _Rhododendron maximum_.

Rose-laurel. See _Rhododendron maximum_.

Rosemary, marsh-. See _Limonium carolinianum_.

Rose-pink. See _Sabbatia angularis_.

Rose-willow. See _Cornus amomum_.

Rosinweed. See _Silphium laciniatum_.

Roundwood. See _Sorbus americana_.

Rubus. See _Rubus cuneifolius_, _R. nigrobaccus_, _R. procumbens_, _R. trivialis_, and _R. villosus_.

_Rubus canadensis_ T. & G., not L. Same as _Rubus procumbens_.

=Rubus cuneifolius= Pursh. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Rubus; sand-blackberry; knee-high blackberry.

Shrubby plant, 1 to 3 feet high; in sandy soil from Connecticut to
Florida, west to Missouri and Louisiana.

_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).

_Rubus idaeus_ var. _americanus_ Torr. Same as _Rubus occidentalis_.

=Rubus nigrobaccus= Bailey. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Rubus villosus_ A. Gray, not Ait.

Rubus; high-bush blackberry.

Slender shrub, 3 to 7 feet high, growing in dry fields and along
roadsides, New England States to Florida, and west to Arkansas.

_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).

=Rubus occidentalis= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Rubus idaeus_ var. _americanus_ Torr.

Black raspberry; thimbleberry; blackcap.

A straggling shrub, growing along the borders of woods and in rocky
thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.

_Parts used._--Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).

=Rubus procumbens= Muhl. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Rubus canadensis_ T. & G., not L.

Rubus; low running blackberry; dewberry.

Shrubby, trailing plant, found in dry soil from Newfoundland to
Lake Superior, south to Virginia and the Indian Territory.

_Part used._--Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Rubus strigosus= Michx. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Wild red raspberry.

Shrubby plant, found in dry or rocky situations from Canada to
North Carolina and New Mexico.

_Parts used._--Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).

=Rubus trivialis= Michx. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Rubus; southern dewberry; low-bush blackberry.

Shrubby, procumbent plant, found in sandy soils, Virginia to
Florida, west to Missouri and Texas.

_Part used._--Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).

_Rubus villosus_ A. Gray, not Ait. Same as _Rubus nigrobaccus_.

=Rubus villosus= Ait. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.

Rubus; one-flowered dewberry.

Trailing plant, with slender branches, growing in sandy or dry soil
near the coast from Maine to South Carolina.

_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).

=Rudbeckia laciniata= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.

Thimbleweed; tall coneflower.

Much-branched, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high; in moist
thickets, Canada and Montana, south to Florida and New Mexico.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Rum-cherry. See _Prunus serotina_.

Rumex. See _Rumex crispus_.

=Rumex acetosella= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.

Sheep-sorrel; field-sorrel; sour-grass; common sorrel.

Annual or perennial herb, abundant in dry fields, pastures, and
waste ground throughout the United States.

_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).

=Rumex crispus= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.

Rumex; yellow dock; curled dock; narrow dock; sour dock.

A weed introduced from Europe, and common in cultivated and waste
ground throughout the United States. Perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet
high.

_Part used._--Root of this and some other species of Rumex
(official in U. S. P. 1890).

=Rumex obtusifolius= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.

Bitter dock; blunt-leaved dock; broad-leaved dock.

A perennial weed, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
found in waste places from New England to Florida, west to Texas
and Oregon.

_Part used._--Root, collected with that of _Rumex crispus_.

Sabal. See _Serenoa serrulata_.

=Sabbatia angularis= (L.) Pursh. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.

American centaury; rose-pink; bitterbloom; bitter clover.

Native, biennial plant, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in damp, rich
soil, in meadows and among high grass, from New York to Michigan,
south to Florida and the Indian Territory.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

=Sabbatia elliottii= Steud. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.

_Synonym._--_Sabbatia paniculata_ Ell.

Quinine-flower; quinine-plant; quinine-herb; Elliott’s-sabbatia.

An erect, native herb, about one foot in height, growing in pine
barrens from North Carolina to Florida.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Sabbatia, Elliott’s-. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.

_Sabbatia paniculata_ Ell. Same as _Sabbatia elliottii_.

Sabina. See _Juniperus sabina_.

Sacred-bark. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.

Sage, Indian. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.

Saint-Benedict’s thistle. See _Cnicus benedictus_.

Saint-John’s wort, common. See _Hypericum perforatum_.

=Salix alba= L. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.

White willow; European willow.

A large tree, sometimes 90 feet in height, introduced from Europe;
occurs in moist soil along streams from Pennsylvania northward to
New Brunswick and Ontario, sparingly escaped from cultivation.

_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).

=Salix nigra= Marsh. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.

Black willow; pussy-willow; swamp-willow.

Tall, indigenous tree, growing on banks of rivers from Canada to
Florida and California.

_Parts used._--Bark, and fresh aments gathered early in May
(nonofficial).

_Salomonia biflora_ (Walt.) Britton. Same as _Polygonatum biflorum_.

_Salomonia commutata_ (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr. Same as _Polygonatum commutatum_.

Salt-rheum weed. See _Chelone glabra_.

Sambucus. See _Sambucus canadensis_.

=Sambucus canadensis= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.

Sambucus; elder; American elder; sweet elder.

Indigenous shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, growing in low, damp ground
from Canada to Florida and Arizona.

_Parts used._--Flowers (official in U. S. P. 1890); bark and
berries (nonofficial).

Sampson-root. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.

Sampson’s-snakeroot. See _Gentiana villosa_.

Samson’s-snakeroot. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.

Sand-blackberry. See _Rubus cuneifolius_.

Sandbrier. See _Solanum carolinense_.

Sanguinaria. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.

=Sanguinaria canadensis= L. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.

Sanguinaria; bloodroot; red puccoon; Indian-paint; tetterwort.

Native, perennial herb, about 6 inches high, found in rich, open
woods from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, south to Florida and Arkansas.

_Part used._--Rhizome, “collected after the death of the foliage”
(official).

Sanicle, American. See _Heuchera americana_ and _Sanicula marilandica_.

Sanicle, black. See _Sanicula marilandica_.

Sanicle, Indian. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.

Sanicle, white. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.

=Sanicula marilandica= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.

Black sanicle; black snakeroot; American sanicle; poolroot.

Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; in rich woods, Canada to
Georgia.

_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).

=Saponaria officinalis= L. =Pink family (Silenaceae)=.

Soapwort; soaproot; bouncing-Bet; fuller’s-herb.

Stout, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe
and found along roadsides and waste places; common almost
everywhere.

_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).

_Sarothamnus scoparius_ Wimm. Same as _Cytisus scoparius_.

=Sarracenia flava= L. =Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae)=.

Trumpetleaf; trumpets; Eve’s-cup; watercup; yellow-flowered
watercup.

Curious, indigenous perennial, about 1 to 3 feet high, found in
low, wet pine barrens in the southeastern United States.

_Parts used._--Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).

=Sarracenia purpurea= L. =Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae)=.

Pitcher-plant; flytrap; sidesaddle-flower; watercup; smallpox-plant.

Indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in wet, boggy
places and marshes, from Canada to Minnesota and Florida.

_Parts used._--Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).

Sarsaparilla, American. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.

Sarsaparilla, bristly. See _Aralia hispida_.

Sarsaparilla, false. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.

Sarsaparilla, Texas. See _Menispermum canadense_.

Sarsaparilla, Virginian. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.

Sarsaparilla, wild. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.

Sassafras. See _Sassafras variifolium_.

_Sassafras officinale_ Nees & Eberm. Same as _Sassafras variifolium_.

_Sassafras sassafras_ (L.) Karst. Same as _Sassafras variifolium_.

Sassafras, swamp-. See _Magnolia virginiana_.

=Sassafras variifolium= (Salisb.) O. Kuntze.[g]
=Laurel family (Lauraceae)=.

_Synonyms._--_Sassafras officinale_ Nees & Eberm.; _Sassafras
sassafras_ (L.) Karst.[g]

Sassafras; ague-tree.

Native tree, sometimes reaching a height of 125 feet; in rich
woods, Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida
and Texas.

_Parts used._--Bark of root, collected in early spring or autumn
and deprived of the periderm (official); pith (official); and the
oil of sassafras distilled from the root, especially the root
bark (official).

=Satureia hortensis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.

Summer-savory.

Hairy, aromatic, annual herb, adventive from Europe and occurring
in waste places from Canada to Pennsylvania and Nevada.

_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).

Savin. See _Juniperus sabina_.

Savin, red. See _Juniperus virginiana_.

Savory, summer-. See _Satureia hortensis_.

Saw-palmetto. See _Serenoa serrulata_.

Saxifrage, burnet-. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.

Scabious, sweet. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.

Scabish, meadow-. See _Aster puniceus_.

Scabwort. See _Inula helenium_.

Scarletberry. See _Solanum dulcamara_.

Scoke. See _Phytolacca decandra_.

Scoparius. See _Cytisus scoparius_.

Scouring-rush, common. See _Equisetum hyemale_.

Scrofula-plant. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.

Scrofula-weed. See _Peramium pubescens_.