Chapter XII: Part 12

Perpetual Edict: particulars concerning the, 83

Philippe II of Spain: in 1555 becomes sovereign of all the Netherland provinces except Liege, 51; his rule is so atrocious that the provinces rise in rebellion, and in October 1575 the states of Holland and Zeeland renounce allegiance to him, 79; on the 26th of July 1581 he is formally abjured by the other provinces in arms against him, 93; on the 6th of May 1598 he transfers the sovereignty of the Netherlands to his daughter Isabella, 112; and on the 13th of September of the same year dies, ib.

Philippe III: in September 1598 succeeds his father as king of Spain, 112

Pirenne’s _Histoire de Belgique_: reference to, 42

Portugal: in 1580 comes under the authority of Philippe II of Spain, 92

Portuguese: before the close of the sixteenth century cease to be progressive, 35

Position of the Dutch in India at the time of the conclusion of the truce with Spain, 149

Protestants: emigration of from the Southern to the Northern Netherland provinces, 98 and 101

Queen Elizabeth of England: in January 1578 commences to assist the patriots in the Netherlands, 85; in August 1585 enters into a treaty with the states, giving them material assistance, 101; on the 24th of March 1603 dies, 115

Rapid advance of the Dutch in India in 1609, 148

Reformation, the: spread of in the Netherlands, 49 and 54

Repudiation of the public debt by Philippe II, 110

de Requesens, Don Luis: in November 1573 becomes governor and captain-general of the Netherlands, 70; administration of, 70 to 79; on the 5th of March 1576 dies, 79

Roe, Sir Thomas: in 1615 visits Table Valley, 166

Romans, the: confer great benefits upon the Netherlands, 44

Scandinavian pirates: plunder the Netherlands, but do not form settlements in the country, 45

Sluis: is besieged, and in August 1587 is compelled to surrender to the Spaniards, 105; in August 1604 is recovered by the patriots, 115

[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]

Sonoy, Diederik: atrocious conduct of at Alkmaar, 77

Spanish Fury of Antwerp: account of, 80 and 81

Spanish troops: mutinies of, 74 and 113

van Spilbergen, Joris: in 1601 commands an expedition sent to India, 127

Spinola, the marquis Ambrose: in 1603 becomes commander-in-chief of the Spanish army in Flanders, 114

Stephens, Thomas, an Englishman: in 1579 is rector of the Jesuit college at Salsette, 38

Story, James: travels of, 39

Sumatra: is visited by the first Dutch expedition to India, 123

Synod of the Reformed churches: in 1572 the first meets at Hoorn; in 1578 the second meets at Dordrecht, 87

Table Bay: in 1601 receives its present name from Joris van Spilbergen, 127

Terry’s _Voyage to India_: references to, 163 and 166

Teutonic tribes: overrun the Netherlands, 44

Treaty of alliance between England, France, and the seven United Provinces of the Netherlands: on the 31st of October 1596 is entered into, 111; from which in May 1598 Henry IV of France withdraws, 112; on the 16th of August 1598 a new treaty of alliance is entered into between England and the free Netherlands, 112

Truce for twelve years between Spain and the Netherlands: on the 9th of April 1609 is signed at Antwerp, 151

Turnhout: rout of a Spanish army at, 111

Union of Brussels: particulars concerning the, 82

Union of Utrecht: particulars concerning the, 89 and 90

United Netherlands, republic of the: territory of in 1609, at the time of the twelve years’ truce, 151 and 152

Utrecht, bishopric of: is founded by Charlemagne as a fief, 44; in 1579 ceases to exist, 89

Valenciennes: in 1567 is reduced to submission to Philippe II, 56

Valentijn’s _Oud en Nieuw Oost Indien_: reference to, 122

Variation of the compass: mention of, 123 and 124

[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]

Verhoeff, Pieter Willemszoon: in December 1607 sails from Holland for India as admiral of a very powerful fleet, 144; and in July 1608 makes an attack upon Mozambique, ib.; but in August is compelled to abandon the effort to get possession of Fort São Sebastião, 147; barbarity of after the great victory in Gibraltar Bay, 151; in May 1609 he and twenty-nine others are murdered on the island of Neira, 148

van Waerwyk, Wybrand: in June 1602 leaves Holland for India as admiral of a fleet, 134; in August 1603 establishes a permanent factory at Bantam, 135; which for several years is regarded as the Dutch head quarters in the East, ib.

de Weert, Sebald: in March 1602 is admiral of the first fleet sent out by the Dutch East India Company, 134; visits Ceylon and makes an agreement of friendship with the ruler of Kandy, ib.; but commits the great error of offending the religious feelings of the Cingalese, ib.; with the result that he and forty-six others are surprised when on shore and are all put to death, 135

William, prince of Orange: is appointed by Philippe II stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht, 52; becomes the very soul of the struggle of the provinces for liberty, 52 to 97; on the 15th of March 1580 is declared an outlaw by Philippe II, and a great reward is offered to any one who takes his life, 92; on the 10th of July 1584 is murdered at Delft, 97

Zeeland and Holland, provinces of: in June 1575 unite in a kind of loose confederation, 77; in October 1575 renounce allegiance to Philippe II, 79

Zierikzee: in June 1576 is besieged and taken by the Spaniards, 78

Zutphen: treatment of by Don Frederic de Toledo, son of the duke of Alva, 66; in September 1583 it is betrayed to the Spaniards, 96; on the 23rd of May 1591 it is recovered by the patriots, 109

Zuyder Zee: is formed in the thirteenth century of our era, 43

SKETCH III.

van der Aa’s _Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden_: references to, 173 and 250

Appel, Ferdinandus: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 226; further mention of, 246

Arboriculture: instructions of the directors concerning, 188; which are carried out by the governor, ib.

[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]

van Assenburgh, Louis: is appointed to succeed Willem Adriaan van der Stel as governor, 241; in January 1708 arrives and assumes the duty, 246

Bek, Rev. Hendrik: in May 1702 becomes clergyman of Drakenstein, 198; in April 1707 is transferred to Stellenbosch, 200

Bogaert, Abraham: takes charge of the document containing the complaints of the burghers, 228

Bogaert’s _Historisch Verhaal_: reference to, 211

le Boucq, Rev. Engelbertus: account of, 199

van Brakel, Jacobus: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230, 232, and 242

Bushmen: particulars concerning, 188, 194 et seq.

van der Byl, Pieter: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 226; further mention of, 246

Charges against Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel: list of, 221

Church building: in January 1704 the first in Capetown is opened for use, 198

Cloete, Jacob: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 229

Colonists: at the beginning of the eighteenth century are rapidly increasing in number, 204

Company’s garden in Capetown: particulars concerning, 190

Condition of the Cape settlement when Willem Adriaan van der Stel becomes governor, 181

Constantia farm: on the 13th of July 1685 is granted to Commander Simon van der Stel by the lord of Mydrecht, 179

Conterman, Hans Jacob: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 227

Corruption: at the beginning of the eighteenth century is generally prevalent in the East India Company’s service, 205; means adopted to prevent it, 206

Council of Policy: during the administration of Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel meetings are only held at long intervals, 215

Drakenstein: is settled under Simon van der Stel’s supervision, 177

Du Bois’s _Vies des Gouverneurs Generaux_: reference to, 173

Dutch and German settlers: are sent to South Africa from 1700 to 1707, when emigration is stopped, 185

[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]

Ecclesiastical matters: particulars concerning, 197 et seq.

Effect of Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel’s tyranny in blending the Dutch and French sections of the community, 249

Elberts, Jan: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230

Elberts, Nicolaas: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230

Elsevier, Samuel, the secunde: is in illegal possession of a tract of land near Klapmuts, 216; is charged by the burghers with carrying on farming and neglecting his duty, 222; is dismissed from office by the directors, and in April 1708 leaves the colony, 247

Expedition to Natal in 1705: account of, 202

Extent of the Cape settlement when Simon van der Stel becomes commander, 177

Fouché, Professor Leo: copies and publishes portions of the journal of Adam Tas, 183

French Hoek: is settled under Simon van der Stel’s supervision, 177

French language in South Africa: particulars concerning, 198

Goodwin, Vaughan, an Englishman: in 1705 is found living at Port Natal, 202

Grazing farms: occupation of, 193

Grevenbroek, Jan Willem: mention of, 218

van der Heiden, Jacobus: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 226

van der Heiden and Tas’s _Contra Deductie_: references to, 210, 218, 219, and 248

Hertog, Jan, the Company’s master gardener: is in charge of Vergelegen, 210

Hottentots: particulars concerning, 195 and 221; trade with by colonists is prohibited from 1658 to 1699, 191; is then thrown open by the directors, 192; but in 1703 is again forbidden, 196

Huguenot settlers: are sent out in small numbers until 1700, when the directors resolve not to send any more, 184

Huguenots: are in a difficult position in the countries that shelter them, 184

[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]

Huising, Henning: in 1700 enters into the first contract to supply meat to the East India Company, 192; treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 226; is well treated by the directors, 246; further mention of, 247

Inducements to migrate to South Africa at the beginning of the eighteenth century, 185

Islands of Dina and Marseveen: search for, 188

Kalden, Rev. Petrus, clergyman of Capetown: is in possession of a farm, 216; is charged by the burghers with spending too much time on it and neglecting his duty, 222; is recalled by the directors, and in April 1708 leaves the colony, 247

Kolbe’s _Caput Bonæ Spei_: reference to, 173

van Loon, Rev. Hercules: in April 1700 becomes clergyman of Stellenbosch, 197; in June 1704 commits suicide, 199

Louw, Jacob: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 229 and 242

Marauding band of Europeans and Hottentots: account of, 200

Mauritius, island of: is uninhabited when the Dutch East India Company sends a small party of men to take possession of it, 171

van Meerland, Jan: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 226

_Meresteyn_, the: in April 1702 is wrecked on Jutten Island, when many lives are lost, 200

Meyboom, Nicolaas: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 227

Meyer, Pierre: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 229

Natal: in 1705 an expedition is sent to, 201

Newlands garden: in 1700 is planted by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 191

van Niekerk, Cornelis: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230

Obiqua mountains: reason for being so called, 189

[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]

du Pré, Hercules: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230, 232, and 242

Pretorius, Wessel: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 226

van Rheede, Hendrik Adriaan, lord of Mydrecht: is sent out by the directors with all the powers of a dictator to correct abuses in Hindostan and Ceylon, and has supreme authority conferred upon him while at the Cape, 177; from the 19th of April to the 16th of July 1685 he is in Capetown, 178; and three days before he leaves makes a grant to Commander Simon van der Stel of the farm Constantia at Wynberg as a reward for his good conduct, 179

Roman Catholics: position of in the Cape Colony under the Dutch government, 182

Rotterdam, Jan: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 226; account of his return from banishment, 233

Saar’s _Account of Ceylon_: extract from, 174

de Savoye, Jacob: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 229

Scarcity of timber and fuel at the Cape in 1699: mention of, 187

Seasons, the: from 1698 to 1705 are unfavourable for farming, 204

Sheep’s wool: efforts to produce in South Africa in the beginning of the eighteenth century, 203

Silk: experiment in the production of, 204

Slaves: are being introduced from Madagascar and Mozambique, 205

Spoelstra’s _Bouwstoffen voor de Geschiedenis der Nederduitsch-Gereformeerde Kerken in Zuid Afrika_: reference to, 217

van Staden, Martin: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230

Starrenburg, Jan, landdrost of Stellenbosch: conduct of, 224; by order of the directors he is dismissed from office and sent out of the colony, 243

van der Stel, Adriaan: in 1623 goes to India in the service of the Dutch East India Company, 171; in 1638 becomes commander of the island of Mauritius, ib.; becomes next a military commander, and in that capacity is sent to Ceylon, 172; on the 19th of May 1646 falls in battle with a Cingalese army, when nearly his whole force is destroyed, 173

[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]

van der Stel, Frans, farmer at the Cape and younger brother of the governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel: makes himself greatly disliked by the burghers, 217; is required by the directors to leave the colony, and in April 1708 embarks for Europe, 248

van der Stel, Simon: on the 14th of November 1639 is born at Mauritius, 172; at a very early age is sent to Amsterdam to be educated, 175; is regarded as their protégé by the directors of the East India Company, ib.; when grown up marries and becomes the father of six children, ib.; in 1679 is offered the situation of commander of the Cape settlement, which he gladly accepts, and in October of that year assumes the duty, 176; like all the chief officials he is prohibited from carrying on farming operations or speculating in cattle, ib.; he must be regarded as a model ruler, 177; in 1691 he is promoted to be governor, and in 1692 to be councillor extraordinary of Netherlands India, 179; in February 1699 retires from office, and is succeeded by his eldest son, 180; on the 24th of June 1712 dies at Constantia, ib.

van der Stel, Willem Adriaan: in February 1699 succeeds his father as governor of the Cape Colony and councillor extraordinary of Netherlands India, 180; has previously held various situations in the colony, 187; in November 1699 sets out on a tour of inspection of the settlement, 188; makes large profits by dealing in wine, 207; in February 1700 obtains an illegal grant of four hundred morgen of ground at Hottentots-Holland from the Commissioner Wouter Valckenier, 208; which farm he names Vergelegen, 210; and immediately begins to build upon and cultivate it, ib.; using the Company’s materials and servants for the purpose, ib.; until it becomes the most highly tilled ground in the colony, 211; beyond the mountains he holds an immense tract of country, on which he keeps a great number of horned cattle and sheep, 212; the utmost care is taken that no information of these matters reaches the directors, ib.; on the 15th of March 1701 the directors instruct him to be on guard, as war with France is imminent, ib.; which order he disobeys by frequent and long absence at Vergelegen, 215; in 1705 some of the farmers send a complaint against him to the Indian authorities, 219; which is sent back to him for explanation, 220; on receiving it he immediately concludes that similar charges will be sent to the directors and that his farming operations will become known to them, 223; to prevent this, if possible, he resorts to the most arbitrary and violent measures, 224; at this very time a commission in Amsterdam is making inquiry into his conduct, 234; and a committee appointed by the directors is devising measures for the security of the Cape settlement in case Vergelegen should not be a myth, 235; the commission of inquiry investigates the matter very thoroughly, and sends in a report, 237; in accordance with which the directors issue orders for the immediate recall of the governor and the other unworthy officials, 241; in April 1708 he leaves the colony, 247; after his dismissal from the Company’s service he publishes the _Korte Deductie_, as the best excuse he can make for his conduct, 248; he purchases an estate in the Netherlands, and in July 1723 dies there, 250

[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]

van der Stel’s _Korte Deductie_: references to, 210, 211, 212, 214, and 248

Stellenbosch: is founded under Simon van der Stel’s supervision, 177; defiant conduct of the residents, 231

System of the Dutch East India Company of paying its officials: is a very bad one, 176

Tas, Adam: draws up a memorial to the directors, complaining of the governor, 220; is illegally arrested and committed to prison, 225; further particulars of the treatment accorded to him, 229 and 242; journal of, 183

Text of the orders of the directors of the 26th of April 1668 prohibiting the high officials in the settlement from farming land or dealing in cattle, 179

Text of the order of the directors of the 27th of June 1699 again prohibiting the chief officials from trading in cattle, 192

Text of the resolution of the directors on the 22nd of June 1700 concerning emigrants, 185

Text of the instructions of the directors to the governor on the 15th of March 1701 to be on his guard against an attack by the French, 213

Text of the orders of the directors on the 28th of October 1705 reiterating their previous commands that the officials should not traffic in cattle, 210

Text of the resolution of the assembly of seventeen on the 8th of March 1706, 235

Theal’s _Abstract of the Debates and Resolutions of the Council of Policy at the Cape from 1651 to 1687_: reference to, 187

Theal’s _Belangrijke Historische Dokumenten over Zuid Afrika_: references to, 174, 178, 180, 185, 235, 237, 239, and 250

Timber and fuel: scarcity of in 1699 at the Cape, 187

du Toit, François: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230

[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]

du Toit, Guillaume: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230, 232, and 242

Traffic of any kind in cattle is prohibited on the 27th of June 1699 to the chief officials in the colony, 185

Training of the colonists, 193

Treaty of Utrecht: reference to, 213

Tulbagh Basin: in November 1699 is inspected by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 189; description of the basin, ib.; receives from the governor the name Land of Waveren, 190; in 1700 begins to be occupied, ib.

Valckenier, Wouter: when returning from India to Holland acts as a commissioner at the Cape, 208; and illegally makes a grant of land to the governor, 209; is a member of the commission that condemns the governor for having obtained Vergelegen in an improper manner, 239

Valentijn’s _Oud en Nieuw Oost Indien_: reference to, 173

Vergelegen: is illegally obtained by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 209; the ground is resumed by the East India Company, 244; is divided into four farms, which are sold separately, 247

War of the Spanish Succession: reference to, 213

Waveren outstation: in 1700 is formed, 190

van der Westhuizen, Nicolaas: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 227

Witsenberg: is so named in honour of Nicolaas Witsen, of Amsterdam, 190

Wool; see Sheep’s wool

Wynoch, Christiaan: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 227

van Zyl, Willem: treatment of by Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel, 230

SKETCH IV.

Albany: settlement of the district of, 255

Barbarians: effect of the influx into the Cape Colony of, 258

Battle in which the army of Natal under English chiefs is almost annihilated, 291

[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]

Betshuana refugees: can give very little information upon the interior of the country, 265

Betshuana tribes: destruction of in the wars of Moselekatse, 258

Bird’s _Annals of Natal_: reference to, 293

du Buis, Coenraad, a notorious freebooter: account of, 270

Cape Colony: extent of in 1835, 255

Causes of the great emigration from the Cape Colony: as given by Louis Triegard, 273; as given by Pieter Uys, 281

Chase’s _Natal Papers_: reference to, 281

Destruction of human life in the wars of Tshaka and Moselekatse: leaves great tracts of land without inhabitants, 262

Discontent in South Africa in and before 1835: causes of, 257

D’Urban, Sir Benjamin, governor of the Cape Colony: the confidential correspondence of is presented by his grandson to the Union government, 259

Dutch and English colonists: difference in disposition of, 255

Dutch language: the suppression of in the public offices and in the courts of law is felt as a grievance by the old colonists, 258

English and Dutch colonists: difference in disposition of, 255

Englishmen: in 1835 some forty are living in Natal, 263; list of their names, 264; in June 1835 fourteen of them send a petition that the territory may be annexed by Great Britain, ib.; in March 1836 Lord Glenelg replies refusing to annex Natal, ib.

Fingoes, the: are brought by Sir Benjamin D’Urban from Kaffirland and located in Peddie, 260

Futu, Bantu chief: particulars concerning, 264

Gardiner’s _Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country in South Africa_: reference to, 264

_Geslacht Register de Oude Kaapsche Familien_: reference to, 278

Glenelg, Lord, secretary of state for the colonies: maintains that the colonists are to blame for the Kaffir war of 1835, and abandons the Province of Queen Adelaide, 262

Glenelg system of dealing with the Kaffirs: particulars concerning, 262

Grahamstown: description of, 257

[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]

Hottentots: injudicious treatment of, 257

Influx of barbarians into the Cape Colony: effect of, 258

Invasion of the Cape Colony by the Xosas in December 1834: particulars concerning, 260

Isaacs’ _Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa, with a Sketch of Natal_: reference to, 264

Jacobs, Pieter: is leader of the fifth party of emigrants from the Cape Colony, 277

Jalusa, a Xosa robber captain: moves to the country north of the Orange river, 267; in September 1836 his entire band is exterminated by the Basuto, ib.

_Kaffir War of 1835_: origin of the volume so called, 259; reference to, 279

Land tenure: the new system is not appreciated at first by the cattle farmers, 258

Maritz, Gerrit Marthinus: is leader of the third party of emigrants from the Cape Colony, 275

Matiwane, chief of the Amangwane: drives a section of the Tembu tribe into the Cape Colony, 258

Missionary and philanthropic press: tone of, 259

Moselekatse: effect of the wars of, 258

Natal: description of, 263; number of Bantu residing in 1835, 264; condition of the emigrant farmers in after the massacres by the Zulus, 290

Potgieter, Andries Hendrik: is leader of the second party of emigrants from the Cape Colony, 275; after the massacres by the Zulus goes with his men to the assistance of the distressed people in Natal, 290; with Pieter Uys marches into Zululand to attack Dingan, 292; on the 11th of April 1838 encounters a great Zulu army, and is compelled to retire, ib.; shortly afterwards leaves Natal and returns to Winburg, 294

Preller’s _Piet Retief, Lewenskets van die Grote Voortrekker_: reference to, 288

Province of Queen Adelaide: is created by Sir Benjamin D’Urban, 260; is abandoned by Lord Glenelg, 262

[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]

van Rensburg, Jan: is leader of a small party of emigrants from the Cape Colony, 268; in July 1833 leaves Louis Triegard’s party at the Zoutpansberg to open up a road to Delagoa Bay, 269; and with every individual in his company is murdered by blacks on the journey, ib.

Resolutions adopted by Pieter Uys and those who agree with him, asserting independence of Mr. Retief, 283

Retief, Pieter: is leader of the fourth party of emigrants from the Cape Colony, 275; in June 1837 is installed as governor and commandant-general of his own party and the one under Maritz, 276; on the 21st of July 1837 writes to Sir Benjamin D’Urban desiring that the emigrants may be acknowledged as an independent people, 286; in October 1837 goes over the Drakensberg into Natal, 285; on the 6th of February 1838 is murdered with all his companions at Dingan’s kraal, 280

Sekwati, chief of the Bapedi: mention of, 272

Settlement of the Cape Colony by Europeans: slow progress of, 255

Slaves in the Cape Colony: hasty emancipation of, 257

Smit, Erasmus: reference to the journal of, 275

Smith, G. C. Moore, Esqre., M.A.: assistance rendered by, 260

Tembu tribe: a section of is driven by the Amangwane under Matiwane into the Cape Colony, 258

Triegard, Louis: family history of, 266; in June 1834 he moves from the district of Somerset to the bank of the White Kei river beyond the colonial border, ib.; where about thirty emigrant families are then residing, 267; here all his slaves run away, ib.; he is believed by the British officials on the frontier to have induced the Xosas to persevere in the war against the colony, ib.; he moves northward with the notorious robber captain Jalusa, ib.; in September 1835 crosses the Orange river, and then with a number of other emigrants travels onward to the Zoutpansberg, 268; which he reaches in May 1836, ib.; account of his residence there until August 1837, when he and his party leave for Delagoa Bay, 271; they encounter great difficulties on the way, 272; but in April 1838 reach Lourenço Marques, 273; where they are received with great kindness by the Portuguese, ib.; but are attacked by fever, from which in course of time nearly the whole party, including Triegard himself, dies, ib.; in July 1839 the remnant of the party is rescued and taken to Natal, 274

Tsetse fly: destructive nature of, 272

Tshaka: effect of the wars of, 258

[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]

Umnini, petty Bantu chief: particulars concerning, 263

Uys, Pieter Lavras: particulars concerning the family of, 278; personal character of, 279; in 1834 visits and inspects Natal, 265; is leader of the sixth party of emigrants from the Cape Colony, 277; travels northward over the Orange river, with the intention of crossing the Drakensberg into Natal, 280; on the 7th of August 1837 writes to Sir Benjamin D’Urban, stating the causes of the emigration, ib.; he assumes an attitude of independence as regards Mr. Retief, 283; in October 1837 joins Commandant Potgieter in the campaign in which the Matabele are driven far to the north, 286; in December 1837 visits Natal again, 289; in February 1838 is in the present Orange Free State when tidings of the fearful massacres by the Zulus reach him, ib.; he immediately collects his men and goes down into Natal to the assistance of the distressed people there, ib.; with Commandant Potgieter marches into Zululand to attack Dingan, 292; on the 11th of April 1838 is drawn into an ambuscade and is almost surrounded by a great Zulu army, ib.; when attempting to retreat is killed with nine others, 293

Uys, Dirk Cornelis: heroic death of, 293

Voigt’s _Fifty Years of the History of the Republic in South Africa_: reference to, 286

Xosa invasion of the Cape Colony in December 1834: particulars concerning, 260

CENTER THE END

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Among the sources of information for the next few pages I must mention particularly Arnold’s _History of Rome_, Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, Busk’s _History of Spain and Portugal_, and Stephens’ _History of Portugal_.

[2] The old library of the Ptolemies was consumed in Cæsar’s Alexandrian war. Marc Antony gave the whole collection of Pergamus (200,000 volumes) to Cleopatra, as the foundation of the _new_ library of Alexandria. It was kept in apartments of the great temple of Serapis, which was broken down in A.D. 389 by Theophilus, archbishop of Alexandria, “the perpetual enemy of peace and virtue, a bold, bad man, whose hands were alternately polluted with gold and with blood.” The valuable library was pillaged or destroyed. See Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, Chapter XXVIII.

[3] The Arabs, Persians, and Indians were found at the beginning of the sixteenth century of our era to be well acquainted with the eastern coast as far south as Cape Correntes, and the Arabs and Persians had settlements along the whole of that seaboard. But of this Europeans knew absolutely nothing. Beyond Cape Correntes, in latitude 24° 4´ south, the Asiatics did not venture in their coir-sewn vessels. Here the Mozambique current, from which the cape has its present name, ran southward with great velocity, usually from two to five kilometres an hour, according to the force and direction of the wind, but often much faster. The cape had the reputation also of being a place of storms, where the regular monsoons of the north could no longer be depended upon, and where violent gusts from every quarter would almost surely destroy the mariners who should be so foolhardy as to brave them. The vivid Arab imagination further pictured danger of another kind, for this was the chosen home of those mermaids--believed in also by the Greeks of old--who lured unfortunate men to their doom. There were legends of ships having been driven far beyond it in gales, and having been carried by the current onward to a great ocean in the west, from which they had only with the greatest difficulty returned. The perils the crews had gone through and the hardships they had suffered were magnified as a matter of course, and the dreadful sights that had met their eyes were such as to make the boldest shudder. Of the shore of that awful sea nothing was known, for no one had ever set foot upon it. So Cape Correntes, with its real and fictitious perils, was the terminus of Mohamedan enterprise to the south, though there were men in Kilwa who sometimes wondered what was beyond it and half made up their minds to go overland and ascertain. Had there been a Bantu settlement beyond Inhambane there can be no doubt that their eagerness to procure ivory would have led them on, but black men had replaced the wild aborigines there so shortly before the arrival of the Portuguese that there was not time to make the venture.

[4] For information on the discoveries mentioned here I am indebted chiefly to the _Indice Chronologico das Navegações, Viagens, Descobrimentos, e Conquistas dos Portuguezes nos Paizes Ultramarinos desde o Principio do Seculo XV_, the great history _Da Asia_ of João de Barros, Major’s _Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator and their Results_, and Beazley’s _Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery_.

[5] These islands and even the Canaries had been visited by Genoese ships before they were rediscovered by the Portuguese. But as no use was made of them by the first visitors, and as knowledge concering them was not communicated to the world in general, the Portuguese have a fair claim to be regarded as the real discoverers. In the same way Columbus is rightly credited with the discovery of America, though the Northmen visited its north-eastern coast long before his time.

[6] It would be interesting to know the exact day on which Dias sailed, but I have not found it possible to ascertain it. As already observed, before the entrance of Vasco da Gama into the Indian sea the dates of the various discoveries given by Portuguese historians are not implicitly to be relied upon, and as no original journals or logbooks of the early voyages are now in existence, there are no means of verifying them. João de Barros is the only historian known to me who has placed on record the month and year of sailing and of the return of Dias in this voyage, and he does not state the day of departure from the Tagus. His words are: (ElRei Dom João) “determinou de enviar logo neste anno de quatrocentos e oitenta e seis dobrados navios per mar, e homens per terra, pera ver o fim destas cousas.” ... “partiram no fim de Agosto do dito anno.” ... “onde chegáram em Dezembro do anno de quatrocentos e oitenta e sete, havendo dezeseis mezes, e dezesete dias que eram partidos delle.” Barros is the most reliable of all the Portuguese historians of that time, and he was in a position to obtain the particulars of this voyage, which unfortunately he gives so scantily. Neither Damião de Goes in his _Chronica do Felicissimo Rei Dom Emanuel da Gloriosa Memoria_ nor Fernão Lopes de Castanheda in his _Descobrimento e Conquista da India pelos Portuguezes_ mentions the date of the voyage, but both relate other particulars which tend to confirm the opinion that it took place at the time stated by Barros. For instance, Castanheda states that Affonso de Paiva and João Pires de Covilhão commenced their journey from Portugal after the departure of Dias, and he agrees with Barros in giving the 7th of May 1487 as the date on which they left Santarem. The exact dates of Dias passing the Cape of Good Hope eastward, of his reaching the mouth of the Infante river, and of the erection of the landmark São Philippe cannot be ascertained, but these events in all probability occurred in 1487, as making allowance for his detentions when leaving the storeship, at Angra dos Ilheos, and afterwards, Dias can hardly have reached the latitude of the Cape before the beginning of that year. See appendix.

[7] See the numerous statements concerning this mythical monarch made by the early Portuguese writers, copied by me and printed, together with English translations, in volumes i, iii, v, vi, and vii of the _Records of South-Eastern Africa_. Ultimately the name was applied to the ruler of Abyssinia. Index, Prester John, in Vol. ix, page 474.

[8] “On the 21st of November (1825) a heavy south-east gale set in, before which we were carried with great velocity, and in the afternoon saw the remains of the cross erected by Bartholomeu Dias at the southern extremity of Angra Pequena. Passing by it we (H.M.S. _Barracouta_) anchored in the bay, where, although the wind was directly off shore, yet such was its violence that the whole surface of the water was one vast sheet of foam. Some officers landed with Captain Vidal, for the purpose of examining the cross, and obtaining the latitude and longitude of the point. They found the sand very painful to the eyes, being swept from the surface of the rocks, and almost blinding them as they proceeded to the summit of the small granite eminence on which Bartholomeu Dias erected his cross, as a memento of his discovery of the place. This is said to have been standing complete forty years back, but we found that it had been cast down, evidently by design, as the part of the shaft that had originally been buried in the rock remained unbroken, which never could have been the case had it been overturned in any other way than by lifting it from the foundation. The inducement to this disgraceful act was probably to search for such coins as might have been buried beneath the cross; and it is probable that the destroyers, in order to make some little amende for their desolation, re-erected a portion of the fragments, as we found a piece of the shaft, including the part originally placed in the ground, altogether about six feet in length, propped up by means of large stones, crossed at the top by a broken fragment, which had originally formed the whole length of the shaft. This was six feet above ground, and twenty-one inches beneath, composed of marble rounded on one side, but left square on the other, evidently for the inscription, which, however, the unsparing hand of Time, in a lapse of nearly three centuries and a half, had rendered illegible. In descending by a different and more craggy path, the party suddenly came upon the cross; this was sixteen inches square, of the same breadth and thickness as the shaft, and had on the centre an inscription, but, like the other, almost obliterated.”--_Narrative of Voyages to explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia, and Madagascar, performed in H.M. Ships Leven and Barracouta under the direction of Captain W. F. W. Owen, R.N._ Two demi octavo volumes, published in London in 1833. The extract given above is to be found in Vol. II, pages 269 and 270. Two fragments of the pillar are now in the museum in Lisbon, and one is in the South African museum in Capetown.

[9] The probabilities are that they did not, otherwise the information they carried back would have been regarded as much more important than it was considered to be by the king and by all the writers of the time. Ptolemy’s map, on which Africa was made to turn like a horn and project so far to the eastward as to enclose the Indian ocean, was still treated with respect, and the discoveries of Dias seemed at the time as if they tended rather to confirm than to refute this geographical feature. According to the view of those who regarded Ptolemy and Edrisi as safe guides, Dias had sailed along the southern side of the horn, without finding its end, and therefore had not done much more than Diogo Cam and other previous explorers. To-day, with our knowledge, his feat is regarded very differently, but neither the king nor the people considered at the time that it entitled him to any special reward or mark of favour.

[10] The factory of São Jorge da Mina was established in January 1482 by Diogo d’Azambuja, and was the first permanent Portuguese settlement on the western coast of Africa, and the centre of the trade in gold. It was wrested from the Portuguese by the Dutch in 1637, and was held by them until April 1872, when it was transferred to England in exchange for some other territory on the coast. It is now known as Elmina.

[11] Called João Pires, of Covilhão, by Damião de Goes, Pedro de Covilhão by Castanheda and Barros. Modern Portuguese writers follow De Goes in the name. See the _Indice Chronologico das Navegações, Viagens, Descobrimentos, e Conquistas dos Portuguezes nos Paizes Ultramarinos desde o Principio do Seculo XV._ Lisboa, 1841. João Pires on page 69. Barros says of him: “The king, seeing how necessary an acquaintance with the Arabic tongue was for this journey, sent upon this business one Pedro de Covilhão, a gentleman of his household who was well acquainted with it, and in his company another named Affonso de Paiva, and they were sent from Santarem on the 7th of May of the year 1487.”

[12] Probably a misprint.

[13] The German Emperor has since caused an exact copy of it to be erected, substituting granite for marble.

[14] The particulars of this event cannot be ascertained, and it would even be doubtful whether Mondragon really rounded the Cape of Good Hope if it were not expressly stated in a summary of the directions issued by the king for his capture that the robbery of Queimado’s ship took place “no canal de Moçambique.”

[15] I do not mention Sir John Mandeville in the text, because modern criticism has proved that what he states concerning India in his book _The Voiage and trauayle of syr John Maundeuille, knight, which treateth of the way toward Hierusalem, and of maruayles of Inde, with other Ilands and Countryes_ was compiled from earlier foreign writers, though his work was regarded as genuine and trustworthy by Englishmen until recently. Nothing is known of him from contemporary records, and it is even regarded as possible that Mandeville was a pseudonym. In his book he states that he was born at St. Albans, and travelled in the east as far as China between the years 1322 and 1357. It is now believed that he really visited Palestine, and his account of that country is considered as partly based on personal observation, but the remainder of the volume is spurious. The original was written in French. See the _Encyclopedia Britannica_, article Mandeville. Of the numerous copies of the book, in many languages, in the library of the British Museum, the earliest was printed in 1480.

[16] This sketch is drawn chiefly from Motley’s _Rise of the Dutch Republic_ and his _History of the United Netherlands to the Twelve Years’ Truce_--1609, the _Geschiedenis des Vaderlands_, by Mr. W. Bilderdyk, edited by Professor H. W. Tydeman, seven octavo volumes, issued at Amsterdam in 1832 to 1853, _History of the People of the Netherlands_, by Petrus Johannes Blok, Ph.D., four demi octavo volumes (English edition), published at New York and London, 1898 to 1907, (another volume still to appear), _Handboek der Geschiedenis van het Vaderland_, by Mr. G. Groen van Prinsterer, two octavo volumes (second edition), issued at Amsterdam in 1852, _Histoire de Belgique_, by Professor H. Pirenne, of the University of Ghent, second edition of Vol. I published at Brussels in 1902, Vol. II published at the same place in 1903, and Vol. III in 1907, (other volumes still to appear), and _The History of Belgium_, by Demetrius C. Boulger, published at London in 1902. Some other works consulted will be mentioned in notes.

[17] “Belgium ofte Nederland werdt ghemeynelijck verdeelt in zeventhien Provincien, meer om dat de Princen daer over regierende, seventhien Tytelen van de selve hebben ghevoert, als om andere merckelijcke redenen. Want op de ghemeyne vergaderinghen ende by-een-comsten der Staten van den Lande, en pleghen de selve in soodanighen ghetalle niet te verschijnen, maer sommighe sorteerden onder andere, als by exempel: Het Hartoghdom van Limborch met syn appendentien: item het Marck-Graeffschap des H. Rycx ofte van Antwerpen stemden ende contribueerden onder Brabandt, ’t Graeffschap Zutphen maeckte het vierde Quartier van Gelderland: Daer-en-tegens Doornijck ende het Doornijcksche Landt: Item Rijssel, Douay ende Orchies (synde andersints Steden ende Leden van Wals-Vlaenderen) hadden hare stemmen in het bysonder, ende contribueerden apart: Het selve gheschiede oock met Valencyn, dat nochtans een Stad ende Lidt van Henegouwen is.” _Atlas of Mercator and Hondius_, edition published at Amsterdam in 1633. This superb atlas contains a double page map of all the provinces and no fewer than thirty maps of different sections. A copy obtained by me in Holland is in the South African Public Library.

[18] See the superb _Atlas_ of Ortelius, published at Antwerp in 1570. A copy obtained by me at the Hague is now in the South African Public Library. This atlas contains a map of the whole provinces and separate maps of Holland, Zeeland, the Frisian provinces, Flanders, and Brabant. A comparison of the map of the provinces with one of Holland and Belgium to-day will show the great changes that have taken place in the interim.

[19] See Blok’s _History of the People of the Netherlands_, Vol. II, page 263.

[20] There was in the south the large province of Liege, nominally a fief of the Holy Roman Empire, under the government of a bishop, but it was not counted with the others, though enclosed by some of them. It had been conquered by Charles the Headstrong of Burgundy, but on his death became independent again, and maintained a perfect neutrality thereafter, though its borders were not always respected by contending armies. It remained an independent principality until it was annexed to France on the 1st of October 1795, and in 1814 for the first time was joined to the other provinces to form the kingdom of the Netherlands. When Belgium seceded and secured its independence in 1831 Liege became one of its provinces.

[21] The greatest of the southern dioceses was Liege, whose bishop was first settled at Tongres, then at Maastricht, and from A.D. 708 at Liege. In the tenth century the bishops of Liege and Cambrai obtained rights as counts over extensive domains.--BLOK.

[22] The word “king” is used as a convenient one, though Philippe was not _king_ of the Netherlands. He was duke of one province, count of another, lord of the next, and so on, but under these titles he was sovereign of them all.

[23] Blok gives the number, according to a statement of Requesens, as six thousand.

[24] This differs slightly in detail from the account given by Motley, whose authority is so high that it is with reluctance I do not adhere to it in every particular. In this instance I follow the Life of Boisot, as given in _Leeven en Daden der Doorlughtige Zee-Helden_, a quarto volume issued at Amsterdam in 1683.

[25] The treaty contained thirty articles. It is to be found on pages 83 to 88 of Volume II of _A General Collection of Treatys, Manifesto’s, Contracts of Marriage, Renunciations, and other Publick Papers, from the year 1495, to the year 1712_, second edition published in London in 1732.

[26] See pages 89 to 91 of the volume of _Treaties, etc._, already referred to.

[27] Page 92, Vol. II of the _Collection of Treaties, etc._, already referred to.

[28] _General Collection of Treaties, etc._, Vol. II, pages 103 to 119.

[29] _General Collection of Treaties, etc._, Vol. II, pages 120 to 127.

[30] _Collection of Treaties, etc._, Vol. II, pages 128 to 146.

[31] The account of these voyages is taken from _Begin ende Voortgangh van de Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde Oost Indische Compagnie, vervatende de voornaemste Reysen by de Inwoonderen derselver Provincien derwaerts gedaen_. Two thick volumes, published at Amsterdam in 1646.

[32] The accounts of the voyages that follow have been taken by me from the volumes _Begin ende Voortgangh_ already mentioned, and François Valentijn’s _Oud en Nieuw Oost Indien_, five huge volumes published at Amsterdam in 1726, checked by the narratives in the first three volumes of J. K. J. de Jonge’s _De Opkomst van het Nederlandsch Gezag in Oost Indie_, published at the Hague and Amsterdam in 1862-65. I also made use of the last volume of Diogo de Couto’s _Da Asia_, in order to get the Portuguese version of these events, but obtained very little information in it. His work ends with an account of a Dutch disaster at Achin before the principal voyages were undertaken. Of course the Dutch were to him pirates and rebels.

[33] It is attached to the original journals, now in the archives of the Netherlands. I made a copy of it on tracing linen for the Cape government, as it differs considerably from the chart in the printed condensed journal of the voyage. In other respects also the compilation of the printed journal has been very carelessly executed.

[34] See the last two volumes of De Couto’s _Da Asia_.

[35] The first Buddhist commandment, as given in _The Light of Asia_, reads:

“Kill not, for pity’s sake, and lest thou slay
The meanest creature on its upward way.”

[36] Albert died in 1621 and Isabella on the 30th of November 1623, and as they left no children, in 1624 Belgium passed again under the direct government of Spain. By the treaty of Baden on the 7th of September 1714 it was ceded to the emperor Charles VI, and thereafter was generally termed the Austrian Netherlands.

[37] Sections III, XLIX, and L of the treaty of Munster, pages 335 to 367 of Vol. II _General Collection of Treaties, &c._

[38] See pages 188 to 202 of Volume II of _A General Collection of Treaties, &c._

[39] See _A Voyage to East India, &c._ by the Rev. Edward Terry. London, 1655.

[40] The name of the Welshman is not given in the _Report on Manuscripts in the Welsh language_ by the Historical Manuscripts Commission (Vol. I, Part 3), published in London in 1905, from which this extract is taken.

[41] _A Voyage to East India, wherein some things are taken notice of in our passage thither, but many more in our abode there, within that rich and most spacious Empire. Of the Great Mogols, &c., &c. Observed by Edward Terry (then Chaplain to the Right Honorable Sr. Thomas Row, Knight, Lord Ambassadour to the great Mogol) now Rector of the Church at Grunford, in the County of Middlesex._ A foolscap octavo volume of 545 pages, published in London in 1655. Terry says that he went to India the year after Sir Thomas Roe in a fleet of six ships--the _Charles_, of 1,000 tons, the _Unicorn_, almost as big, the _James_, a large ship also, the _Globe_, the _Swan_, and the _Rose_, which were smaller. The fleet left the Thames on the 3rd of February 1615 (old style, 1616 it would be written now that the year commences on the 1st of January), under command of Captain Benjamin Joseph as commodore, and it rode at anchor in Table Bay from the 12th to the 28th of June. His statement concerning the convicts sent out the previous year does not fully agree with the records in the India Office in London, which I consulted to obtain information on this subject, and which I follow as far as they go, though they are defective.

[42] See Valentyn’s great work on India, the last volume of which contains the history of Ceylon and also of Mauritius. See also the volume _Vies des Gouverneurs Generaux_, by J. P. I. du Bois. The account of Pieter Kolbe, in his _Caput Bonæ Spei Hodiernum_, is so distorted by his bitter animosity towards Simon van der Stel as well as towards his son Willem Adriaan that no reliance can be placed upon it. Van der Aa, in his _Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden_, says that Simon van der Stel, son of Adriaan van der Stel and Monica da Costa, was born in Amsterdam, but that is a mistake, and not the only one in the article. See _Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden_, door A. J. van der Aa, Zeventiende Deel, Tweede Stuk, Haarlem, 1874. I copied the article on the Van der Stel family in the above work, and published it in 1911 in the third part of my _Belangrijke Historische Dokumenten over Zuid Afrika_. It will be found on pages 11 and 12 of the volume.

In Johan Saar’s _Account of Ceylon 1647-1657_, this event is related as follows: “To pick a quarrel they (the Hollanders) seized upon four of the best elephants of the King of Candi. He, as a sensible man, sent word to the Hollanders that he had no intention to do anything against them, and he expected them, for their part, to act likewise; he had called them in as friends to be his allies against the Portuguese, and he hoped therefore that they would not settle in his territory. But the Hollanders from the beginning were bent upon war. When the king saw that it could not be avoided, he collected by one of his generals (a Saude, or what we should call a Count) about 60,000 men, chiefly natives, besides a few Portuguese whom he had formerly made captives, and who had entered his service. He would no longer trust the Hollanders.... In the following year (Anno Christi 1646) in the month of May, Mr. van der Stält (Van der Stel) received fresh orders to march with 150 men (picked soldiers), plenty of ammunition, powder, lead, and other materials of war, and also two field guns. He met with the heathen Saude in a small clearing, but as the latter had no orders to fight, because the king was still disinclined to go to war, he withdrew into the forest. The Hollanders opened a heavy fire from their field-guns and fire-arms, so that 400 were killed, and many were wounded. As the Hollanders had taken the offensive, the Saude did not care to act only on the defensive. He therefore came out of the forest, and closing round our people, attacked them with such energy that he cut off the head of Mr. Van der Stel, who had been carried in a palanquin or litter, clad in red scarlet. Of our men, who had numbered 150, they got 103 heads. The rest fled into the jungle and hid themselves as best they could. When the King, who had been near, heard of the onslaught he hurried to the spot, and although he was told that his men had been forced to fight, he showed displeasure. At once he ordered drums to be beaten and proclamation to be made that none of the Hollanders who had fled into the jungle were to be killed, but they were to be brought alive before him; that he would treat them well; and that he would swear by his God that he was innocent of the bloodshed. He then gave directions to have the head of Mr. Van der Stel put into a silver bowl, and covered it with white cloth, and sent it by one of the prisoners to their Captain in the great camp, to say that this was the head of Mr. Van der Stel, and that the King would see his body as well as the other 103 bodies decently buried.”

[44] The instructions and orders of the lord of Mydrecht were copied by me from the original document in the Cape archives, and were published in 1896 in Deel I _Belangrijke Historische Dokumenten_. They occupy pages 1 to 48 of that pamphlet.