William the Conqueror and the Rule of the Normans

Chapter XII: Domesday Book (2)

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In the present chapter we have mainly dealt with Domesday Book from its own standpoint as a fiscal register, but for the majority of the students its real value lies in the unique light which it throws upon legal and social antiquities and upon the personal history of the men of the Conquest. In these latter respects the different parts of the survey are by no means of equal value. The space assigned to each county in Domesday was determined solely by the caprice of the scribes; counties of approximately equal area are assigned very different limits of space in the record. Equally due to the action of the scribes is the amount of social and personal details, above the necessary minimum of fiscal information required, which is included in the description of each county. The surveys of Berkshire and Worcestershire, for instance, are many-sided records which throw light upon every aspect of the history of the times; while on the other hand for the counties of the Danelaw the fiscal skeleton of the record is left bare and arid; we get columns of statistics and little beside. The interest of Domesday of course is vastly increased when we are able to supplement its details with information derived from some other contemporary record; Buckinghamshire, for example, in which county there was no religious house in 1086, is at a disadvantage compared with Berkshire, where the local history of Abingdon Abbey fills in the outline of the greater record, and gives life to some at least of the men of whom the names and nothing more are written in its pages. Apart from this adventitious source of light, Domesday imparts some of its most precious information when recording a dispute between two tenants as to the possession of land, or noting new “customs,” tolls, and so forth, which have been introduced since the Conquest, for then we may look for some statement of local custom or some reconstruction of the “status quo ante conquestum.” And this leads naturally to the last division of our present subject—the legal theory which underlies Domesday Book.

It is abundantly plain from all our narratives of the Conquest that King William regarded himself, and was determined that he should be regarded, as the lawful successor of his cousin King Edward; he was the true heir by blood as well as by bequest. Unfortunately wicked men had usurped his inheritance so that he was driven to regain it by force and arms; the earl of Wessex had taken upon himself the title of king and the whole nation had acquiesced in his unlawful rule. But the verdict of battle had been given in William’s favour; he had been accepted as king by the great men of the realm, and he had been duly crowned; it would be no more than justice for him to disinherit every Englishman as such for his tacit or overt rebellion. Moreover even after he had been received as king his rebellious subjects in every part of the land had risen against him; they had justly forfeited all claim to his royal grace; their lands by virtue of these repeated treasons became at his absolute disposal. Some such ideas as these underlie that “great confiscation” of which Freeman considered Domesday to be essentially the record, and two all-important conclusions followed from them. The first is that the time of King Edward, that phrase which meets us on every page of Domesday, was the last season of good law in the land; should any man claim rights or privileges by prescription he must plead that they had been allowed and accepted under the last king of the old native line. Just as his subjects cried for “the law of King Edward” as the system of government under which they wished to live, so to the king himself these words expressed the test of legality to be applied to whatever rights claimed an origin anterior to his own personal grant. Rarely does Domesday refer to any of the kings before Edward; the Conqueror’s reign has already become the limit of legal memory; never, except by inadvertence, does it refer to the reign of Harold by name. And then in the second place he who would prove the lawful possession of his land must rely in the last resort upon “the writ and seal” of King William. The whole tenor of Domesday seems to imply that all Englishmen as such were held to have been disinherited by the result of the Conquest. Save for the lands of God and his Saints all England had become the king’s; the disposition he might make of his vast inheritance depended solely upon his own will. If he should please to allow to an Englishman the possession of his own or others’ lands, this was a matter of pure favour, and Thurkill of Warwick and Colswegn of Lincoln could put forward no other title than that which secured their fiefs to the Norman barons around them. But then comes in that principle which is above all distinctive of the Norman Conquest—if William stepped by lawful possession into the exact position of the native kings who were before him, so each of his barons in each of his estates must be the exact legal successor, the “heir,” of the Englishman whom he supplanted. The term used by Domesday to express the relationship of the old and the new landlord is very suggestive: the Englishman is the Norman’s _antecessor_, a word which we only translate inadequately by the colourless “predecessor.” We are probably right in calling the Norman Conquest the one catastrophic change in our social history, but the change as yet was informal; it went on beneath the surface of the law; the terminology of Domesday testifies to the attempt to bring the social conditions of 1086 under formulas which would be appropriate to the time of King Edward. When we are told that there were ten manors in such a vill in the time of King Edward, or that there used to be twenty villeins in a certain manor but now there are only sixteen, we may gravely doubt whether the terms “manor” and “villein” were known in England before the Conquest, and yet we may recognise that the employment of these words in relation to the Confessor’s day is of itself very significant. King William as King Edward’s lawful heir wishes consistently to act as such so far as may be; his scribes in their terminology affect a continuity of social history, which does not exist.

Perhaps nothing could be more illustrative of these principles than a few extracts taken from the Lincolnshire “Clamores”—the statement of the various disputed claims which had come to light in the course of the survey, and the record of their settlement by the Domesday jurors. The following are taken at random in the order in which they are entered in Domesday:

“Candleshoe wapentake says that Ivo Taillebois ought to have that
which he claims in Ashby against Earl Hugh; namely one mill and one
bovat of land, although the soke belongs to Grainham.

“Concerning the two carucates of land which Robert Dispensator claims
against Gilbert de Gand in Screnby through Wiglac, his predecessor
[_antecessor_], the wapentake says that the latter only had one
carucate, and the soke of that belonged to Bardney. But Wiglac
forfeited that land to his lord Gilbert, and so Robert has nothing
there according to the witness of the Riding.

“In the same Screnby Chetelbern claims one carucate against Gilbert de
Gand through Godric [but the jurors], say that he only had half a
carucate, and the soke of that belonged to Bardney, and Chetelbern’s
claim is unjust according to the wapentake, because his predecessor
forfeited the land. The men of Candleshoe wapentake with the agreement
of the whole Riding say that Siwate and Alnod and Fenchel and Aschel
equally divided their father’s land among themselves in King Edward’s
time, and held it so that if there were need to serve with the king
and Siwate could go the other brothers assisted him. After him the
next one went and Siwate and the next assisted him and so on with
regard to all, but Siwate was the king’s man.”

In these passages the actual working of the Domesday Inquest is very clearly displayed. In the first place we see that all really turns on those ancient local assemblies the wapentake and hundred courts. Not only do they supply the requisite information through the representative jurors to the commissioners, but it is by their verdict that the latter are guided in their pronouncements upon disputed claims. If Ivo Taillebois receives his seisin of that mill and oxgang of land in Ashby it will be because the wapentake court of Candleshoe has assigned it to him rather than the earl of Chester. This simple procedure has a great future before it; if the king can compel the local courts to give a sworn verdict to his officers, so in specific cases he can of his grace permit private persons to use these bodies in the same way. The Domesday Inquest is the noble ancestor of the Plantagenet “assizes,” and through them, by direct descent, of the jury in its perfected form. But the action of the local courts becomes doubly significant when we remember their composition. The affairs of the greatest people in the land, of the king himself, are being discussed by very humble men, men, as we have seen, carefully chosen so as to represent Frenchmen and Englishmen alike. Nothing is a more wholesome corrective of exaggerated ideas as to the severance and hostility of the two races than a due remembrance of the part which both played in the Domesday Inquest.

Equally important is the respect which is clearly being paid in the above discussions to the strict forms of law, of English law in particular. No very knotty problems arise in the course of our simple extract, but we can see that a Norman baron will often have to stand or fall in his claim according to the interpretation of some old English legal doctrine. We know from other sources that the intricacies of the rules which in King Edward’s time determined the rights and status of free men became a thing of wonder to the men of the twelfth century, and we may suspect that the Domesday commissioners were frequently tempted to cut these obsolete knots. But so far as is practicable, they are maintaining that the Norman must succeed to just the legal position of his English “antecessor”; Robert the Dispensator cannot claim the land which has been forfeited by Wiglac to Gilbert de Gand.

Lastly, one is always tempted to forget that twenty years had passed between the death of King Edward and the making of the Domesday Survey. Our attention is naturally and rightly concentrated on the great change which substituted a Norman for an English land-holding class, so that we are apt to ignore the struggles which must have taken place among the conquerors themselves in the division of the spoil; struggles none the less real because, so far as we can see, they were carried on under the forms of law. Death and confiscation had left their mark upon the Norman baronage; the personnel of Domesday Book would have been very different if the record had been drawn up a dozen years earlier. But, even apart from this, it was inevitable that friction should arise within the mass of Norman nobility as it settled into its position in the conquered land. The Domesday Inquest afforded a grand opportunity for the statement and adjustment of conflicting claims, and examples may generally be found in every few pages of Domesday Book.

The last point in connection with the survey which calls for special notice is the origin of the name by which it is universally known. “Domesday Book” is clearly no official title; it is a popular appellation, of which the meaning is not quite free from doubt. Officially, the record was known as the “Book of Winchester,” from the city in which it was kept; it was cited under that name when the abbot of Abingdon, in the reign of Henry I., proved by it the exemption of certain of his estates from the hundred court of Pyrton, Oxfordshire. The best explanation of its other, more famous name may be given in the words of Richard Fitz Neal, writing under Henry II.:

“This book is called by the natives, ‘Domesdei,’ that is by a metaphor
the day of judgment, for as the sentence of that strict and terrible
last scrutiny may by no craft be evaded, so when a dispute arises
concerning those matters which are written in this book, it is
consulted, and its sentence may not be impugned nor refused with
safety.”[339]

On the whole this explanation probably comes near the truth. We may well believe that to the common folk of the time, this stringent, searching inquiry into their humble affairs may have seemed very suggestive of the last great day of reckoning. Viewed in this light the name becomes invested with an interest of its own; it is an abiding witness to the reluctant wonder aroused by the making of this, King William’s greatest work and our supreme record.

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Genealogical Tables

TABLE A

_THE DUCAL HOUSE OF NORMANDY_

‘Rollo’
│
William I.
│
Richard I.
│
┌──────────────┬──────┼──────────┬────────┬───────────┬───┐
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
Richard II. = Judith │ Malger William Mahaut = Odo II.│Hawise = Geoffrey I
│ of Brittany │ count of count of │ of Brittany
│ │ Mortain of Eu Blois │ ↓
│ │ │ │ │ (Table B)
│ │ │ │ ┌───────────┘
│ Robert, │ │ Emma = Ethelred II.
│ archbishop William │ ┌─────┴──────┐
│ of Rouen ‘the │ Alfred the Edward the
│ │ Warling’ │ Etheling Confessor
│ │ │
│ Ralf de Wacy └─────────────────────┐
┌──┴─────┬───────────────┬──────────────┬──────────┐ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
Richard Robert I. │ Malger William │
III. │ Adeliz = Reginald, archbishop count │
Nicholas │ count of of Rouen of Arques │
abbot of │ Burgundian │
St. Ouen │ Palatinate ┌───────┼──────────┐
┌────┴──────┐ │ │ │ │
│ │ Guy of Robert William Hugh, bishop
William II. Adeliz Brionne count ‘Busac’ of Lisieux
│ ↓ of Eu
Robert II. (Table C.)
nf-
.ll
.pb

TABLE B
.ti 0
_THE COUNTS OF BRITTANY_
.ll 80
.nf l
Geoffrey I. = Hawise of Normandy
†1008 │
│
┌──────────────────────┴───────────────────┐
│ │
Alan III. †1040 Éon, count of Penthièvre
│ †1079 │
┌─────────────────-┼─────────────┐ ┌──────┴───────┐
│ │ │ │ │
Conan II. Geoffrey ‘Grenonat’ Hawise = Hoel, Brian, Alan,
o. s. p. 1066 (claimant 1075) │ count of earl of Richmond earl of
│ Cornouaille Richmond
│ †1084
│
Alan Fergent = Constance
†1119 of Normandy

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE C

_THE DESCENDANTS OF ARLETTE_

Robert of Normandy = Arlette = Herlwin de Conteville
│ |
┌─────────┘ └────────────┐
│ │
┌─────────┴───────┐ ┌────────────┼──────────┐
│ │ │ │ │
William Adeliz = Enguerrand Odo, bishop Robert, Muriel
count of Ponthieu of Bayeux count of
│ Mortain
┌────────────────┴──────────┐
│ │
Adeliz = Eudes, count of Judith = Waltheof, earl of
│ Champagne │ Northampton
│ │
Stephen, count of Maud = David I.
Aumâle king of Scots
(claimant for England, 1095) ↓

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE D

_THE COUNTS OF MAINE_

Hugh II.
│
┌─────────┴──────────────┐
│ │
Hugh III. Herbert ‘Baccon’
│ (regent of Maine, 1036–1040)
│
Herbert I. ‘Eveille-chien’
†1035
│
│
┌──────────┴───────────────────┐
│ │
Hugh IV. Biota = Walter of Mantes
†1051 count of the Vexin
│ Français
│
┌───┴──────────┬─────────────────────────┬───────────┐
│ │ │ │
Herbert II. Gersendis = Azo, marquis Margaret Paula = John de la Flèche
†1063 │ of Liguria (betrothed to
│ Robert of Normandy)
│
Hugh (claimant
in 1073)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE E

_THE COUNTS OF THE VEXIN_

Walter II.
│
┌──────────────────┴─────────────────────┐
│ │
Drogo = Goda, d. of Ethelred II. Ralf II., count of Valois
│ │
┌─────────┴──────────────────┐ Ralf III., count of Valois
│ │ │ and the Vexin
Walter III. = Biota of Maine Ralf, earl of Hereford │
o.s.p. 1063 │
Simon de Crepy
o.s.p.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE F

_THE SUCCESSION IN 1066_

Richard I. of Normandy Swegn Forkbeard Thorgils Sprakalegg
│ │ │
┌─────────┴──────────────────────────┐ ┌────┴───┐ ┌────┴────┐
│ │ │ │ │ │
Richard II. Ælfgifu=(1)Ethelred II.=(2)Emma = Cnut Estrith=Ulf Gytha=Godwin
│ │ │ │viceroy │
│ │ │ │of Norway │
│ │ │ │ │
Robert I. Edmund Ironside Edward Swegn Estrithson Harold II.
│ │ the Confessor
│ │
William Edward the Etheling
│
Edgar the Etheling

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE G

_THE COUNTS OF FLANDERS_

Baldwin IV.
†1036
│
┌─────────────────────────────┴───────────┐
│ │
Baldwin V. = Adela of Tostig = Judith = Welf, duke of Bavaria
†1067 │ France earl of Northumbria
│
┌──────┴───────────────────┬────────────────────────────┐
│ │ │
Baldwin VI. = Richildis, Robert = Gertrude, widow Matilde = William
†1070 │ heiress ‘le Frison’ of Florence I. │ duke of
│ of Hainault †1093 │ count of Holland │ Normandy
│ │ │
┌────────┴────────┐ ┌────┴──────────┐ │
│ │ │ │ │
Arnulf Baldwin Robert II. Adela = Cnut, king Robert
(inherited (inherited †1111 │ of Denmark duke of
Flanders) Hainault) │ │ Normandy
│ Charles ‘le Bon’ |
Baldwin VII. †1127 William
†1119 (claimant in 1127)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE H

_THE EARLS OF NORTHUMBRIA_

(1)Ecgfryth = Uhtred = (2)Ælfgifu, daughter
earl of Northumbria of Ethelred II.
†1016
│ Crinan
│ lay abbot of
│ (1) (1) 2 Dunkeld
┌────────────────┴──┬────────┬────────┐ ┌─────┴────┐
Ealdred Eadwulf Gospatric Ealdgyth = Maldred(2)│
earl of Bernicia earl of †1064 │ │
†circ. 1038 Bernicia │ Duncan(1)
│ †1041 Gospatric king of
┌───┴──────┐ │ earl of Scots
│ │ │ Bernicia †1040
Ligulf = Ealdgyth Ælflœd=Siward Oswulf 1067–1068 │
(favourite of │ earl of earl of 1069–1072 Malcolm III.
Bishop Walcher) │ North- Bernicia ↓ king of
†1080 │ umbria †1067 Scots
↓ │ †1055 1057–1093
│ ↓
Walther
earl of Bernicia
Huntingdon
↓

End Matter

INDEX

Abernethy, 323, 325 Abingdon, chronicle of, 178 —— knight service of, 449 —— Ethelhelm, abbot of, 399, 450 —— history of, 416, 494 Adeliz, countess of Ponthieu, 64, 234 Ælfwold, abbot of St. Benet of Holme, 173 Agelwig, abbot of Evesham, 333 Agriculture, system of, 479, 480 Aire, river, passage of, 278, 279 Alan III., count of Brittany, 66, 72, 137, 341 Alan Fergant, duke of Brittany, 342 Alan, earl of Richmond, 200, 324, 361 Aldreth, Cambridgeshire, 298, 300 Alençon, 63, 91, 299 —— siege of, 94, 95 Alfred the Etheling, 47, 51 Alfred, King, 6, 12, 22, 25, 179, 394 Algar, English prisoner, 372 Alney, treaty of, 214 Ambrières, 118, 119 Angevin succession war, 126, 127, 130, 160, 304 Anjou, county of, 66, 88, 126, 127 —— counts of, _see_ Fulk Nerra, Fulk le Rechin, Geoffrey Martel, Geoffrey le Barbu. Anselm of Aosta, 42, 43 Ansgar the Staller (Esegar), 224, 238, 241, 424 Apulia, 97, 99 Aquitaine, 141 Archil, Northumbrian thegn, 265, 268 Argentan, 78, 79 Arlette, mistress of Robert I., 63, 64, 234 Army, the feudal, 456 —— —— numbers of, 450, 451 —— —— at Hastings, 196 Arnold, bishop of le Mans, 310, 312 Arnulf, son of Baldwin VI., of Flanders, 305, 306 Arnulf, count of Flanders, 27 Arques, county of, 101 —— siege of, 102-105 —— _see_ William, count of. Arthur of Brittany, 233 Arundel, castle of, 428 Arve, valley of, 76, 77, 123 Asbiorn, Earl, 271, 285, 291, 321 Ascelin, son of Arthur, 375 Assessment, principles of, 466-472 Athelstan, King, 19, 27, 28 Aubrey, earl of Northumbria, 353 Aversa, battle of, 106 Avranchin, the, 25, 138 Axholme, Isle of, 275 Azo, marquis of Liguria, 308

Baile Hill, York, 269 Baldwin, sheriff of Devon, 257, 422 Baldwin V., count of Flanders, 91, 105, 106, 108, 109, 126, 160, 171, 172, 305 Baldwin VI., count of Flanders, 305 Baldwin, son of Count Baldwin VI., 305, 307 Bamburgh, 317 Barking, 227, 233, 238 Battle, abbey of, 197, 397 Baudri de Guitry, 372, 373 Bavinkhove, battle of, 306 Bayeux, 102, 115 —— bishop of, _see_ Odo. Beaumont (Maine), castle of, 313, 360 Beaurain, 154 Beauvoisis, 112 Bec, schools of, 41-43 Bedfordshire, assessment of, 467-469 Bellême, county of, 39, 91, 105, 128, 429 —— _see_ Mabel of. _Beneficium_, 32 “Beorcham,” 221 Berengar of Tours, 42 Berkhamstead, Little, 222 Bertha of Blois, 130 Bessin, the, 25, 81, 121 Beverley, church of, 385 Bilsdale-in-Cleveland, 282 Biota of Mantes, 129, 131, 136 Blanchelande, peace of, 314-316, 344-346 Bleddyn, king of Gwynedd, 248, 262, 276 Blois, county of, 38, 66, 67 —— _see_ Odo II., Theobald III., counts of. Blyth (Notts), 441 Bonjen, valley of, 361 Bonneville, council of, 180 Border, the Scotch, 317, 318, 323, 324 Boscherville, 351 Brand, abbot of Peterborough, 228, 290 Bresle, river, 24 Breteuil, 117 —— laws of, 117 Bretford (Wilts), 67 Brian of Penthievre, 270, 277, 324 Brill (Bucks), 420 Brionne, siege of, 85 —— county of, 114 Bristol, 258 Brittany, 66, 138, 141 —— volunteers from, 168 —— —— at Hastings, 200, 201 —— _see_ Alan, Conan, Hoel, counts of. Broken Tower, the, 217 Buckingham, earldom of, 167 “Burh-bot,” 300 Burton-on-Trent, 420

Caen, 122, 351, 374, 375, 401 —— abbey of, Holy Trinity, 180, 358 —— —— St. Stephen’s, 42, 180 —— burial of William I. at, 374 Cambridge, 266, 298, 333 Canterbury, 217 —— _see_ Anselm, Dunstan, Lanfranc, Robert of Jumièges, Stigand, archbishops of. Capetian House, 360 —— in alliance with Normandy, 29, 33, 67, 68, 73, 79 Capital punishment, 87, 340 Cardiff, castle of, 354 Cardigan, 429 Carham, battle of, 317 Carisbrooke, castle of, 356 Carlisle, 323 Carolingian Empire, 1 Carolingian House, in alliance with Normandy, 26, 27, 29 Carucates, 470, 471 Castles, in England, 242, 243, 263, 264, 451-453 Castle-guard, 451, 452 Celibacy, clerical, enforcement of, 396, 397 Champagne, county of, 67, 141; _see_ also Blois. Chancellor, the, 418 Chancery, the royal, 53 Charles III., king of West Franks, 25, 26 Chartres, schools of, 41 Chateauneuf, castle of, 346 Chaumont, 368 Chester, 276, 281, 283-285, 388, 429 —— earldom of, 167, 425, 429-431 —— _see_ Gerbod, Hugh, earls of. Christian, bishop of Aarhus, 271 Cicely, daughter of William I., 180 Claim of fealty, papal, 404, 405 Claire-sur-Epte, treaty of, 24, 25, 26, 40, 79 “Clamores” in Lincolnshire Domesday, 497, 498 Clarendon, constitutions of, 357 Cleveland, 176, 282, 317, 320 Clifford’s Tower (York), 265 Cluny, abbey of, 379 Cluniac movement, 40, 385-387 Cnut, king of England and Denmark, 5, 15, 18, 44, 65, 147, 150-152, 211, 253 Cnut II. (Saint), king of Denmark, 271, 334, 335, 363, 365

Coesnon, river, 139 _Commune concilium_, 408-415 Conan, duke of Brittany, 67, 137-140 Confiscation, the great, 235-240 Constance, widow of King Robert I., 68 “Consul Palatinus,” 427 Copsige, earl of Northumbria, 233, 247 Corbie, 307 Cornwall, 259, 260 Cotentin, the, 25, 81, 101, 172 Councils, ecclesiastical, 392, 393 Court, the shire, 421, 422, 433, 437, 442 —— the hundred, 393, 394, 433, 442, 444 Coutances, church of St. Mary at, 137 —— _see_ Geoffrey, bishop of. Crowland, abbey of, 288, 290, 338 Cumberland, 317, 318, 321, 322 Curia, the papal, 55, 163, 164, 377 Curia Regis, 416, 419, 456

Danegeld, 460, 465, 466 Danelaw, 9, 10, 12, 24, 253, 272, 273 Dean, forest of, 272 Denmark, kings of, _see_ Cnut I. and II., Gorm, Harold Blue-Tooth, Harold Hein, Swegen Forkbeard, Swegen Estrithson. Derwent (Yorkshire), 178 Dieppe, 251 Dinan, siege of, 140 Dive, river, 81 —— —— estuary of, 102, 121, 182, 183 —— Church of Notre Dame at, 245 Dol, 138, 139, 341 Domesday Book, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16, 33, 57, 117, 173, 234, 235, 237-240, 257, 273, 280, 325, 327, 345, 367, 392, 411, 414, 415, 430, 457-501 —— Inquest, 437, 485, 486, 498, 499 —— arrangement of, 489-493 —— composition of, 486, 487 —— indefiniteness of, 482-485 —— legal theory underlying, 494-498 —— meaning of name, 500, 501 Domfront, 91-95, 101 Donald, son of Malcolm III., 323 Dover, 50, 156, 216, 217, 249-251 Downton (Wilts), 355, 420 Dreux, county of, 76, 77 Drogo, count of the Vexin, 367 Droitwich, 420 Dunbar, 317-325 Duncan, king of Scots, 318 Dunstan, Archbishop, 18, 20, 381, 406 Durham, 268, 324, 334 —— modern county of, 321

Eadgyth, wife of Edward the Confessor, 218 —— marriage of, 144 Eadmer, historian, 382 Eadric Streona, earl of Mercia, 15, 18, 45, 248 Eadric the Wild, 228, 248, 276 Ealdgyth, wife of Harold II., 171 Ealdred, archbishop of York, 71, 157, 221, 225, 230, 260, 263, 275, 384-387, 390 Ealdwulf II., earl of Northumbria, 58 Earldoms, the great, 14-17, 46, 424, 425 East Anglia, assessment of, 469, 470 Edgar the Etheling, 148, 151-153, 159, 212, 228, 289, 320, 325 —— elected king, 213 —— submission of, 221 —— accompanies William to Normandy, 244 —— flight of (1068), 262, 265 —— attacks York, 268 —— joins Danish fleet, 273 —— in Scotland, 295 —— final flight of, 321 —— receives offer of Montreuil, 326 —— returns to England, 327 Edgar, king, 9, 20, 394 Edington, battle of, 6 Edith the Swan-necked, 207 Edmund Ironside, 15, 21, 147, 209, 211 Edmund, sheriff of Hertfordshire, 231 Ednoth the Staller, 259 Edred, King, 19 Edward the Confessor, 21, 36, 49, 52, 54, 60-62, 66, 76, 91, 143-147, 331, 411 —— death of, 157 —— ecclesiastical appointments by, 385 Edward the Elder, 7, 19, 26 Edward the Etheling, 147, 148 Edward, sheriff of Wiltshire, 423 Edwin, earl of Mercia, 59, 61, 153, 177, 191-193, 212-215, 227, 230, 234, 412 —— accompanies William I. to Normandy, 244, 245 —— first revolt of, 261-264 —— flight and death of, 295-297 Edwy, king of Wessex, 8, 20 Elf, the, treaty of, 48 Ely, abbey of, 288, 432 —— Domesday Inquest relating to, 459 —— Isle of, 290-300, 321 —— private jurisdiction over, 440, 441 Emma, wife of Ethelred II., 29, 30, 31, 47, 65, 143 Emma, wife of Earl Ralf, 330, 334 English sheriffs, 424 Enguerrand, count of Ponthieu, 64, 76 —— death of, 104, 111, 234 Eon, count of Penthievre, 119, 200, 324 Epte, river, 24, 68 Eric, earl of Northumbria, 45 Eric of Upsala, 2 Esegar, _see_ Ansgar. Estrith, sister of Cnut, 65 Ethelmer, bishop of Elmham, 389 Ethelnoth, Kentish thegn, 244 Ethelred II., 8, 15, 18, 20, 29, 30, 44, 143 Ethelric, bishop of Selsey, 389 Ethelwine, bishop of Durham, 266, 268, 389 Ethelwold, prior of Peterborough, 292, 295 Eu, 24, 105 —— county of, 100 —— _see_ Robert, William, counts of. Eudo fitz Hubert (de Rye), 418 Eustace, count of Boulogne, 50, 169, 228, 231, 249, 250, 300 Evesham, abbey of, 281 —— _see_ Agelwig, abbot of. Evreux, county of, 70 —— _see_ William, count of. Exeter, 30, 252, 254, 259, 277, 454 —— revolt of, 253-257, 267 —— see of, 383 Exning, 330, 332, 340

Fagadun, 334 Falaise, 63, 78, 121 Falkirk, 350 Feasts, 409 Fécamp, 39, 71, 76, 245, 401 —— council at, 70, 71 Feigned flight at Hastings, 203-205 Fenland, 288 Feudal rights, 34 _Feudum_, 32 Five Boroughs, 7 —— assessment of, 472, 473 Flanders, county of, 27, 38, 52, 108, 109, 141, 160, 305-307 —— volunteers from, 168 —— visited by Robert Curthose, 346, 348 —— _see_ Baldwin V. and VI., Robert, Arnulf, counts of. Flat Holme, the, 258 Fleet, the English, 173, 174, 178 —— the Norman, 165-168 Fresnay, castle of, 312, 313, 360 Fulford, battle of, 177 Fulk the Lame, 167 Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 71-89 Fulk le Rechin, count of Anjou, 127, 304, 308, 312-315 Fyrd, the English, 255, 323, 333, 341, 445, 454, 455

Gainsborough, 272 Gamel, the son of Orm, 59 Gateshead, 352 Gatinais, the, 127 Gebuin, Archbishop of Lyons, 404 Geoffrey Alselin, 238 Geoffrey “le barbu,” count of Anjou, 127 Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, 128, 225, 277, 384, 400, 408, 409, 454 Geoffrey “Grenonat,” count of Rennes, 341 Geoffrey de Mandeville, 238, 241, 424 Geoffrey “Martel,” count of Anjou, 89, 112, 116, 160, 304 —— war of 1048, 90-95 —— refrains from war of 1054, 112-116 —— attacks Ambrières, 118, 119 —— count of Maine, 118, 128, 130 —— death, 126 Geoffrey of Mayenne, 118-120, 308, 310-312 Gerald the Seneschal, 167 Gerbevoi, castle of, 347, 360 —— battle of, 347, 348 Gersendis of Liguria, 308, 311 Gertrude of Holland, 305 Gervaise, bishop of Le Mans, 128 Gherbod, earl of Chester, 429, 430 Gilbert, count of Brionne, 72, 74, 76 Gilbert Crispin, castellan of Tillières, 77 Gilbert of Ghent, 170 Gilbert Maminot, bishop of Lisieux, 369 Gilbert, Bishop Walcher’s deputy, 351, 352 Gloucester, 51, 415, 453 Gloucestershire, 426 Godwine, earl of Wessex, 16, 18, 47, 49, 50, 51, 109, 145, 146, 156 —— House of, 319 Gorm, king of Denmark, 2 Gospatric, Northumbrian thegn, 59 Gospatric, earl of Northumbria, 268, 319, 320 —— appointed earl (1068), 248 —— flight of (1068), 262 —— joins Danish army, 273 —— makes submission, 282 —— harries Cumberland, 321, 322 —— deposition of, 325 Gratian, 394 Grimbald de Plesis, 82, 87 Guildford, 47 Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 401 Gunhild, daughter of Earl Godwine, 258 Guntard, abbot of Jumièges, 370 Gustavus Vasa, 4 Guthrum of East Anglia, 6, 24 Guy of Brionne, 71 —— revolt of, 80-88 Guy-Geoffrey of Aquitaine, 105, 111 Guy, count of Ponthieu, 111, 115, 154, 183 Gyrth, earl of East Anglia, 57, 202 Gytha, wife of Earl Godwine, 150, 207, 257, 258

Hacon, earl of Worcestershire, 45 Hacon, Danish earl, 334 Hainault, county of, 305 Hamon de Thorigny, 82 Hamon, viscount of Thouars, 223 Harold “Blue Tooth,” king of Denmark, 45 Harold “Hein,” king of Denmark, 271, 335, 363 Harold I., king of England, 47 Harold II., king of England, 49, 52, 56, 57, 257, 302 —— joins in Breton war, 139, 155 —— earl of Wessex, 147 —— continental tour of, 148, 149 —— designs upon English throne, 148 —— visit to Normandy and oath, 154-157 —— becomes king of England, 157-160 —— refuses papal arbitration, 161, 163 —— marriage of, 171 —— campaign of Stamfordbridge, 177-179 —— campaign of Hastings, 191-194 —— battle of Hastings, 194-205 —— death, 205, 206 —— character, 208-210 —— illegitimate sons of, 258, 259, 270 Harold Fair Hair, king of Norway, 2 Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, 3, 48, 49, 175-179, 183, 253, 273 Harthacnut, 46, 48 Hastings, battle of, 54, 133, 194-206, 286 —— castle of, 187 —— base of Norman army, 188, 195, 211 Hayling Island, grant of, 231 Helie de la Flèche, 362 Henry de Beaumont, 264, 408, 451 Henry IV., emperor, 160 Henry I., king of England, 219, 233, 260, 369, 370, 419 Henry II., king of England, 348, 419, 423 Henry, son of Henry II., 349 Henry de Ferrers, 169, 408 Henry I., king of France, 34, 37, 68, 71, 77, 100, 160 —— guardian of William, 74 —— raids in Normandy, 78 —— at Val-es-dunes, 83-85 —— war with Anjou, 90 —— supports William of Arques, 103, 104 —— invades Normandy, 110-117 —— retreat of, 116 —— defeated at Varaville, 121, 122 —— character of reign, 125 —— death, 126 —— grants Vexin to Robert I. of Normandy, 367 Herbert “Bocco,” regent of Maine, 129 Herbert “Eveille-Chien,” count of Maine, 129 Herbert II., count of Maine, 118, 130, 131 Hereford, earldom of, 49, 53, 167, 243, 328, 329, 342, 425-427 —— castle of, 248 —— county of, 276 Hereward, 289-295, 297-303, 316 Herlwin, abbot of Bec, 41 Herlwin of Conteville, 64 Herlwin, knight, 374 Hidage, the Tribal, 462, 463 —— the Burghal, 463, 464 —— the county, 465 Hides, 460, 461 Hiesmois, county of, 70, 78, 83, 105, 121 Hildebrand, _see_ Pope Gregory VII. Hoel, duke of Brittany, 140, 314, 341, 342 Holderness, 176, 320 Housecarles, 445 Hoveringham (Notts), Domesday description of, 476-482 Hubert, papal legate, 404 Hubert of Fresnay, 312 Hubert, viscount of Maine, 360-363 Hugh fitz Baldric, 423 Hugh de Chateauneuf, 346 Hugh, earl of Chester, 78, 167, 356, 430, 433 Hugh of Gournai, 113 Hugh de Grentmaisnil, 243, 348 Hugh of Liguria, 308 Hugh IV., count of Maine, 118, 129 Hugh the Great, count of Paris, 26 Hugh de Montfort, 113, 167, 243, 249 Hugh de Montgomery, 428 Hugh of Sillé, 310, 311, 313 Humber, the, 58 Humphrey de Tilleul, 243 Huntingdon, 191, 266 —— earldom of, 329

Iceland, 3 Ingelric the Priest, 232 Ingibiorg, wife of Malcolm III., 323 Ipswich, 271

Jersey, 66 John, king of England, 162 John de la Flèche, 308, 313-315 John, archbishop of Rouen, 246 Judith, wife of Earl Tostig, 109 Judith, wife of Earl Waltheof, 234, 332, 337, 342 Jumièges, 39, 245 Junquené, archbishop of Dol, 76, 138 Jurisdiction, ecclesiastical, 386, 387

Kent, earldom of, 167, 425, 431 Knight service, institution of, 444, 446-451 Knights’ fee, 446, 447

La Flèche, siege of, 314 —— _see also_ Helie and John. Land-loan, 33 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 214, 358, 389 —— head of school of Bec, 41 —— opposes William’s marriage, 107 —— abbot of St. Stephen’s, Caen, 180 —— visits Rome (1067), 245, 246 —— relations with Roger of Hereford, 328, 329 —— conduct in 1075, 334-336 —— suggests arrest of Bishop Odo, 357 —— letter to, 371 —— policy as archbishop, 390-397 —— dispute with the Curia, 403 Law, Old English, 10, 499 —— canon, 394 Leicester, 264 —— earldom of, 167 Le Mans, 127, 132-134, 309-313 —— see of, 127-129 —— _see_ Arnold, Gervase, Vulgrin, bishops of. Leobwine, favourite of Bishop Walcher, 352 Leofgar, bishop of Hereford, 384 Leofric, earl of Mercia, 18, 45, 49, 145 —— House of, 262, 296, 319 Leofric, abbot of Peterborough, 228 Leofwine, Earl, son of Godwine, 57, 202 Leofwine, bishop of Lichfield, 230 Lewes, priory of, 397 Ligulf, Northumbrian thegn, 352 Lijmfiord, 364 Lillebonne, council of (1066), 165, 170, 172, 408 —— —— (1080), 351, 406 Lincoln, 187, 191, 266, 273 Lindsey, 173, 275, 276, 278 Lisois de Monasteriis, 278, 279 London, 133, 192 —— citizens of, 153, 224 —— citizens of, charter to, 240 —— Tower of, 227 —— Bridge, 57, 219 Lothian, 317, 323, 325 Louis d’Outremer, 9, 28, 29 Lugg, river, 248 Lyting, bishop of Worcester, 384

Mabel of Bellême, 39, 120 Macbeth, king of Scots, 318 Magnus I., king of Norway, 46, 48, 49 Magnus Bareleg, king of Norway, 4 Maine, 39, 88, 92, 118-120, 160 —— revolt of (1072), 307-316 —— revolt of (1084), 359-362 —— baronage of, 129, 308 —— _see_ Hugh, Herbert, counts of. Malcolm I., king of Scots, 317 Malcolm II., king of Scots, 317, 318 Malcolm III., king of Scots, 173, 265, 266, 317-323, 350 —— marriage of, 322 Malger, archbishop of Rouen, 71 —— deposition of, 106, 107 Malger, count of Mortain, 70 Malmesbury, abbey of, 289 —— schools of, 398 Mantes, 112, 368, 369 Margaret of Maine, 130, 131, 136 Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., 322 Marleswegen, sheriff of Lincoln, 192, 229, 262, 268, 273, 321 Marmontice, abbey of, 181, 397 Matilda, the empress, 163, 233 Matilda, wife of William I., 105-110, 143 —— contributes to the fleet, 167 —— regent of Normandy (1066), 181, 241 —— regent of Normandy (1068), 251 —— regent of Normandy (1069), 269 —— coronation of, 260, 261 —— assists Robert her son in exile, 346 —— death and character, 358, 359 Mauritius, archbishop of Rouen, 42, 245 Maxines, abbey of, 306 Mayenne, castle of, 134 Monasteries, foundation of, 380 Monasticism, in Normandy, 40 —— revival of, in England, 397-400 Mons, 306 Montacute (Somerset), siege of, 277 Montgomery (Normandy), castle of, 67, 72 Montgomery (England), castle of, 427 —— _see_ Hugh, Roger, William de. Montlouis, battle of, 89, 90 Montreuil-sur-Mer, 326, 347 Mora, the, 167, 185 Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 59, 60, 153, 171, 177, 191-193, 212-215, 227, 261, 319, 372, 412 —— accompanies William to Normandy, 244, 245 —— first revolt of, 261-264 —— flight to Ely, 295, 296 —— imprisonment of, 299 Morecambe Bay, 265 Mortain, _see_ Malger, Robert, William, counts of. Mortemer, campaign and battle of, 114, 115, 183, 367 Moulins, 105, 111

Nantes, county of, 137 Neel de St. Sauveur, 82, 85 Newburn on Tyne, 247 Newcastle on Tyne, 323 —— castle of, founded, 350 Nicæa, 72 Nicholas, abbot of St. Ouen, 71, 167 Normandy, boundaries of, 24, 25 —— condition of (1035), 74, 75 —— condition of (1066), 141 —— dukes of, _see_ Robert I., II., Rollo, Richard I., II., III., William I., II. Northampton, 59, 60 Northamptonshire, 59 —— French barons of, 171 Northumbria, 8, 9, 58, 213, 214, 230, 259, 262, 273, 391 —— revolt of (1065), 59, 60 —— opposition to Harold, 171 —— revolt of (1068), 262, 263 —— revolt of (1069), 273-279 —— harrying of, 279-283, 286, 287 —— earls of, _see_ Aubrey, Copsige, Gospatric, Morcar, Oswulf, Robert de Comines, Robert de Mowbray, Siward, Tostig, Walcher, Waltheof. Norway, kings of, _see_ Harold Fair Hair, Harold Hardrada, Magnus I., II., Olaf (Saint), Olaf Tryggvasson, Olaf Kyrre, and Sigurd. Norwich, 244, 254, 272, 333, 334 Nottingham, 264, 278

Oath of Harold, 153-157 Odensee, 364-365 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 40, 64, 128, 231, 249, 250, 259, 384, 390, 415, 416, 434 —— contributes to the fleet, 166 —— at Hastings, 202 —— joint regent (1067), 243, 246 —— earl of Kent, 423, 431, 433 —— harries Northumberland, 352, 353 —— arrested and imprisoned, 355-358 —— released, 372 Odo, brother of Henry I. of France, 113, 115 Odo II., count of Blois, 68, 77 Oise, river, 68 Olaf (Tryggvasson), king of Norway, 4 Olaf (Saint), king of Norway, 8 Olaf (Kyrre), king of Norway, 363 Olne, river, 85, 122 Ordericus Vitalis, 287, 336, 337, 339, 429 Orkneys, 3, 176 —— Paul and Erling, earls of, 176 Osbern the Seneschal, 72, 76, 427 Osbern, bishop of Salisbury, 401 Ostmen of Dublin, 52 Oswulf, earl of Northumbria, 247, 319 Ouse (Yorkshire), river, 176, 265, 273, 279, 282 Oxford, 60

Paula of Maine, 308 Peterborough, abbey of, 288-295 —— abbots of, _see_ Brand, Leofric, Therold. —— knight service due from, 449 Peter’s Pence, 404 Pevensey, 7, 54, 179, 185-187, 226, 244 Philip I., king of France, 160, 304 —— succeeds, 126 —— temporary alliance with Flanders, 307 —— grants Montreuil to Edgar the Etheling, 326 —— supports Breton insurgents, 341 —— supports Robert of Normandy, 347 —— acquires Vexin, 368 —— war of 1087, 368, 369 Poissy, 83 Pontefract, 278, 279 Ponthieu, county of, 183 —— _see_ Enguerrand, Guy, counts of. Pontoise, 368 Pope, Alexander II., 161, 402, 405 —— Benedict X., 389 —— Gregory VII., 162, 357, 358, 402-406 —— Innocent II., 163 —— Innocent III., 162 —— Leo IX., 107 —— Nicholas II., 107 Porlock (Somerset), 54 _Precarium_, the, 32, 33 Private jurisdiction, 35 —— —— after 1066, 438-443 Private war, in Normandy, 35

Raimalast, castle of, 346 Ralf of Mantes, earl of Hereford, 49, 53 Ralf III., count of Valois, 368 Ralf de Wacy, 72, 78 Ralf de Wader, earl of East Anglia, 272, 329, 330, 333-335, 341-342 Ramsey, abbey of, 288, 294, 295 Randolf de Brichessart, 81, 85 Redemption of land by English, 234-236 Reginald of Clermont, 113-115 Remigius (Remi), bishop of Lincoln, 167, 401 Rennes, counts of, 137 —— county of, 138 Rheims, General Council of, 106, 107 Rhiwallon of Dol, 138, 139 Rhiwallon, king of Powys, 248 “Ricardenses,” the, 69, 101 Riccall (Yorkshire), 176, 179 Richard I., duke of Normandy, 28, 29, 37, 38, 39, 379 Richard II., duke of Normandy, 29, 38, 41, 101, 379 Richard III., duke of Normandy, 64 Richard of Hugleville, 103 Richard, son of Count Gilbert of Brionne, 261 Richard, second son of William I., 260 Richildis of Hainault, 305, 306 Richmond, earldom of, 324 Ripon, church of, 385 Rippingdale (Lincolnshire), 290 Robertian House, 25, 27, 29 Robert, duke of Burgundy, 360 Robert de Comines, earl of Northumbria, 267, 268, 319 Robert, count of Eu, 100, 113, 166, 261, 276 Robert “the Frisian,” count of Flanders, 160, 305-307, 326, 346, 363 Robert, bishop of Hereford, 401 Robert of Jumièges, archbishop of Canterbury, 53, 245, 385 Robert, count of Mortain, 64, 166, 259, 260, 261, 276, 277, 414 Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumbria, 353 Robert d’Oilly, 169 Robert, count of Paris, 25 Robert I., duke of Normandy, 34, 37, 63-72, 143, 245, 367 Robert II. (Curthose), duke of Normandy, 130, 136, 181, 233, 260, 404 —— joint regent of Normandy (1068), 251 —— recognised as count of Maine, 314-316 —— revolt of, 345-349 —— character of, 349, 350 —— Scotch expedition of, 350 —— designated heir of Normandy, 371 Robert fitz Richard, castellan of York, 265, 268, 269 Robert, archbishop of Rouen, 70, 75 Robert de Vieux-Pont, 314 Robert, the son of Wymarc, 189, 190 Roche-Mabille, foundation of, 120 Rochester, 219 —— church of, suit relating to, 434-436 —— _see_ Gundulf, bishop of. Roger de Beaumont, 166, 181, 251, 264, 299, 348 Roger de Busli, 441 Roger, earl of Hereford, 372, 408, 426 —— revolt of, 328-335 Roger de Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury, 39, 120, 166, 261, 287, 314, 348, 358, 408, 425, 427-429, 433 Roger de Toeny, 75 Rollo, duke of Normandy, 24-27, 30 Romney, 215, 216 Rotrou, count of Mortagne, 346 Rouen, 87, 351, 369 —— priory of St. Gervase at, 369, 373 Rudolph of Burgundy, king of West Franks, 26 Rye, 83

St. Albans, abbey of, 449 —— schools of, 398 St. Aubin, 103, 234 St. Benet of Holme, abbey of, _see_ Alfwold, abbot. —— knight service due from, 449 St. Davids, visited by William I., 353 St. James, castle of, 138 St. Omer, 258 St. Suzanne, siege of, 359-362, 372 St. Valery, 166, 183, 184 St. Wandville, 39, 68 Saintonge, 88-90, 127 Salisbury, 277, 285 —— oath of, 364-366 —— _see_ Osmund, bishop of. Samson, Queen Matilda’s messenger, 347 Sandwich, 172, 173 Sarthe, valley of, 134, 312 “Sawold,” sheriff of Oxford, 231 Sees, translation of, 391, 392 Seine, valley of, 25, 112 Sheriffs, Norman, 422 —— English, 423 Shrewsbury, 276, 283 —— earldom of, 167, 425, 427, 428 —— _see_ Hugh, Roger, de Montgomery, earls of. Sicily, volunteers from, 168 Sigurd (Jerusalem-farer), king of Norway, 4 Sillé, castle of, 310-313 —— _see_ Hugh of. Simon de Crepy, count of Valois and the Vexin, 368 Siward Barn, 372 Siward, earl of Northumbria, 49, 57, 58, 145, 318, 319 —— House of, 325 Sogne Fiord, 176 Soissons, county of, 100 Somme, estuary of, 183 Sorel, castle of, 346 Southwark, 51, 54, 219 Southwell (Notts), church of, 385 Stafford, 252, 276, 278, 285, 388 Stamford, 191 Stamfordbridge, battle of, 48, 177-179, 187, 189, 192 —— saga of, 176 Stephen, king of England, 163, 219, 249 Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, 55, 56, 225, 300 —— submits at Wallingford, 153, 220 —— accompanies William to Normandy, 244 —— deposition of, 389 Subinfeudation, 446-450 Sulung, the, 469 Sussex, devastation of, 188 —— earldom of, 428 —— ports of, 53 Swegen Estrithson, king of Denmark, 160, 253, 255, 270, 271, 290, 291, 294, 334, 335 Swegen Forkbeard, king of Denmark, 4, 15, 44, 46, 272 Swegen, son of Cnut, 46 Swegen, son of Earl Godwine, 49

Tactics, 197, 198 Tadcaster, 177, 191 Tapestry, the Bayeux, 166, 201, 202 Taw, river, 270 Tees, river, 58, 282, 317, 320, 323 Telham, 199 Terouenne, 306 Thegns, 238-240, 447, 448 Theobald III., count of Blois, 141 Theodoric, count of Holland, 305 Thomas I., archbishop of York, 390 Thorney, abbey of, 288 Thorold, abbot of Peterborough, 289-291, 295 Thurcytel de Neufmarché, 72 Thurstan, abbot of Ely, 300 Thurstan, abbot of Glastonbury, 399 Thurstan Goz, revolt of, 78 —— Richard, son of, 78, 97 Tillières, 76-78, 117, 123 Title to English crown, 149-153, 232, 233 Tochi (Tokig), son of Outi, 169, 238 Tokig of Wallingford, 348 Tostig, earl of Northumbria, 9, 57-60, 109, 171-179, 319 Tours, schools of, 41 Trade, 53, 65, 109 Treaty of 1054, 116, 117, 130 Truce of God, 36, 380 Tyne, river, 176, 350

Ulfketil, abbot of Crowland, 290 Units of assessment, 467-469, 471, 472, 474, 475 Urse d’Abetot, 333, 423, 424

Val-es-dunes, battle of, 79, 80, 84, 85, 380 Valognes, 82, 87, 101 Valois, House of, 368 —— _see_ Simon, Ralf, counts of. Value of manors in Domesday, 480-482 Varaville, battle of, 37, 122, 123, 149 Vermandois, county of, 27 Vernon, castle of, 82, 86 Vexin Français, 68, 129, 131, 167 Vire, estuary of, 83 Vulgrin, bishop of Le Mans, 167

Walcher of Lorraine, 351
—— bishop of Durham, 324
—— earl of Northumbria, 342, 343
—— murder of, 352, 416
Waleran, brother of Guy, count of Ponthieu, 115
Waleran, count of Meulan, 75
Wales, 432
—— expedition into, 353, 354
Wallingford, 220
Walter Giffard, 102, 167, 408
Walter de Lacy, 333
Walter of Mantes, 129, 131, 135, 368
Walter Tirel, 170
Waltham, minster of, 207
Waltheof, earl of Huntingdon, 60, 231, 261, 295, 302, 345, 414
—— submits at Barking, 234
—— accompanies William to Normandy, 244
—— joins Danish attack on York, 273, 274
—— submits by the Tees, 282
—— created earl of Northumbria, 325
—— disaffection of (1075), 329-332
—— condemnation and execution, 336-340
Warwick, 264
—— earldom of, 167
Watling Street, 13, 420
Wearmouth, 321
Wedmore, treaty of, 25
Westminster, 157, 251, 287, 364
—— abbey of, 225, 260, 261
—— charters relating to, 229, 230
Wharfe, river, 176, 177
Wight, Isle of, 54, 172, 356, 366
Wigod of Wallingford, 169
William, duke of Aquitaine, 119
William, count of Arques, 70, 71, 96
—— revolt of, 101-105
William Busac, 96
—— revolt of, 99, 100
William, count of Eu, 70
William, count of Evreux, 314
William of Jumièges, chronicler, 65, 69, 381
William Malet, 269, 275
William of Malmesbury, historian, 382
William de Montgomery, 72
William, count of Mortain, 97-99
William de Moulins, 314
William I. (Longsword), duke of Normandy, 27, 28
William II., duke of Normandy and king of England, 4, 5, 7, 9, 25, 37,
40, 48, 56;
birth of, 63, 64;
recognised as heir of Normandy, 70, 71;
minority of, 72-80;
ward of King Henry I., 73, 74;
in war of Tillières, 76-80;
suppresses revolt of 1047, 80-88;
besieges Brionne, 85, 86;
supports Henry I. against Geoffrey Martel, 90;
captures Domfront and Alençon, 91-95;
banishes William, count of Mortain, 97-99;
suppresses revolt of William Busac, 99, 100;
suppresses revolt of William of Arques, 101-105;
marries Matilda of Flanders, 105-110;
resists invasion of 1054, 110-117;
concludes peace with King Henry I., 116, 117;
founds Breteuil, 117;
engages in war of Ambrières, 118-120;
founds Roche-Mabille, 120;
defeats invasion of 1058, 120-123;
wins battle of Varaville, 122, 123;
receives commendation of Herbert II. of Maine, 118, 130;
invasion and conquest of Maine, 132-135;
takes possession of Le Mans, 133, 134;
illness of, 136, 137;
engages in Breton campaign of 1064, 137-139;
relief of Dol and siege of Dinan, 139, 140;
position of, at close of 1064, 140-142;
first visit to England, 146;
claim to English throne, 150-152;
receives oath from Harold, earl of Wessex, 153-157;
negotiations with foreign powers, 160;
submits his cause to the pope, 161-163;
gathers an army, 164, 165, 168;
and fleet, 165-168;
demands fulfilment of Harold’s oath, 170;
receives Earl Tostig, 172;
preparations for the invasion of England, 180, 181;
delayed at the Dive estuary, 182, 183;
at St. Valery, 183, 184;
voyage to England, 185;
lands at Pevensey, 185, 186;
builds castles at Pevensey and Hastings, 187, 188;
devastations in Sussex, 188;
receives a message from Harold, 189, 190;
battle of Hastings, 195-206;
generalship of, 197, 198;
moves out of Hastings to the English position, 199;
details of battle, 200-206;
causes Harold’s burial on the shore of Hastings, 207;
takes quarters at Hastings, 211;
march on London, 215-219;
burns Southwark, 219, 220;
crosses Thames at Wallingford, 220;
receives submission of English leaders, 221, 222;
receives offer of the crown, 222, 223;
dealings with “Esegar” the Staller, 224, 225;
coronation, 225, 226;
builds Tower of London, 227;
extent of his authority 1066–7, 230, 231;
at Barking, 227, 233, 234;
grants charter to citizens of London, 240, 241;
visits Normandy, 241, 243-246;
return, 246;
suppresses revolt of Exeter, 253-257;
progress in Cornwall, 259, 260;
at Westminster for Matilda’s coronation, 260;
northern campaign of 1068, 262-266;
receives submission of Malcolm III., 265, 266;
appoints Robert de Comines earl of Northumbria, 267;
second visit to York, 269;
in forest of Dean, 272;
march on Lindsey, 275, 276;
at Stafford, 276, 277;
at Nottingham, 278;
at Pontefract, 278, 279;
harrying of Northumbria, 279-281, 286, 287;
Christmas feast at York, 282;
march to the Tees and return to York, 282, 283;
march to Chester, 283-285;
agreement with Earl Asbiorn, 285;
campaign of Ely, 297-299;
relations with Robert the Frisian, 306, 307;
suppression of Mancel rising, 312, 313;
campaign of La Flèche, 313, 314;
concludes peace of Blanchelande, 314-317;
relations with Malcolm III., 317-323;
treaty of Abernethy, 323;
creation of earldom of Richmond, 324;
dealings with Edgar the Etheling, 325-327;
relations with, and condemnation of, Earl Waltheof, 336-340;
engages in Breton war of 1076, 341, 342;
last phase of reign, its character, 344, 345;
relations with Robert, 345, 346, 348-350;
campaign of Gerberoi, 347, 348;
movements during 1080, 351;
expedition into Wales, 353, 354;
arrest of Odo of Bayeux, 355-358;
death of Queen Matilda, 358, 359;
campaign of St. Suzanne, 359-361;
prepares for a Scandinavian invasion, 363, 364;
takes Oath of Salisbury, 364-366;
last departure from England, 366;
campaign of Mantes, 368, 369;
mortal injury of, 369;
illness of, 370-373;
disposition of inheritance, 371;
release of prisoners, 372;
death, 373;
burial, 374, 375;
ecclesiastical ideas of, 376-378, 381;
reform of English church, 388-402;
relations with the Curia, 402, 403;
administrative changes introduced by,—_see under_ castles, _Commune
Concilium_, _Curia Regis_, earldoms, fyrd, knight service, private
jurisdiction, sheriffs, writs;
orders taking of Domesday Inquest, 457
William II., king of England, 219, 233, 369, 371
William fitz Osbern, earl of Hereford, 93, 117, 230, 231, 261, 269,
287, 328, 414, 425-427, 433, 492
—— contributes to fleet, 166
—— regent of England, 243, 246, 415
—— death, 306
William Peverel, 451
William of Poitiers, biographer, 90, 381
William, archbishop of Rouen, 403, 404
William de Warenne, 243, 397
Wimund, commander of Moulins, 105
Winchelsea, 251
Winchester, 218, 219, 254, 260, 269, 277, 282, 337, 364, 419
Witanagemot, 17, 20
—— nature of, 410-414
Woodstock (Oxfordshire), 420
Worcestershire, 333, 426
Writs, the king’s, 168, 254, 420, 421
—— early Anglo-Norman, 227-231
Wulf, son of King Harold, 372
Wulfnoth, son of Earl Godwine, 212, 372
Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, 230, 333, 391
Wulfwig, bishop of Dorchester, 232
Wyce, valley of, 354

York, 49, 171, 177, 190, 191, 252, 254, 262-265, 268, 269, 273-275, 279, 282-285 —— church of, 335, 385 —— kingdom of, 7

Footnotes

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William the Conqueror and the Rule of the NormansChapter XII: Domesday Book (2)

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