Chapter XXIII: Appendix: Recent and Future Exploration

Hugh Robert Mill has given a masterly account of Antarctic Exploration
in his work “The Siege of the South Pole.” He deals fully with the
voyages which took place before Shackleton’s great exploit. I have
found it so difficult myself to get a comprehensive idea of the later
expeditions that I have drawn the two charts shown herewith. If we
divide Antarctica into four quadrants (as shown in Fig. A) we see that
no expedition among the eleven charted has attacked the African
quadrant, and only two (Amundsen and Charcot) have explored the
Pacific quadrant. A survey of these maps shows that two great problems
as regards the sixth continent are still unsolved. First, Is there a
low-level, ice-covered strait connecting the floating Barrier seen by
Filchner in the Weddell Sea with that crossed by Amundsen south of the
Ross Sea?

In a paper published by the Royal Geographical Society in October,
1914, I have advanced arguments in support of this possibility. We
hope that Shackleton, in his forthcoming journey between Filchner’s
and Scott’s bases, will answer the question.

The other problem deals with the character of Antarctica to the west
of Enderby Land, for the whole coast-line south of Africa is unknown.
One can only hope that some future leader following Mawson’s example
will set aside all idea of transcontinental journeys, and devote his
energies to detailed coastal surveys, which are infinitely more
profitable from the purely scientific standpoint. However, under
present political conditions there is little chance of any extensive
work succeeding Shackleton’s present enterprise until several years
have elapsed.

I have, however, felt that it would be useful to collect the results
of my experiences in the Antarctic in so far as they touch details of
scientific equipment. These may be grouped under the following heads:
(1) Personnel; (2) Tents and Sledging Stoves; (3) Notebooks; (4)
Instruments; (5) Cameras; (6) Clothing; (7) Food.

_Personnel._—It may be that I am prejudiced by training, but to my
mind these _coastal_ parties should consist essentially of geologists,
who must be capable of using theodolite and plane-table. The refined
knowledge of an expert navigator or surveyor is wasted in such a
journey, where only the lunch hour or evening halt is available for a
hurried “round of angles.” The recognition of topographic forms should
be a specialty of modern geologists, if they have had an adequate
physiographic training, and (again, _me judice_) this is more probably
found in the geologist than in the naval officer or professional
surveyor.

It is unnecessary to point out that a biologist—whether botanist or
zoologist—would be wasted on such a journey. Most geologists, however,
have studied some botany and zoology, and are capable of collecting
such mosses and lichens, etc., as they may come across, and with a
little advice can make useful notes on the types and habits of the
fauna encountered.

(I am not here referring to the _Plateau or Inland journeys_, where
the main essentials in an explorer are a knowledge of navigation on
trackless plains, such as naval men obviously possess to a high
degree, coupled with indomitable pluck and endurance, in which they
also have an unrivalled record.)

Too little stress has been laid on ability to take successful
photographs and to make numerous sketches. The latter is
all-important. With practice quite valuable sketches can be made in
quarter of an hour, which are far ahead of any verbal description.

Outside these qualifications nothing is so essential as a cheery
temperament. It is worth more than strong biceps, for the latter
develops _en route_, while humour has a tendency to become diluted
after four months’ stiff sledging. Certainly the latter is not an
ideal environment for its birth and growth.

_Equipment for Scientific Coastal Exploration._—So far as the sledging
outfit is concerned, it would be difficult to improve on that provided
on Captain Scott’s Expedition. But I am sure that a dog team would
have enabled us to do twice as much work while along the coast. They
could, I feel sure, be left tethered at the coast for a week or so,
while inland journeys were made, with some provision of seal meat.
Probably they would eat all the food in the first few days, but in the
warmer summer months they could (and have been known to) exist without
food for many days after such a gorge. Seals are very abundant in
December, January, and February. For instance, in New Harbour we saw
two herds totalling about a hundred individuals.

_Iron Runners_ were undoubtedly of immense assistance to the Northern
party on _sticky_ sea-ice. We tried them on rugged glacier ice and
they were useless, for they had no “grip” at all, and on any sort of
slope would not follow the traces, but simply slid down the “dip” of
the ice.

_Tents._—The larger floorcloth was much preferable where many
instruments were carried. I should make it the full size of the
tentfloor and shut out all snow. In the ordinary pattern there was
over a foot margin inside the tent. A small tomahawk would be very
useful for cutting up seal meat. We had none. Also one of Priestley’s
small ice-picks would be well worth carrying if there were the
slightest risk of being abandoned, even for a month. The ice-axes were
not often used for their legitimate purpose of chipping steps. They
were certainly valuable as supports on the slippery glaciers, but
should have been stronger, even if it added a few pounds to the load.

The _Blubber Stove_ was worth its weight in gold. It was made by Day,
of sheet iron, and was simply a rectangular box, 18 inches long, and
about 10 by 10 inches in cross section. A round hole (about 8 inches
in diameter) was cut in the top. A chimney of sheet iron, about 3
inches diameter, was riveted in one end, and was about 4 feet high;
but we found that the length was not essential, as there was always
sufficient wind to make about 18 inches of chimney act.

The only objection to Day’s pattern was the door, which occupied the
other end of the oven and was hinged at the top. It would have been
better if the opening had been stiffened and the door also, so that it
would shut readily, even when the oven was warped and dinted.

More important still, there should have been a “sill” at least one
inch high to keep the blubber oil from all escaping from the floor of
the oven. We took a grid to carry the “fids” of blubber and asbestos
wicks, but they were unnecessary; the ashes from the burnt skin or
bits of bone acted as a suitable burning surface. We never needed to
“render” the blubber, but just fed it in its native state. This stove
must be completely sheltered from strong winds, and we built a granite
hut for its use. It cannot be used in the tent, for in spite of all
precautions it evolves the filthiest oily soot that ever disfigured
scientific notebooks.

_Note-Books._—Plain good paper with linen-covered cardboard backs,
opening sideways, with a loop and pencil and rubber tied on with
string. Take four thin books (8 × 5 or so) rather than one thick one.

For long panoramic sketches, fold down one inch of the right-hand page
and sketch over this fold, then the panorama can be sketched
continuously and to scale on the next pair of pages, and so on.

An ordinary geological hammer of medium weight, a small cold chisel
(wrapped in canvas to prevent it sticking to you), and a stout
rucksack are essential.

_Instruments._—The prismatic compass is almost useless for accurate
work in the magnetic area. Wright and I used two independently, and
found we differed about three or four degrees. This would not perhaps
matter for a very small area. The needle is extremely sluggish; but we
found them useful for route marching with thick snow falling, and one
should certainly be taken.

The plane-table is the instrument _par excellence_. Debenham deserves
great credit for taking one south, for Captain Scott was extremely
sceptical as to their value on sledge journeys. In open country with a
prominent peak (as a referring object) in the line of
traverse—conditions such as one always gets in coastal work—the
plane-table was extremely rapid and enabled Debenham to do excellent
work each day. For details of the geology of a cape or cliff area the
plane-table is simply magnificent.

A light theodolite (4-inch) was carried, of course, to tie on to
prominent distant peaks and for elevation and base-line measurements.
Latitude and longitude and sun azimuths were taken as checks on the
triangulation, which later in our journeys was tied on to Mount
Erebus.

_Cameras._—We had large experience with these, Debenham taking
Ponting’s place when the latter returned. We carried Zeiss and Goerz
panorama-stereoscope cameras. They had two grave faults for southern
work. The rubber focal plane shutters froze stiff, and used to crawl
down and then stop halfway, when one wished to give ¹⁄₅₀ a second!

Secondly, they were arranged for glass plates. In spite of advice
given me by Mawson and other photographers in the South, I am
convinced that a hundred films would give one ten times as many good
photos as _ten plates_, for plates get scratched and broken, and the
weight (the only important factor) is the same. When we went a long
side-tramp we always relied on the two _film_ cameras, and they
succeeded in producing many splendid photos, while the trouble of
changing plates at −20° F. (with your head inside a moulting fur
sleeping-bag) can be imagined by any one. For geologists I would
recommend the Goerz outfit with _front shutters_ and a film-pack
attachment. As it was, my exposures in a very expensive camera of this
type (guaranteed to give ¹⁄₁₅₀₀ of a second) were made by means of a
red cotton handkerchief presented to me by Charles Wright!

For physiographic details, a stereoscopic camera is _sine qua non_;
for topographic work a panorama camera is essential; for lantern
slides a ¼ plate is advisable. The two cameras I have specified fulfil
all these conditions, and both have, of course, magnificent lenses.

_Clothing._—No one altered the regulation rig very materially. The
geologists had to wear the strong corduroy trousers, which were hot
for sledging, because the rocks tore windproof to pieces. As it was,
mine were darned in fifty places with strong twine, and even so were
disintegrating when we were picked up. I did not carry my notebooks in
a case as Wilson preferred, for they slipped easily into the huge
pockets on the Wolsey knitted jacket. Aesthetics are perhaps out of
place when sledging, but some grey or brown colour would have been an
improvement on the white of these otherwise excellent jackets. The
white jackets soon gave us an even more filthy appearance than
necessary, and one sees too much snow and ice to appreciate white
clothing. A neutral colour would really have been a welcome object in
the view when sledging over the Barrier.

_Boots_ were, however, the one article in which the expedition was
weak. We had all sorts of ski-boots made of fine supple leather, but
nothing shod with nails to resist the granite moraines of the western
area. When damp, the nails which we inserted soon pulled out of the
soft leather. Real workmen’s Bluchers—size 12 to accommodate four
pairs of socks—are advisable. The uppers might be made less stiff; but
one’s legs are swathed in putties, so that matters little. Perhaps
professional Alpine boots of the right size might suffice; but plenty
of spare spikes and nails should be taken.

_Socks._—We took spare socks in our personal gear, but on the first
journey, owing to bad boots, we were always darning. On the second I
reinforced the heels of my outer socks with an oval patch of canvas
(about three inches long), and I never had to darn a pair.

These trivialities bulk extremely large on a sledging trip, so that I
make no apology for mentioning them.

_Crampons_ are illustrated in “Scott’s Last Expedition.” The canvas
tops acted admirably over the fur “finnesko.” I should prefer the
steel spikes to be even longer, and I should think they might be
screwed into the aluminium sole so that new spikes could be inserted.
They did not make the feet cold to any marked degree.

For use with the leather boots I liked the 1902 type of _Steig-eisen_.
These were strapped under the instep, and enabled me to walk with
great ease on slippery glacier ice, though some of the men found they
hurt the feet considerably, and so preferred to risk numerous tumbles.

_Food._—The regular ration of pemmican, biscuit and butter was grand,
and suited all our party. Chocolate, some flour for “thickers,” sugar,
tea and cocoa cannot be surpassed as the less important staples. I
should be inclined to issue a regular ration of simple condiments or
flavourings, especially if the party is going to live largely on seal
meat. Onion powder was worth its weight in gold, for we became very
tired of seal meat after several months. The latter is practically
tasteless (if it is not fishy!), but with onion powder, one did not
need a strong imagination to conjure up “steak and onions.” The meal
is often the only comfort when sledging, and these condiments weigh so
little that I think they might be issued.

The Primus and cookers worked very well indeed. We had no trouble in
six months, part of which consisted of extremely rough glacier work,
which was calculated to jolt to pieces the anatomy of anything less
staunchly built than a Hjorth primus.

INDEX

Adare, Cape, Borchgrevinck’s winter quarters, 79;
Campbell’s party at, 439

Air, ionization of registered, 279

Alcove Camp, described, 133–134;
Evans’ “whisker stones,” 137;
return to, 145

Algæ deposits, 136, 155, 296

Alph Avenue, 173

Alph River, 170, 172, 173

Alps, glacial erosion in, 8, 9

Amphipods, 360

Amundsen, chances discussed, 432–433;
news of his success, 434;
Gran’s prophecy, 434–435;
charts of his and Scott’s parties, 439, 441

Anchor, ice, 60;
method of fixing (sketch), 421

“Ancient cups” (sketch), 256

Anemometer, described, 220, 222
(sketch), 306

Antarctica, attraction of, 14;
ice erosion in, 14;
map showing recent expeditions, 37;
charts of recent and future exploration, 450;
personnel of coastal parties, 451;
notes on outfit, 452 _seq._

Anton, ignorance of English, 107;
accompanies Granite Harbour expedition, 332, 336, 339

Appetite when sledging, 124

Aptera, 381

Arch berg (sketch), 227;
photographed, 250

_Archeocyathinæ_, 256, 303;
Wright’s discovery of, 441

Arguments, in hut, 273–274

Armadillo Camp, 163

Armitage, Cape, _Discovery_ hut at, 189,
visited, 202–203

Arthropod, found, 303

Astronomy for travellers, 50–52

Atkinson, Dr. E. L., 4, 13;
his blubber stove, 63;
excavates _Discovery_ hut, 189;
institutes physical measurements, 225;
successes with fish trap, 240 241;
tests for scurvy, 245;
lecture on, 292–293;
meteor seen, 247;
lost in blizzard, 275 _seq._;
(sketch), 276;
landed at Hut Point, 422

Augites, on Observation Hill, 204;
at Flat Iron Rocks, 379

Aurora Australis, first seen, 203;
watch instituted, 226;
observation of, 231–232

Australian harbours, geology of, 23;
maps, 24

Avalanche Bay, 352

Balleny Isles, 427

Balloon Meteorograph, described, 234;
(sketch), _ib._;
results obtained, 425

Barne, Cape, 85

Barne Glacier, cliff-like edge of, 88;
first crossing, 103 _seq._;
features of, 220;
movement noted, 322–323

Barrier, first sighted, 81;
height of, 82

Barrier shudder, 151, 313

Bath, on board _Terra Nova_, 45;
hot, 75, 416

Beacon Sandstone, 131;
worm burrows in, 148;
not of desert origin, _ib._;
debris, 385

Beardmore Glacier, fossils from, 10,
(sketches) 255, 256, 257, 444;
Taylor’s lecture on, 255;
sponge corals from, 256;
_Glossopteris_ from, 444

Beaufort Island, 85

Beaumont, Sir Lewis, gift of books, 283

Bernacchi, Cape, depôt, 341;
minerals found, 341;
camp at, 409

Bets, currency used, 163, 369

Bicycling, in Alps in winter, 4;
in Antarctica, 315, 316

Biological station at South Bay, 262

Bird, Mt., 334

Birds, catching, 55;
shooting, 61

Black Sand Beach, rolled pebbles on, 320

Blizzards, signs of, 157;
snow in, 158;
wind velocity, 251, 279, 293;
explorer in (sketch), 263;
higher temperatures during, 293, 295, 363 _seq._;
thick drift of, 294;
local nature of, 319

“Blizzometer,” 220, 222

Blubber, as food, 158, 176, 455;
fork for (sketch), 176

Blubber-lamp (sketch), 201

Blubber-stove, Dr. Atkinson’s, 63;
in _Discovery_ hut (sketch), 193;
at Cape Geology, 358;
difficulties of, 403;
value of, 453

Blue Glacier, snout examined, 153;
surroundings of, 154;
dangerous surface of, 411

Bonney, Lake, 8, 134, 136, 139, 145

Bonney, Professor, 8, 134

Bonney Riegel, 134, 136

Books, discussed, 50;
stock of, in hut, 282

Boots, damaged, 117, 128, 153;
sketch of worn, 154;
“browning” the, _ib._;
sealskin “brogans” for (sketch), 159;
cause sore heel, 169;
method of cobbling; 253;
Oates’ hobnails, 309;
crampons for, 322–323;
thawed, 333;
“ironclads,” 373;
(sketch), _ib._;
best type for Antarctica, 455

Borchgrevinck, winter at Cape Adare, 79

Botany Bay, 371

Bowers, Lieut. H. R., first meeting with, 9;
adrift on sea-ice, 197–198;
as geologist, 199;
lectures by, 250, 300;
Christmas tree, 268 seq.;
Cape Crozier expedition, 270, 285 _seq._;
Polar books read, 283;
provisions bagged, 294;
list of stores for Granite Harbour expedition, 332

Breadmaker, Clissold’s electrical (sketch), 216

Bruce, Lieut. Wilfred, 76

Buckle Island, 427

Burdens, various methods of carrying, 138

Butter Point, name and description, 117;
depôt, 120;
ice breaks up, 152;
Taylor’s camp at, 338;
depôt damaged by weather, 410

Camera, “mousetrap,” 121, 289;
(sketch), _ib._, 296;
damaged by sun, 377.
_See also under_ Photography

Campbell, V. L. A., independent command of, 6;
stores for Eastern Party, 66;
attempted relief of, 421, 423;
winter at Evans Coves, 442

Castle Rock, composition of, 186;
described, 206

Cathedral Rocks, appearance of, 127;
depôt at, 150

Catspaw Glacier, 132

Cavendish Icefalls, 148–149

_Cephalodiscus_, 418

“Chad,” Lake, 145

Chanties, 48

Charcot, Dr., 264, 451

Cheetham, 75

Cherry-Garrard, A., gifts to comrades, 13;
penguin skinning, 66;
adrift on sea-ice, 197–198;
editor of _South Polar Times_, 231, 233, 265 _seq._;
hut-building by, 262;
Cape Crozier expedition, 270, 285 _seq._

Chess, 271, 384, 400

Christchurch, N.Z., Expedition offices at, 23

Christmas on _Terra Nova_, 73–74

Cinematograph, tabular berg recorded, 59;
subjects for, 89;
football played for, 321

Cleveland Glacier, 384

Clissold, T., his electrical breadmaker (sketch), 216;
fall from iceberg, 316

Clothing, Antarctic, 6;
on _Terra Nova_, 36–37;
windproof, 120;
Wilson’s nose-guard, 262;
Bowers’ lecture on, 300 _seq._;
Taylor’s notes on, 454.
_See also under_ Boots, Socks, Goggles

Clove hitch, with one hand (sketch), 163

Coal, loading of, 39–40;
found in Antarctica, 388, 392

“Cold Feet” stalactites, 287

Commonwealth Glacier, 143

Cook, Mt., and the Matterhorn, 25 _seq._

Cook, his duties on sledge journey, 121;
methods, 350–351

Copepods, in Polar seas, 74

Copper pyrites found, 309

Coral, sponge, from Beardmore Glacier (sketch), 256

Coral-reef surface, 121, 128

_Corethron_, staining of floes by, 74

Corner Camp, Evans’ journey to, 193

Course, the, 233

Crater Heights, origin of moraines on, 197

Crampons, 322–323, 455

Crevasses, 152, 353, 375, 406

Crow’s nest, 35–36

Crozier, Cape, desired as headquarters, 80;
visited by boat, 83;
midwinter expedition to, 271–272, 285 _seq._

Cuff Cape, 376

Current meter, 68

Cwms (armchair valleys), 127;
formation of, 136;
on Davis Glacier, 161;
on Mt. Lister, 167, 340;
theory of, 174 _seq._;
diagrams, 175

Cycle of life in Polar seas, 74–75, 83–84;
rhyme, 84

Dailey Island, 177, 178

Danger Slope, 113, 186

David, Professor F. W. E., work under, 7;
advice by, 10;
letter by, found, 105, 120, 142, 257, 346, 416, 445

Davis Bay, 158

Davis Glacier, 161;
(sketch), _ib._

Davis, Professor W. M., 8, 160

Day, B. C., 9, 66, 85;
binding for _South Polar Times_, 254, 265;
lecture on motor sledges, 264;
ingenious turning, 307;
difficulties with motor sledges, 322 _seq._;
dangerous journey of, 440–441

Debenham, Frank, 11, 66;
visits Inaccessible Island, 95;
geological and photographic work, 119;
black lava found, 134;
as cook, 176, 350;
frostbitten, 179;
painting, 248;
collection of sixpenny novels, 283;
Cape Evans mapped, 295;
long-distance geology, 307;
Tent Island explored, 311, 316;
trip to Shackleton’s hut, 319 _seq._;
knee strained, 321;
excellent sight of, 369;
coal found, 388;
value of plane-table, 453

Debris cones, 296, 297, 385

Demetri, 91

Dennistoun, Mr. J., 416, 424

Descent Pass, 127, 130, 151

Devil’s Punch Bowl, and Thumb, sketch-map of region, 376;
features of, 378

Dewdrop Glacier, 378

Diatoms, 74

_Discovery_, pack crossed, 78

Discovery Bluff, 371

_Discovery_ Hut, condition of, 106;
compared with Shackleton’s hut, 113;
described, 189 _seq._;
environs of (sketch), 190;
plan of (sketch), 191;
difficult approach to, 192;
blubber stove at (sketch), 193;
routine at, 194;
literature at, 195;
storm at, 196;
sleeping quarters, 198;
sunsets at, 199;
Scott’s visit to, 216, 223.
_See also under_ Hut Point

Distances deceptive, 150

Dogs, Antarctic born, recognise water, 10;
put on board _Terra Nova_, 30;
hangar for on ship, 46;
character of, 52, 281, 290;
exercised on floes, 69;
and penguins, 69, 88, 91;
and seals, 116, 332;
“rifle-pits” for, at Hut Point, 193;
“Macaca” found, 260;
puppies born, 290

Dog-sledging, 91;
Scott, 106;
Taylor, 115

Dog-teams, Peary’s use of, 9;
guided by voice, 69, 91, 116

Dolerite sills, 131

Double Curtain Glacier, 125–126

Drake, F. R. H., 66, 428

Dry Valley, 9, 130, 132, 142 _seq._;
Lt. Evans’ chart of, 280

Dun Glacier, 131

Dunlop Island, minerals found on, 309;
features of, 344

Earth, shape deduced, 272, 279

England, Mt., 380

Erebus, Mt., compared to Vesuvius, 85;
appearance of steam cloud on, 88, 218, 281
(sketch), _ib._; 295, 325, 346;
crevasses on, 189;
signs of heat from, 217;
activity of, 288

Erosion: frost, 380:
glacial, study of in Alps, 8–9, 14;
problem in Antarctica, 14–15;
in New Zealand Alps, 23–29, 120, 132;
stages of, 133;
wind action, 134, 145;
on Taylor Glacier, 136;
no lateral in Antarctica, 148;
on Mackay Glacier, 377:
water, 138, 159;
at Tent Island, 311

Erratic (sketch), 387

Euchre, 302

Euphausia, 63, 65, 75

Evans, Cape, named, 86;
site described, 87, 215;
sketch of, 90;
landing at, 89 _seq._;
lakes at, 87, 215;
plan of hut at, 212;
music at, 223;
magnetic variation at, 261;
pull of gravity at, 279;
physiographic features of, 298 _seq._;
map of, 299;
ice-forms at, 310–311;
_Terra Nova’s_ return to, 418

Evans Coves, 439, 441

Evans, Lieut. E. R. G. R., 6, 9;
journey to Corner Camp, 193;
chart of Dry Valley, 280;
coast survey by, 295;
trip to first depôts, 313;
attacked by scurvy, 421, 442

Evans, Edgar, P.O., 5, 137;
“Football Fields” named, 139;
straw hat, 145;
a fall, 148;
former expedition, 151;
and literature, 151, 284, 302;
on Blue Glacier, 153;
humour of, 153, 157;
one-handed clove-hitch, 163;
as steersman, 165;
loses a bet, 171;
imaginary frostbite, 182;
on blizzards, 185;
prudence of, on Danger Slope, 186;
lessons in cobbling given, 253;
(sketch), _ib._;
as bezique player, 259

Eyes, effect of Antarctica on, 49

Felspar, from Erebus, sketch of, 145

Fern, sketch of fossil, from Beardmore Glacier, 444

Ferrar Glacier, former accident on, 75;
explored, 121–131;
surface altered since 1902, 129;
movement of, 151, 202, 309;
shape of ice at mouth of, 257–258;
Scott’s trip to, 304, 309

Ferrar, Mr. H. T., on ice-slabs, 162

First View Point, 349

“First Western Expedition,” 113 _seq._

Fish, caught by floe, 70;
_Notothenia_, 97;
in ice, 180,202;
remains of, on glacier, 164, 165;
trap for, 240–241;
parasites in _Notothenia_, 241;
caught, 251;
fossils of, found, 386

_Flagellata_, at Cape Evans, 215

Flat Iron, 377;
unusual minerals on, 379;
survey of, and composition, 392

Flea, primitive, 125

Food, biscuit packing, 119;
allowance on sledge journeys, 335;
cooking of, 350–351;
suggestions for, 455;

Football in Antarctica, 236, 238, 247;
for cinematograph, 321

“Football Fields,” 139

Forde, R., P.O., attacked by gangrene, 313, 331;
cave discovered, 352;
reservoir constructed, 354,
(sketch), _ib._;
as seal butcher, 355;
as cook, 360;
and literature, 363;
snow-blindness, 408

Foraminifera (_Orbulina_), 68, 74

Fossils, from Beardmore Glacier, 10, 255 _seq._;
sketches of, 255–257;
on Gondola Ridge, 386

Frostbite, pain of, 116;
Taylor’s toe, 202;
Forde’s hand, 313, 331

Games in Antarctica, 271.
_See also_ Football, Euchre, Chess

Geology, Cape, blubber stove at, 358;
view from (sketch), 374

George, Lake, rain gauge in, 240

Glacial erosion. _See_ Erosion

Glacier Tongue, nature of, 113;
bulbous icicles on, 117;
sea-ice broken away from, 189;
broken fragments from, 309, 342;
features of, 315;
waved edge of (sketch), 316

Glaciers, of New Zealand visited, 25 _seq._;
map, 27;
of Antarctica, organic remains on, 127, 177;
tables, 132;
twin, 130, 149;
in Luzern valley
(sketch), _ib._;
movement measured, 151, 202, 309

Glasson, 7

Glenroy, parallel roads of, 160, 296

Globigerina ooze, 75

_Glossopteris_ from Beardmore Glacier (sketch), 444

Gneiss Point, 342

Goggles, fogging of, 335;
benefit of amber glasses, 369

Gold, washing for, 145

“Golden Stairs,” 233

_Gomphocephalus_, found at Granite Harbour, 356
(sketch), _ib._;
Lillie’s catch of, 418

Gondola Ridge, 384;
fish fossils on, 386;
sketch of, 391

Gramophone records, at Cape Evans, 265

Gran, Lieut. Tryggve, former experiences, 13;
as ski expert, 68, 69;
and white magic, 76;
ice caves discovered, 230;
guesses at _South Polar Times_ authors, 278;
debris cones dissected, 297;
ski slope constructed, 312;
birthday present to Taylor, 357;
as cook, 357;
latitude and longitude, simple method of calculating, 357;
sea-kale planted, 370;
golden mica found, 377;
midsummer bathe in open air, 378;
as surgeon, 379;
Mt. Suess circumnavigated, 388;
birthday ode, 401;
prophecy of Amundsen’s success, 434–435

Granite, on Dunlop Island, 309

Granite Harbour, expedition to 321, 331 _seq._;
Bowers’ list of stores for 332;
reached, 348;
seals at, 353;
pressure ridges in sea-ice (sketch), 361

Gravity, pull of, at Cape Evans, 279

Grummets, 409

Gully Bay, algæ deposits above, 296

Hair clipping, 38

Harbours, Australian, geology of, 23;
maps, 24

Hat, straw, 146

Heald Island, 167–169

Hedley Glacier, 131

Hjort’s Hill, 409

Hobbs Glacier, 158–159

Hooker Glacier, 28;

Horses, Oates’ lectures on, 246–247.
_See also under_ Ponies

Hut, building of, 98 _seq._;
map of locality, 107;
life at, _ib._;
interior arrangement of, 108

Hut Point, geological sketch of, 114–115;
arrival at, 186;
seals killed at, 192;
wind at, 196;
difficult approach to, 192;
telephone to, 319.
_See also under_ _Discovery_ Hut.

Ice, pack: met, 58;
scene in, 60;
width of, 76, 78;
pressure blocks, 77;
map of course through, 77

Ice problems, Wright’s lecture on, 248

Ice-age, future (sketch), 281

Ice-anchor, 60; method of fixing (sketch), 421

Icebergs: the first, 56;
origin of various kinds, 56, 59;
watch for, 57, 64, 75, 427;
effect of wind on, 59;
sketches of, 64;
a white-back, 70, 71;
Tunnel berg, 96,
(sketch), 97;
mistaken for islands, 345;
various shapes of, 347;
flexure of (sketch), 403

Ice-forms: pancake, 58, 60, 77;
sunholes, 93
(sketch), _ib._; 121;
coral-reef surface, 121, 128;
topsy-turvy icicles, 124;
fan crystals, 124, 128;
arabesques, 126, 132, 291;
plough-share, 128, 148, 162;
thumb marks, 148;
ice-falls, 148, 149;
slabs, 155, 162;
bottle-glass, 156, 384;
glass-house, 156, 157, 162, 384; various, 163;
armadillo, 163; frozen park, 164;
honeycomb, 165;
Stonehenge, 168;
stalactites, 170;
caves formed by crevasses, 230;
at Cape Evans, 310–311;
crystals, 288–289;
screw-pack, 338–339

Ice-houses, 101, (sketch), 102

Inaccessible Island, visited, 95, 287;
direction of blizzards on, 294;
wind-ridge on (sketch), 294

Infusoria, 74

Instruments, value of various, 453–454

Invertebrates, Nelson’s lecture on, 303

Ionization of the air, registered, 279

Island Lake, 233

“Jam-jar,” 128

_Jeannette_, 283

Kar Plateau, 365;
granite cliffs (sketch), 375

Kea Point, 28

Keerweer Camp, 179

Kenyte, 87;
felspar in, 145;
on Land’s End moraine, 291;
at Cape Bernacchi, 309

Killer-whales, attacks on men, 75, 95, 152;
on ponies, 198

Knob Head Mountain, features of, 149;
magnetic variation at, 261

Koettlitz Glacier, moraine deposit from, 160;
explored, 167–173;
stream from, 168

Kukri Hills, 127;
coaly debris, 134;
Wales Glacier named, 143;
age of rocks, 146–147;
cwm valleys on, 340;
camp below, 409

Lacroix Glacier, 140,
(sketch), _ib._, 162

Lakes, at Cape Evans, 87;
_Flagellata_ in, 215

Land’s End, features of, 230;
named, 233

Lashley, W., former experiences, 75;
Polar journey, 442

Lateral moats. _See_ Moats

Latitude and longitude, simple method of calculating, 357

Lectures, list of winter, 229

Levick, Dr. G. M., 49;
and seal-killing, 120;
penguin studies, 439

Lichens, at Cape Geology, 360, 387

Lillie, D. G., former adventures, 7;
caricatures by, 65;
collections made, 418

Lister, Mt., 127

Literature, on sledge journeys, 151.
_ See also under_ Books

Lots, novel method of drawing, 357

Luzern, Lake, formed by twin glaciers, 130, 149

Lyons, Capt. H. G., 447

Lyttelton, reached, 11, 21;
geology of, 23;
experiences at, 23;
return to, 435

Mackay Glacier, 348, 353;
ice tongue, 359, 365;
tongue movement measured, 373, 375, 395;
erosion on, 377;
journey over, 382 _seq._

Mackellar, Mr., gift of books, 283

McMurdo Sound, 85

Magic, white, 76

Magnetic needle, dip calculated, 261

Magnetic variation. _See_ Variation

Marble Cape, 342

Marine animals in sea-ice, 177

Markham, Sir Clements, gift of books, 283

Marr, Dr., 3

Matterhorn, 25 _seq._;
the Antarctic, 25;
described, 145

Mawson, Dr., 5, 7, 9

Meares, C. H., dogs and ponies collected, 11;
and dog sledges, 69;
penguin-charmer, 72;
return from Hut Point, 245;
Barrier journey, 440–441

Melbourne, Mt., 418

Meteorograph, balloon. _See_ Balloon

Meteorology, Simpson’s lecture on, 288;
station routine, 305

Mica, golden, found, 377

Microscopic life, 74

Midnight sun. _See_ Sun

Midwinter Day celebrations, 264 _seq._

Mill, Hugh Robert, 451

Mirabilite, 155;
evidence of upheaval, _ib._

Moats, lateral, 126, 134, 147, 377;
measured, 147–148

Monteagle, Mt., 79

Moraines, medial, 146, 387;
silt, 155, 156;
crater lakes in, 156;
on Crater Heights, origin of, 197;
Gondola Ridge, 386–387;
“road metal,” 410;
Strand, 410;
Archæocyathine fossil in, 441

_Morning_, voyage of, 58;
pack crossed, 78

Morse Code, key-words, 35

Mosses, at Cape Geology, 360, 393

Motor-sledges. _See under_ Sledges

Mueller Glacier, 28

Murchison Glacier, 26

Music, on _Terra Nova_, 48;
at Cape Evans, 223, 254

Nansen, Mt., 418

Natrolite, found, 379

Nelson, E. W., 7;
tow-net captures, 65;
soundings at Cape Evans, 249;
biological station, 262;
“star performer” at games of skill, 271;
propensity to argument, 273;
sounding tackle frozen in, 293;
lecture on invertebrates, 303;
accompanies Granite Harbour expedition, 332, 336, 339

New Glacier, 377;
erosion on, 380–381

New Harbour, crossed, 340;
signs of 1902 expedition, 409

New Year’s Day on _Terra Nova_, 79

New Zealand Alps, ice conditions in, 23–29

Nicknames of the officers, 213

_Nimrod_, 21

North Bay, 233

_Notothenia_, in ice, 97, 180, 202, 203;
eye lens, 98;
parasites in, 241

“Nursery,” the, 46, 66

Nussbaum, Dr., 9

Nussbaum, Mt., 143

Oates, Capt. L. E. G., 13, 66;
sackcloth helmet (sketch), 200;
bunk built by, 227;
lectures on horses, 246–247;
taste in literature, 283, 284;
departure on Southern Journey, 326

Observation Hill, telephone to, 101;
Scott’s cross on, 113;
augite crystals on, 204

Ocean soundings. _See_ Soundings

Officers, travels of, 242;
maps, 12;
list of, 15 _seq._;
nicknames of, 213;
musical abilities, 223;
physical measurements of, 225, 248;
occupations in the hut, 248–249;
list of returning, 424;
presented to King George, 446

_Orca gladiator._ _See_ Killer-whales

Organic remains on glacier, 127

Overflow Glacier, 127, 128

Pack ice. _See under_ Ice

“Paddock,” the, 233

Palimpsest theory of glacial valleys, 174 _seq._;
diagrams, 175

Parasites in _Notothenia_, 241

Park Lane Camp, 164

Parties, list of, 15 _seq._

Paton, 75, 85

Peary, Commander, lecture by, 9

Pendulums, ice grotto for, 278–279;
show pull of gravity, 279

Penguins: Adelie, first seen, tricks of, 64;
Emperor, first seen, 71;
contents of stomach, 71;
frozen in, 82;
on Ferrar Glacier, 127–128;
hardness of bones, 128;
swimming, 154;
at Cape Crozier, 271, 286;
eggs examined, 325;
hunting on floes, 72;
appearance of swimming, 85;
spoor of (sketch), 94;
Wilson’s lecture on, 244–245

Pennell, Lieut. H. L. L., 34, 66, 76, 423

Perched Block (sketch), 387

Pets on _Terra Nova_, 53, 428

Photography, in field work, 119;
Taylor’s outfit, 224;
Antarctic, 224, 452.
_See also under_ Camera

Physical measurements of officers, 225, 248

Piedmont Glacier, 152 seq., 342, 345, 405

Ponies, landing of, 89;
“Hackenschmidt,” 89, 100;
“Blücher,” 101;
“Guts,” 101;
“Weary Willy,” 101;
lost on sea-ice, 197–198;
Oates’ lectures on, 246–247;
verminous, 278;
arrangement of on Southern Journey, 325

Ponting, H. G., 11, 70;
and killer-whales, 95;
and Tunnel berg, 96;
work at Cape Evans, 214, 215, 250;
lecture on Burmah, 242;
cinematograph films exhibited, 282;
lantern slides exhibited, 295;
coaches Scott and Bowers in photography, 304;
successful studies obtained, 440

Port Chalmers, 35

Potholes, 282, 383

Pram (Norwegian dinghy), 61, 62, 72

Pram Point, 202

Prestrud (Amundsen’s lieutenant), 440

Priestley, R. E., 10, 85;
old footprints of, found, 286;
ice-notes, 439

Pulpit Rock (sketch), 370

Pumps, choked in storm, 42;
plan of, _ib._

Quartz found, 309

“Quick runs,” in magnetic work, 261

Ramp, the, named, 233;
origin of debris cones on, 296;
cones dissected, 297,
(sketch), _ib._;
composition of, 298

Range-finder for icebergs, 46, 57

Referring Facet, 384

Rennick, Lieut. H. E. de P., 4, 34, 66, 76

Riegels, 134, 136, 141, 143

Roberts, Cape, features of, 399;
camp at, 400 _seq._;
depôt left at, 406

Rocks, age of (sketch), 147;
sedimentary, near Taylor Glacier, 141;
solitary, 132–133, 147

Ross Island, sketch-map, 81;
survey of, 85;
_Discovery_ hut on, 189

Round Valley, 144–145

Royal Society Range, 127

Royds, Cape, Shackleton’s hut at, 105–106;
Taylor’s visit to, 260

Sabine, Mt., 79

Sails, Bay of, 343

Salmon Peak, 160

Schizopods, 75

Science men as seamen, 35, 424

_Scotia_, 46

Scott, Captain R. F., 4;
first impressions of, 5;
old adventure on Ferrar Glacier, 75;
visits Hut Point, 106; geological sketch of Hut Point, 114;
facsimile of sledging orders, 122–123;
One Ton depôt laid, 189;
variety of interests, 196;
journey to Cape Evans, 207 _seq._;
takes party to _Discovery_ hut, 216, 223;
Sunday services at Cape Evans, 225;
institutes aurora watch, 226;
main features of winter quarters named, 233;
lecture on Plans of the Expedition, 241–242;
belief in discussions, 248;
discussion on Ferrar Glacier, 257–258;
speech at Midwinter Day dinner, 268;
Taylor Glacier named, 280;
taste in literature, 283, 325;
trip to Ferrar Glacier, 304, 309;
Taylor’s summer plans discussed, 311;
Taylor’s sledging orders, 321;
departure on Southern Journey, 325;
charts of his and Amundsen’s parties, 439, 441, 442;
hardest day’s work, 440;
reason of disaster to, 443–444

Scurvy, Atkinson’s tests for, 245;
his lecture on, 292–293;
Lt. Evans attacked by, 421, 442

Sea, winter temperature of, 262

Seal Rock, 233

Seals, crab-eater, 62–63, 65;
flensing, 63, 358;
killing, first experiences, 116, 120;
twenty miles up glacier, 141, 167–168;
lassoed, 155;
killed at Hut Point, 192, 196;
method of enlarging ice-holes, 317,
(sketch), _ib._;
and dogs, 116, 332;
at Gneiss Point, 342;
at Granite Harbour, 353;
method of butchering, 355;
meat as substitute for pemmican, 360

Sedimentary Rocks. _See_ Rocks

Seward, Professor, 3, 444

Shell, found on Ferrar Glacier, 125

Simpson, Dr. G. C., 5, 13, 66;
meteorological instruments, 221;
balloons sent up, 234
(sketch), _ib._;
lectures by, 236, 288;
magnetic work, 261;
return of sun first seen, 295;
value of weather records, 440

_Siphonophora_, 262

Sketching, Wilson’s lecture on, 251–253;
value of, in Antarctica, 452;
notebooks for, 453

Ski, 68, 293

Ski-ing, learning on the floes, 69;
on Erebus slopes, 103

Skua gulls, mode of killing, 11, 100;
young learning to fly, 179;
quarrelsome nature of, 355, 399;
eggs obtained, 372, 378;
sketch of embryo, 373;
signs of intellect in, 380

Skua Lake, 233

Sledge diary, 181 _seq._

Sledge-flags, 49, 73

Sledge foods, Bowers’ lecture on, 250

Sledges, loads of, on First Journey, 117–119;
steel runners for, 119, 452;
motor, 91;
loss of, 99 _seq._;
Day’s lecture on, 264;
difficulties with, 322 _seq._

Sledging, stores, how calculated, 53;
weights carried, 54;
literature carried, 151;
facsimile of orders, 122–123;
food allowance, 335;
cooking, 350–351

Slippery Slope, 233, 296

Smith, Mr. Reginald J., gift of books, 50, 283

Snow, as thirst quencher, 373

Snow-blindness, 408

Snow Valley, 116, 169, 173

Socks, patent heel-tip (sketch), 308, 455

Soil-creep (solifluxion), 115, 300, 388

Sollas Glacier, 139, 162

Solitary Rocks. _See_ Rocks

Soundings, depth of ocean, 61, 79;
apparatus (sketch), 67;
off glacier mouths, 120;
off Cape Evans, 249

South American Glacier, 131

South Bay, named, 233;
biological station at, 262

_South Polar Times_, Wilson’s sketches, 156;
resumed, 231;
Day’s binding for, 254;
volumes produced, 265 _seq._, 302–303, 317;
guesses at authors, 270, 303

Spiders, sea-, 303

“Sponge-coral” (sketch), 256

Sponges, in the ice, 177, 180

Springtail, Antarctic. _See_ _Gomphocephalus_

Stalactites, how formed, 287

Stamps, surcharged, 80

Steig-eisen (sketch), 197

Stocking Glacier, 28, 132

Storm, on outward voyage, 40–44;
on homeward voyage, 428–432

Strand moraines, 410

Straw hat, 146

Suess Glacier, and sketch, 141–142

Suess, Mt., 362;
nunatak (sketch), 383;
map, 385;
circumnavigated, 388,
(sketch), 389

Sun, midnight, 59;
lowest point of, calculated, 269,
(sketch), _ib._;
return of, celebrated, 294;
first seen, 295

Sun-holes, 93, 121

Sunshine recorder, sketch of, 306

Swinging ship. _See_ _Terra Nova_

Tasman Glacier, 26;
sketch of, 27

Taylor, Griffith: official position, 7;
a walker, 7, 10;
visit to Alps, 8, 9;
survey work in Australia, 10;
his problem in Antarctica, 14;
bowie knife disturbs compass, 34;
midnight watch, 59;
retrieves fish from floe, 70;
sledge work on landing, 92;
visits Inaccessible Island, 95
FIRST WESTERN JOURNEY, 111 _seq._;
a geologist’s equipment, 144;
washes for gold, 145;
fall into “moat,” 147;
dreams, 150, 182;
adventure among crevasses, 152;
lassoes a seal, 155;
a week’s cooking, 165–166;
flooded out, 174;
unfulfilled prophecy, 177;
sledge diary, 181 _seq._;
hallucination, 185
A MONTH IN DISCOVERY HUT, 189 _seq._;
visits Crater Heights, 197;
cook, 200, 202;
dreams, 201;
frostbite, 202;
fall into sea-ice, 205;
journey to Cape Evans, 207 _seq._
IN WINTER QUARTERS, 211 _seq._;
plan of hut, 212;
first aurora seen, 218;
report on Western Journey, 219;
musical abilities, 223;
photography, 224, 296;
ice caves visited, 230;
night watchman, 231, 243, 264;
main features of winter quarters named, 233;
lectures by—on principles of physiography, 238–239;
on Beardmore Glacier, 255;
on physiography of Western Mountains, 270;
on glaciation, 295;
on corals, 303;
list of officers’ travels, 242–243;
physical measurements, 225, 248;
articles for _South Polar Times_, 241, 243, 287, 288, 312, 318;
hut routine, 247–249;
chart of mean temperatures, 255;
visit to Cape Royds, 260;
speech at Midwinter Day dinner, 268;
sun’s lowest point calculated, 269;
competition with Gran, 270;
chess, 271;
hut arguments, 273–274;
dreams, 277–278, 287;
night-watch supper (sketch), 274;
“jam day,” 279;
Taylor Glacier named, 280;
Erebus steam cloud sketched, 281;
books read, 283–284;
book-binding, 293;
Cape Evans mapped, 295, 298 _seq._;
plane-table improvised, 295;
debris cones dissected, 297;
Wilson’s caricature of, 301;
meteorological work undertaken, 303, 305;
“patent heel-tips,” 308;
Tent Island visited, 311, 317;
summer plans discussed with Scott, 311;
bicycling to Turk’s Head, 314–315;
trip to Shackleton’s hut, 319 _seq._;
sledging orders for Granite Harbour expedition, 321;
Barne Glacier traversed, 322–323;
last impressions of Gates and Wilson, 326–327
GRANITE HARBOUR EXPEDITION, 329 _seq._;
sledges packed, 331;
Bowers’ list of stores, 332;
blizzards met, 333, 335, 362 _seq._;
magnetic variation, 337,
steering on the march, 337;
Butter Point reached, 338;
relaying, 339;
survey, 340;
ice yacht, 342–343;
dreams, 342, 364;
night marching, 345;
Granite Harbour reached, 348;
View Point camp, 349;
foods on sledge journey, 350–351;
cave discovered, 352;
cloud effects, 353;
water supply, 354;
seal hoosh, 355;
_Gomphocephalus_ found, 356;
birthday of, 356;
adventures on sea-ice, 366;
benefit of goggles, 369;
finger cut, 371, 376, 379;
snow as thirst quencher, 373;
value of “ironclad” boots, 373;
Mackay Tongue movement measured 373, 375;
unusual minerals found, 379;
Christmas Day celebrations, 380;
insects embalmed, 381;
journey over Mackay Glacier, 382 _seq._;
peaks and glaciers named, 384;
fish fossils found, 386;
Mt. Suess circumnavigated, 388;
Mackay Glacier movement measured, 395;
return journey begun, 396;
fall into sea, 397;
as “sledge poet,” 398, 401;
Cape Roberts camp, 400 _seq._;
_Terra Nova_ seen, 402;
crevasses met, 406 _seq._;
snow-blindness, 408;
picked up by _Terra Nova_, 411
THE VOYAGE BACK, 413 _seq._;
gifts from home, 415–416;
gale off Cape Evans, 418–419;
“luff upon luff” (sketch), 420;
coal-trimming, 424–425, 433;
cables for Associated Press prepared and despatched, 427, 433;
“iceberg watch,” 427, 428;
record gale, 428–432;
sperm whales seen, 433;
Akaroa reached, 434
THE END OF THE EXPEDITION, 437 _seq._;
_résumé_ of journeys of other parties, 439 _seq._;
books sent to remaining members of Expedition, 445;
presented to King George, 446;
allocation of funds, 446
APPENDIX, 449 _seq._;
paper published by Royal Geographical Society, 451;
lessons of Antarctic experiences, 451 _seq._

Taylor Glacier, 132–138;
sketch of moraine on, 135;
wind action on, 136;
crater near, 136, (sketch), 137;
previous visit to, 139;
and valley, 141;
named by Scott, 150, 280

Telephones, 101, 103, 294, 315, 319, 326

Temperature, of sea in winter, 262;
of hut, 263, (sketch), _ib._;
high during blizzards, 293, 295, 363 _seq._;
snow melted, 305;
heat of solar rays, 345

Tent, advantage of wider floorcloth for, 333, 452

Tent Island, 286;
features of, 311;
seals at, 317

_Terra Nova_, 6, 21;
voyage to New Zealand, 11;
plans of, 22, 39;
leak stopped, 30;
arrangement of, 30 _seq._;
swinging ship, 34, 46, 80;
storms, 40 _seq._, 428 _seq._;
dinner on, 46;
icing ship, for fresh water, 61, 421, 422;
Pennell’s notice, 423 _n._;
Christmas on, 73–74;
returning officers, 76;
sketch of course through pack, 77;
landing at Cape Evans, 87 _seq._;
stranded, 108;
picks up Taylor’s party, 411;
return voyage of March, 1912;
map, 414;
“rocking ship,” 417;
gale off Cape Evans, 418–419;
anchor raised by “luff upon luff” (sketch), 420;
coal-trimming, 424–425, 433;
Akaroa reached, 434

Terror, Mt., 346

Tesselations, 158, 160

Thermometer screens, erected, 272;
names for, _ib._

Thomson, Alan, 10

Travels of the officers. _See_ Officers

Tremolite found, 379

Turk’s Head, 113;
features of, 314, 315

Twin Glaciers, sketch of, 280

_Universitas Antarctica_, 228

Variation, magnetic, 80, 337;
at Cape Evans and Knob Head Mountain, 261

Vegetation, three types found, 125;
algæ, 136, 155, 296;
mosses, 125, 360, 393;
lichens, 360, 387

Vince’s Cross, 113

“Virtue Villa,” 191

Walcott Glacier, 169

Wales Glacier, 143

Ward Glacier, 169, 171–172

Weather, local types of, 426;
value of Simpson’s records, 440.
_See also_ Blizzards, Temperature, Wind.

Whales, 69, 433.
_See also_ Killer-whales

Whales, Bay of, chart, 432

“Whisker-stone,” 137

Wilson, Dr. E. A., 3, 13, 65, 66;
penguin hunting, 72;
on tone-values, 199;
truth of his sketches, 199, 203;
lectures by, 235, 244–245, 251–253;
sketch of nose-guard, 262;
Cape Crozier expedition, 270, 285 _seq._;
caricature of Taylor (sketch), 298;
his kindness, 304;
“Barrier Silence” poem written, 313;
Emperor penguin eggs examined, 325;
departure on Southern Journey, 325

Wind, tolerable without snow, 144;
at Hut Point, 196;
changes in direction (sketch), 217;
record velocity, 279;
maximum velocity of winter, 293

Windproof clothing. _See_ Clothing

Wind Vane Hill, 233

Winter Quarters, main features named, 233

Worm burrows in sandstone, 148

Wright, C. S., 3, 7, 66;
work on ice crystals, 119, 134;
Kukri Hills visited, 147;
judging distances, 150;
fall into crevasse, 152;
Davis Glacier examined, 161;
and seals, 173;
journey to Corner Camp, 193;
lecture on ice problems, 248;
time observations, 272;
pendulums, 278–279;
ice-section “rubbings,” 282;
diary entries, 289;
_Archæocyathine_ fossil found, 441

Wyatt, Mr. G. F., 31

THE END

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED. LONDON AND BECCLES.

-----

Footnote 1:

My thanks are due to the Editor of the _Melbourne Argus_ for
permission to reprint this section.

Footnote 2:

The theory of _nivation_ would be out of place here. It is explained
in Hobbs’ “Existing Glaciers,” and I deal with it fully in the
official memoir.

Footnote 3:

These tracks were made by the Rescue party, in their attempts to
save the ponies, ten days earlier.

Footnote 4:

The other parties had all returned from the Barrier a fortnight
before to Hut Point.

Footnote 5:

His meteorology was incorrect.

Footnote 6:

In the coldest weather the helmet covers the chin and a nose-nip
protects the nose.

Footnote 7:

The waist measurement caused great amusement. Evans and I were
measured first, with the result above recorded. Wilson came next and
basely proceeded to constrict “little Mary” to an incredible extent,
so that he had apparently five inches less corporation than Evans
and myself. Every one else followed suit, and many were the jeers at
our expense. However, I got Gran to measure me according to Wilson’s
method, and dropped to 30¾ with ease!

Footnote 8:

Our local time (which we did not use), corresponding to our
longitude 166° E., was 11 hours 5 minutes 46 seconds before
Greenwich. Hence it was midwinter at 1.30 on Friday morning of the
23rd by _local_ time. This experience of ours was a very practical
trial of the Daylight Saving Bill. We used to feel very virtuous
when we turned out at 7.30 by our chronometer while sledging, as we
realized that it was really 6.30 a.m.

Footnote 9:

Scott’s motto was, “Stretched Wings towards the South.”

Footnote 10:

Until the ship is able to ice ship again no water is to be used for
the purpose of washing clothes.—HARRY PENNELL, Lieutenant.

Footnote 11:

See sketch, p. 42.

Footnote 12:

Brissenden, one of the seamen, was drowned in New Zealand.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
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