Chapter XIV: Appendix

ACCOUNT OF HERR G. NORDENSKIÖLD’S TRAVERSE OVER THE GLACIERS FROM HORN SOUND TO BELL SOUND IN 1890.[19]

_June 15th, 1890._--At six o’clock in the evening we landed
by boat at the foot of Rotges Mount at a spot where a small
valley gave access to the mountain above. We imagined that
on the other side of this mountain we should meet with the
smooth inland ice and that it would extend all the way along to
Bell Sound. After taking a hurried farewell of our comrades,
we buckled on our ski, put our knapsacks on our backs, and
commenced our course up the little valley. When we reached its
highest point, however, we found that it was connected with
another valley which led down to Horn Sound. We were therefore
obliged to climb the face of the mountain on the north side of
the valley, which was extremely laborious, because the snow
was frozen so hard that we could not use our ski on the steep
slope. One of us went in front and stamped holes for the feet
in the hard crust--tough work in which we constantly relieved
each other. The rest followed in his steps. At midnight we had
mounted a ridge, uniting two summits, and here we rested for
an hour. The temperature of the air was 28° Fahrenheit and the
altitude 994 feet above sea-level.

We continued on the 16th in a northerly direction, but were
obliged to stop again after a few hundred steps, because a
thick mist shrouded the whole landscape. When, after a little
while, this cleared off, we hurried up and descended the
other side of the ridge towards a huge glacier. Down this we
made good speed and in a short time were close to the smooth
snow-slopes. The mountains in this district are built up of the
so-called Hekla-Hook strata--hard slates, quartz, and dolomite.
The mountains which belong to this system always possess much
more precipitous and wilder outlines than those which are built
up of the softer rocks belonging to newer formations. Many of
the former are probably extremely hard or perhaps impossible to
climb; for example, Hornsunds Tind. This is probably the case
with many of the steep-pointed peaks around the wide expanse of
snow over which we travelled. They gave the landscape a wild
and desolate beauty.

In the north, on the other side of the glacier, lay another
mountain range with several lofty summits. In the west a
heavy bank of fog obscured the view the whole time. Probably
the sea would be visible in this direction in fine weather.
Sometimes the fog-bank was driven up the glacier by the wind,
and enwrapped us so completely that we were obliged to retreat
for a time. In the east numerous summits were visible, and the
glaciers in this direction did not appear to be connected with
the inland ice. The snow-mantle which covered the glacier-ice
was perfectly smooth; there was not even a spot to break the
dazzling whiteness, not the smallest unevenness on which
the eye could find a resting-place. This accounted for one
under-rating the distances in this district more than usual,
as happened to us in the case of the mountain on the southern
(? northern) side, because we thought we only had before us a
snow-covered sloping valley, not worth thinking about, which
from its depth could not possibly take more than half an hour
to traverse. In reality it was only after several hours’
walking that we gained the summit of the opposite ridge.

It was long after midday on the 16th when we reached that
summit. The height above the sea at the spot where we crossed
was only 2215 feet, but on the east and west were several
considerable heights. We attempted to scale one of these which
lay nearest to us on the east, so as to obtain an uninterrupted
view over the country; but, after we had with great difficulty
dug a few hundred steps in the hard surface and crept up so
far, it was found impossible to go any farther. We were then
2457 feet above sea level and could easily recognise again from
this point the highest point of Hornsunds Tind. The mountains
to the west of us seemed to be of considerable height and also
easy to ascend. In the north the snow-covered ridge on which we
were fell almost precipitously down to a considerable glacier.
We were therefore obliged to make a little to the west before
we could begin our descent.

Even here the slope was steep and covered with a crust,
hard and shining like ice, so that our advance became pretty
dangerous to our necks, and ended in our losing our balance
and rolling down the slope at top speed without being able to
stop. After we had happily reached level ground, collected
ourselves, and gathered together our widely scattered baggage,
we set forward over the glacier. It sloped gently downwards
and promised a connection with the wide field of inland ice in
the north-west. A little further down the glacier the outlook
became more extended. We had now only a few kilometres left to
the inland ice proper,[20] which spread out before us like a
level white sheet bounded in the distance by blue peaks. Late
in the evening we put up the tent and rested a few hours at the
edge of the glacier. After a long search we were lucky enough
to discover water on a slope. It was the first water we had
seen since leaving the coast. As it was so early in the year we
found neither pools nor runlets on the surface of the glacier.
Our supply of spirits was rather scanty and only sufficed for
warming up our food, not for melting the snow; hence, while
travelling over glaciers and the inland ice we suffered much
from thirst, and were often compelled to eat snow, which is
said to lower the strength considerably.

On _June 16th_ we rose at 11 P.M., and began our journey over
the inland ice proper. The temperature of the air was 31° F.
The weather was lovely, not a cloud was visible in the sky, and
the atmosphere was wonderfully clear. We first passed a number
of mighty moraines, which were heaped up where the smaller
glacier joined the inland ice. At the very brink of the latter
flowed a small brook. The surface of the inland ice itself
was perfectly even, covered with fairly hard frozen old snow.
No crevasses could be distinguished along the whole of our
route, and only in a few places did slight hollows betray the
existence of such.

We first went toward some high mountains which rose out of the
ice some kilometres distant. They formed the spurs of a range
of mountains, running north and south, which continued up to
the end of the mountains at Cape Ahlstrand, east of Recherche
Bay. In the west, along a width of more than ten kilometres,
the inland ice opened into the sea (it bears the name of
Torell Glacier). In the east the horizon was bounded by the
inland ice. To the north-west it extended, shut in between two
mountain chains, unbroken to Recherche Bay, to whose large
glacier it joins on. That was the way we took.

After some hours’ journey, in the early morning of the 17th we
reached the foot of the mountain mentioned above, which forms
the southern point of the eastern range of mountains. At the
foot of the mountain we found several small watercourses, and
therefore chose this place for a halt. A large number of fallen
blocks at the mountain’s foot afforded a strange sight. The
part of the inland ice from the east here joined that from the
north. A bank of gravel, which stretched like a black streak
towards the west, probably formed the middle of the moraine.
The height above the sea at this point was 358 feet.[21]

After some hours’ rest we continued north-west over the
inland ice, which was smooth in all directions and free from
crevasses. We had already been a long time out on the endless
white plain when, at nine o’clock in the morning, we pitched
the tent to get a little sleep. The height of our resting-place
above the sea was 1011 feet. We had walked by night because,
notwithstanding that the temperature does not rise above 39°
F. in the shade, the heat when the sun was high was quite
unbearable. After midday signs of a change of weather appeared,
and heavy clouds began to rise behind the mountain summits. We
hastily got up again, but after a few hours’ walking we were
enveloped in a dense mist. We continued, however, for some
hours, steering our course by a pocket compass which we had
brought with us. On the night of the 18th we stopped because
we feared to make our way among the northern coast mountains,
which could not be very far distant from us now. All the
spirits were finished, and our store of provisions was by no
means abundant.

Next day (19th) we tried to advance toward the coast in spite
of the fog, which had lifted at intervals and given place to
a heavy snowstorm, a terrible hindrance to our progress. The
snow was very wet and fastened in large lumps on Björling’s
ski, which were not covered with sealskin. Our ski, too, which
had been stripped of part of their skin-covering by the hard
snow-crust, slid very heavily. Björling preferred to go on foot
and carry his ski on his back, but he found this pretty hard
work. We soon noticed that we were already quite amongst the
mountains and, after searching about for a long time in the fog
for a way forward, we finally came to a halt, recognising the
necessity of waiting until it lifted somewhat.

We set up our tent near a steep snow-slope, evidently leading
down into a broad valley. As it drew on towards evening the
fog lifted a little. Right down in front of us spread a
broad valley, apparently the continuation of a bay. In the
south-south-west there appeared to be sea, and in the north we
thought we could also see the water. I thought that the bay in
the north-west was Dunder Bay, and that we must have strayed
somewhat too far to the west. Our provisions were scarce; there
would only be sufficient to last the four of us one day; it was
therefore necessary to find the ship without delay. Björling,
partly on account of the unfitness of his ski, was thoroughly
exhausted and was unable to travel any farther. I therefore
determined to leave him in the tent with the sleeping-bags and
the remaining stores, and with Erikson and Joakim, unencumbered
by impedimenta, to endeavour to reach the ship and thence send
to rescue Björling. The way to the ship however was longer
than we supposed, for the _Lofoten_ did not lie in the harbour
in the inner part of Recherche Bay as I had expected. The bay
being ice-packed, the ship lay off Cape Lyell, a circumstance
which added a good ten kilometres to our distance.

It was only after nine hours’ unbroken march, tired and hungry
indeed, that we reached the _Lofoten_, and our way would
certainly have been longer still had we not, after walking a
few hours almost due east, thought we could see water on the
horizon, and so were induced to take a more northerly course.
After we had followed this direction for a time, Erikson
declared he could see a ship in the distance. Our joy was
great when I ascertained with the field glass that three
masts were visible a long way off to the north. The ice over
which we had passed was continuously smooth. Only the last
few kilometres nearest the sea were very full of crevasses,
generally covered by snow-bridges, which we could cross on our
ski without difficulty. Luckily for us the ice on the inner
harbour of Recherche Bay was strong enough to bear, so we
avoided a long detour.

We continued on the other side of the bay to Cape Lyell over
a large glacier, terminated in the north by a precipitous
ice-wall, below which begins a wide expanse filled up with
moraines and cut up by numerous crevasses. We did not see this
precipice at first from above, and were nearly falling over it
on our ski, but just managed to pull up at the last moment.
After following the edge of the glacier for a good distance
to the west, we at last succeeded in finding a place where a
snowdrift had built a bridge upon which we could get down. At
last we stood on the beach, and only a couple of gunshots off
lay the _Lofoten_. Firing our revolvers and shouting loudly, we
aroused the captain’s attention and were soon safe on board. It
was six o’clock in the morning of the 19th.

My first care was to send some men back to rescue Björling.
Unfortunately it was several hours before any one could start.
Klinckowström had gone away in one of the boats with part of
the crew to the east side of Recherche Bay, hoping to meet
us there. A message was sent off to him immediately, and his
boat’s crew were soon on board. Klinckowström offered to go
himself with two men to rescue Björling. The three skisters
were soon ready for their journey. As they rowed in a light
boat to the bottom end of Recherche Bay they shortened the way
considerably. Following the west side of the bottom of the
glacier between the mountain and the ice, they found ski tracks
which they endeavoured to follow right up to the tent. After an
absence of about six hours they returned. They had been able to
follow the tracks for about a couple of hours or so, but the
snow, which had fallen heavily high up among the mountains,
had stopped them completely. Under such circumstances
nothing remained for them but to turn back with their errand
unaccomplished. There was however no very great reason for
anxiety, for the sleeping-bags and provisions enough for one
man for several days had been left in the tent.

It cleared up again a little on the 20th, so I sent off Joakim,
who had been my companion and consequently knew the position of
the tent; two men accompanied him. On the morning of the 21st
one of them came back with the news that they had certainly
found the tent but that Björling had left it. They had found
a card with this communication--that “after waiting in vain
for one and a half days he had started with all possible speed
to the west beach of Recherche Bay.” He had however clearly
mistaken Dunder Bay for this, and started in quite the wrong
direction, as his tracks plainly showed. Joakim followed up
this track while the other two returned on board. I now sent
a boat round Cape Lyell to Dunder Bay to meet Björling there.
Joakim, after following his track for a distance, had overtaken
Björling who was on his way south; he came back then with the
boat, and on the afternoon of the 21st we were all together on
board again.

The ski expedition thus described shows that the inland ice of
West Spitsbergen differs considerably from that of North-East
Land as well as of Greenland. It consists in this (at least at
the time of year when we undertook our expedition), namely,
a perfectly level tract covered with snow without any of
the crevasses and mounds which generally make expeditions
over glaciers and inland ice so dangerous and difficult.
Glacier-rivers, fountains, and glacier-lakes, which are so
often met with in Greenland, are here altogether absent.
Similar formations are also wanting in North-East Land’s inland
ice, but its surface is more uneven; crevasses and channels
are very common. This circumstance--viz., the fact that the
inland ice of West Spitsbergen seems to be very much easier
to traverse than glacier ice in general--gives a certain
importance to the plan of measuring an arc of meridian in this
district, a proposal which has been suggested several times.
A number of triangulation points ought to be established on
the mountains, which are surrounded on all sides by the inland
ice. This might have been thought to be very difficult, but,
far from proving an obstacle, the inland ice forms a capital
medium for connecting the points of triangulation. To convey
instruments and equipment on proper sledges for some tens of
kilometres over this smooth surface would surely be no very
severe task.

A few remarks are called for by this pleasant account of a very interesting little expedition. The inland-ice referred to was not any part of an ice-sheet and in no wise resembled the icesheets of Greenland and North-East Land. It was merely the snowfield of Torell Glacier, which consists of two great arms, one coming from the north and reaching to the watershed behind Recherche Bay, the other from the east, where it is limited by the main mountain-backbone of the island, the orographical continuation of the Hornsunds Tinder. The time of the expedition being the month of June, the glaciers and snowfields were still deeply covered with winter snow, which buried the crevasses out of sight. Later on, no doubt, there would be no difference in character between Torell Glacier and the Nordenskiöld and other glaciers explored by us. The same waterlogged snow, the same large lakes, the same deep and broad torrents, must be formed in all the glacial regions of Spitsbergen. Hence it follows that the month of June is specially favourable for expeditions over glaciers in this part of the world, for then the chief impediments to progress have not been formed, the weather is likely to be fair and the surface of the snow to be hard and smooth. Unfortunately it is not till the end of June that, under present steamship arrangements, the island is cheaply accessible. An exploring party desiring to land upon Spitsbergen at the end of May could only do so by coming up in a vessel specially hired to bring them.

FOOTNOTES

[1] K. Vetenskaps Akad. Hand. Bihang, ix., No. 2, p. 46.

[2] This is doubtless the direction of West Fjord of Wijde Bay, but it seems doubtful whether any considerable proportion of it can be visible from the summit of De Geer’s Peak. All along the south-east side of West Fjord lies a continuous range of hills, a photograph of which is now before me. The lowest point of this range between Cape Petermann and Mount Sir Thomas at the head of the fjord can scarcely be as low as 500 feet, whilst almost the whole of the range is 1000 feet high. The average width of the fjord is about two miles, but just at one point it is five miles wide. The height of De Geer’s Peak is given as over 1200 metres, say 4000 feet. Its distance from West Fjord is about thirty geographical miles. If the intervening hill range happens to sink below the level of about 600 feet, exactly in the line of sight to the place where the fjord is five miles wide, the extreme edge of the water would just be visible; yet, even then, no considerable body of water could be seen. But De Geer states that there were no hills between the fjord and his peak. Is it not possible that what he saw was the East Fjord, at whose head are no mountains? Some undetected iron in the rock on which he stood might be responsible for the compass deviation. The rocks of Spitsbergen are full of such surprises.

[3] “My Arctic Journal,” London, 1894, p. 232.

[4] “Die Schwedischen Expeditionen nach Spitzbergen und Bären-Eiland ausgeführt in den Jahren 1861, 1864, and 1868 unter Leitung von O. Torell und A. E. Nordenskiöld. Aus dem Schwedischen übersetzt von L. Passarge.” Jena, 1869. 8vo, pp. 470 _et seq._

[5] Mount Chydenius is, however, north-_west_ of Mount Edlund.

[6] These are continued northward by some lower snowy hills ending in the bold Fair Foreland or Birds’ Cape.

[7] The first English explorers of Spitsbergen, Hudson and other servants of the Moscovy Company, formally took possession of the country on behalf of the King of England. They named it “King James, his New Land.” This name has long been disused. Now that the interior of the island begins to be explored, names are needed for the different natural divisions of the country. I have therefore given the name of King James Land to the mountainous area included between Ice Fjord and Foreland Sound.

[8] I cannot give the exact altitude, because Nielsen, who was carrying the instruments, dropped the aneroid here and smashed it before I had registered the reading.

[9] It is greatly to be regretted that no scale is attached to these six maps of harbours, which cannot therefore be applied with certainty to any general map of Spitsbergen.

[10] Garwood was fortunate enough to discover a fine specimen of this.

[11] The position as determined by the Swedes does not agree with the position determined by the Austrians.--_Vide_ R. von Barry, _Zwei Fahrten_, &c. Vienna, 1894. 8vo.

[12] As to the whole project, see: N. Dunér and A. E. Nordenskiöld, Förberedande Undersökningar rörande utförbarheten af en Gradmätning på Spetsbergen. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. Bd. vi. No. 8. In 1891 a Swedish committee was appointed to reconsider the question, and a further scheme was drawn up by Professor Rosen and published as a pamphlet in 1893. It has now been decided by the Swedish Academy of Sciences that the scheme shall be carried out, perhaps in conjunction with Russia, and expeditions to that end are to be sent to Spitsbergen in 1898 and following years.

[13] A translation of his interesting account of this expedition is inserted as an appendix to the present volume, by kind permission of Baron Nordenskiöld.

[14] The summit of the Aiguille Verte is 3700 feet above the Jardin.

[15] Herr Imfeld’s new map is the best on which to examine this theory.

[16] The Walliser Viescher Glacier was similarly employed.

[17] _Alpine Journal_, vol. xviii., p. 501.

[18] Vide _Geographical Journal_, 1898.

[19] Translated by the Rev. E. Shepherd from Herr G. Nordenskiöld’s paper, _Redogörelse för den Svenska Expeditionen till Spetsbergen 1890_, published in _Bihang till K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl._ Bd. 17, Afd. 2, No. 3, pp 10-17.

[20] The _névé_ of Torell Glacier.

[21] 109 metres. From the context it seems certain that this should be 309 metres, = 1014 feet.

INDEX

Advent Bay, 1, 67, 90, 121, 126, 154, 221

Adventure Land, 36, 121, 220

Agardh Bay, 220

Ahlstrand, Cape, 229

Andrée and his balloon, 155

Atmospherical phenomenon, curious, 180

Baldwin, Mr., 67

Bar, The, 70

Barents Land, 28, 46, 47, 183, 223

Barrel-vaults of ice, 51

Bear Island, landing on, 191

Bernese Oberland, glacier action in the, 210, 213

Birds Cape, 224
Nesting-places of, 3, 50, 65, 79, 98, 108, 133, 143, 165, 184

Blomstrand Harbour, 71, 145
Mound, 71, 145

Boat, troubles with our, 167

Bornemisza, Baron, 154, 155

Calving of a glacier, 13, 74, 77, 140, 141

Chydenius, Mount, 28, 43

Clouds, low-lying, 63, 104, 113, 131, 138, 140

Coal Bay, _vide_ Coles Bay
Haven, 71, 147

Coles Bay, 68, 221

Cookeries, whaling, 151, 160, 162

Crevassed glacier, 16, 77, 110, 133

Crevasses, Depth of, 143
Difficulties with sledges amongst, 16, 132, 133

Cross Bay, 10, 71, 151, 218
Mountains, 104, 122, 131

Crowns, The Three, 72, 85, 109, 116, 119, 120
Ascent of one of, 119
Glacier, 72, 105, 114, 122

De Geer Peak, 21, 22, 23, 48, 50
Ascent of, 27

Deceptive appearances on snowfields, 24

Deer Bay, 71

Diadem Peak, Ascent of, 124

Dickson Bay, 33, 39, 218, 219

Dubbin, Norwegian and other, 49

Dunder Bay, 221, 231, 233

Dutch Bay, 218

Eating-back rivers and glaciers, 210, _et seq._

Ebeltoft’s Haven, 151

Edge Land, 223

Edlund, Mount, 28, 41
Ascent of, 42

Eiderdown, 65

Ekman Bay, 73, 92, 116, 121, 218

Ekstam, Herr, 1, 67

Elevation of the land, 59

English Bay, 69, 70, 85

Equipment, 18

Exile Peak, 124

_Expres_, The, 2, 154

Fair Foreland, 224

Falling ice, 177

Fleur-de-Lys Point, 5

Fog on snowfield, Puzzling effect of, 31
Travelling through, 21, 31, 32, 33, 34

Foreland, Prince Charles’, 68, 122, 223
Sound, 68, 122, 224

Fox Glacier, 221

Foxes, 88

_Fram_, Crew of the, 2, 192

Garwood, E. J., 1, and _passim_
Land, Description of, 56, 57, 58, 212, 219
Land, Wide view over interior of, 38, 46

Gatty, Ascent by Mr. Victor, 221

Glacier, Ice-tunnel in a, 137
Phenomena, notable, 51, 111, 128
Torrents, 79, 83, 103, 106, 111
Cliffs, 9, 77, 141

Glaciers, Action of on their beds, 207
Advance of, 138
Calving, 13, 74, 77, 140, 141
Ending in deep water, 10
Ending in shallow water must advance, 11
That eat back at their heads, 60

Goose Glacier, 159, 168, 170, _et sqq._
Haven (Horn Sound), 157, _et sqq._
Islands (Ice Fjord), 64

Green Harbour, 220

Greenland and Spitsbergen, Contrast between, 36, 61

Heat on the snowfields, 87, 100, 108, 130

Hedgehog, Ascent of Mount, 170

Heley Sound, 44

Highway Dome, 91
Pass, 90

Himalayas, How rivers have “eaten back” in the, 210

Hofer Point, 158

Horn Glacier, 166
Sound, Visit to, 157, _et sqq._, 225
To Bell Sound over Torell Glacier, 225, _et sqq._

Hornsunds Tinder, 121, 165, 170, _et sqq._, 222, 226, 227

Hyperite Hat, 67

Icebergs, 141, 142, 145, 147

Ice-encrusted rocks, 178
Flat below a glacier’s foot, 160
Honeycomb, 19, 55, 81
Sheets, 36, 37, 206, 207, 216

Inland ice, 206, 234

King James Land, 89, 96, 218
King Karl Island, 223

Kings Bay, 70, 138, _et sqq._
Landing in, 74

King’s Highway, 72, 76, _et sqq._, 115
Expedition up, 76, _et sqq._

Kittiwake Glacier, 165

Klaas Billen Bay, 5, _et sqq._, 48, 55, 62, _et sqq._, 219

Lakes, Burst Glacier, 53, 100, 137

Lerner, Dr., 3

Lovén Islands, 72, 141, 143
Mount, 45

Low Sound, 221

Lyell Cape, 231

Lyktan, 33

Magdalena Bay, 218

Mauritius Bay, 218

Meridian arc in Spitsbergen, Proposal for measurement of a, 173, 234

Michel Rinders Bay, 221

Mimesdal, 7, 17, 219

Mitra Hook, 71, 152

Moraines, Struggle with sledges up and over, 15, 80, 134

Mount Blanc Range, Previous form of, 209

Mountain exploration, Difficulties of, 95

Mountains, Scale of, 91, 118

New Friesland, 207, 219

Nielsen, Edward, 22, 32, 84, 125, 127, 131, 141, 170
Mount, 76, 78

Nordenskiöld, Baron, A. E., 41, 156, 174, 222
Herr Gustaf, 176, 225
Glacier, 6, 8, _et sqq._

Nordenskiöld Gl., Expedition up, 15, _et sqq._

North Cape of Norway, 191

North-East Land, 207, 222, 234

Nunataks, 38, 84

Osborne Glacier, 98, _et sqq._

Palæolithic climbing, 163

Peter Winter’s Bay, 69, 223

Pike, Mr. Arnold, 158, 223

Plateaus carved into mountain ranges by rivers and glaciers, 57, 208

Post Glacier, 220

Pretender Pass, 104
Peak, 73, 85, 105, 107, _et sqq._
Scramble on, 113

Prince Charles Foreland, 68, 122, 223

Prismatic Ice, 102

Pyramid, The, 7

Quade Hook, 70

Queens, The, 73, 85, 101, 104, 105

Recherche Bay, _vide_ Schoonhoven

Reindeer, Destruction of, 9, 144

Roebuck Land, 222

Rotges Mount, 225

Russian trappers, 69, 151, 159

Sabine, Sir Edward, 173

St. John’s Bay, 68, 99, 223

Sassendal, 213, 220, 221

Schoonhoven (Recherche Bay), 221, 222, 229, 231

Scoresby, Dr., 71

Scoresby’s Grotto, 145

Screes, 114, 119

Seven Icebergs, The, 218
Islands, 154

Shallow River Valley, 221

Shoes, Lapp, 49

Silence of the snowfields, 89, 123

Skans Bay, 3, 219

Ski, 24, 30, 34, 37, 55, 93, 100, 106, 123, 125, 127, 129, 194,
_et sqq._, 230
Fastenings of, 197
First attempts on, 25, 201
Footgear for, 199
Glissading with, 203
In the Alps, 204
Kinds of, 196
Makers of, 200
Records with, 202
Staff for, 200

Sledges, Misfortunes with, 55, 79, 80, 103, 132, 139

Snow blown by a gale, 35

Snowfield, Different aspects of surface of, 94, 98
Travelling over, 21-50
Waterlogged, 82, 102, 124

Snowshoes, Canadian, 26, 30, 32, 49
Norwegian, _vide_ Ski

Spitsbergen, Geography of, 217

Stonehenge Rocks, 164

Stones, Falling, 110

Storm on a snowfield, 34, 35

Strong Glacier, 221

Svanberg, Mount, 43

Svensen’s troubles, 23, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 50, 66, 84, 101, 119,
129, 149, 153, 156

Temple Bay, 220
Mount, 66

Terrier Peak, 18, 30, 47, 50, 52

Teufelsdrökh on North Cape, 193

Thordsen Plateau, 3, 28, 93, 219

Tibet, Partially undenuded plateau of, 210

Torell Glacier, 222, 228, _et sqq._, 235

Tourists in Spitsbergen, 1, 67, 155

Trevor-Battye, Mr. A., 157

Views, Notable, 6, 17, 19, 23, 28, 33, 38, 46, 48, 71, 87, 92, 105,
112, 114, 120, 126, 136, 140, 144, 177, 180, 182, 192

Weather, Bad, 22, 34

Whales Bay, 221

White Mountain, 41
Ascent of, 45

Wiche Bay, 220
Land, 45, 158, 223

Wijde Bay, 29, 39, 122, 217, 219

Winter, Approach of, 136, 166, 171, 180, 188, 189, 190

Wood Bay, 218

Wybe Jans Water, 28, 39, 41, 43, 46, 47, 183

Zeehonde Bay, 69

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