Chapter V: Part 5

"On Saturday night, the 20th of May, the Lord General Fairfax
gave orders for a party of 1,000 foot, three companies of
dragoons, and eight troops of horse, to march from the garrison
of Leeds, Bradford, Halifax, and Howley; Sir Thomas Fairfax
commanded in chief. The foot were commanded by
Sergt.-Major-General Gifford and Sir William Fairfax. The horse
were divided into two bodies, four troops commanded by Sir
Thomas Fairfax, and the other four troops by Sir Henry Foulis;
Howley was the rendezvous, where they all met on Saturday last,
about twelve o'clock of night; about two next morning they
marched away, and coming to Stanley, where two of the enemy's
troops lay, with some dragoons, that quarter was beaten up, and
about one-and-twenty prisoners taken. About four o'clock in the
morning we came before Wakefield, where, after some of their
horse were beaten into the town, the foot, with unspeakable
courage, beat the enemies from the hedges, which they had lined
with musketeers, into the town, and assaulted it in two places,
Westgate and Northgate, and after an hour and a half fight, we
recovered one of their pieces, and turned it upon them, and
entered the town at both places at one and the same time. When
the baracadoes were opened, Sir Thomas Fairfax, with the horse,
fell into the town, and cleared the street, when Colonel Goring
was taken by Lieut. Alured, brother to Captain Alured, a member
of the house; yet in the Market Place there stood three troops
of horse and Colonel Lampton's regiment, to whom Major-General
Gifford sent a trumpet with offer of quarter, if they would lay
down their arms. They answered they scorned the motion. Then he
fired a piece of their own ordnance upon them, and the horse
fell in among them, beat them out of the town, and took all
their officers, expressed in the enclosed list, twenty-seven
colours of foot, three cornets of horse, and about 1,500 common
soldiers. The enemy had in the town 3,000 foot and seven troops
of horse, besides Colonel Lampton's regiment, which came into
the town after he had entered the town. The enemy left behind
them three pieces of ordnance, with ammunition, which we
brought away.--Signed, Thomas Fairfax, Henry Foulis, John
Gifford, William Fairfax, John Holmes, Robert Foulis, Titus
Leighton, Francis Talbott."

XVII.--THE BATTLE OF ADWALTON MOOR.

With an army of 12,000 men at his back the Marquis of Newcastle was bound to clear Yorkshire of the Parliamentarians. Having stormed Howley Hall, he marched upon Bradford, halting on Adwalton Moor on the 29th of June, 1643; making a careful disposition of his army, and placing his artillery in position, as though apprehensive of an attack from his active and daring opponents.

The audacity of the Fairfaxes was justified by their desperate position. Hull was closed to them by the defection of the Hothams; the open towns of the West were exhausted, and they were surrounded by enemies in the heart of a hostile country.

While Newcastle was encamping on Adwalton Moor, Fairfax was preparing to march upon him at four o'clock on the following morning. The excitement in Bradford was intense. The success of Fairfax could alone deliver them from the hands of the Royalists, who were deeply exasperated against the stubborn burghers.

The march of the Parliamentarians was delayed until eight o'clock, in consequence of the tardiness or treachery of Major-General Gifford, if we may believe the grumblings of Sir Thomas Fairfax, who was doubtless impatient to be at the enemy.

The main body of the Cavaliers was posted before the hamlet of Adwalton, and a "Forlorn Hope," as the advanced guard was called, held the Westgate Hill, half a mile distant from the army.

Here Fairfax dealt his first blow, and swept the Cavaliers before his advancing army. So first blood was claimed, and scattered on the turf lay the mangled forms of many brave men, their cold, still faces looking doubly pallid and sad in the bright morning sunshine.

Jutting out from the main road by Westgate Hill, Hodgson's Lane led up to Newcastle's position, and entered Warren's Lane, opening on the moor from Gomersal.

Lord Fairfax, with 3,000 men against 12,000, had to fight a defensive battle, and lining the hedges at the head of Warren's Lane with musketeers, he ordered Gifford to move down Hodgson's Lane upon Newcastle's position.

The ground was scarcely occupied before twelve troops of cavalry swept across the moor, trumpets sounding, armour clashing, and the long, thin rapiers flashing back the morning's sun. Ere they reached the Roundheads, the muskets flashed from the hedge-rows, and as the white smoke drifted on the breeze, and the loud report rang out, the gallant Cavaliers retired with thinned and disordered ranks, leaving Colonel Howard and many other gallant men dead upon the field. Again they charged, again broke before the deadly fire of the musketeers, leaving another colonel upon the field. Then Fairfax charged, and bore them, sorely buffeted and cut-up, before his strong riders, until they found protection beneath the muzzle of their cannon.

Gifford was handling his infantry with such address that Newcastle's spirits drooped, and he thought of commanding a retreat. But he had bold, strong gentlemen beneath his banners, and Colonel Skerton, heading a stand of pikes, broke Gifford's ranks, and made deadly work as the royal horse followed his charge. The Parliamentarians were not allowed time to rally, but were driven into Bradford.

Sir Thomas had no order to retire, and was not aware of the defeat of his father's command. For some time he maintained his ground, and succeeded in carrying his troops into Halifax.

The next morning he was in Bradford. A day of heavy fighting followed, but the place could not be maintained. Sir Thomas attempted to pass through the royal lines, but his party was dispersed, and his wife captured by the enemy. He gained Leeds, where the news arrived that the Hothams had been arrested, and Hull was open to the Parliamentarians. The Fairfaxes resolved to make the attempt to reach the fortress, and succeeded after many perils, Sir Thomas being shot through the wrist during a skirmish, and fainting from excessive pain and loss of blood.

XVIII.--THE BATTLE AT HULL.

A.D. 1643.

Newcastle marched upon Hull, drove Sir Thomas Fairfax out of Beverley, and besieged the town with 12,000 foot and 4,000 horse, on the 2nd of September, 1643. Attempts were made to command the Humber by the erection of forts at Hessle and Paull, and red-hot shot were thrown into the town. A sally was beaten back, but the besiegers were hindered by the cutting of the banks of the Hull and Humber, when the country around was laid under water. Oliver Cromwell and Lord Willoughby of Parham visited the town to consult with the Fairfaxes as to the best measures for the defence, but appeared satisfied that it could be maintained. The sorties of the garrison were spirited, and attended with some success. On the 9th October the Royalists attempted to carry the town by escalade, and almost succeeded. The Charter House battery was stormed, but re-captured, and many lives were lost. The gallant Captain Strickland was slain while leading the stormers. On the morning of the 11th of October a pitched battle was fought before the town. Fairfax organised a force of 1,500 men, drawn from the garrison, burghers, and the crews of the warships in the Humber.

Meldrum and Lord Fairfax issued out of the Hessle and Beverley gates, and took the Royalists by surprise, driving them out of their works; but being assailed by fresh troops from the main body of the besiegers, they were very roughly handled, and driven under the town walls, when the cannon opened upon the Cavaliers, and enabled Meldrum and Fairfax to re-form their troops.

Supported by the fire of the town guns, the Parliamentarians renewed their attack; and, in the face of a heavy fire, stormed the enemy's works, the dispute being very severe, and the fighting stubbornly maintained at close quarters. Newcastle's warriors made a gallant attempt to re-conquer their lost forts, but the cannon were turned upon them, and the Parliamentarians repulsed every attack. After three hours of hard fighting the Cavaliers retired, having received over one hundred discharges of the town guns.

An anxious night was passed, for the Parliamentarians expected Newcastle to renew his attempts to regain his forts and cannon, but the Marquis had suffered heavily, and, taking council with his officers, resolved to abandon the siege, and retire under cover of the night. His main army retired upon York, securing the retreat by breaking down bridges and obstructing the roads.

The men of Hull rejoiced in the capture of two famous cannon, Gog and Magog, a demi-culverin, four small drakes mounted on one carriage, two large brass drakes, and a saker.

The burghers spent the following day in public thanksgiving, and thus observed the anniversary of their deliverance until the restoration of the Stuarts.

XIX.--THE BATTLE OF SELBY.

A.D. 1644.

In 1644 King and Parliament were so closely matched that any accession of strength to either party would tend to the speedy conclusion of the conflict. When, on the 4th of March, the Earl of Leven occupied Sunderland with 30,000 Scots, reinforcements for Parliament, the greatest concern was felt by all good Cavaliers, and the Marquis of Newcastle promptly brought up his Yorkshire Royalists, and held Leven at bay.

In this strait Sir Thomas Fairfax was ordered to the North to reinforce the Scots with cavalry, and enable them to engage the King's men. Lord Fairfax joined his son near Hull, and, augmenting his forces, it was resolved to attack Selby, which was defended by barricades, and garrisoned by a strong force of foot and horse under the command of Colonel Bellasis, the son of Lord Falconberg.

On the 11th of April, 1644, the Parliamentarians advanced to the storm. The army was formed into three divisions, commanded by Lord Fairfax, Sir John Meldrum, and Colonel Bright. Sir Thomas Fairfax supported with his cavalry.

The steady advance was met by the red flash of the guns, and the smoke rose and drifted over the front. But the drums beat on, the pikemen held bravely to the front, and the musketeers began to handle their guns, as the front ranks poured into the trenches, leaving on the green sward behind them the silent forms of slain men, whose white, drawn faces looked very sad in the midst of the fresh young grass, and under the shifting April clouds. In the trenches and by the barricades some hot work went on, with clash of pikes and hail of bullets, until the Cavaliers were fairly beaten from their defences, and their reluctant officers, failing to rally their disordered ranks, retired them from the front. The lines were won, but Colonel Bellasis held the open ground with his horse, ready to sweep back the hostile foot should they attempt any further advance, and a desultory fire of musketry was maintained, until Sir Thomas Fairfax succeeded, after a fierce struggle, in breaking down a barricade and making way for his horse. Then the files of heavy cavalry came crashing over the disputed ground, beating under hoof the heaps of debris and rubbish, and overthrowing all who strove with pike and musket to bar their path. Sir Thomas occupied the ground between the houses and the river, when, with trumpets sounding the charge, a numerous body of royal horse bore down upon them. The charge was gallantly received, and a severe conflict ensued, when, beaten back by dint of steel and lead, the Royalists broke away in confusion, and availing themselves of the bridge of boats, crossed the river and took to flight.

Scarcely had the panting warriors time to re-form their disordered ranks before the fiery Bellasis burst upon them in a furious charge, eager to avenge his defeated horse. Cold steel met in thrust and parry; the pistols flashed, and brave men fell thickly as, hand-to-hand, in dust and smoke, the sharp hot _melee_ held; then riderless steeds broke away from the shock; Sir Thomas was hurled from his steed amid plunging hoofs and slashing steel, but was rescued by his gallant troopers, and re-mounted. The Cavaliers fought as King's men should that day, but were over-weighted by Fairfax's heavy horse, and driven off in headlong flight for York, leaving Colonel Bellasis a prisoner in the hands of the victorious Roundheads.

In the meantime the Parliamentarian foot had made good their hold of the town, and accepted the surrender of the royal foot.

The results of this engagement were remarkable. The Fairfaxes had only defeated some two or three thousand men, and wrested a small town from the King's hands, yet the strong city of York trembled for its safety, and Newcastle was urgently requested to return and defend the county. He complied. The Scots were at liberty. Fairfax immediately joined them with his little army; and, on the 19th of April, York was blockaded by the combined forces. Manchester augmented the besieging army; York was closely invested, its fall was imminent; and King Charles urgently demanded of Prince Rupert the raising of the siege. Gallantly was the demand met, but was followed by the famous battle of Marston Moor, from the effects of which the royal cause never recovered.

XX.--BATTLE OF MARSTON MOOR.

A.D. 1644.

King Charles was fully conscious of the perilous position in which he would be placed if York fell, and Yorkshire passed into the hands of the enemy; he therefore instructed Prince Rupert to march to the relief of York, using the following impressive language:--

"I command and conjure you, by the duty and affection which I
know you bear me, that, all new enterprise laid aside, you
immediately march, according to your first intention, with all
your force to the relief of York; but if that be either lost,
or have freed themselves from the besiegers, or that, for want
of powder, you cannot undertake that work, that you immediately
march with your whole strength to Worcester, to assist me and
my army, without which, or your having relieved York by beating
the Scots, all the successes you may afterwards have, most
infallibly will be useless unto me."

Gathering up forces as he advanced, Rupert marched to the succour of the city, and occupied Knaresborough and Boroughbridge on the evening of the 30th of June. On the following morning the Parliamentarians drew up on Hessay Moor, to arrest Rupert's advance. Outgeneraling his adversaries, the Prince marched to Poppleton Ferry, halted his army, and entered York with 200 Cavaliers. That night a council of war was held, and Rupert resolved to give battle to the enemy. The Marquis of Newcastle endeavoured to dissuade the Prince from this step, and begged him to await the arrival of a reinforcement of 5,000 men, expected in the course of a few days. Rupert is accused of behaving with discourtesy towards Newcastle, and for this there can be no defence. There was, however, good reason for fighting, and at once. Certainly the Prince could not be expected to put a great value on Newcastle's advice. Rupert had achieved many successes, and had relieved York by a masterly movement; on the other hand, Newcastle had not achieved any remarkable success, and had allowed himself to be besieged in York without fighting a battle. If he could hold Leslie in check, surely he might have attempted to raise the blockade of York before Manchester arrived with reinforcements. Had Rupert waited for reinforcements, would the Parliamentarians have accepted battle, or retired to some stronger position? Rupert was in a favourable position, with a tried army, almost as strong as that of the enemy, and if he did not at once give battle as favourable an opportunity might not again occur. Having relieved York, was he to retire and leave the enemy in Yorkshire to again besiege the city, or capture the various royal strongholds? Two nearly equal armies were opposed on Yorkshire soil, would one army leave the other in possession? would the Parliamentarians compel the Cavaliers to fight? or would the two armies move away in different directions, seeking other fields and other foes? Rupert and the Parliamentarian leaders knew that they were there to fight. The King's affairs absolutely demanded a victory, and the blame that attaches to Rupert is that he forgot the general in acting the part of a captain of horse, and so lost a battle that it was within his capabilities to have won, as the conduct of his army abundantly proved.

The morning of the 2nd of July beheld Rupert's army in motion; but the enemy were marching upon Tadcaster, not expecting an engagement. A threatening movement of Rupert's cavalry was promptly checked, and both armies began to form for battle under the Earls of Leven and Manchester and Lord Fairfax on the one hand; and Rupert, Goring, Lucas, and Sir John Urrie on the other. Some time elapsed before the various divisions reached the field, and stood opposed in order of battle.

The Parliamentarians occupied a gentle eminence covered by a crop of rye, beaten down by horse and foot. The regiments of Scotch and English were intermixed, that the grace or blame of victory or defeat might be equally shared. The centre consisted of serried masses of pikemen and musketeers, commanded by Leven and the elder Fairfax; Sir Thomas Fairfax led the right wing, consisting of his Yorkshire cavalry, supported by three regiments of Scottish horse, and outflanked by the village of Marston. The left wing, extending to Tockwith village, was commanded by Manchester and Cromwell. Their field word was "God with us!" Before them was the open moor, held by the King's men, but the furze and broken ground was calculated to retard their charges. Between the two armies extended a ditch and hedge, soon to be immortalised as the scene of some heavy fighting and dreadful slaughter.

Some uncertainty exists as to the disposition of the Royalists, the various accounts of the battle being very contradictory, but it may be assumed that the centre was commanded by Goring, Sir Charles Lucas, and General Porter; Newcastle heading his own regiment of white-coated pikemen. Rupert carried his huge red-cross banner, emblazoned with the arms of the Palatinate, on the left wing; and Sir John Urrie commanded the right. Grant seems disposed to support the statement of Rushworth, that Rupert led the right wing, and Sir Charles Lucas the left.

Rupert's position was excellent for the fighting of a defensive battle. To cross the ditch that lay between the armies was a serious undertaking for either army, but especially for the Parliamentarians, as Rupert had lined the hedge with musketeers, and had planted a battery on an eminence behind his centre, thus demanding a heavy sacrifice of life from the Parliamentarians before they could exchange blows with his centre, and, in the event of his assuming the offensive, the advance would be partially covered by the battery.

The combined armies consisted of about 46,000 men, and were of almost equal strength, the Parliamentarians having, probably, some little advantage in numbers. For several hours no hostile movement took place, with the exception of a few discharges of cannon, by one of the first shots of which the loyal Sir Gilbert Houghton lost his son. Apparently both parties were awed by the importance of the impending conflict, and reluctant to make the first movement, with all the difficulties attending the passage of the ditch and hedge.

The pleasant summer afternoon waned into evening, peaceful and calm. Seven o'clock approached: surely the bloody bout would be delayed until the morrow. Occasionally the cannon roared, and a few men fell; one of these unfortunates was young Walton, Cromwell's nephew, who was severely wounded; and it is supposed that this brought about the Parliamentarian attack.

"It was now between six and seven, and Rupert, calling for
provisions, dismounted, and began to eat his supper. A large
number of his followers did the like. Newcastle strolled
towards his coach to solace himself with a pipe. Before he had
time to take a whiff, the battle had begun."--_Gardiner._

Manchester moved forward his infantry in heavy masses, with pikes and muskets ready for the deadly work, and attempted the passage of the ditch, while Cromwell's magnificent cuirassiers swept forward to clear the same formidable obstacle, and engage the enemy's right. Rupert hurried forward a large body of musketeers to meet Manchester's attack, and at the same time swept their ranks by the deadly discharges of his field battery. Rupert's musketeers being covered by the hedge, inflicted heavy loss upon the Parliamentarians, and Manchester vainly exerted himself to re-form their shattered ranks. Two cannons were hurried up, and the officers exposed themselves with the utmost devotion to encourage their troops, but they were powerless to advance in the face of that deadly shower of bullets, and the position was becoming critical in the extreme, when relief came, and that not a moment too soon. Cromwell, making a wide sweep, gained the open moor, found room for a charge, and bore down upon the enemy's right with a tremendous and fatal force. A short but desperate conflict ensued as Cromwell carried his Ironsides through the sorely buffeted and shattered squadrons of the royal horse. Pressing on, he stormed the battery and put the gunners to the sword. A moment's breathing space was allowed the horses, and then the musketeers, who held Manchester's advance in check with their forks planted in the ditch-bank, maintaining a steady and destructive fire, became the object of attack. These brave soldiers did not attempt to meet the charge, but retreated in close order, with presented pikes, and although they suffered severely from the fury of the enemy, they endeavoured to check the successive charges by the repeated fire of their muskets.

There was no braver man in the field than Sir Thomas Fairfax, but he suffered a sad defeat on that memorable July evening. The ground occupied by his troops was broken and intersected by a number of lanes; not difficult to defend, but preventing united action when the moment for the advance arrived. Nevertheless he struggled forward, wasting his strength by a succession of weak charges, but unable to find room for a general attack. The fiery Rupert was opposed to him, and swept his ranks by a cruel and incessant fire of musketry, until little hope for the Parliament remained in this part of the field. For a time the impending ruin was averted by Cromwell, who charged the Prince's infantry, and afforded Fairfax an opportunity of re-forming his torn and wearied forces; but in the midst of the struggling advance of the over-mastered Parliamentarians Rupert delivered his grand charge, and storming over and through every obstacle, filled this part of the field with a wild rout of unhappy fugitives, amongst whom the keen rapiers of his gay Cavaliers wrought terrible havoc. The brother of Sir Thomas Fairfax was mortally wounded, but the good knight clung desperately to the ground with 500 of his own horse and a regiment of lancers, to be wounded and fairly borne off the field by the impetuous Rupert. Here the Prince took a deadly and fatal revenge on the Scotch cavalry, put them to headlong flight, and bore on in stormy pursuit, while the royal infantry was exposed to the attacks of Manchester's foot and Cromwell's victorious Ironsides. Had Rupert succoured his centre at this stage of the battle he must have compelled the Parliamentarians to yield to him the victory.

Nobly the royal foot met the deadly storm of battle; exerting such heroic courage that they fairly pushed back the Parliamentarian advance, and the King's prospects were yet promising, maugre the terrible handling received from Cromwell. That gallant soldier held his cavalry well in hand, albeit their ranks were somewhat thinned by shot and steel; and they now wrested the victory from the rashly impetuous Rupert. The Marquis of Newcastle's incomparable regiment of Northumbrians perished here. They were known as "lambs," or "white-coats," from the colour of their doublets, and resisted Cromwell to the last. Again and again he charged them, but they returned blow for blow, and, disdaining all offers of quarter, perished almost to a man, the few that were saved owing their lives rather to the magnanimity of their enemies than to any exertions of their own to escape the slaughter. They fell in their proper battle-order, and presented a ghastly spectacle as they lay upon the field in rank and file, their white coats cruelly slashed with many a crimson stain. The remainder of the royal foot were now taken in the rear by the Ironsides, and sustained a bloody and ruinous defeat. Before their ruin was consummated the Prince returned, and a fierce conflict ensued. Rupert had counted the victory as already won, and rage and mortification added to the fury of the last sanguinary and stubborn conflict. Cromwell was wounded in the neck, and his charge was all but abortive, when Leslie came up and retrieved the mishap by a terrible onslaught that sent Rupert's over-mastered warriors in wild confusion from the field. The infantry now surrendered, and Cromwell captured all the cannon, baggage, &c, of the royal army, which was pursued almost to the gates of York.

At a late hour throngs of wounded men and fugitives from the field appeared before Micklegate-Bar, but the soldiers of the garrison were alone admitted into the city, and the confusion that ensued was of the most deplorable and painful character.

Cromwell remained on the field, anxious and alert, fearful that the impetuous Rupert might rally some remains of his army, and, by a sudden onslaught under cover of night, wrest from his shattered army the victory so hardly won by dint of heavy fighting.

The general loss was estimated at 7,000 men, Prince Rupert losing over 3,000 slain, and 3,000 prisoners, including many officers. The Parliamentarians captured forty-seven colours, twenty-five pieces of artillery, a number of carbines and pistols, 130 barrels of gunpowder, and 10,000 arms. Among their prisoners were Generals Sir Charles Lucas, Tilliard, and Porter, and Lord Goring's son. Amongst the gallant gentlemen who laid down their lives for King Charles on Marston Moor were Lord Kerry, Sir Francis Dacres, Sir William Lampton, Sir Charles Slingsby, Sir William Wentworth, Sir Marmaduke Luddon, Sir Richard Gledhill, Colonel John Fenwick, Sir Richard Graham, and Captain John Baird. Sir Richard Gledhill, as a matter of fact, died in his own house an hour after he succeeded in gaining its shelter. He had received twenty-six wounds. Sir Charles Lucas was informed that he could select some of the slain for private interment, and in thus distinguishing one unfortunate Cavalier caused a bracelet of silky hair to be removed from his wrist, "as he knew an honourable lady who would thankfully receive it." The Scots suffered severely, and the English lost Captains Micklethwaite and Pugh, and Sir Thomas Fairfax had to deplore the loss of his brother Charles, and of Major Fairfax.

No two accounts of the battle agree, and Cromwell, whose conduct conduced so largely to the winning of the battle, has been even accused of cowardice by one writer. Rapin says,

"I shall not undertake to describe this battle, because in all
the accounts I have seen I meet with so little order or
clearness that I cannot expect to give a satisfactory idea of
it to such of my readers as understand these matters."

The Parliamentarians assumed a white badge to distinguish them from their opponents.

Prince Rupert would probably have won the battle had he acted as a commander-in-chief instead of leading a wing; but it was then customary for each of the three commanders to fight his own battle, with too little regard to the general issue, when there was no commander directing the operations of the divisions.

The King's affairs never recovered from the results of this battle, and the royal cause undoubtedly received its death-blow on Marston Moor, when the last of the Yorkshire battles was fought.

XXI.--BATTLE OF BRUNANBURGH.

A.D. 937.

King Athelstan reigned in troublous days, with the restless Danish population in the North, the Welsh in the West, the Scots ready to support his enemies, and his own nobles discontented and disloyal. Athelstan had conferred upon Sithric, King of Northumberland, the hand of his sister; but the prince violated his obligations, and was only secured from punishment by the sudden stroke of death.

Sithric's sons, Anlaf and Godfrid, took refuge in Ireland and Scotland; and a confederation of the princes of Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and Cumberland, seconded by a Danish fleet, threatened the crown of Athelstan.

After four years of preparation and recruiting the storm burst. In 937 Anlaf entered the Humber at the head of a huge armada of 615 sail, and occupied Bernicia.

Athelstan, with a powerful army, marched to the North and encamped at Brunanburgh. It is said that Anlaf entered the King's camp disguised as a minstrel, and was liberally rewarded by Athelstan, but, in his pride, buried the gold, and was perceived by one of the royal soldiers, who then recognised him, but permitted him to retire from the camp before he apprised Athelstan of the identity of the minstrel. His excuse that had permitted Anlaf to escape because he had at one period sworn fealty to him, was accepted as a sufficient reason; but Athelstan removed his camp, and shortly after the Bishop of Sherborne came up with his troops and occupied the ground that Athelstan had vacated.

That night Anlaf made a sudden attack upon the Saxons, and slew the Bishop of Sherborne and many of his followers, before he was driven off.

The day of battle dawned. Each army was formed into two corps. Athelstan commanded the West Saxons; Turketul, his heroic chancellor, led the warriors of Mercia and London. Anlaf and his wild Northmen opposed the King; Constantine, King of Scotland, confronted Turketul with his Scots and Cumbrians.

At sunrise the war-smiths fell to, with sleet of arrows and deadly play of bills and spears, as the banners were pushed forward. Bravely the golden-haired Athelstan acquitted himself in the van, amid the communion of swords and the clashing of bills, the conflict of banners and the meeting of spears, when the keen javelins strewed the soil with the slain, and the unerring arrows carried death above the guarding shield. Athelstan's sword dropped in the press, but as Otho, Archbishop of Canterbury, entreated the heavenly aid, a sword of celestial potency filled the empty sheath, and with it Athelstan fought until night closed upon the scene.

As the day was drawing towards eventide, with the wild war-wrestle at its maddest, and the song of the fiery Northman rolling like thunder over the field, now heaped with slain and wounded men, for the front ranks had been mown down, and renewed again and again, Turketul headed a veteran corps of spearmen, and made an irresistible charge upon the Scots. Vainly Constantine strove to hold his ground; his fierce Scots were over-weighted, broken, and borne down. Anlaf's Northmen were dismayed, and gave ground. Turketul charged them; a brief, fierce struggle ensued; then he penetrated their ranks; flight commenced; the field was covered with fugitives; the Northmen anxiously striving to regain their nailed barks, and crowd all sail for Ireland.

Then pressed the West Saxons hard on "the footsteps of the loathed nations." "They hewed the fugitives behind, amain, with swords mill-sharp," while on the battle-stead lay five "youthful kings, and seven eke of Anlaf's earls."

"Constantine, hoary warrior, he had no cause to exult in the
communion of swords. Here was his kindred band of friends
o'erthrown on the falkstead, in battle slain; and his son he
left on the slaughter-place, mangled with wounds, young in the
fight."

The slaughter was dreadful, but the throne of Athelstan was secured, and his northern subjects humbled. He left behind him a terrible carnage field,

"the sallowy kite the corse to devour, and the swarthy raven
with horned nib, and the dusky 'pada' erne white-tailed, the
corse to enjoy, greedy war-hawk, and the grey beast, wolf of
the wood. Carnage greater has not been in this island ever yet
of people slain, before this, by edges of swords, as books us
say, old writers, since from the east hither, Angles and
Saxons came to land, o'er the broad seas Britain sought,
mighty war-smiths, the Welsh o'ercame, earls most bold, this
earth obtained."

In later years Anlaf obtained considerable successes over King Edmund, and the northern provinces were ceded to him; but scarcely had he obtained this high position ere death touched his brow, and kingly pride and vain ambition were overcome.

Despite the labours of Yorkshire and Lancashire antiquaries, the locality of Brunanburgh must be regarded as unascertained, and no evidence has been produced that can justify its inclusion in the list of Yorkshire battles.

XXII.--FIGHT OFF FLAMBOROUGH HEAD.

A.D. 1779.

In the years 1778 and 1779 British commerce suffered severely from the attacks of Paul Jones.

In September of the latter year he cruised along the East coast with the "Bonne Homme Richard," 40 guns, 375 men; the "Alliance," 40 guns, 300 men; the "Pallas," 32 guns, 275 men; and the "Vengeance," 12 guns, 70 men. On the 20th of September, Bridlington was alarmed by an express stating that Paul Jones was off Scarborough; that evening he was seen by the fishermen of Flamborough, and a fleet of merchantmen crowded into Bridlington bay, and the harbour was soon thronged with vessels, a number being chained alongside the piers. The townsfolks mustered, rudely armed, and supported the two companies of Northumberland Militia, who marched to the quay with drums beating.

The Baltic fleet, with a freight valued at £600,000 pounds, was approaching the coast, convoyed by the "Serapis," 40 guns, captain, Pearson; and the "Countess of Scarborough," 20 guns, captain, Piercy. On Thursday, September 23rd, the fleet approached Scarborough, and was warned by the bailiff that the enemy was in the neighbourhood. Captain Pearson then signalled the fleet to bear down upon his lee, but the ships continued their course. About noon a scene of confusion ensued as the leading ships perceived the enemy bearing down upon them. The two captains hoisted all sail, prepared for action, and took the post of danger.

Twilight was closing over waves and cliff when, at about twenty minutes past seven, the "Serapis" challenged the "Bonne Homme Richard," and saluted him with a cannon shot. The American flag was run up, and the shot returned. Captain Pearson delivered a broadside, which was returned, and for some time the battle was carried on by repeated discharges of cannon. The moon arose with unusual brilliancy, and the natives of Flamborough thronged to the cliffs to witness the exciting scene. Paul Jones attempted to board, but with bayonet, pike, and cutlass the British tars maintained their decks, and the "Bonne Homme Richard" sheered off. An attempt to lay the "Serapis" square with her adversary was foiled, and the "Bonne Homme Richard" was laid across the bows of the "Serapis." With cannon and small arms a murderous conflict was maintained, then the jib-boom of the "Serapis" gave way, and the ships fell broadside to broadside, with yard-arms locked; swaying and reeling as they ripped up each other's sides with repeated broadsides, although the muzzles of the cannons touched, and many of the port-lids were torn away.

The night closed in, and the conflict continued. The decks of the "Serapis" were swept by shot, covered with the slain and wounded. For two hours her crew maintained the fight with heroic courage. Combustibles were thrown upon her decks, ten times she took fire; a hand-grenade exploded a cartridge, and the explosion ran along the line of guns where the cartridges lay, abaft the mainmast. Many men were killed or wounded, and the guns remained unfought to the end.

During this murderous work the "Alliance" sailed round and round the combatants, and raked the "Serapis" with successive broadsides.

On a cry for quarter being raised, Captain Pearson boarded the "Bonne Homme Richard," but at once retired on perceiving a numerous party of the enemy lying in ambush. The battle re-commenced, when the "Alliance" again raked the "Serapis," inflicting dreadful slaughter, and bringing down the mainmast.

The "Serapis" was little better than a wreck, and the old flag was reluctantly hauled down. Paul Jones received the conquered enemy most courteously. Without the aid of the "Alliance" the "Bonne Homme Richard" would have been captured. She was on fire in two places, the guns on her lower deck were dismounted, and she had seven feet of water in her hold. Out of her crew of 375 men, 306 were killed and wounded. The total loss of the two English ships did not reach half that number. On the following day the "Bonne Homme Richard" was abandoned, and, before all her wounded could be removed, went to the bottom.

The "Countess of Scarborough" fought the "Pallas" and "Vengeance" for upwards of two hours, and only struck when a third vessel bore down upon her.

The King of France presented Paul Jones with a gold-hilted sword, and requested the American Government to sanction the bestowal of the military Order of Merit upon the gallant adventurer.

Captain Pearson was knighted, and was rewarded by the merchants for saving the Baltic fleet. He was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Greenwich, and received the Freedom of the corporations of Hull, Scarborough, Appleby, and Dover.

Index.

Adela, daughter of William I., 56

Adelwald, King of Deira, 8-10

Aire, River, 8, 99, 185

Airedale, 99

Albany, Duke of, 142

Albemarle, William, 3rd Earl of, 61, 66

Alberic, Bishop of Ostia, 73

Aldred, Archbishop of York, 43

Alexander II., King of Scotland, 79, 80

Alexander III., King of Scotland, 79

Alfred, King of the North-Humbrians, 10, 11

Alfred, King of England, 20

Alnwick Castle, 76

Alred, 70

Alured, Lieut., 191

Alured, Captn., 191

Anlaf, 216-220

Annandale, Robert Bruce, Lord of, 64-66

Appleby, 225

Archer, John, 156

Arundel, Edmund Fitz-Alan, 2nd Earl of, 100

Aske, Robert, 175

Aspall, 159-160

Athelstan, King of Mercia, 13, 216-220

Atkinson, Captn., 179

Audley, John Touchet, 6th Lord, 152

Avon, River, 100

Badlesmere, Bartholomew, 1st Lord de, 103-4

Baird, Captn., John, 214

Baldwin V., Earl of Flanders, 18

Baldwinson, Ensign, 189

Baliol, Bernard de, 61, 64-66, 76

Baliol, Edward, King of Scotland, 138

Ballinson, Ensign, 189

Bamborough Castle, 50-51, 172

Banbury, 81

Bangor, Bishop of, 147

Bardolph, Thomas, 5th Lord, 143-7

Barfleur, 54

Battles: Adwalton Moor, 193-5

Agincourt, 124, 137, 148

Bannockburn, 83, 103

Barnet, 173

Beaujé, 149

Bloreheath, 152

Boroughbridge, 107-110

Bosworth, 174

Bramham Moor, 145-6

Brunanburgh, 13-14, 217-220

Byland Abbey, 122-128

Cressy, 124

Durham, or Neville's Cross, 133

Ebberston, 11

Evesham, 158

Falkirk, 103

off Flamborough, 222-5

Fulford, 24

Hastings, or Senlac, 27, 37-41, 53

Hedgeley Moor, 172

Hexham, 172

Homildon, 142

Hull, 196-8

Leeds, 183-6

Marston Moor, 202

Mortimer's Cross, 162-3

Myton Meadows, 95-8

Northampton, 154

Otterburn, 135

Pavia, 137

Radcot Bridge, 139

Sandal, or Wakefield-Green, 157-162

Selby, 199-201

Shrewsbury, 142

St. Albans (first), 150-1

St. Albans (second), 164-5

Stamford Bridge, 15, 25-34

Standard, the, 51

Stoke, 137, 174

Tadcaster, 180-182

Tewkesbury, 173

Towton, 166-172

Wakefield, 188-191

Winwidfield, 8-10

Beaumont, Captn., 185

Bellasis, Col., 199-202

Benedict, a rich Jew of York, 77

Benson, Captn.-Lieut., 189

Beorne, Earl, 43

Bernefield, Sir Roger, 110

Berwick, 83-93, 103, 130, 144

Beverley, 128, 134, 148, 178, 196

Bingley, 181

Bishopthorpe, 144

Blacklow, 100

Blanche Nef, 54

Bland, Sir Thomas, 189

Blount, Sir Thomas, 156

Bonville, William, 1st Lord, 165

Bootham, 171

Boroughbridge, 84, 95, 107-111, 114-115, 117, 128, 204

Bourchier, Edward, 161

Bosworth, Battle of, 174

Bradburne, Henry de, 113

Bradford, 181, 183, 188, 190, 192, 194

Bramham Moor, 145

Brember, Sir Nicholas, 139

Brian, son of Earl Alan Fergan, 55

Bridlington, 127, 187, 221

Bright, Col., 200

Bruce, Robert, Earl of Annandale, 64-66

Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick and King of Scotland, 83-5, 91-2, 106,
117-125, 128-130

Bruce, David, King of Scotland, 133

Buchan, Earl of, 149

Buckingham, Duchess of, 152

Buckingham, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of, 150-151

Burgh, Hubert de, 79

Burgh-on-Sands, 81, 102

Burton-upon-Trent, 105

Byland Abbey, 118, 122-7, 130

Cadwalla, King of the West Britons, 7

Calais, 153-4

Cambridge, Richard Plantagenet, 4th Earl of, 148

Canterbury, Wm. Corbois, Archbishop of, 57

Canterbury, Thos. Fitz-Alan (alias Arundel), Archbishop of, 140

Canterbury, Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of, 155

Canute, King of England, 18, 41

Carlisle, 49, 58, 70-73, 128-130

Carmichael, Sir John, 149

Carnabie, Sergt.-Major, 189

Carr, Major, 179

Carr, Sergt.-Major, 189

Carr, Captn., 189

Carr, Ensign, 189

Castleford, 99

Chapter of Mitton, 98

Charles I., King of England, 177-179, 203

Cheney, William, 113

Chop Head Loaning, 115

Cinque Ports, 85

Clarence, Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Duke of, 148-9

Clarence, George Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of, 159, 174

Clay, Thomas, 152

Cleveland, 143

Clifford, Sir Roger, 110

Clifford, Thomas de Clifford, 8th Lord, 150-1

Clifford, John de Clifford, 9th Lord, 158-162, 166

Clinton, John de Clinton, 5th Lord, 152

Clitheroe, 64

Cobham, Sir Ralph, 125

Cock, River, 170

Coifi, a pagan priest 5-6

Colt, Thomas, 152

Constable of England (Duke of Northumberland), 141

Constable, Sir Robert, 175

Constantine, King of Scotland, 217-219

Conway Castle, 141

Conyers, Sir John, 152

Copeland, John, Esquire, 133

Cornwall, Piers de Gaveston, Earl of, 81-2, 100-2

Cospatrick, 4th Earl of Northumberland, 44, 52

Coventry, 140, 152

Crab, John, a Flemish engineer, 88-90

Croft, Captn., 189

Cromwell, John de, 127,

Cromwell, Oliver, 196, 206, 208-13, 215

Cuichelm, King of the West Saxons, 4

Culross, 121

Cumberland, 179

Cumin, William, Chancellor of Scotland, 73

Dacres, Ralph, 1st Lord, 171

Dacres, Sir Francis, 214

Dalkeith Castle, 135

Danthorpe, Matthew, hermit, 141

Darcy, Thomas, 1st Lord, 175

David I., King of Scotland, 55, 58-60, 63, 64-5, 71-2

David II., King of Scotland, 133

Dedington Castle, 81

Deira-field, Castle of, 11

Denman, Sir John, 168

Denton, Sir Richard de, 129

Denton, 181

Derwent, River, 3, 127

Despenser, Sir Hugh, 112, 113, 127, 129

Despenser, Hugh, Earl of Winchester, 112, 113, 127, 129

Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, 14th Earl of, 171

Devonshire, Humphrey Stafford, 15th Earl of, 173

Deynville, 113

Doncaster, 7, 140, 172

Dovenald, 68-9

Douglas, Sir James, 83-4, 91-3, 95-6, 102, 105-6, 119, 125-6, 132

Douglas, James, Earl of, 135-6

Douglas, Archibald (Tine-man) Earl of, 142

Dryburgh, 121

Dunstable, 164

Durham, Geoffrey Ruffus, Bishop of, 73

Durham, 47-9, 52, 58, 144

Edgar Atheling, 20, 43, 49

Edward, the Confessor, King of England, 16-20, 59

Edward I., King of England, 80, 81, 83, 85, 102, 112

Edward II., King of England, 81, 83-88, 90, 92-93, 100-7, 111-2,
117-8, 120-1, 124, 126-7, 128, 130

Edward III., King of England, 131-3, 135

Edward IV., King of England, 163, 165-174

Edward V., King of England, 174

Edward VI., King of England, 175

Edwin, King of Northumbria, 3-8

Edwin Earl of Northumbria, 17, 19, 21, 23-5, 52

Egbert, Archbishop of York, 44

Ella, Usurper of Northumbria, 12-3

Ely, John Hotham, Bishop of, 98

Espec, Walter l', 61, 66

Exeter, Henry Holland, 4th Duke of, 156, 164

Fairfax, Ferdinand, 2nd Lord, 179-187, 193-7, 199-200, 202-6

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 179-202, 206, 210-11

Fairfax, Sir William, 184-5, 188, 190-1

Fauconberg, William Neville, 7th Lord, 167-8

Fitz-John, Eustace, 63-73

Fleming, Nicholas, Mayor of York, 92-5, 98

Foulis, Sir Henry, 188, 190-1

Gaunt, John of, 2nd Duke of Lancaster, 140-1

Gaveston, Piers de, 81-2, 100-2, 113

Gifford, Major-General John, 181, 188, 190-1, 193-4

Glemham, Sir Thomas, 179

Gloucester, Robert, 1st Earl of, 55-6, 75

Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, 1st Duke of, 135

Gloucester, Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of, 159, 174

Goring, Lord George, 183, 187, 188-9, 191, 206-7

Hanson, Richard, Mayor of Hull, 159

Harcla, Sir Andrew, 1st Earl of Carlisle, 107-8, 110, 114-5, 128-30

Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, 15, 21-32

Harold, King of England, 15-18, 20-3, 26-9, 31-7, 39-41, 43

Henrietta, Queen of Charles I., 187

Henry I., King of England, 53-8

Henry II., King of England, 75-6

Henry III., King of England, 79-80, 101

Henry IV., King of England, 141-4, 155, 164-5

Henry V., King of England, 137, 148, 153, 155

Henry VI., King of England, 150-5, 160, 165, 171-3

Henry VII., King of England, 174-5

Henry VIII., King of England, 175-6

Henry, Prince, of Scotland, 63, 65, 69-70, 72

Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of, 100, 105-6, 109-10, 114

Hereford, Henry Plantagenet, 1st Duke of, 139-41

Hereward le Wake, 42, 48, 52

Hessay Moor, 204

Hinguar, a Danish chief 12-3

Holland, Sir John, 13th Earl of Huntingdon and 1st Duke of Exeter,
134-5

Hotham, Sir John, 177-8, 187, 192, 195

Hotham, Captn. John, 183, 187, 190, 192

Houghton, Sir Gilbert, 208

Hubba, a Danish chief, 12, 13

Hull, Kingston-upon-, 80, 140, 175, 177-8, 187, 192, 195, 199, 225

Hungerford, Robert, 3rd Lord, 155, 172

Ireland, Robert Vere, Ninth Earl of Oxford, and First Duke of, 139

Isabella, Queen of Edward II., 92, 103-4, 131

John, King of England, 78, 79

John, Prince, First Duke of Bedford, 143

Jones, Paul, 221-5

Keith, Sir William, of Galston, 84

Kent, Edmund Plantagenet, Fourth Earl of, 127

Kyriel, Sir Thomas, 165

Lacy, Ilbert de, 61

Lancaster, Thomas Plantagenet, Second Earl of, 100-1, 104-114, 116,
129

Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Second Duke of, 140-1

Lancaster, Henry Plantagenet, Third Duke of, 141

Leeds, 6, 183-5, 187-9, 195

Leeds Castle, Kent, 103-4

Leven, Earl of, 199, 206

Lincoln, John de la Pole, Ninth Earl of, 137, 174

London, 20, 57, 147, 154, 163-165, 178, 189

Longchamp, William, Bishop of Ely, 178

Lucas, Sir Charles, 206-7, 214

MacDonoquhy, William, 64, 65

Malcolm III., King of Scotland, 21, 47, 50

Malcolm IV., King of Scotland, 76

Malcolm II., King of Scotland, 76

Malise, Earl of Strathearn, 65

Manchester, Earl of, 202, 205-6, 209-11

March, Edmund Mortimer, Fifth Earl of, 148

March, Edward, Titulary Earl of, 152-3, 156-7, 159, 162-3, 165

Margaret of Anjou, 150-1, 154-5, 159-60, 164, 167, 171-3

Matilda, daughter of Henry I., 55-58, 75

Matilda, Queen of Stephen, 73

Meldrum, Sir John, 178, 197, 200

Melton, William de, Archbishop of York, 92-4, 96, 98

Montacute, John Neville, First Marquis of, 173

Morkar, First Earl of Northumberland, 17-18, 21, 23, 24-5, 52

Mortimer, Edmund, Fifth Earl of March, 142

Mowbray, Roger de Mowbray, Second Lord de, 61

Mowbray, John de Mowbray, Second Lord de, 113, 114

Mowbray, Thomas de, Sixth Lord, 143-4

Newcastle, 58, 76, 81, 85, 135, 171

Newcastle, Marquis of, 180-2, 186, 192-4, 196-9, 202, 204, 207, 209,
212

Newport, Earl, 178

Norfolk, Thomas, Baron Mowbray, First Duke of, 139-40

Norfolk, John Mowbray, Third Duke of, 150

Norfolk, John Mowbray, Fourth Duke of, 165, 169-70

Northampton, 17, 18, 19, 154

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Twelfth Earl of, 140-47

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Thirteenth Earl of, 150-151

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Fourteenth Earl of, 157, 161, 164, 168,
171

Northumberland, Henry Percy, Sixteenth Earl of, 175

Northumberland, Thomas Percy, Nineteenth Earl of, 176

Nottingham, 92, 179

Nowel, Ralph, Titular Bishop of Orkney, 61, 66

Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, 39, 48-9

Ormond, Earl of, 171

Osbert, King of Northumbria, 12-13

Osred I., King of Northumbria, 11

Oswy, King of Northumbria, 8-10

Otho, Archbishop of Canterbury, 218

Parkinson, the Rev. Thomas, F.R.H.S., 151

Pearson, Captain, 222-5

Pembroke, Aylmer de Valence, Tenth Earl of, 124

Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, Sixteenth Earl of, 162

Pembroke, William Herbert, Seventeenth Earl of, 173

Penda, King of Mercia, 7-11

Percy, Sir Henry, K. G., "Hotspur," 135-6, 142-3

Philippa, Queen, 132-3, 135

Phillips, Mrs S. K., 115

Pole, de la, Sir William, 137

Pole, de la, Sir Richard, 137

Pole, de la, Michael, First Earl of Suffolk, 137

Pole, de la, Michael, Second Earl of Suffolk, 137

Pole, de la, Michael, Third Earl of Suffolk, 137

Pole, de la, William, Fourth Earl and First Duke of Suffolk, 137

Pole, de la, John, Second Duke of Suffolk, 137

Pole, de la, John, Ninth Earl of Lincoln, 137

Pole, de la, Edmund, Fifth Earl of Suffolk, 137

Pole, de la, Richard, Titulary Duke of Suffolk, 137

Pontefract, 111, 113, 141, 157, 162, 174

Porter, General, 207, 214

Powis, Lord, 152-3

Randolph, Thomas, Earl of Moray, 83-4, 91-3, 95-6, 102, 105-6, 116,
119, 125-6

Richard I., King of England, 76-8

Richard II., King of England, 133-136, 139-41, 147

Richard III., King of England, 137

Richmond, John de Dreux, Ninth Earl of, 124, 127-8

Rivers, Richard Widvile, First Lord, 153

Rivers, Anthony Widvile, Second Lord, 174

Robert, Earl (Robert Comyn, Third Earl of Northumberland), 43

Robert, Earl (Robert de Mowbray, Eighth Earl of Northumberland) 50-1

Robert, Duke of Normandy, 53-4, 56

Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 145-6, 148

Roos, Thomas de Roos, Tenth Lord, 164

Rupert, Prince, 202, 215

Rutland, Edmund Plantagenet, Titulary Duke of, 152, 159-162

Salisbury, Richard Neville, Eighth Earl of, 150-3, 156-7, 159,
161-162, 171

Savile, Sir William, of Thornhill, 183-5

Scales, Thomas de Scales, Seventh Lord, 154-6

Scarborough, 23, 81, 134, 221-2,225

Scroop, Jeffrey de, Chief Justiciary, 129

Scroop, Henry le Scroop, of Masham, Third Lord, 148

Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Fifth Earl of, 164, 171

Siward, Earl of Northumbria, 15-16, 47

Somerset, Edmund de Beaufort, Second Duke of, 150-1

Somerset, Henry de Beaufort, Fifth Earl of, 153-4, 156-7, 161, 164,
168, 172

Stafford, Humphrey de Stafford, Fifth Earl, 150-1

Stafford, Henry, First Lord, 176

Stephen, King of England, 51, 56, 57-8, 61, 75

Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, 20

Sulley, Sir Henry de, 127, 130

Tadcaster, 26, 31, 179, 187, 206

Thurstan, Archbishop of York, 61, 62

Tilliard, General, 214

Tosti Godwinsson, Earl of Northumbria, 15-7, 19-23, 25-27, 31-2

Travis-Cook, John, F.R.H.S., 137

Trollope, Sir Andrew, 152, 162, 168, 171

Tudor, Henry, Sixteenth Earl of Richmond, 174

Turketul, 217-8

Urrie, Sir John, 206, 207

Wakefield, 159, 161-2, 164, 183,186

Walcher of Lorraine, Bishop of Durham, Sixth Earl of Northumberland,
47, 48

Wales, Edward, Prince of, 154-5, 164, 171, 173

Waltheof Siwardsson, Fifth Earl of Northumberland, 16, 43, 45, 47-8

Ward, Sir Simon, Sheriff of Yorkshire, 107-8, 115

Warwick, Guy de Beauchamp, Eleventh Earl of, 81

Warwick, Richard Neville, Sixteenth Earl of, 150-4, 156, 164-6, 168,
173

Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Eighteenth Earl of, 174-5

Welles, Leo de Welles, Sixth Lord, 164, 171

Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, First Earl of, 140, 143

Westmoreland, Charles Neville, Sixth Earl of, 176

Widvile, Sir Anthony, 153

William, Duke of Normandy, 19-20, 23, 35-41

William I., King of England, 44-49, 51-54, 59

William II. (Rufus), King of England, 49-53

William, son of Robert Duke of Normandy, 53-56

William, son of Henry I., 54-55

Willoughby, Richard Welles, Seventh Lord, 164

Willoughby, of Parham, Lord, 196

Wiltshire, James Butler, Second Earl of, 171

Wulstan, Bishop of Worcester, 20

York, 1, 16-17, 25-26, 43-47, 75-81, 92-94, 126-7, 131-3, 135, 144,
171, 202-5, 213

York, Walter de Grey, Archbishop of, 139

York, Richard Scroop, Archbishop of, 143-4

York, Edward Plantagenet, First Duke of, 135

York, Richard Plantagenet, Fifth Duke of, 174

York, Richard Plantagenet, Eighth Duke of, 137, 150-2, 154-62, 171

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