Chapter II: Part 2

D. trifasciata. _Swains. in Zool. Journ. 2, p. 152. Gen. Zool. 13, 2,
179. Lesson. Manuel. 1, p. 196._

In Mus. Paris. Nostro.

----

We found this remarkable bird not uncommon in the thick Forests of Pitanga, near Bahia, during our travels in Brazil in the years 1815-7. Yet although the male birds were frequent, we were never fortunate enough to procure a female. It has likewise been found in the southern provinces of that empire, by Dr. Langsdorff.

Its total length is about seven inches; the whole plumage, with the exception of the snowy bands on the wings, is intensely black: the white spot on the back is only seen when the feathers are raised: the irides, in the live bird, are of a beautiful crimson.

My friend M. Lesson, conjectures truly in thinking, that the birds placed by M. Temminck in our genus _Drymophila_, have no connexion or analogy with those species we have described, or with the characters on which we originally founded the group: they belong, in short, to a different family.

* * * * * *

T. Gyrola.]

AGLAÏA Gyrola.

_Red-headed Tanager._

----

Family Fringillidæ?--G. Tanagra. _Auct._

Aglaïa. _Lesson. Man. 2, 423._

Bill small, short, compressed; nostrils concealed by velvet-like
feathers. Wings rather lengthened, pointed; 2, 3 and 4 quills equal and
longest. Tail even.

Type.--_Tanagra Tatao._--Lin.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Vivid green, sometimes varied on the breast with blue: the whole head
bright rufous, bordered round the neck with a narrow golden ring._

Tanagra Gyrola. _Lin. 1, 315. Lath. In. Orn. 1, 427._

---- _Desmarest Tan. pl. 15. Vieil. Orn. 2, p. 778._

Le Rouverdin. _Buff. Son. 12, p. 341. Pl. Enl. 133, f. 2. Edw. pl. 23._

Red-headed Tanager. _Lath. Syn. 3, 233. Gen. Hist. 6, 16._

----

The splendid little birds arranged under this group belong exclusively to Tropical America. They are generally seen in pairs, frequenting open woody tracts; feed principally upon fruits, and seldom if ever perch upon the ground: In the variety, and richness of their colours, they are only surpassed by the Humming Birds.

The Red-headed Tanager has never, we believe, been found in Brazil; although it occurs in Cayenne, Surinam, and some of the West India Islands. Buffon was its first describer; he informs us that in French Guyana it appears in small flocks, two or three times in a year; arriving when the fruit of a particular tree is ripe, and departing when it begins to fail. Some specimens are more brilliant than others, originating probably from age or locality: those from Cayenne are known by a delicate blue tinge on the breast. A further variety has been described (_Ency. Meth._), in which the upper part of the neck is also red, and the back marked by a large spot of dull rufous (_brun-marron_). We suspect this will prove a distinct species. The rank of this group, whether as generic or subgeneric, can only be determined by analyzing the whole family.

* * * * * *

_1, setosa. 2, amarula._]

MELANIA amarula.

----

Order Phytophaga. (_Gasteropoda, Cuv. Pars._)

Molluscæ destitute of a syphon, but furnished with jaws, and generally
enclosed in a univale shell, with an entire aperture.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

See Lam. Sys. 6, 2, p. 163.--Dubois Trans. 193.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell ovate-conical, blackish, upper part of the whorls armed with solid
porrect spines; aperture bluish white._

M. amarula. _Lam. Sys. 6, 2, p. 166. Chemn. pl. 134, f. 1218-9. Ency. pl.
468, f. 6._

----

This is a genus of fresh water shells, particularly abundant in Africa, Asia, and America; we have also heard it has lately been detected in Europe.

We should not have figured this common and well known shell, but for the purpose of comparing it with the next. When in a young state, the spines are very acute: more advanced they become less so; and in old individuals they are often very obtuse.

----

MELANIA setosa.

_Shell ovate-conical, brownish olive; whorls armed with porrect tubular
spines, enclosing setaceous bristles._

Melania setosa. _Sw. in Brand's Journal, No. 33, p. 13._

This is a most singular species. From the tubular spines emerge two or three hornlike, elastic bristles, which appear embedded in the substance of the shell. A very ample account of the first specimen we ever met with, will be found in Brand's Journal for April, 1824. It was discovered in the Isle of France, by Mr. Warwick, where it appears to be very rare. Other specimens have since been brought to this country.

We were unwillingly drawn into a controversy respecting this shell some years ago. Our sentiments, in every thing that regards the shell itself, are unchanged. Not so with respect to the individual. The civilities and attentions we have since received from Mr. Gray, leave us to regret, very sincerely, that such a discussion should have ever taken place.

* * * * * *

_1, adusta. 2, ambigua. 3, punctata._]

MITRA fulva.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell ovate-acute, smooth, fulvous, unspotted, marked with transverse
sulcated striæ, containing punctured dots: body whorl contracted; suture
crenated: base obtuse: outer lip thickly and strongly crenated; the
crenations, and the plaits on the pillar, white._

----

The different nomenclature of Lamark and Dillwyn, induced us to suspect that our present species might still be retained under the name of _adusta_; but as a greater degree of confusion may perhaps arise in so doing, than that which we wished to avoid, we have now given it a distinct name, and defined its true characters. It is sometimes partially dotted with pure white. The _M. adusta_ of Lamark is, in short, the same as the _ruffina_ of Linnæus: or at least that species which Dr. Solander and Mr. Dillwyn conceive to be such. Our shell is from the Isle of France, and is not common: the crenated teeth on the lip are very strong; the base obtuse, and effuse: the spire and aperture of equal length.

----

MITRA ambigua.

_Shell ovate-fuciform, rufous, with a white band near the suture,
transversely striated and punctured, suture and outer lip crenated, base
contracted; spire shorter than the aperture._

Less distinctly striated and punctured than the last; but differs considerably in being almost a fuciform shell: the base of the aperture is consequently contracted. We possess but one specimen, and know not its locality.

----

MITRA punctata.

_Shell ovate, brown, striated and punctured: spire very small, somewhat
conic: outer lip crenated: pillar six-plaited._

A beautifully perfect shell of this new and very rare species, we procured from our friend Mrs. Mawe; we have never seen another: the inside of the lip is margined with deep brown.

* * * * * *

T. Flava.]

AGLAÏA flava.

_Yellow Tanager._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Above glossy fulvous yellow; sides of the head, and middle of the
throat, breast, and body, deep black; wings and tail green._

Tanagra flava. _Lath. In. Orn. 1, 431._

Tanagra Braziliensis flava. _Briss. Orn. 3, 39, 22._

Le guira-perea. _Buff. Son. 12, p. 362._

Yellow Tanager. _Lath. Syn. 3, 244. Gen. Hist. 4, 22._

Tanagra chloroptera. _Vieil. Orn. 2._

----

The buff-coloured yellow which spreads over the upper plumage of this bird, in some lights becomes much richer, and delicately gilded. The wings appear to be sea-green, but this colour only margins the borders of the feathers, the inner parts of which are blackish: the tail is coloured in the same way, the feathers divaricating from the middle, which is slightly forked. The black in front terminates at the vent; which, with the sides of the body, are waxen yellow.

In the Ornithology of M. Vieillot, we find no mention of this well known bird by its long established name: but the _T. chloroptera_ of this writer, described as a new species, is evidently no other than the _flava_ of anterior authors.

Our figure is of the natural size. The female is dark bluish green above, and buff beneath, much paler on the throat and breast: the chin and sides of the head blackish; and the crown buff-coloured yellow.

We found this species not uncommon in several parts of Brazil, particularly round Pernambucco; frequenting the gardens, and feeding on the smaller-sized fruits.

* * * * * *

PAPILIO Niamus.

----

Order Lepidoptera. G. Papilio. (_Auct._)

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Wings pale, with longitudinal bands: posterior lengthened, caudated; the
tails long and acute.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings yellowish white with black bands; posterior wings acutely tailed,
with a black line and whitish lunule at the anal angle, and marked
beneath with a macular red band margined with black._

Pap. Niamus. _Alis flavo-albidis, fasciis nigris; posticis caudatis,
apice nigro lunulis albidis: his subtùs strigâ maculari rubrâ._ Latrielle
et Godart. Ency. Meth. 9, p. 51.

----

To describe in detail those colours and markings of an insect, which the eye can embrace at a single glance on a well executed representation, is surely unnecessary. We shall therefore merely observe that this species has hitherto remained unfigured: that it is a native of Southern Brazil, and of such rarity, that in two years, we never met with more than one specimen.

In some observations upon what appear to us the leading groups of the _Diurnal Lepidoptera_, published some time ago, we considered those groups wherein the anterior feet are perfectly developed, and the chrysalis braced by a transverse thread, as the most perfect and typical. Subsequent observations confirm us in this general view; but it still remains to be investigated, to which group the generic name of _Papilio_ should be retained. The wide dispersion of that form represented in the two European species _Podalirius_ and _Machaon_, and which form occurs in all the temperate and tropical regions of the globe, leads us to suspect it as the most typical group: to this, _Papilio Niamus_, from its very close affinity to _Podalirius_, unquestionably belongs.

* * * * * *

RHETUS Cramerii.

----

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Larva_ and _Pupa_ unknown.

_Wings_ triangular; the posterior lengthened and rather acutely tailed.
_Antennæ_ with the club linear-fuciform. _Palpi_ cylindrical, elongate,
porrect, incurved, remote, naked; the second joint remarkably long.
_Anterior feet_ in the male short and very hairy; in the female longer,
naked, and furnished with minute claws. _Wings_, when at rest,
horizontal.

_Types._--Pap. Rhetus. Periander.--(_Cramer._)

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings black, with two white subhyaline bands, both sides alike;
posterior wings elongated, vivid blue, acutely tailed, with a transverse
sub-lunular band at the anal angle._

Papilio Rhetus. _Cramer. pl. 63, f. c._

----

This is one of the rarest and most splendid lepidopterous insects of Brazil. We were once fortunate in capturing six specimens, fluttering over a shrub in the early morning sun, during our encampment in the Forest of Urupeè, in the Province of Bahia: but we never again met with this charming creature.

The perfect insect has been figured in the costly, but truly valuable, work of Cramer; yet as neither the larva or pupa are known, we cannot determine on its natural group. Its relations, as suggested by the perfect insect, appear to be these. We consider the analogy between the groups respectively containing _P. Podalirius_, and _Marius_ (Cr.), to be immediate and direct: the form of the last type, and much of its general structure, is seen in our insect; but the details will not admit of a further similitude. Among the _Ericinæ_ we again detect this form in _P. Corineus_ and _Dorylus_ (Cr.), and continuing the comparison, we see the _antennæ_, _palpi_, and feet (in one sex) of _Rhetus_, accurately represented in those of _P. imperialis_ (Cr.), among the _Thecladæ_. We therefore suspect, that the real affinities of our insect lie between the two last groups: It seems moreover to have a strong analogy with _Leilus_. The upper figure is of the male, the under of the female.

* * * * * *

_R. curvirostris._]

ROSTELLARIA curvirostris.

_Short-beaked Spindle._

----

Class Mollusca. Order Zoophaga.--(_Gasteropoda, Cuv. Pars._)

Carnivorous Mollusca without jaws; the mouth formed into a retractile
trunk: conveying nutriment by suction. Respiration aquatic: the water
being conducted to the branchiæ by a projecting siphon.

Family,? Strombidæ. (_Les Ailées. Lam._)

----

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

Div. 1. _Outer lip with a sinus; distinct from the basal canal._

STROMBUS. _L._ Outer lip dilated, entire, basal canal short.

_Stromb. gigas, auris-Diana, tridentatus, urceus, &c._

PTEROCERAS. _Lam._ Outer lip digitated; canal lengthened, arcuated.

Div. 2. _Sinus simple; formed by the prolongation of the canal._

APORRHAIS. _Dacosta._ Outer lip dilated and digitated.

_Strombus pes-pelecani. Auct._

ROSTELLARIA. _Lam._ Outer lip dentated, but not dilated. Basal canal
long.

HIPPOCHRENES. _Montf._ Outer lip generally dilated, and always entire.
Basal canal moderate or short. Spiral canal nearly equal to the spire.

_Rost: macroptera, columbata, fissurella, Lam._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Basal canal short: spiral canal thickened, and perpendicularly ascending
on the spire._

Strombus fusus. _Linn. Gm. 3506. Lister, 854, 12. Seba, 3, 56, 1._

Rostellaria curvirostris. _Lam. Sys. 7, 1, 192. Ency. Meth. pl. 411, f.
1._

----

This elegantly formed shell is a native of the Red and Indian Seas. It is the most common of the few species retained in the genus _Rostellaria_; all these are recent; while _Hippochrenes_ has occured only in a fossil state.

The preceding table of affinities, connecting the leading forms among the _Strombii_, will be adverted to hereafter. At present we shall offer a few observations on the nature of that more comprehensive division of the class _Mollusca_, to which this particular group appears to belong.

The learned Author of the Horæ Entomologicæ, in that part of his valuable essay relating to the _Molluscæ_, considers our knowledge of these animals too imperfect to enable him to state the nature of the typical groups: the situations of which, in his diagram of the animal kingdom, are therefore merely indicated by stars. M. Macleay further remarks, that the _Gasteropoda_ of M. Cuvier, with certain restrictions, evidently form a circular group. Yet, from the above omission, it appears he still entertained some doubts on the propriety of this arrangement. Labouring under similar disadvantages to those which impeded the researches of so profound an observer, we feel some hesitation in expressing a different sentiment on the subject, particularly in reference to his own disposition of affinities.

It is evident that these typical groups, whatever may be their nature, must present some very strong points of analogy to those in the circle of _Vertebrata_: and that such analogies should extend to the corresponding groups of the _Annulosa_. This we should expect, not only as the necessary result of a truly natural arrangement, but as a primary test, by which the correctness of any series of affinities must be tried. Now admitting that Quadrupeds and Birds shew the same typical perfection among the _Vertebrata_, as the Mandibulate and Suctorial Insects unquestionably do in the _Annulosa_, we have two beautiful analogies between these otherwise dissimilar groups, taken from one of the most important functions of nature. Quadrupeds and mandibulate insects are provided with jaws for tearing and masticating their prey, while in birds and suctorial insects, the mouth is lengthened into a proboscis, by which nourishment is imbibed by suction. These analogies are equally conspicuous among the _Molluscæ_. The _Phytiphages_ of Lamarck (of which the garden snail is a good example), are furnished with jaws and masticate their food: the _Zoophages_ of the same accurate observer, have their mouth elongated into a retractile trunk or proboscis, by which they pierce through other shells, and suck the juices of the inhabitant. To insist on the importance of these distinctions, employed as they have been to characterize primary divisions, is surely unnecessary. That they will be subject to considerable modification, in the subordinate groups, may naturally be expected: but we refrain at present from offering an opinion on the nature of such groups, dependant, as they must be, on greater anatomical knowledge than we yet possess. Nevertheless, until more direct analogies are discovered, than those here stated, we feel some confidence in employing them as _typical_ distinctions of the two great divisions of _Gastropod Mollusca_.

* * * * * *

_Jardine's Saris._]

PSARIS Jardinii.

_Jardine's Saris._

----

Family Todidæ.--_Nob_. Sub-family Psariana.--_Nob_.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Bill_ thick, strong, more or less depressed, culmen not elevated, both
mandibles notched, the upper convex: _nostrils_ round, nearly naked:
_rictus_ smooth; _mouth_ very wide. _Wings_ long, pointed, the second and
third quill longest. _Tail_ short, even.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Cinereous white; head, tail, and outer half of the wings, black: first
and fifth quill equal: spurious quill none; orbits plumed._

In Mus. Nost.

----

In a small collection of birds, from the interior of the vast Empire of Brazil, we met with this new and highly interesting species. Its resemblance to the well known _Psaris Cayanus_ is so close, that even Ornithologists would not at first suspect the difference; and this may possibly account for its having been overlooked. The size and colour of the two birds, in fact, are perfectly alike: but in this, the bill is much more depressed; the orbits, instead of being naked, are covered with feathers: and the spurious intermediate quill is entirely wanting. Our bird thus presents not only the characters of a species, but a modification of form, leading to the genus _Pachyrhynchus_ of Spix.

Our friend Sir William Jardine, Bart., who has long felt, with us, a peculiar interest in this group, will accept our dedication of this species to him, as a proof of the estimation in which we hold his studies.

The publication of _Psaris Cuvierii_ in the early series of our work, was the first addition made to this group after its publication in the _Regnè Animal_. The generic name of _Psaris_ soon after became familiar to British Ornithologists, by being universally adopted. Recently, however, the Editor of the Zoological Journal has expressed his opinion that this name, on the score of priority, should give place to another. The question would be of little moment did it merely concern this group; but involving, as it does, the entire nomenclature of two systems, it becomes a matter of some importance to ascertain their respective claims. The period of typographic publication, as connected with the only process by which knowledge can be universally communicated, is the only criterion, in our opinion, by which such claims should be decided. Dates, if _truly affixed_, speak for themselves. But to attain this advantage, no surreptitious or disreputable practices can be allowed. A plausible claim may indeed be made by any author, who hastily puts together an essay or pamphlet, for the sole purpose of anticipating the patient labours of another: but such artifices, when discovered, are sure to be discountenanced by honourable minds. To illustrate our meaning better, we will state a case.

Let us suppose, then, a learned Naturalist, in charge of a public museum, is engaged in a general classification of the animal kingdom: that to the type of each group, as progressively defined, he affixes a label, with the proposed name, and returns it again to the public rooms. Let us further suppose that an Ornithologist, wishing to make a new system, but without any materials for so doing, goes to this museum, selects, as they are successively named, these identical types for his examination, well knowing by whom, and for what purpose they are so named. He then goes home, and publishes, with all expedition, an ill-digested pamphlet, _wherein every group appears under a name, totally different from that by which he became acquainted with it_.

It is not for us to make the application. But that such practices have been resorted to, is well known among the highest scientific authorities in Paris. It is not so much in justice to a distinguished individual, as our respect for the broad principles of truth and honour, that we have said thus much. These are grave charges, but they are not lightly brought forward. Resting, as they do, on testimony the most unquestionable, we should deem it almost insulting to our countrymen could we suppose they will henceforward, by adopting these names, countenance a claim built on such a fraudulent basis.

Our views of the natural situation of this group, must be reserved for the next number.

* * * * * *

_Scarlet breasted Robin_]

PETROICA multicolor.

_Scarlet-breasted Robin._

----

Family Sylviadæ.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Bill_ slender, the sides compressed, the tip gradually bent, and beset
with bristles at the base. _Wings_ long; the first quill spurious; the
second intermediate in length between the sixth and seventh. _Tarsi_
elevated, the inner toe manifestly shorter than the external toe. _Tail_
broad, even.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Head, throat, and upper plumage black; front snowy; wings with one
longitudinal and two oblique white bands; breast and part of the body
scarlet; belly dull white._

Red-breasted Warbler. _Lewin. Birds of New Moll. pl. 17._

Muscicapa multicolor. _Gen. Horsf. & Vig. Linn. Tr. v. 16, p. 243._

Red-bellied Flycatcher. _Lath. Gen. Hist. 6, p. 209, pl. 100?_

Mus. Nost. &c.

----

The analagous resemblances between the species and groups of one region, and those by which they are represented in another, are among the most curious and remarkable facts in Natural History: whether we look to them as proofs of a Divine plan, vast in its extent, and wonderful in its details, or as exemplifying that system of symbolical relationship by which every part of the animated world is mutually connected. Both appear intended for one great purpose, the partial initiation of man into earthly mysteries, that he may have greater faith in those which regard his eternal welfare.

The Robin, spread over the whole of Europe, is represented in temperate America by the Blue Bird of Wilson (_Sialia Wilsonii_, Sw.). Neither of these are found in New Holland, but the bird before us may be considered their representative. Lewin, who wrote upon the spot, observes that although in some respects solitary, it frequents the abodes of man _in winter_, like the Robin; which it further resembles in its note. Our European bird is intimately connected with the Stonechats (_Saxicolæ_).--The remark of another eye witness, proves the Australian species to have the same relation. Mr. Caley mentions that he saw "this bird in November" (_our European summer_), "when far distant in the mountains, in the roughest part of the country I had then or since visited." _Linn. Tr. 15. p. 245_. Mr. Caley, moreover, as if perfectly aware of its natural affinities, names it the Australian Redstart. So closely, in short, does this bird resemble our European Stonechat, that but for the recent acquisition of more typical species, we should have had doubts whether to characterize it as a distinct type.

Linnæan writers, as might be supposed, have always regarded this as a Flycatcher, but as Mess. Horsfield and Vigors have recently dwelt, at some length, on the propriety of such an arrangement, it may be as well to state the leading differences between the two families. In _Muscicapa atricapilla_, (with which these gentlemen have compared our bird,) the bill (fig. 1, 2), like that of every genuine Flycatcher, is depressed from the base to the tip, while that of _Petroica_ (fig. 5, 6), of the Stonechat (fig. 3, 4), and of all _Saxicolæ_, although depressed at the base, is invariably _compressed_ on the sides. By these characters the former preserve their affinity to the Todies, and the latter to the Thrushes. In the garnature of the rictus there is also an essential difference. The bristles of the _Muscicapæ_ (f. 1, 2), are always rigid and directed forwards: while those of the _Saxicolæ_, although sometimes remarkably long, are generally weak, and diverge in different directions. Thus much may be stated on the chief peculiarities of the groups in question: they may for the present be termed analogies, but there are considerations which induce us to suspect they are more intimately connected by affinity than is generally supposed. To facilitate comparison, our figure is of the natural size, and particular care has been taken in the correct delineation of all the proportions and details.

* * * * * *

_Rufous necked Weaver_]

PLOCEUS textor.

_Rufous-necked Weaver._

----

Family Fringillidæ?

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Bill_ lengthened-conic, slightly curved, entire, the base advancing high
on the forehead, and dividing the frontal feathers, the culmen curved,
the commissure sinuated. _Nostrils_ oval, naked: without a membrane.
_Wings_ moderate, rounded, the first quill spurious, the five next nearly
of equal length. _Feet_ short, strong, the middle toe longer than the
tarsus, the hind toe nearly equal with the tarsus. _Tail_ very short,
rounded.

DIVISIONS OR SUB-GENERA.

MALIMBUS. _Vieil._ Bill more straight, slender, and lengthened.

PLOCEUS. _Cuv._ As above.

EUPLECTES. _Nob._ Bill of Ploceus. Toes and claws very slender. The
greater quills scarcely longer than the lesser; spurious quill very
minute. _Type_, Loxia Orix. L.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Orange yellow, varied above with black: head, chin, and front of the
throat black: nape with a chestnut band._

Oriolus textor. _Auct._

Ploceus textor. _Cuvier. Reg. Anim._

Le cap-more. _Buff. Son. 19, p. 165. Pl. Enl. 375_ (_very bad_).

----

The Weaving Birds, confined to the hotter regions of the old world, are chiefly found in Africa, where they represent the Hangnests (_Icterinæ_) of America: an analogy long since remarked by Buffon. Both these tribes astonish us by the consummate skill with which they fabricate their nests: but the intelligence displayed by the African Weavers is still more wonderful. The curious reader will see a most interesting account of these birds in Paterson's African Travels, or in Wood's Zoography.

Of the present species, although very common in Senegal, nothing appears known beyond the simple fact of its weaving, in confinement, between the wires of its cage. Its total length is about six inches, the minor proportions may be correctly ascertained by the scale on the plate.

If the genus _Ploceus_ of Baron Cuvier be restricted to the old world, it becomes one of the most natural groups in Ornithology. Yet, like all others of an extensive nature, it exhibits several modifications of structure, which the present state of science renders it necessary to define. Whether such definitions are to be termed generic, subgeneric, or sectional, must, in the first instance, depend on mere opinion. It is enough if these lesser groups are defined. To ascertain their relative value is the next step: this is the second, and by far the most difficult process, in the study of real affinities; for not only that particular group which claims our attention, but every other related to it in a higher division, must be patiently analyzed. Hence it frequently results that groups assume a very different _apparent_ station to what they did in the first instance. Are we therefore to refrain from characterizing or naming them, because their relative value cannot, in the first instance, be ascertained? We think not. That _genera_ have been unnecessarily multiplied, no one can doubt, who has looked beyond such circumscribed limits. And if forms of transision, (generally comprising one or two species alone,) are to be so ranked, we must immediately treble or quadruple the present number of ornithological genera. The truth is, that many groups, which in our first process of combination, we are obliged to distinguish, or perhaps name, will, in the second, be united to others. So that it appears highly probable that the number of genera, in ornithology, ultimately retained, will be fewer perhaps than at present. We are, in short, but in the infancy of this knowledge, and our genera, for the most part, must be looked upon as temporary landmarks, to denote the ground gone over, and to be fixed or removed as our views become more extended, by a wider analysis of qualities and relations.

Total length 6½ inches, bill 7/10, wings 3-6/10, tarsi 9/10, middle claw 1, tail 2½, beyond the wings 1¼.

* * * * * *

_1. Subcarinata 2. Nilotica_]

AMPULLARIA subcarinata.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell reverse, thickish; whorls depressed near the suture, and marked by
a parallel line; spire short, obtuse; umbilicus large, open, slightly
carinated, and marked with an internal groove._

Ampullaria subcarinata. _Sow. Genera of Shells, f. 4._

----

The politeness of Mr. G. Sowerby has given us the opportunity of examining this rare and little known species, first described and accurately figured by himself. It was discovered, we believe, by Mr. Cranch, the ill-fated naturalist who accompanied the unfortunate expedition to the Congo, in that river. No specimens, we are informed, have subsequently reached this country. The surface is rough, occasioned by irregular corrugated wrinkles: the epidermis olive.

----

AMPULLARIA Nilotica.

_Shell reverse, thin, smooth, whitish, with an Olive epidermis finely
striated longitudinally; lower half of the basal whorl much contracted:
spire prominent, obtuse; operculum horny; umbilicus large, open, the
margin obtusely carinated._

----

The shell from which our figure was taken we received from Mr. G. Sowerby, under the name of _Nilotica_, some years ago. Whether it is the same, or specifically distinct from Lamarck's _Guinaica_, we have no means of judging, otherwise than from the figures he cites of Chemnitz. If these are accurate, there are many points of difference; but no doubt the Editor of the _Bulletin des Sciences_, will have great pleasure in setting us right upon this subject.

On attentively comparing the descriptions, given by Lamarck, of eleven species of _Ampullaria_, with those we have characterized in different works, we can only discover two instances wherein the same species have been mentioned by both parties, under different names. Our _A. conica_, is probably Lamarck's _virens_, and belongs to the genus _Pachystoma_, Guild. The other instance is curious; in the Appendix to the Bligh Collection, we described a remarkable variety of _A. fasciata_, under the sub-specific name of _Canaliculata_. In the following month appeared the second part of Lamarck's _Système_, wherein this variety appeared as a _species_, under the very same name. It would almost appear as if the two accounts had been written at the same moment. We have since had good reason to be confirmed in our suspicion as to this shell being a mere variety of _fasciata_, from a fine series of specimens sent us from Demerara. We take this opportunity, however, of expressing a belief that our _A. leucostoma_, is the young shell of _rugosa_.

* * * * * *

_S. Peruvianus_]

STROMBUS Peruvianus.

----

Order Zoophaga. Family? Strombidæ. Genus Strombus.--_Lam. Sys. 7. 199._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell ponderous, nodulous, spire very small, depressed; outer lip above
produced and attenuated, margin reflected; aperture striated._

Strombus Peruvianus. _Sw. in Phil. Mag. 62, p. 377._

----

We first recorded this singular-shaped Strombus from a specimen sent from the Coasts of Peru. Others, from the opposite side of the American Isthmus, collected near Panama, have more recently come into the possession of our friend, the Rev. J. Bulwer, F.L.S. Its general form is not unlike _S. gallus_, but the spire is unusually depressed, and the aperture deeply striated: the upper surface is marked by parallel grooves, and one of the nodules is particularly large.

In our last number we defined what appear to be the leading forms among the _Strombii_, from such characters as are exhibited by their shells. This mode of classification, we admit, is always attended with hazard; and should not be ventured upon without due precaution. To attempt a _natural_ arrangement of the higher groups, on such considerations alone, would be manifestly absurd. On the other hand, we think both principles may be carried too far: and that a system founded exclusively upon the animal would, in our present state of knowledge, be little less artificial than another taken merely from the shell. We see, on every side, throughout Nature, the most beautiful and perfect adaptation of structure to use. The typical _Mollusca_, whether among the _Acephala_ or _Gasteropoda_, appear to be testaceous; and to exhibit a corresponding perfection in the structure of their coverings: one form passes into another by as gradual modifications of the shell, as could possibly be looked for in the nature of the animal. We have attempted to exemplify this among the _Unionidæ_ and the _Olivæ_. We shall now examine the _Strombii_ with reference to the same object.

"_Les Aileés_," observes Lamarck, "_constituent une famille très-naturelle, qui avoisine celle des Canaliferès par ses rapports, mais qui en est éminemment distincte_." This able classifier (whose perception of affinities is truly admirable), then proceeds to divide these shells into three groups, founded upon such excellent distinctions, that we need not here dilate on their importance. Two of these genera are characterized by a deep and well defined sinus or notch, towards the base of the outer lip; quite distinct from the basal canal, and intended either for the passage of the animal's proboscis, or its respiratory siphon. In _Strombus_ the outer lip is dilated, but entire; in _Pteroceras_, it is equally enlarged, but divided into long processes. Such are the typical distinctions, and their immediate union appears effected by the _Strombus laciniatus_ of Chemnitz. The third genus of Lamarck's is _Rostellaria_, in which he places all those species wherein the sinus above mentioned is united to the basal canal. Now if the _Strombus pespelecani_ of authors had this canal more closed, and the sinus distinct, it would be a _Pteroceras_. Da Costa long ago placed this shell as the type of a genus, and the observations of Mr. Dillwyn, in his short but highly valuable paper on fossil shells (Phil. Trans. for 1823, p. 1, p. 393), have shewed the importance which we should attach to its structure: it is, in fact, a _Pteroceras_, but with the above mentioned sinus removed to the base of the digitated lip, and confounded, as it were, with the basal canal. Excepting to a _Pteroceras_, it cannot be compared with any known shell, unless it be to the _Strombus fissus_ of Linn. The hiatus between them certainly appears great, yet the affinity is not interrupted by any thing known: this latter shell resembles the true _Rostellariæ_, but with the digitated processes of _Pteroceras_ reduced to teeth; which teeth, in _R. curvirostris_, become confined to the basal part of the unexpanded lip. We are here met by certain fossil shells, preserving the form of _Rostellaria_, but with the outer lip entire, and sometimes considerably expanded: in these the spiral canal sometimes extends to the summit of the shell: finally the distinct sinus again appears in such species as _S. cancellatus_, _canalus_, &c., all which have been classed by conchologists with _Strombus_. This series is sufficient to shew the _tendency_ of a circular disposition of relations, but very many of the intermediate forms are wanting, nor is it at all clear in what way the immediate passage is effected between _Hippochrenes_ and the genuine _Strombii_.

* * * * * *

_1. volutella 2. striata_]

OLIVA volutella.

----

Class Mollusca. Order Zoophaga. _Lam._

Genus Oliva. _Lam. Sys. 7, p. 416._

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell ovate-conic, mitriform; chestnut, the body whorl bluish; spire
lengthened, acute; pillar with 6-7, slender, regular plaits._

Oliva volutella. _O. testâ ovato-conicâ, subcæruleâ, ad spiram basimque
luteo fuscatâ; spirâ valdè productâ, acutâ._ Lam. Sys. 7, 1, p. 432.

----

We are indebted to the Rev. Mr. Bulwar for our specimens of this elegant and highly interesting species, received by him from the American Isthmus. It varies much in the intensity of its colour, as may be seen from the above description, given by Lamarck, of examples procured by Baron Humbolt on the shores of Mexico.

There are reasons for believing the genus _Voluta_, as defined by Lamarck, to be typical of a natural group, comprising the genera _Mitra_, _Oliva_, _Ancillaria_ and _Marginella_. The obvious affinity between _Voluta_ and _Mitra_ need not be dwelt upon. The connexion of _Mitra_ with _Oliva_, we noticed in describing _Mitra olivæformis_, at pl. 48 of our first series. This affinity appears further strengthened by a shell in the late Tankerville Collection, especially recorded by Mr. G. Sowerby, as "remarkable for its resemblance to an Olive." We regret not having seen this shell, but such an authority is fully sufficient. The group of Mitres, by which this transision appears effected, is that mentioned under the head of _M. bicolor_ (Mitra, Pl. 1.) of this series. This little group has three relations: one to the smooth Mitres (as _M. pertusa_), another to _Conohelix_, and a third to the _Olives_: the species are all remarkable for the polished smoothness of their surface, for the total absence of the inner lip, and for the lower plaits of the pillar extending much beyond the aperture: these plaits, moreover, are generally five or six, and all very slender. The conchologist will perceive that nearly the only character wanting, to render this description applicable to an Olive, is the channelled groove round the suture. This character is added to the shell before us, which thus presents the first type of form in the present genus. Proceeding to the more perfect Olives, we observe the spire becoming gradually shorter; the vitrious deposition on the inner lip increased in thickness; the upper plaits on the pillar numerous, and those at the base thicker and more external (_M. fulmineus_, Lam. _elegans_, En. Meth. 362, 3.), the ventricose shape of some (_O. undata_, _inflata_, Lam.), the spire often concealed by a vitrious covering, and even the colours of others (_M. tessellata_, _guttata_) remind us of the typical Volutes. It is very remarkable, that in most of the cylindrical Olives, the apex is more or less, papillary: the last complete terminal volution of the spire being thick, inflated, and distorted: (see particularly _O. reticularis_, En. Meth. 36, f. 1; _fusiformis_, Ib. 367, 1; _guttata_, Ib. 368, f. 2.) Others are seen of a more slender form, as _O. subulata_, L. _acuminata_, E. M. 368, 3, where the pillar is similarly plaited. But in several small species allied to _O. conoidalis_, another modification of form has evidently commenced: the spire is regularly acute; the upper plaits disappear; and those which remain, are only at the thickened base of the pillar: the aperture, no longer narrow, becomes wide at the base, where the pillar takes an oblique direction inward: we are thus led to the form of _O. hiatula_, E. M. pl. 368, f. 5, where the characters of _Ancillaria_ become apparent in the effuseness of the mouth, the double belt at the base, and the imperfect groove on the outer side of the pillar. Whether we look to this shell, or to the descriptions given by Lamarck of the fossil species _plicaria_, _canalifera_, and _laumontiana_, or finally, to the _Ancillaria glandiformis_, Sow. no doubt can remain of the genus _Oliva_ being here blended with the _Ancillariæ_. There is, however, another form among the _Olivæ_, which deserves mention, as it cannot well be associated with either of the preceding: this we have described below. Another genus that may be thought connected with _Oliva_, is _Terebellum_: a group very ably illustrated by Mr. G. Sowerby, in his "Genera of Shells." To that work we must refer the reader for those reasons which shew its more immediate relation to _Ovula_. It is, in short, one of those forms too hazardous to class without a complete knowledge of the animal.

----

OLIVA striata.

_Shell small, cylindrical, sub-effuse, distinctly marked by regular
longitudinal striæ; upper part of the body whorl with one, lower part
with four, belts; spire short, channelled, sub-papillary, naked; base of
the pillar striated and externally detached by a groove._

Ancillaria canalifera?? _Lam. Syst. 7, 415_.

----

We do not find this fossil clearly described. Our specimens appear to be from the London clay. Its form seems analogous to _Conohelix_ among the Mitres. The line adjoining the figures denotes the natural length of the shells.

* * * * * *

_Crested or white backed Saris._]

PSARIS cristatus.

_Crested, or White-backed Saris._

----

Family Todidæ.--_Nobis._

_Bill_ lengthened, depressed, boat-shaped. _Tarsi_ moderate, weak, the
three anterior toes more or less united. _Wings_ and _tail_ short.

Sub-family Psariana.--_Nobis._

_Head_ very large, depressed. _Mouth_ very wide. _Bill_ thick, depressed,
convex above. _Feet_ weak, tarsi rather short, toes united at their base,
the outer manifestly longer than the inner; claws broad, compressed;
anterior scales transverse; lateral scales small, numerous. The male
generally with a spurious quill between the first and second.

GENERA.

PSARIS. _Cuv._ Rictus smooth, wings lengthened, the first quill much
longer than the fourth, tail short, even.

Type, _Psaris Cayanus_.--Cuv.

PACHYRHYNCHUS. _Spix._ Rictus bearded, bill shorter, wings more rounded,
tail lengthened, graduated.

Type, _Psaris niger_.--Nob.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Blackish brown, beneath pale fulvous, base of the wings with a concealed
snowy spot, spurious quill broad, crown black, slightly crested._

Psaris cristatus. _Sw. in Zool. Journ. 2, p. 354._

Mus. Paris. Nost.

----

Of this very rare species we know but of two specimens, both of which appear to have come from the mining provinces of Brazil. The economy of these interesting birds has not yet been detected, even by naturalists who have lived in their native regions. The indefatigable Azara professes his ignorance on this point, but states some valuable information on a species (nearly allied to the _Cayenne Saris_) named by him _Le Distingué a tête Noir_, which, in Paraguay, is a bird of passage: its flight is elevated, rapid, and prolonged. "_Ils ne sont ni farouches, ni remuans, et ils se tiennent long temps à la même place. Ils ne sortent point des grands bois, et ils se perchent toujours au plus haut des arbres les plus èlevés, où ils ne cherchent pas à se cacher._" Azara Voy. 3, p. 407.

The size and strength of the bill induced us, some years ago, to adopt the popular classification of this genus with the family of Shrikes; but a more particular analysis of that and the neighbouring families, lead us to suspect that its natural situation is far different: our reasons for this belief will be stated at large in another work. For the present it may be remarked, that the smoothness of the rictus, as indicating a frugivorous habit, forbids us to place it with the Flycatchers; while the feet, perfectly different from those of the true Shrikes (_Laniana_, Sw.), can only be compared with those of the _Piauhau_ (Buff.). The affinity which this group bears to _Gubernetes_, is merely superficial: but its analogies to _Ceblepyris_, among the _Laniadæ_, and to _Pachycephala_, among the _Ampelidæ_, are probably direct.

The merit of having first directed the attention of Ornithologists to the singular spurious quill, which generally distinguishes the males of this group, we transfer from ourselves to Azara. His invaluable work we did not then possess, and knew not that the circumstance had already been mentioned by him.

We are only acquainted with the genus _Pachyrhynchus_ of Spix, by seeing this name affixed to our _Psaris Cuvierii_ in the Paris Museum. The distinction is judicious; particularly as the two groups point to different relations. Of _Psaris_, as now restricted, we know of six species, and of _Pachyrhynchus_, ten.

Our present bird is osculent between these forms: we place it with _Psaris_ on account of its wings and tail; but it accords with _Pachyrynchus_ in the rictus being slightly bristled. The spurious quill is half the length of the first, which latter is as long as the fourth. The tail is in a slight degree rounded. It is, perhaps, needless to remark, that all these birds are confined to Equinoctial America.

* * * * * *

_Longwinged Swift_]

CHÆTURA macroptera.

_Long-winged Swift._

----

Family Hirundinidæ.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Bill_ entire, the sides much compressed, the culmen arched. The lower
mandible recurved at the tip. _Wings_ very long. _Tail_ scansorial, the
extremity of the shafts naked, and acute. _Tarsi_ naked, the three
anterior toes and claws nearly equal; hind toe not versatile. _Nob._

Type. _Chætura pelasgia._ Stevens.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Brown: wings and tail glossed with greenish blue; back grey-white: chin
and under tail covers snowy; tail even._

Ob. Tail 3½ in. longer than the wings, the two first quills longest and
equal.

----

For an inspection of this new and imposing species, we have to thank Mr. Ward, an Animal preserver of considerable talent. We do not find it mentioned in any Ornithological work we possess, and our library is not small: but with so many publications continually issuing from the continental press, we shall feel no surprise at discovering it has already been published.

This and the _Hirundo albicollis_, (first named by M. Vieillot) are two of the largest species yet discovered, of a very singular group of Swifts; wherein the tail feathers are spined, and even more rigid than those of the Woodpeckers: by this structure the birds can remain for a considerable time in the most perpendicular situations. The expanded tail thus acts as a powerful support, which is further increased by the size and strength of the claws, much larger than those of ordinary Swallows. There are several species, most of which are natives of America.

The direct analogy which this group bears to the typical scansorial Birds, joined to the general superiority of flight which the Swift possesses over the Swallow, leads us to suspect this may prove to be the typical group of the _Fissirostres_; an order in which Nature, in her wish to develope the greatest powers of flight, appears to neglect all those laws which she afterwards so rigidly adheres to: We intend in another work, to enter on this interesting subject more fully.

Our figure is in strict conformity with the scale on the plate, which is that of an inch.

* * * * * *

_Black & white Robin._]

PETROICA bicolor.

_Black and White Robin._

----

Family Sylviadæ. Sub-family Saxicolinæ. (_See Northern Zoology, Vol. 2._)

GENERIC CHARACTER. See No. 8, pl. 36.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Black and white. Head, throat, back, and tips of the tail glossy raven
black: breast, scapular covers, stripe on the wings, and plumage beneath,
white: tail slightly forked._

----

In giving publicity to this new and interesting bird, we feel particular pleasure in expressing our thanks to Allen Cunningham, Esq., His Majesty's Botanist, in New South Wales, by whom it was there discovered. Although devoted to a science already so much benefited by his researches, this enthusiastic Traveller found some leasure for Ornithology, and has lately favoured us with a large collection of skins, prepared during one of his inland journeys; with a request that they may be made public: among other highly curious forms, the present bird is conspicuous. It was found in the open forest country, North of Liverpool Plains.

When once we are so fortunate as to discover the natural station of any being, we may be convinced that every circumstance regarding its structure, habits, or even colour, are employed by Nature to typify its relations to other beings; and that until most of these can be explained, there is good reason to suspect the accuracy of our views on its true affinities. Possessing all the essential characteristics of _Petroica_, our bird exhibits in the bill, feet, and tail, an immediate affinity to _Sialia arctica_: while it is clothed in the pure white, and glossy black plumage, which nature afterwards employs to designate the typical group of GRYLLIVORA, (North. Zool.) at the opposite point of the circle of _Saxicolinæ_. This remarkable analogy is extended to the bill, the point of which is longer and more incurved, than in any of the immediate affinities of our bird: its close relation to the old world _Saxicolæ_, is too obvious to need explanation.

* * * * * *

_1. oblonga. 2. guttata._]

MARGINELLA oblonga.

----

Family Volutidæ. Genus Marginella. Lam. Sys. 7. p. 354.

SUB-GENUS VOLUTELLA. _Nob._

Shell oval-ventricose: Spire concealed: outer lip generally smooth; base
of the pillar with four to five oblique plaits: aperture smooth within.

Type, _Marginella bullata_. Lam.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Shell oblong, rather gibbous round the middle, fawn coloured, with two
obsolete bands: spire concealed: outer lip and summit marked by orange
spots: pillar 4 plaited._

----

A species not hitherto described; its shape is unusually oblong, and the spire is quite concealed: We are unacquainted with its locality. The perpendicular line expresses the natural size.

In _Voluta_ and _Mitra_, the two typical groups of this family, the variations of form are so striking, and the species so numerous, that we readily assent to the plan, proposed by others, of further dividing them into genera: but in the aberrant group, containing _Oliva_, _Ancillaria_, and _Marginella_, the forms are less diversified, and the species fewer; the minor divisions may therefore, for the present, be termed sub-genera. The approximation of _Marginella_ to _Voluta_ has frequently been stated. In M. _bullata_ we have a miniature melon Volute, while M. _faba_ is a no less obvious representation of V. _magnifica_. Hence these forms appear typical. Yet M. _persicula_ and _lineata_ cannot well be placed with either, as their characters seem to indicate a direct analogy to _Conohelix_ among the Mitres. As to _Volvaria_, we concur with other writers, in thinking that the French Conchologists have erroniously blended that genus with _Marginella_.

----

MARGINELLA guttata.

_Oval, spire concealed, covered with transverse oval spots margined with
white, somewhat ocellate, and disposed longitudinally; pillar 4 plaited._

----

We could give no correct idea of this very pretty shell, without enlarging the figures; the natural size is indicated by the horizontal line. Our specimen is the only one we have yet seen, nor do we know its habitat.

* * * * * *

MARIUS Cinna.

----

Family Nymphalidæ. (Stirps. 3? Horsf.)

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Larva and pupa _unknown_.

Perfect insect. _Wings_ Papilioniform, caudal appendages long, acute.
_Palpi_ porrect, approximating, and meeting at their tips so as to form
an acute cone: the whole covered with compact scales. Anterior feet
small, slender, imperfect, the tarsal joints? concealed by long hairs:
club of the antennæ terminal, sub-fuciform and cylindric. Body short,
thick, robust.

Type, _Papilio Marius_. Auct.

----

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_Wings above brown, with two unequal white bands; beneath white, with
narrow fulvous bands; basal angle of the posterior wings with an orange
spot, ocellated with black._

Papilio Cinna. _Cramer Vol. I. pl. 100. f. 8._

----

Cramer describes this elegant Butterfly as a native of Surinam, and our own specimens were received from the same country. All the species of this group that have yet fallen under our inspection, are natives of South America. Their flight is high, powerful and rapid: the predominating colour on the upper surface of their wings is brown, and on the under white.

It is the misfortune of not understanding the typical structure, and the principles which regulate its variation, in higher groups, that in defining the characters of a lesser, we can form no just idea of its relative value: whether, in short, we should consider it a genus or a sub genus, or whether it is typical, aberrant, or osculent. This, however, is but a temporary evil; and will only continue until an insight is gained into higher combinations, by first placing together kindred species under one common name. If this be done heedfully, such a group _must_ be natural, whatever opinions may be entertained in the _first_ instance, as to its proper denomination.

* * * * * *

GENERAL INDEX _OF THE PLATES TO_ VOL. 1. IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.

----

_N.B. The number here affixed to the Plates, for convenience of
reference, had better be marked in pencil upon the Plates themselves._

No. 1.
Psittaculus vernalis, 1
Polyborus Braziliensis, 2
Setophaga picta, 3
Ancillaria (Pl. 1.) rubiginosa, 4
Mitra (Pl. 1.) melaniana, 5
---- tessellata

No. 2.
Parra Africana, 6
Cuculus nigricans, 7
Lorius Isidorii, 8
Ampullaria Pl. 1.
---- carinata, 9
Unio (Pl. 1.) truncatus, 10

No. 3.
Thriothorus mexicanus, 11
Lorius garrulus, 12
Coccyzus Levaillantii, 13
Marmarostoma (Pl. 1.)
---- undulata, 14
Voluta (Pl. 1)
---- bullata, 15

No. 4.
Paleornis Pondicerianus, 16
Hirundo fasciata, 17
Anodon (Pl. 1.)
---- areolatus, 18
Mitra (Pl. 2.) bicolor, 19
---- carinata
---- strigata
Tellina (Pl. 1.), 20
---- latirostra

No. 5.
Nanodes venustus, 21
Icterus Cayanensis, 22
Drymophyla longipes, 23
Lingula anatina, 24
---- hians, 25

No. 6.
Platycercus scapularis, 26
Drymophila fasciata, 27
Aglaïa gyrola, 28
Melania (Pl. 1.) amarula, 29
---- setosa
Mitra (Pl. 3.) fulva, 30
---- ambigua
---- punctata

No. 7.
Aglaïa flava, 31
Papilio Niamus, 32
Rhetus Cramerii, 33
Rostellaria (Pl. 1.) curvirostris, 34
Psaris Jardinii, 35

No. 8.
Petroica multicolor, 36
Ploceus textor, 37
Ampullaria (Pl. 2.) Nilotica, 38
---- subcarinata
Strombus (Pl. 1.) Peruvianus, 39
Oliva (Pl. 1.) volutella, 40
---- striata

No. 9.
Psaris cristatus, 41
Chætura macroptera, 42
Petroica bicolor, 43
Marginella (Pl. 1.) oblonga, 44
---- guttata
Marius Cinna, 45

* * * * * *

GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX OF LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES, &c., TO VOL. 1.

----