Chapter III: Preface (3)

Tucana Cayanensis viridis. _Briss. Ois._ 4. 423. _pl._ 33. _f._ 1. _Id.
Orn._ 2. 162. _Pl. Enl._ 727. _mas._ 728. _foem._

* * * * *

This is a common bird, known to the older ornithologists; but here introduced, for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which ornament the bill of the live bird: the figures likewise above referred to are so very loosely drawn, that a more correct representation of the species appeared desirable. A remarkable character pervades all the Aracaris, (with the exception of _P. sulcatus_, pl. 44,) the head and throat being black in the male, and chesnut or grey in the female birds; the bills also of the latter are always the smallest; that of the Green Aracari is larger, thicker, and more curved than in any other species; the serratures strong and unequal; the top, and upper half of the superior mandible, pure yellow; the lower half orange; these colours being divided by a slender isolated black line; the under mandible blue, with the base rosy; its general plumage bears a resemblance to several other species. Dr. Latham says the orbits are yellow; this, however, is a mistake, for both the orbits and irides are grass-green; this writer likewise refers to Edwards, pl. 329, for this bird; which plate, in fact, represents a Toucan, and is that bird which I have described and figured under the name of _R. carinatus_, pl. 45.

I believe this species is confined to the northern parts of South America. Mr. Charles Edmonston brought home fine specimens from Demerara; they were preserved with so much skill, that the colours of the bill almost retained their primitive brightness; Le Vaillant, I believe, has figured this bird; but I have not, at this time, access to his valuable book.

* * * * *

Pl. 170

MALURUS Africanus,

_African Soft-tail._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 170.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_M. supra rufescens, strigis nigris varius; genis mentoque albentibus,
striga nigra intermedia; rectricibus attenuatis, nigris, rufo
marginatis._

Above rufous brown with black stripes; sides of the head and chin
whitish, divided by a black stripe; tail feathers attenuated, black,
the margins rufous.

Motacilla Africana. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 958.

Sylvia Africana. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. _p._ 518. _Gen. Zool._ 10. 2.
_p._ 615.

African Warbler. _Lath. Syn._ 4. _p._ 436.

Curruca naevia. _C. B. Spei. Brisson. Ois._ 3. _p._ 390. _tab._ 22.
_f._ 2. _Orn._ 1. _p._ 419.

Le Fluteur. _Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique._

_Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ 3. _pl._ 112. _f._ 2.

* * * * *

The characters of _Malurus_, together with a few observations on the birds composing it, I have already given at plate 170 of this work. Yet as the species are scattered in several distinct genera of the Linnaean school, I have here represented that which may be termed the type of the genus, as instituted by Professor Temminck, and as modified by myself. On comparing the characters of _Timalia_ (a new genus of Dr. Horsfield's) with those of _Malurus_, they will be found to designate one and the same group of birds. Indeed, the minute and interesting details, which Dr. Horsfield has given, put the question almost beyond doubt, and lead me to conclude, that the Doctor was not aware, at the time, that his genus was already recorded.

This bird is not uncommon at the Cape of Good Hope. The notes of the male (according to M. Le Vaillant) are soft and agreeable, much resembling those of a flute; the shortness of the wings renders its flight very low. The figure is of the natural size; and the bird has been so well described by Brisson and Latham, that it is needless to repeat what they have said; the figures both of Le Vaillant and Brisson are by no means accurate. The tail feathers are delicate and transparent; and those of the whole body very soft, with detached webs or _radii_, similar to Dr. Horsfield's _Timalia pileata_, and _gularis_.

* * * * *

Pl. 171

UNIO fragilis.

_Fragile River Mussel._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 58.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_U. testa transversim ovata, tenui, intus purpurascente; dentibus
cardinalibus tuberculatis, sub-obsoletis._

Shell transversely oval, thin, within purple; cardinal teeth
tuberculated, nearly obsolete.

* * * * *

Most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of colouring, which diversifies the exterior of marine shells, and renders their distinction comparatively easy. A uniform olive green, or brown tint, pervades all the fluviatile genera; their specific distinctions rest on characters which frequently require long and perplexing descriptions, but which can be explained by the artist with ease and precision. It follows, therefore, that accurate figures of these shells are more particularly wanted; for, although Lamarck has described so many, the short descriptions which he has given, and the want of figures to elucidate them, render it impossible to determine accurately one half of the species which he has enumerated.

_Unio fragilis_ is principally distinguished by the cardinal teeth: those in the right valves are 2; short, obtuse, and nearly obsolete, more resembling tubercles, than the crenated or striated teeth of this genus. The left valve has one tooth rather sharper. In young shells the ligamental margin is nearly straight, and its extremity somewhat angulated; but old shells lose these appearances, and become perfectly oval. In both stages of growth the shell is very thin, convex, and the inside (near the umbones) purple. The slight development of the cardinal teeth brings this shell nearer to the genus _Anodon_, than any other _Unio_ which I have seen.

It inhabits the rivers of North America, and was sent to me by Professor Rafinesque.

* * * * *

Pl. 172

AMPULLARIA reflexa,

_Purple Apple Snail._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 103.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_A. testa ovato-globosa, laevi; spira ventricosa, obtusa, sub
epidermide purpurea; apertura nigro-purpurascente; labio exteriore
tenui, margine reflexo._

Shell ovate-globose, smooth; spire ventricose, obtuse; beneath the
epidermis, purple; aperture blackish purple; outer lip thin, the margin
reflected.

_Knorr_, _vol._ 5. _pl._ 5. _f._ 2. (uncoated.)

Ampullaria reflexa. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._
377.

* * * * *

The only record that I can find (in the works of the old writers) for this Ampullaria, is the figure by Knorr above quoted; it is obviously drawn from an uncoated specimen, although I have seen instances, where the blackish purple on the spire was so intense, as to obscure the thin epidermis which covered it. The peculiar character of the species, and in which it differs from all others, is in the outer margin of the lip; which is thin, rather spread out, and slightly reflected; the form of the shell resembles _A. fasciata_, but the spire, instead of being pointed, is obtuse; the umbilicus, likewise, is smaller and more concealed. From the absence of a groove round the aperture, I conclude the operculum is horny.

The size varies; perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than the figure, and I have seen others much larger, and with the aperture more chesnut than purple.

I am not acquainted with its locality.

* * * * *

Pl. 173

GALLINULA ruficollis, _var._

_Black-bellied Gallinule_ _var._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Gallinula._ Briss. Cuv. Tem. Lath. _Fulica_, _Rallus_. Linn. _Crex._
Illiger.

_Rostrum capite brevius, valde compressum, conicum, rectum, apice
compresso, mandibula inferiore angulata. Nares sulcatae, membrana
obtectae; apertura magna, oblonga, pervia, vix media. Pedes elongati,
grallarii, genibus nudis, digitis gracilibus tribus, halluce mediocri._

Bill shorter than the head, much compressed, conic, straight, the tips
compressed, inferior mandible angulated. Nostrils sulcated, covered by
a membrane; aperture large, oblong, pervious, nearly medial. Feet long,
wading, knees naked, fore toes three, long, slender, hind toe (or
thumb) short.

Generic type. _Rallus porzana._ Linn.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Gall. ruficollis var. A? _Olivaceo-fusca; cervice cinerea; pectore,
abdomine, alisque rufis; crisso, uropygio, caudaque nigris; tectricibus
interioribus rufis, nigro-fasciatis; pedibus rubris._

Olive brown; neck cinereous; breast, body, and wings rufous; belly,
rump, and tail black; interior wing covers rufous, banded with black;
legs red.

Fulica ruficollis. _Gmelin_, 1. _p._ 700. _Turton_, 1. _p._ 423.

Gallinula ruficollis. _Lath. Ind. Orn._ 2. 767.

Black-bellied Gallinule. _Lath. Syn._ 1. _p._ 253.

* * * * *

This is one of the largest water hens found in Brazil, where it is very rare. I am indebted to Dr. Langsdorff for the only specimen which I brought from that country. It differs considerably from the Black-bellied Gallinule of Latham, yet, perhaps, not sufficiently to record it as a distinct species.

Total length fifteen inches and a half; bill one and a half; the base (in the dead bird) orange, the other half green; frontlet none; the crown and nape are grey brown, the sides cinereous, and the throat whitish; the neck both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is lead-coloured; it then changes to rufous, which spreads over the breast, body, wing covers, and greater quills; the lower part of the neck above, with the back, scapulars, and lesser quills, brownish olive; the belly, thighs, tail, and rump black; the inner wing covers are remotely barred with black; legs (in the live bird) red.

Latham describes the Black-bellied G. as seventeen inches long; the bill two inches; the quills greenish brown, with rufous margins; the fore part of the neck and breast bright rufous; and the flanks with black bands.

* * * * *

Pl. 174

TANAGRA canicapilla,

_Grey-crowned Tanager._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Rostrum breve, validum, conicum, basi trigona, lateribus compressis,
culmine levato, mandibula superiore ad apicem deflexa et emarginata,
inferioris brevioris rectae basi crassa, ambarum marginibus inflexis.
Nares parvae, basi plumosa, apertura rotundata, nuda. Alae mediocres._

Bill short, strong, conic, base trigonal, sides compressed, culmin
elevated, upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched, under
mandible shorter and straight, the base thick, the margins of both
inflexed. Nostrils small, the base feathered, the aperture round,
naked. Wings moderate.

Generic Types. _Tanagra Jacapa, tricolor._ _Motacilla velia._ Lin.
_Pipra musica._ Lin.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_T. olivaceo-viridis, infra flava; vertice cinereo, striga oculari
auribusque nigris; rostro gracili._

Olive green, beneath yellow; crown cinereous, eye stripe and ears
black; bill slender.

* * * * *

The Tanagers are a numerous, and, in general, a beautiful tribe, including some of the most richly coloured birds of America; to which continent modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively confined.

M. Temminck proposes to unite with the Tanagers, several birds scattered in the Linnaean Genera of _Lanius_, _Loxia_, _Fringilla_, _Pipra_, and _Motacilla_. This view of the subject, it may not be superfluous to add, is in perfect unison with my own. In fact, I had meditated a similar arrangement; but the appearance of M. Temminck's work rendered the publication of my own remarks no longer necessary. The bird here figured belongs to that division which forms a transition to the _Sylviae_, from which they are readily distinguished by the thickened base of the under mandible. It is not uncommon in the West Indies; but I cannot find it described either among the Tanagers, Finches, or Warblers of the Linnaean school: in this, however, I may possibly be mistaken. It is represented the size of life, and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character.

* * * * *

Pl. 175

AMPULLARIA leucostoma,

_White-mouthed Apple Snail._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 98.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_A testa ovata, rugosa, epidermide olivaceo-fusca; labio exteriore
tenui; apertura alba; umbilico vix clauso._

Shell oval, wrinkled; epidermis olive-brown; outer lip thin; aperture
white; umbilicus nearly closed.

* * * * *

In prosecuting my illustrations of this genus, I have carefully examined all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends, and have added many to my own. These materials have thrown some additional light on those species which I have already described, and have enabled me to detect several others altogether new. Among the latter is the shell here figured, and which is so rare, that I know but one example of it in this country. Its form is more oval than that of _A. rugosa_, from which it is likewise distinguished by a very small umbilicus, nearly concealed by the inner lip; the wrinkles are numerous and unequal, the spire pointed, and the aperture milk-white.

Since my remarks on the _Planorbis cornu-arietis_ of Lamarck were published, it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an operculum: one of these is in the possession of Mr. Sowerby: thus what was a matter of doubt becomes a fact, and affords the only substantial argument for terming it an _Ampullaria_. On the other hand, its affinities to _Planorbis_ (marked by its discoid, depressed form, and the total absence of the pillar,) remain in no degree impaired. The weight of argument on both sides _now_ appears to be so equal, that it is a matter of no moment whether this shell be placed in the system at the end of the _Ampullariae_, or at the commencement of the _Planorbes_. To the generality of conchologists, the latter collocation would appear the most simple; but, on the whole, I incline more to the propriety of considering it the terminal species of the _Ampullariae_, or that which marks their transition (as I before observed) to the _Planorbes_.

* * * * *

Pl. 176

ANODON elongatus,

_Lengthened Anodon._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 96.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_A. testa transversim oblonga, crassa, antice compressa, extremitate
utraque rotundata; umbonibus valde prominentibus, crassis; lamina
cardinali convexa._

Shell transversely oblong, thick, anteriorly compressed, both
extremities rounded; umbones very prominent, thick; hinge-plate convex.

* * * * *

This extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which Lamarck has described, or with which I am acquainted. It was formerly in the late Mr. Forster's collection, and is now in the possession of Mrs. Mawe. Its form is like that of _Unio ovatus_ (_Mya ovata_ of Montague), but it is a much thicker and stronger shell; the posterior end is greatly compressed, but round; the umbones convex, remarkably thick, and deeply eroded; the inside pearly and iridescent, with a strong flesh-coloured tinge; the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth, and rather convex; the muscular impressions are deep.

One valve of the specimen above alluded to (the only one I have seen), is uncoated, and beautifully iridescent. Its country is unknown--but I think it may prove a native of the South American rivers.

* * * * *

Pl. 177

TURBINELLUS spirillus,

_Carinated Turnip Shell._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Testa pyriformis vel fusiformis, sub-ponderosa. Apex papillosus.
Columella plicata. Labium interius margine dilatatum. Canalis
elongatus, rectus._

Shell pear-shaped or fusiform, heavy. Apex papillary. Pillar plaited.
Interior lip with the margin dilated. Canal lengthened, straight.

Generic Type. _Voluta Pyrum._ Lin.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_T. pyriformi; spira depressa, apice prominente; anfractu basali
carinato; labio interiore dilatato, albo; columellae basi plicata._

Shell pear-shaped; spire depressed, apex prominent; basal whorl
carinated, interior lip dilated, white; base of the pillar one-plaited.

Murex spirillus. _Gmelin_, 3544. _Dillwyn_, 721.

_Martini_, 3. _tab._ 115. _f._ 1069. _Knorr_, 6. _tab._ 24. _f._ 3.

_Pyrula Spirillus._ _Lam. Syst._ 7. _p._ 142.

* * * * *

In assigning a situation, under the modern system, to the _Murex spirillus_ of Linnaeus, no genus appears to me more adapted for its reception than that of _Turbinellus_. These shells were formerly blended with the Linnaean Volutes, but are now detached from them as a distinct genus. The most striking peculiarity consists in the prolongation of the base into a long and straight canal; they possess, in common with the Volutes, a papillary spire, and, in general, their surface is smooth. There are, however, other shells classed by the French conchologists with this genus, from their having a plaited columella; in these, the apex of the spire is acute, the base truncated, and the outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines; characters so greatly at variance, and so very distinct from those first mentioned, that it becomes questionable whether these latter shells should not rather be classed as a distinct group: in fact, they are much more nearly allied to _Mitra_ and _Cancellaria_, which have acute spires, sculptured volutions, and truncate bases, than to the smooth _Turbinelli_, which differ so strikingly in all these particulars.

This shell is common to many parts of the Indian Ocean; and, like most of the smooth _Turbinelli_, has the inner lip dilated.

* * * * *

Pl. 178

BUCEROS coronatus,

_Coronated Hornbill._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_Rostrum elongatum, crassum, inane, deflexum, marginibus obtuse
crenatis, epithemate inani, forma vario, in mandibulam superiorem
imposito. Nares basales, ovatae_, (_lingua brevis, angusta, acuta_.
Illiger.) _Pedes gressorii._

Bill elongated, thick, hollow, deflexed, the margins obtusely crenated,
with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper mandible.
Nostrils basal, oval. Tongue short, narrow, pointed. Feet gressorial.

Generic Types. _B. Rhinoceros_, _bicornis_. Linn.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_B. niger, abdomine, stria utrinque occipitali, apiceque rectricium
albis; rostro subcristato, (carinato,) rubro._ Shaw.

Black Hornbill, with the abdomen, stripe on each side of the nape, and
tip of the tail white. Bill slightly crested, (carinated,) and red.

Le Calao Couronne male. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _vol._ v. _p._ 117.
_pl._ 234.

Buceros coronatus, Coronated Hornbill. _Shaw in Gen. Zool._ 8. _p._ 35.

* * * * *

The bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even those of the Toucans; many species having knobs or excrescences which seem to grow out of the bill itself, and give a strange appearance to the bird. The whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of Africa and Asia; feeding on animal substances, either living or dead.

Le Vaillant discovered this bird in Caffraria; congregating in flocks of near 500, along with crows and vultures, over the remains of slaughtered elephants. It frequents forests, perching on high, and generally withered trees; it likewise destroys insects.

The specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie; the white collar only surrounds the back of the head, and is not well defined; the carinated process on the bill ends _abruptly_, and not _gradually_, as seen in Le Vaillant's figure; the margins are obtusely crenated, the tail even, and the two middle feathers entirely black.

* * * * *

Pl. 179

MUSCIPETA labrosa,

_Red-lipped Flycatcher._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 116.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_M. nitide nigra; rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua plumatis._

Glossy black; gape margined by a red skin; legs feathered beyond the
knees.

* * * * *

This bird, though unattractive in its colours, is nevertheless very remarkable. It may be almost said to have _lips_; for round the gape, at each angle of the mouth, is a narrow loose skin; perfectly naked, and rather projecting. This singularity is increased by its colour in the live bird; which, by a note attached to the specimen, is stated to be of a beautiful red. It seems a species hitherto unknown, and was found near the Great Fish River of Southern Africa.

The figure is rather less than the natural size; the whole plumage deep black; glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and tail feathers; the quills inside are grey, margined with olive; the first of these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and the two next are nearly of equal length. The tail has ten feathers, and is even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter. The bill rather thick and strong, the culmine not very apparent, the upper mandible strongly notched, the under but slightly; the nostrils are hid by thickset incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the aperture, which is rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow membrane. The legs are very short, the three fore-toes united as far as the first joint, the hind-toe short; the claws of all are small, and the sole of the foot perfectly flat, like the Bee-eaters. I have been minute in noting these characters, because, although the bird will stand at present in the great family of the Flycatchers, there is no doubt they will hereafter be divided into distinct groups.

* * * * *

Pl. 180

TURDUS vociferans,

_Calling Thrush._

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_T. cinereus, infra ferrugineus; temporibus auribusque nigris; caudae
rotundatae pennis mediis nigris, lateribus ferrugineis._

Cinereous, beneath ferruginous; ears and sides of the head black; tail
rounded, middle feathers black, lateral feathers ferruginous.

Le Reclammeur. _Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af._ _tom._ 3. _p._ 33, _pl._ 104.

* * * * *

I can find no account of this bird in any writer besides Le Vaillant, who discovered it during his travels in Southern Africa. He says the note of the male bird is loud and melodious, and is heard in the morning and evening from the highest branches of lofty trees; the sexes being usually seen together. Le Vaillant relates an amusing anecdote, which well illustrates the peculiar note of the male:--One of his Dutch Hottentots, by name Piet, having shot a female, its mate continued to fly around him, uttering its cry, which so much resembled the Dutch words of _Piet myn vrow_, (or, '_Peter_--my wife,') that the poor lad (perfectly astonished) took to his heels, and vowed never more to handle a gun.

Length seven inches and a half; the upper plumage is dark cinereous: on each side the head is a stripe of black, which encircles the eye, and forms a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous yellow or bright buff colour; the rump and lateral tail feathers the same, the middle pair being entirely black; the next pair has likewise a narrow margin of the same colour: quills and wing-covers dusky brown, with pale cinereous margins. Tail rounded: legs pale: irides hazel: bill rather small and black, compressed the whole length, and having weak bristles at its base.

This bird obviously belongs to the Thrushes; but as I have not yet defined the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction, I refrain at present from proposing its characters.

* * * * *

Pl. 181

VOLUTA Pusio,

_Dwarf Volute._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 161.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_V. testa ovato-obtusa, flavescente, fasciis pallidis, maculis fulvis
interstinctis cincta; anfractu basali obtuse nodoso; spira brevissima,
acuta; columella incrassata, multiplicata._

Shell ovate-obtuse, yellowish, with pale bands and fulvous spots; body
whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules; spire very short, acute;
pillar thickened with many plaits.

Voluta Pusio. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Journal_, _vol._ 61. _p._
378.

* * * * *

Lamarck's recent account of this genus, in the last volume of his _Animaux_, contains but two species in addition to those long ago described by him in the _Annales du Mus._; thus omitting many of those new Volutes which of late years have been discovered. On the other hand, this naturalist has created five species from the varieties of _V. musica_ Lin. resting their characters on colour, bands, and the number of the lesser or spurious plaits on the pillar. It requires no argument to prove that these principles of distinction are the most uncertain he could have chosen; scarcely two specimens of _V. musica_ being found alike. These supposed species must, therefore, again merge into one.

The shell before us has more important characters; the body whorl is quite smooth, but crowned by compressed truncated nodules; the spire remarkably short, and the tip acute; in other respects it approaches to _V. virescens_ Sol. (_Polyzonalis_ Lam.) and to _V. fulva_ Lam. I have neither of these shells at present before me; but if Lamarck's description of them, and the figures which he has cited, be correct, I have no doubt they are but one species; _V. polyzonalis_ being the _smooth_, and _V. fulva_ being the _nodulous_ variety of Solander's _V. virescens_. In fact, Lamarck says both shells are transversely striated.

_V. pusio_ is a shell of the greatest rarity, and is described from a specimen in the collection of my friend Mr. Broderip. Its form is perfect, but its colours are somewhat faded.

* * * * *

Pl. 182

CYPRAEA spadicea,

_Chesnut Cowry._

* * * * *

GENERIC CHARACTER.--See Pl. 111.

* * * * *

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

_C. testa ovata, oblonga, immaculata; dorso rufo; ventre albo;
lateribus lividis._

Shell ovate-oblong, unspotted; the back reddish chesnut; belly white;
sides livid.

C. spadicea. _Swainson, in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ _vol._ 61. _p._ 376.

* * * * *

In shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles _C. onyx_; but its colours are so peculiar, that it cannot be mistaken for that or any other known species: the under side (or belly) is convex and pure white; the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide, short, and but faintly marked; the sides livid, tinged with flesh colour. Three specimens have fallen under my observation; one of which, being young, showed the internal colour of the back to be dull purple; they were all received by Mrs. Mawe from the South Seas.

* * * * *

CYPRAEA sanguinolenta

(_Middle figures._)

* * * * *

_C. testa ovato-oblonga, dorso punctis fuscis, nebulosis, obsito;
lateribus incarnato-violaceis, livide guttatis; ventre depresso._

Shell ovate-oblong, the back clouded, and dotted with brown; sides
flesh-coloured violet, with dark livid spots; belly depressed.

_C. testa ovato-oblonga, cinereo-caerulescente, fulvo vel fusco
fasciata, lateribus incarnato-violaceis, sanguineo-punctatis._ _Lam.
Syst._ 7. _p._ 396.

C. sanguinolenta. _Gmelin_, 3406. _Turton_, 4. _p._ 335. _Dill._ 445.
_Martini_, 1. _t._ 26. _f._ 265, 266. _Ency. Meth._ _pl._ 356. _f._ 12.

C. purpurascens. _Sw. in Tilloch's Ph. Mag._ 61. _p._ 376.

* * * * *

Gmelin and Lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell as blood-red. Their descriptions in other respects are loose, and the figures by Martini so bad, that it is with some doubt I have here placed my _purpurascens_ as a variety of Gmelin's _sanguinolenta_. The back of the shell is minutely freckled with brown; the under part (or belly) is flattened; the spots on the sides dark livid purple, and the base of the aperture effuse. It is, I believe, a native of Southern Africa.

* * * * *

GENERAL INDEX

OF

LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES

TO

VOL. III.

IN THE ORDER OF PUBLICATION.

Pl. Pl.
Ampullaria corrugata 120 || Wrinkled Apple-snail 120
||
Cinnyris Javanica 121 || Javanese Creeper 121
||
Achatina virginea, _var._ 1 122 || Common striped Achatina 122
and 2 ||
ditto, _var._ 3 and 4 123 || ditto 123
||
Licinia Crisia 124 || Licinia Crisia 124
||
Papilio Nerius 125 || Papilio Nerius 125
||
Conus vitulinus, _var._ 126 || Orange fox Cone 126
maldivus 127 || Spanish-Admiral Cone 127
ditto chesnut, _var._ 128 || ditto chesnut, _var._ 128
||
Melliphaga torquata 129 || White-collared Honeysucker 129
||
Trochilus latipennis, male 130 || Grey sickle-winged H. Bird 130
ditto, female 131 || ditto, female 131
||
Macroglossum annulosum 132 || Macroglossum annulosum 132
fasciatum ib. || fasciatum ib.
||
Thecla Macaria 133 || Chesnut-spotted Hair-streak 133
||
Strombus exustus 134 || Burnt-mouthed Strombus 134
lentiginosus ib. || Tuberculated Strombus ib.
tricornis 135 || Horned Strombus 135
||
Ampullaria crassa 136 || Thick Apple-snail 136
oblonga ib. || Oblong ditto ib.
||
Papilio Polybius 137 || Papilio Polybius 137
||
Malurus garrulus 138 || Noisy Soft-tail Warbler 138
||
Sylvia plumbea 139 || Grey-backed Warbler 139
||
Troglodytes rectirostris 140 || Straight-billed Wren 140
||
Psittacus chryseurus 141 || Golden-tailed Parrot 141
||
Nectarinia flaveola 142 || Yellow-bellied Nectarinia 142
||
Ampullaria sordida 143 || Brown Apple-snail 143
puncticulata ib. || Oval, punctured ditto ib.
||
Eburna Valentiana 144 || Arabian Eburna 144
tessellata 145 || Tessellated ditto 145
Pacifica 146 || South Sea ditto 146
||
Muscipeta carinata 147 || Keel-billed Flycatcher 147
||
Emberiza cristata 148 || Crested Bunting 148
||
Castnia Fabricii 149 || Red underwing Day-moth 149
||
Sphinx fasciata 150 || Sphinx fasciata 150
Leachii ib. || Leachii ib.
||
Alcedo semitorquata 151 || Half-collared Kingsfisher 151
||
Achatina melastoma 152 || Black-mouthed Achatina 152
||
Strombus lobatus 153 || Lobed or brindled Strombus 153
||
Psittacus Malaccensis 154 || Blue-rumped Parrot 154
||
Psittacus viridissimus 155 || Green Parrot 155
||
Fringilla oryzivora 156 || Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow 156
||
Ampullaria effusa 157 || Ribbon Apple-snail 157
luteostoma ib. || Yellow-mouthed ditto ib.
||
Pinna bullata 158 || Rufous Pinna 158
||
Satyrus argenteus 159 || Satyrus argenteus 159
||
Anodon purpurascens 160 || Purple Anodon 160
||
Voluta punctata 161 || Red-dotted Volute 161
||
Achatina fasciata, _var._ 162 || Banded Achatina, 3 _var._ 162
||
Hemipodius nivosus 163 || White-spotted Turnix 163
||
Sylvia annulosa 164 || White-eyed Warbler 164
ditto, _var._ [beta] 165 || Ditto, New Holland variety 165
||
Bulimus citrinus 166 || Citron Bulimus, 3 _var._ 166
||
Anodon crassus 167 || Thick Anodon 167
||
Ramphastos ambiguus 168 || Doubtful Toucan 168
||
Pteroglossus viridis 169 || Green Aracari (male) 169
||
Malurus Africanus 170 || African Soft-tail 170
||
Unio fragilis 171 || Fragile River-mussel 171
||
Ampullaria reflexa 172 || Purple Apple-snail 172
||
Gallinula ruficollis, _var._ 173 || Black-bellied Gallinule 173
||
Tanagra canicapilla 174 || Grey-crowned Tanager 174
||
Ampullaria leucostoma 175 || White-mouthed Apple-snail 175
||
Anodon elongatus 176 || Lengthened Anodon 176
||
Turbinellus spirillus 177 || Carinated Turnip-shell 177
||
Buceros coronatus 178 || Coronated Hornbill 178
||
Muscipeta labrosa 179 || Red-lipped Flycatcher 179
||
Turdus vociferans 180 || Calling Thrush 180
||
Voluta pusio 181 || Dwarf Volute 181
||
Cypraea spadicea 182 || Cypraea spadicea 182
sanguinolenta ib. || sanguinolenta ib.

* * * * *

GENERAL ALPHABETIC INDEX

OF

LATIN AND ENGLISH NAMES

TO

VOLUME III.

Pl.
Achatina fasciata, _var._, 162
melostoma, 152
virginea, _var._, 122
ditto, ditto, 123
_banded_, 162
_black-mouthed_, 152
_common, striped_, 122
_ditto_, _var._, 123

Alcedo semitorquata, 151

Ampullaria corrugata, 120
crassa, 136
effusa, 157
leucostoma, 175
leuteostoma, 157
oblonga, 136
puncticulata, 143
reflexa, 172
sordida, 143

Anodon crassus, 167
elongatus, 176
purpurascens, 160
_lengthened_, 176
_thick_, 167
_purple_, 160

_Apple-snail, brown_, 143
_oblong_, 136
_oval, punctured_, 143
_purple_, 172
_ribbon_, 157
_thick_, 136
_white-mouthed_, 175
_wrinkled_, 120
_yellow-mouthed_, 175

_Aracari, green_, 169

Bulimus citrinus, _var._, 166
_citron_, green variety, ib.

Buceros, Gen. Char., 178
coronatus, ib.

_Bunting, crested_, 148

Castnia, Gen. Char., 149
Fabricii, ib.

Cinnyris Javanica, 121

Conus maldivus, 127
ditto, _var._, 128
vitulinus, _var._, 126

_Cone, Spanish-Admiral_, 127
_ditto_, _chesnut variety_, 128
_orange, fox_, 126

_Creeper, Javanese_, 121

Cypraea spadicea, 182
sanguinolenta, ib.

_Day-moth, red underwing_, 149

Eburna, Gen. Char., 144
Pacifica, 146
tessellata, 145
Valentiana, 144
_Arabian_, ib.
_South Sea_, 146
_tesselated_, 145

Emberiza, Gen. Char., 148
cristata, ib.

_Flycatcher, keel-billed_, 147
_red-lipped_, 179

Fringilla, Gen. Char., 156
oryzivora, ib.

Gallinula, Gen. Char., 173
ruficollis, _var._, ib.

_Gallinule, black-bellied_, _var._, ib.

_Hair-streak, chesnut-spotted_, 133

Hemipodius, Gen. Char., 163
nivosus, ib.

_Honey-sucker, while-collared_, 129

_Humming-bird, Grey sickle-wing_, 130
_ditto_, _female_, 131

_Java Sparrow, or Paddy-bird_, 156

_Kingsfisher, half-collared_, 151

Licinia Crisia, 124

Macroglossum annulosum, 132
fasciatum, ib.

Malurus, Gen. Char., 138
Africanus, 170
garrulus, 138

Melliphaga torquata, 129

Muscipeta carinata, 147
labrosa, 179

Nectarina flaveola, 142
_yellow-bellied_, ib.

_Paddy-bird, or Java Sparrow_, 156

Papilio Nerius, 125
Polybius, 137

_Parrot, golden-tailed_, 141
_blue-rumped_, 154
_green_, 155

Pinna, Gen. Char., 158
bullata, ib.

_Pinna, rufous_, ib.

Psittacus chryseurus, 141
Malaccensis, 154
viridissimus, 155

Pteroglossus viridis, 169

Ramphastos ambiguus, 168

_River-mussel, fragile_, 171

Satyrus, Gen. Char., 159
argenteus, ib.

Strombus exustus, 134
lentiginosus, ib.
lobatus, 153
tricornis, 135
_burnt-mouthed_, 134
_tuberculated_, ib.

_Strombus, horned_, 135
_lobed, or brindled_, 153

Sphinx fasciata, 150
Leachii, ib.

Sylvia, Gen. Char., 139
annulosa, 164
ditto, _var._, 165
plumbea, 139

_Soft-tail, noisy_, 138
_African_, 170

Tanagra, Gen. Char., 174
canicapilla, ib.

Tanager, grey-crowned, ib.

Thecla Macaria, 133

_Thrush, calling_, 180

Trochilus latipennis, male, 130
ditto, female, 131

Troglodytes, Gen. Char., 140
rectirostris, ib.

Turbinellus, Gen. Char., 177
spirillus, ib.

Turdus vociferans, 180

_Turnip-shell, carinated_, 177

_Turnix, white-spotted_, 163

Voluta, Gen. Char., 161
pusio, 181
punctata, 161

_Volute, dwarf_, 181
_red-dotted_, 161

Unio fragilis, 171

_Warbler, olive-backed_, 139
_white-eyed_, 164
_New Holland variety_, 165

_Wren, straight-billed_, 140

* * * * *

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

* * * * *

VERTEBROSA.