Chapter XX: Plymouth (1)

Plymouth Sound--The river Plym--Its real
name--Sutton--Plympton--A cradle of naval adventure--The Hawkins
family--Sir John Hawkins--Sir Francis Drake--"Singeing the
King of Spain's beard"--The invincible Armada--Song of--Statue
of Drake--The Eddystone--Its lighthouses--The neighbourhood
of Plymouth--Hamoaze--The Lynher--S. Germans--Cawsand
Bay--Smuggling--Lady's Rock--Millbrook--Landrake--S.
Indract--Sir Joshua Reynolds--Dewerstone--Peacock Bridge--Childe
the Hunter.

When a sailor heard the song sung, to which this is the refrain:--

"O dear Plymouth town! and O blue Plymouth Sound,
O where is your equal on earth to be found?"

he said, "Them's my opinions, to the turn of a hair."

About Plymouth town I am not so confident, but as to the Sound it is not easily surpassed. The Bay of Naples has Vesuvius, and above an Italian sky, but lacks the wealth of verdure of Mount Edgcumbe, and has none of those wondrous inlets that make of Plymouth Sound a figure of a watery hand displayed, and of the Three Towns a problem in topography which it requires long experience to solve.

The name of the place is a misnomer.

Plym is not the name of the river which has its mouth where the town squats. Plym is the contraction for Pen-lynn, the head of the lake, and was given originally to Plympton, where are the remains of a castle, and where are still to be seen the iron rings to which vessels were moored. But just as the Taw-ford (_ridd_) has contributed a name to the river Torridge, above the ford, so has Pen-lynn sent its name down the stream and given it to Plymouth. Pelynt in Cornwall is likewise a Pen-lynn.

What the original name of the river was is doubtful. Higher up, where it comes rioting down from the moor, above the Dewerstone is Cadover Bridge, not the bridge _over_ the Cad, but Cadworthy Bridge. Perhaps the river was the Cad, so called from _caed_, contracted, shut within banks, very suitable to a river emerging from a ravine. A witty friend referring to "the brawling Cad," the epithet applied to it by the poet Carrington, said that it was not till the institution of chars-a-bancs and early-closing days in Plymouth that _he_ ever saw "the brawling cad" upon Dartmoor; since then he has seen a great deal too much of the article.

Plymouth as a town is comparatively modern. When Domesday was compiled nothing was known of it, but there was a Sutton--South Town--near the pool, which eventually became the port of old Plymouth.

It first acquired some consequence when the Valletorts had a house near where is now the church of S. Andrew.

There was, however, a _lis_ or enclosed residence of a chief, if we may accept the Domesday manor of Lisistone[39] as thence derived. And there have been early relics turned up occasionally. But no real consequence accrued to the place till the Valletorts set up house there in the reign of Henry I.

[39] Now Lipson.

The old couplet, applied with variations to so many places in the kingdom, and locally running:

"Plympton was a borough town
When Plymouth was a vuzzy down,"

was true enough. Plympton at the time of the Conquest was head of the district, and there were then canons there in the monastery, which dates back at least to the reign of Edgar, probably to a much earlier period. The priors of Plympton got a grant of land in Sutton, which they held as lords of the manor till 1439. It was not till the end of the thirteenth century that the name of Plymouth came to knowledge and the place began to acquire consequence. But it was not till the days of good Queen Bess that the place became one of prime importance.

"In the latter half of the sixteenth century," says Mr. Worth,
"Devonshire was the foremost county in England, and Plymouth its
foremost town. Elizabeth called the men of Devonshire her right
hand, and so far carried her liking for matters Devonian, that
one of the earliest passports of Raleigh to her favour was the
fact that he talked the broadest dialect of the shire, and never
abandoned it for the affected speech current at court."[40]

[40] WORTH (R. N.), _History of Plymouth_, 1890, p. 39. I shall
quote much from this admirable work, not only full of information,
but written in a charming style.

The importance of Plymouth as a starting-point for discovery, and as the cradle of our maritime power, must never be forgotten.

Old Carew says:--

"Here have the troops of adventurers made their _rendezvous_ for
attempting new discoveries or inhabitances, as Thomas Stukeleigh
for Florida, Sir Humfrey Gilbert for Newfoundland, Sir Richard
Grenville for Virginia, Sir Martin Frobisher and Master Davies
for the North-West Passage, Sir Walter Raleigh for Guiana."

It is indeed no exaggeration to say that in the reign of Elizabeth Plymouth had become the foremost port in England.

"If any person desired to see her English worthies, Plymouth
was the likeliest place to seek them. All were in some fashion
associated with the old town. These were days when men were
indifferent whether they fought upon land or water, when the
fact that a man was a good general was considered the best of
all reasons why he should be a good admiral likewise. '_Per mare
per terram_' was the motto of Elizabeth's true-born Englishmen,
and familiar and dear to them was Plymouth, with its narrow
streets, its dwarfish quays, its broad waters, and its glorious
Hoe."

The roll of Plymouth's naval heroes begins with the Hawkins family, and one looks in vain in modern Plymouth for some statue to commemorate the most illustrious of her sons.

These Hawkinses were a remarkable race. "Gentlemen," as Prince says, "of worshipful extraction for several descents," they were made more worshipful by their deeds.

"For three generations in succession they were the
master-spirits of Plymouth in its most illustrious days; its
leading merchants, its bravest sailors, serving oft and well
in the civic chair and the Commons House of Parliament. For
three generations they were in the van of English seamanship,
founders of England's commerce in South, West, and East, stout
in fight, of quenchless spirit in adventure--a family of
merchant statesmen and heroes to whom our country affords no
parallel."[41]

[41] WORTH.

The early voyages of Sir John Hawkins were to the Canary Isles. In 1562 he made his first expedition in search of negroes to sell in Hispaniola, so that he was not squeamish in the matter of the trade in human flesh. But in 1567 he made an expedition ever memorable, for his were the first English keels to furrow that hitherto unknown sea, the Bay of Mexico. He had with him a fleet of six ships, two of which were royal vessels, the rest were his own, and one of these, the _Judith_, was commanded by his kinsman, Francis Drake. Whilst in the port of S. Juan de Ulloa Hawkins was treacherously assailed, and lost all the vessels, with the exception of two, of which one was the _Judith_. When his brother William heard of the disaster he begged Elizabeth to allow him to make reprisals on his own account; and on the return of John "it may fairly be said that Plymouth declared war against Spain. Hawkins and Drake thereafter never missed a chance of making good their losses. The treachery of San Juan de Ulloa was the moving cause of the series of harassments which culminated in the destruction of the Armada. For every English life then lost, for every pound of English treasure then taken, Spain paid a hundred and a thousand fold."

In the following year, at Rio de la Flacho, whilst getting in supplies, he was attacked by Michael de Castiliano with a thousand men. Hawkins had but two hundred under his command; however, he drove the Spaniards back, entered the town, and carried off the ensign, for which, on his return, he was granted an addition to his arms--on a canton, gold, an escalop between two palmers' staves, sable.

In 1573 Hawkins was chosen by the queen "as the fittest person in her dominions to manage her naval affairs," and for twenty-one years served as Controller of the Navy. It was through his wise provision, by his resolution, in spite of the niggardliness wherewith Elizabeth doled out money, that "when the moment of trial came," says Froude, "he sent her ships to sea in such condition--hull, rigging, spars, and running rope--that they had no match in the world."

About the Armada presently.

In 1595 Hawkins and Drake were together sent to the West Indies in command of an expedition. But they could not agree. Hawkins wanted at once to sail for America, Drake to hover about the Canaries to intercept Spanish galleons. The disagreement greatly irritated old Sir John, unaccustomed to have his will opposed. Then he learned that one of his vessels, named the _Francis_, had been taken by the Spaniards. Grief at this, and annoyance caused by the double command, brought on a fever, and he died at sea, November 15th, 1595.

Old Prince says, in drawing a parallel between him and Drake, "In their deaths they were not divided, either in respect of the cause thereof, for they died both heart-broken; the one, for that being in joint commission with the other, his advice and counsel was neglected; the other, for the ill success with which his last voyage was attended. Alike they were also in their deaths; as to the place, for they both died on the sea; as to the time, they both expired in the same voyage, the one a little before the other, about the interspace of a few months; and lastly, as to their funerals, for they were both buried in the ocean, over which they had both so often rid in triumph."

The elder brother of Sir John, William, the patriarch of the port, was Mayor of Plymouth in the Armada year. William's son, Sir Richard Hawkins, sailed in 1593 from Plymouth with five vessels to the South Seas, and was taken by the Spaniards. From various causes the fleet was reduced to the single vessel the _Dainty_, which he himself commanded. Manned by seventy-five men only, she was assailed by eight Spanish vessels with crews of 1300. Nevertheless, like Sir Richard Grenville, of the _Revenge_, he showed lusty fight, which was kept up for three days, and he did not surrender till he had himself been wounded six times, and then only when he had secured honourable terms, which the false scoundrels broke, by sending their prisoners to Spain, instead of allowing them, as was undertaken, to return to England.

He is one of those to whom the ballad is supposed to relate:--

"Would you hear of a Spanish lady,
How she wooed an English man?"

But it is also told of a member of the Popham family, by whom the lady's picture, and her chain and bracelets, mentioned in the ballad, were preserved.

Next to the Hawkins heroes we have Drake, a Plymothian by adoption, the son of a yeoman near Tavistock. Camden calls him, "without dispute the greatest captain of the age."

Many strange stories are told of him, as that he brought water to Plymouth by pronouncing an incantation over a spring on Dartmoor, and then riding direct to the seaport, whereupon the water followed him, docile as a dog. When he was building Buckland Abbey, every night the devils carried away the stones. Drake got up into a tree and watched. When he saw the devils at work he crowed like a cock. "Dawn coming?" exclaimed a devil. "And there comes the sun!" cried out another, for Drake had lit his pipe; and away they scampered.

Another story is, that he left his wife at Lynton, and was away for so long that she believed him dead, and was about to be married again, when Sir Francis, who was in the Bristol Channel, fired a cannon-ball, that flew in at the church window and fell between her and her intended "second." "None could have done that but Sir Francis," said the lady with a sigh, and so the ceremony was abruptly broken off.

Drake was brought up at sea under Hawkins, and accompanied him on the voyage of 1567, which ended so disastrously. His first independent expedition was in 1572, when he made his memorable expedition to Nombre de Dios.

Four years later Drake started on his voyage of circumnavigation, with five vessels. Disaster and disaffection broke up the little fleet, but he persevered, and on September 26th, 1580, brought the _Pelican_ safely back to Plymouth again; the first English captain who had sailed round the world. Plymouth turned out to welcome him, headed by the Mayor, and S. Andrew's bells rang a merry peal.

The _Pelican_ was crammed with treasure. Drake went to the Thames in her, and was received graciously by the queen. "His ship," says Camden, "she caused to be drawn up in a little creek near Deptford, as a monument of his so lucky sailing round the world. And having, as it were, consecrated it as a memorial with great ceremony, she was banqueted in it, and conferred on Drake the honour of knighthood."

Singularly enough the Spanish Ambassador complained, on the part of his Government, of Drake having ventured into the Pacific; but the queen spiritedly replied that she did not acknowledge grants of strange lands, much less of foreign seas made by the Pope, and that, sail where they might, her good mariners should enjoy her countenance.

In 1585 Drake, with a fleet of twenty-five sail, made another expedition to the West Indies; and his next exploit, performed in 1587, was what he called "singeing the King of Spain's beard." With his fleet he ravaged the coast of Spain, and delayed the sailing of the Armada for a year. The Invincible Armada, as the Spaniards designated it in their pride, set sail from the Tagus on May 29th. It consisted of 130 vessels of all sizes, mounting 2431 guns, and carrying, in addition to the mariners, nearly 20,000 land troops, among whom were 2000 volunteers of the noblest families in Spain. But the fleet was overtaken by a storm off Coruña, and four large ships foundered at sea; on hearing which, that stingy old cat, Elizabeth, at once ordered the admiral, Lord Howard of Effingham, to lay up four of his largest vessels, and discharge their crews. The admiral had the spirit to disobey, saying that rather than do that he would maintain the crews at his own cost. On July 19th, one named Fleming, a Scottish privateer, sailed into Plymouth, with intelligence that he had seen the Spanish fleet off the Lizard. At the moment most of the captains and officers were on shore playing bowls on the Hoe. There was instant bustle, and a call to man the boats. "There is time enough," said Drake, "to play the game out first, and thrash the Spaniards afterwards."

Unfortunately the wind was from the south, but the captains contrived to warp out their ships. On the following day, being Saturday, the 20th of July, they got a full sight of the Armada standing majestically on, the vessels drawn up in the form of a crescent, which, from horn to horn, measured some seven miles.

Their great height and bulk, though imposing to the unskilled, gave confidence to the English seamen, who reckoned at once upon having the advantage in tacking and manœuvring their lighter craft. The miserable parsimony of Elizabeth, who did not allow a sufficiency of ammunition to the fleet, interfered sadly with the proceedings of the defenders of the English shores. But the story of the Armada belongs to general English history, and need not be detailed here. It is a story, read it often as we may, that makes the blood dance in one's veins.

It has served as the topic of many lines. I will give some not usually quoted, by John O'Keefe, which were set to music by Dr. Arnold:--

"In May fifteen hundred and eighty-eight,
Cries Philip, 'The English I'll humble;
I've taken it into my Majesty's pate,
And the lion, Oh! down he shall tumble.
The lords of the sea!' Then his sceptre he shook;
'I'll prove it all arrant bravado,
By Neptune! I'll sweep 'em all into a nook,
With th' Invincible Spanish Armado.'

"This fleet started out, and the winds they did blow;
Their guns made a terrible clatter.
Our noble Queen Bess, 'cos her wanted to know,
Quill'd her ruff, and cried, 'Pray what's the matter?'
'They say, my good Queen,' replies Howard so stout,
'The Spaniard has drawn his toledo.
Odds bobbins! he'll thump us, and kick us about,
With th' Invincible Spanish Armado.'

"The Lord Mayor of London, a very wise man,
What to do in the case vastly wondered.
Says the Queen, 'Send in fifty good ships, if you can,'
Says the Lord Mayor, 'I'll send you a hundred!'
Our fire ships soon struck every cannon all dumb,
For the Dons ran to _Ave_ and _Credo_;
Don Medina roars out, 'Sure the foul fiend is come,
For th' Invincible Spanish Armado.'

"On Effingham's squadron, tho' all in abreast,
Like open-mouth'd curs they came bowling;
His sugar-plums finding they could not digest,
Away they ran yelping and howling.
When Britain's foe shall, all with envy agog,
In our Channel make such a tornado,
Huzza! my brave boys! we're still lusty to flog
An Invincible ... Armado."

And here the dotted line will allow of Gallic, Russian, or German to be inserted. Of Spanish there need be no fear. Spain is played out.

A fine bronze statue of Sir Francis by Boehm is on the Hoe, the traditional site of the bowling match, but it is only a _replica_ of that at Tavistock, and lacks the fine bas-reliefs representing incidents in the life of Drake; among others, the game of bowls, and his burial at sea. On the Hoe is also a ridiculous tercentenary monument commemorative of the Armada, and the upper portion of Smeaton's Eddystone lighthouse.

This dangerous reef had occasioned so many wrecks and such loss of life, that Mr. Henry Winstanley, a gentleman of property in Essex, a self-taught mechanician, resolved to devote his attention and his money to the erection of a lighthouse upon the reef, called Eddystone probably because of the swirl of water about it. He commenced the erection in 1696, and completed it in four years. The structure was eminently picturesque, so much so that a local artist at Launceston thought he could not do better than make a painting of it to decorate a house there then in construction (Dockacre), and set it up as a portion of the chimney-piece. The edifice certainly was not calculated to withstand such seas as roll in the Channel, but Winstanley knew only that second-hand wash which flows over miles of mud on the Essex coast, which it submerges, but above which it cannot heap itself into billows.

Winstanley had implicit confidence in his work, and frequently expressed the wish that he might be in his lighthouse when tested by a severe storm from the west. He had his desire. One morning in November, 1703, he left the Barbican to superintend repairs. An old seaman standing there warned him that dirty weather was coming on. Nevertheless, strong in his confidence, he went. That night, whilst he remained at the lighthouse, a hurricane sprang up, and when morning broke no lighthouse was visible; the erection and its occupants had been swept away. Three years elapsed before another attempt was made to rear a beacon. At length a silk mercer of London, named Rudyard, undertook the work. He determined to imitate as closely as might be the trunk of a Scotch pine, and to give to wind and wave as little surface as possible on which to take effect. Winstanley's edifice had been polygonal; Rudyard's was to be circular. Commenced in 1706 and completed in 1709, entirely of timber, the shaft weathered the storms of nearly fifty years in safety, and might have defied them longer but that it was built of combustible materials. It caught fire on the 2nd December, 1755. The three keepers in it did their utmost to extinguish the flames, but their efforts were ineffectual. The lead wherewith it was roofed ran off in molten streams, and the men had to take refuge in a hole of the rock. When they were rescued one of the men went raving mad, broke away, and was never seen again. Another solemnly averred that some of the molten lead, as he stood looking up agape at the fire, had run down his throat as it spouted from the roof. He died within twelve days, and actually lodged within his stomach was found a mass of lead weighing nearly eight ounces. How he had lived so long was a marvel.

Twelve months were not suffered to pass before a third lighthouse was commenced--that of Smeaton. This was of stone, dovetailed together. It was commenced in June, 1757, and completed by October, 1759. This lighthouse might have lasted to the present, had it not been that the rocky foundation began to yield under the incessant beat of the waves.

This necessitated a fourth, from the designs of Mr. (now Sir J.) Douglass, which was begun in 1879 and completed in 1882. The total height is 148 feet.

The Breakwater was begun in 1812, but was not completed till 1841.

The neighbourhood of Plymouth abounds in objects of interest and scenes of great beauty. The Hamoaze, the estuary of the Tamar and Tavy combined, is a noble sheet of water. The name (_am-uisge_), Round about the water, describes it as an almost landlocked tract of glittering tide and effluent rivers, with woods and hills sloping down to the surface. Mount Edgcumbe, with its sub-tropical shrubs and trees, shows how warm the air is even in winter, in spots where not exposed to the sea breeze.

Up the creek of the Lynher (_Lyn-hir_, the long creek) boats pass to S. Germans, where is a noble church, on the site of a pre-Saxon monastery founded by S. Germanus of Auxerre. The little disfranchised borough contains many objects to engage the artist's pencil, notably the eminently picturesque alms-houses.

The noble church has been very badly "restored." The Norman work is fine.

Cawsand, with its bay, makes a pleasant excursion. This was at one time a great nest for smugglers. An old woman named Borlase had a cottage with a window looking towards Plymouth, and she kept her eye on the water. When a preventive boat was visible she went down the street giving information. There was another old woman, only lately deceased, who went by the name of Granny Grylls. When a young woman she was wont to walk to the beach and back carrying a baby that was never heard to wail.

One day a customs officer said to her, "Well, Mrs. Grylls, that baby of yours is very quiet."

"Quiet her may be," answered she, "but I reckon her's got a deal o' sperit in her."

And so she had, for the baby was no other than a jar of brandy. She was wont by this means to remove "run" liquor from its _cache_ in the sand. A man named Trist had been a notorious smuggler. At last he was caught and given over to the press-gang to be sent on board a man-of-war. Trist bore his capture quietly enough, but as the vessel lay off Cawsand he suddenly slipped overboard and made for a boat that was at anchor, shipped that, and hoisted sail. His Majesty's vessel at once lowered a boat and made in pursuit. After a hard row the sailing smack was come up with and found to be empty. Trist had gone overboard again and swum to a Cawsand fishing-smack, where he lay hid for some days. As there was quite a fleet of these boats on the water, the men in His Majesty's service did not know which to search. So Trist got off and was never secured again.

Near Cawsand is a rock with a white sparry formation on it, like the figure of a woman. This is called Lady's Rock, and the fishermen on returning always cast an offering of a few mackerels or herrings to the ledge before the figure.

A curious custom on May Day exists at Millbrook, once a rotten borough, of the boatmen carrying a dressed ship about the streets with music.

An excursion up the Tamar may be made by steamer to the Weir Head. The river scenery is very fine, especially at the Morwell Rocks. On the way Cothele is passed, the ancient and unaltered mansion of the Edgcumbes, rich in carved wood, tapestry, and ancient furniture. It is the most perfect and characteristic mansion of the fifteenth century in Cornwall. Lower down the river is S. Dominic.

Early in the eighth century Indract, with his sister Dominica, Irish pilgrims, and attendants arrived there, and settled on the Tamar. A little headland, Halton, marks a spot where Indract had a chapel and a holy well. The latter is in good condition; the former is represented by an ivy-covered wall. However, the church of Landrake (Llan-Indract) was his main settlement, and his sister Dominica founded that now bearing her name. In the river Indract made a salmon weir and trapped fish for his party. But one of these was a thief and greedy, and carried off fish for his own consumption, regardless of his comrades. There were "ructions," and Indract packed his portmanteau and started for Rome. Whether Dominica accompanied him is not stated, but it is probable that she would not care to be left alone in a strange land, though I am certain she would have met with nothing but kindly courtesy from Cornishmen. The party--all but the thief and those who were in the intrigue with him--reached Rome, and returning through Britain came as far as Skapwith, near Glastonbury, where a Saxon hanger-on upon King Ina's court, hearing that a party of travellers was at hand, basely went to their lodgings and murdered them at night in the hopes of getting loot. Ina, his master, who was then at Glastonbury, came to hear of what had been done, and he had the bodies moved to the abbey. Whether he scolded the man who murdered them, or even proceeded to punish him, we are not told.

Bere Ferrers has a fine church, with some old glass in it and a very singular font, that looks almost as if it had been constructed out of a still earlier capital. Bere Alston was once a borough, returning two members.

On the east side of Plymouth is the interesting Plympton S. Mary, with a noble church; Plympton S. Maurice, with a fine modern screen, and the remains of a castle. Here is the old grammar school where Sir Joshua Reynolds received his instruction, and here also is the house in which he was born. He gave his own portrait to the town hall of the little place--for it also was a borough, and, to the lasting disgrace of Plympton be it recorded, the municipality sold it. The old house of Boringdon has a fine hall. The house has twice been altered, and the last alterations are incongruous. One half of the house has been pulled down. Above it is a well-preserved camp. Ermington Church deserves a visit; it has been well restored. It has a bold post-Reformation screen. Holbeton has also been restored in excellent taste. On Revelstoke a vast amount of money has been lavished unsatisfactorily. Near Cornwood station is Fardell, an old mansion of Sir Walter Raleigh, with a chapel.

The same station serves for the Awns and Dendles cascade, and for a visit to the Stall Moor with its long stone row, also the more than two-mile-long row, leading from the Staldon circle, and the old blowing-houses on the Yealm at Yealm Steps. There the old moulds for the tin lie among the ruins of two of these houses, one above the steps, the other below. A further excursion may be made into the Erme valley, with its numerous prehistoric remains, and to the blowing-house at the junction of the Hook Lake. This is comparatively late, as there is a wheel-pit.

North of Plymouth interesting excursions may be made to the Dewerstone, perhaps the finest bit of rock scenery on Dartmoor, or rather at its edge, where the so-called Plym bursts forth from its moorland cradle. The summit of the Dewerstone has been fortified by a double line of walls. A walk thence up the river will take a visitor into some wild country. He will pass Legis Tor with its hut circles in very fair preservation, Ditsworthy Warren, and at Drizzlecombe, coming in from the north, he will see avenues of stones and menhirs and the Giant's Grave, a large cairn, and a well-preserved kistvaen. By the stream bed below is a blowing-house with its tin moulds. Shavercombe stream comes down on the right, and there may be found traces of the slate that overlay the granite, much altered by heat. From Trowlesworthy Warren a wall, fallen, extends, in connection with numerous hut circles, as far as the Yealm. For what purpose it was erected, unless it were a tribal boundary, it is impossible to discover.

A visitor to the Dewerstone should not fail to descend through the wood to the Meavy river, and follow it down to Shaugh Bridge.

An interesting house is Old Newnham, the ancient seat of the Strode family.

Hard by is Peacock Bridge. Here a fight took place, according to tradition, between a Parker and a Strode, with their retainers, relative to a peacock, and Strode had his thumb cut off in the fray.

Buckland Monachorum also is within reach, the church converted into a mansion.

Meavy Church contains early and rude carving. Sheepstor stands above an artificial lake, the reservoir that supplies Plymouth with water. This occupies the site of an ancient lake, that had been filled with rubble brought down by the torrents from the moor.

A delightful walk may be taken by branching from the Princetown road to Nosworthy Bridge, passing under Leather Tor and following Deancombe, then ascending Combshead Tor to an interesting group of prehistoric remains, a cairn surrounded by a circle of stones, and a stone row leading to a chambered cairn. By continuing the line north-east Nun's or Siward's Cross will be reached in the midst of utter desolation. Far away east is Childe's Tomb, a kistvaen.

The story is that Childe, a hunter, lost himself on the moor. Snow came on, and he cut open his horse, and crept within the carcass to keep himself warm. But even this did not avail.

So with his finger dipp'd in blood,
He scrabbled on the stones:
"This is my will, God it fulfil,
And buried be my bones.
Whoe'er he be that findeth me,
And brings me to a grave,
The lands that now to me belong
In Plymstock he shall have."

The story goes on to say that while the men of Plymstock were preparing to transport the body thither, the monks of Tavistock whipped it off, threw a bridge of planks, since called Guile Bridge, over the Tavy, and interred the hunter in their cemetery, thereby obtaining possession of his lands.

END OF VOL I.

PLYMOUTH
WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON
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A CATALOGUE OF BOOKS
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Skrine gives a complete account of Russian Central Asia, with
all the latest statistics. Great attention has been paid to the
production of accurate maps, and the information contained in
this part of the book may be regarded as semi-official.

THROUGH ASIA. By SVEN HEDIN. With 300 Illustrations from
Photographs and Sketches by the Author, and 3 Maps. _Two
volumes. Royal 8vo. 36s. net._

Extracts from reviews of this great book, which _The Times_ has
called 'one of the greatest books of the century,' will be found
on p. 15.

CHITRAL: The Story of a Minor Siege. By SIR G. S. ROBERTSON,
K.C.S.I. With 22 Illustrations, 4 Plans, and a Map. A New and
Cheaper Edition. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._

Extracts from reviews of this remarkable book will be found on
page 15.

THREE YEARS IN SAVAGE AFRICA. By LIONEL DECLE. With 100
Illustrations and 5 Maps. Second and cheaper Edition. _Demy 8vo.
10s. 6d. net._

THE CAROLINE ISLANDS By F. W. CHRISTIAN. With many Illustrations
and Maps. _Large crown 8vo. 10s. 6d._

This book contains a history and complete description of these
islands--their physical features, fauna, flora; the habits, and
religious beliefs of the inhabitants. It is the result of many
years' residence among the natives, and is the only worthy work
on the subject.

History and Biography

THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF SIR JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS, President of
the Royal Academy. By his Son, J. G. MILLAIS. With nearly 300
Illustrations, of which 10 are in photogravure. _Two volumes.
Royal 8vo. 32s. net._

A limited edition will also be printed. This will contain 22 of Millais' great paintings reproduced in photogravure, with a case containing an extra set of these Photogravures pulled on India paper. The price of this edition will be £4, 4_s. net._

In these two magnificent volumes is contained the authoritative
biography of the most distinguished and popular painter of
the last half of the century. They contain the story of his
extraordinary boyhood, of his early struggles and triumphs, of
the founding of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, now first given
to the world in authentic detail, of the painting of most of
his famous pictures, of his friendships with many of the most
distinguished men of the day in art, letters, and politics, of
his home life, and of his sporting tastes. There are a large
number of letters to his wife describing the circumstances
under which his pictures were painted, letters from Her Majesty
the Queen, Lord Beaconsfield, Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Watts, Sir
William Harcourt, Lord Rosebery, Lord Leighton, etc., etc.
Among them are several illustrated letters from Landseer,
Leech, Du Maurier, and Mike Halliday. The last letter that Lord
Beaconsfield wrote before his death is reproduced in fac-simile.
Sir William Harcourt contributes his reminiscences of Millais,
and Mr. Val Prinsep has written a long and most interesting
chapter to the same purpose.

Not the least attractive and remarkable feature of this book
will be the magnificence of its illustrations. No more complete
representation of the art any painter has ever been produced
on the same scale. The owners of Sir John Millais' most famous
pictures and their copyrights have generously given their
consent to their reproduction in his biography, and, in addition
to those pictures with which the public is familiar, over two
hundred pictures and sketches which have never been reproduced
before, and which, in all probability, will never be seen again
by the general public, will appear in these pages. The early
chapters contain sketches made by Millais at the age of seven.
There follow some exquisite drawings made by him during his
Pre-Raphaelite period, a large number of sketches and studies
made for his great pictures, water colour sketches, pen-and-ink
sketches, and drawings, humorous and serious. There are ten
portraits of Millais himself, including two by Mr. Watts and Sir
Edward Burne Jones. There is a portrait of Dickens, taken after
death, and a sketch of D. G. Rossetti. Thus the book will be not
only a biography of high interest and an important contribution
to the history of English art, but in the best sense of the
word, a beautiful picture book.

THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. By EDWARD GIBBON.
A New Edition, edited with Notes, Appendices, and Maps by J.
B. BURY, LL.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. _In Seven
Volumes. Demy 8vo, gilt top. 8s. 6d. each. Crown 8vo. 6s. each.
Vol. VII._

The concluding Volume of this Edition.

EVAGRIUS. Edited by Professor LÉON PARMENTIER of Liége and M.
BIDEZ of Gand. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._

[_Byzantine Texts._

THE HISTORY OF PSELLUS. By C. SATHAS. _Demy 8vo._

[_Byzantine Texts._

A CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF ROME. By T. M. TAYLOR,
M.A., Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, Senior
Chancellor's Medallist for Classics, Porson University Scholar,
etc., etc. _Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d._

An account of the origin and growth of the Roman Institutions,
and a discussion of the various political movements in Rome from
the earliest times to the death of Augustus.

A HISTORY OF EGYPT, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY.
Edited by W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D., Professor of
Egyptology at University College. Fully Illustrated. _In Six
Volumes. Crown 8vo. 6s. each._

Vol. IV. THE EGYPT OF THE PTOLEMIES. J. P. MAHAFFY.
Vol. V. ROMAN EGYPT. J. G. MILNE.

ANNALS OF SHREWSBURY SCHOOL. By G. W. FISHER, M.A., Assistant
Master. With Numerous Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._

THE HISTORY OF THE MIDLAND RAILWAY. By CLEMENT STRETTON. With
many Illustrations. _Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d._

Uniform with Mr. Grinling's 'History of the Great Northern
Railway.'

A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH OF CYPRUS. By JOHN HACKETT, M.A. _Demy
8vo. 12s. 6d._

Theology

ST. PAUL, THE MASTER-BUILDER. By WALTER LOCK, D. D., Warden of
Keble College. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

An attempt to popularise the recent additions to our knowledge
of St. Paul as a missionary, a statesman and an ethical teacher.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE. By W. H. BENNETT,
M.A., and W. F. ADENEY, M.A. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

Oxford Commentaries.

General Editor, WALTER LOCK, D.D., Warden of Keble College Dean Ireland's Professor of Exegesis in the University of Oxford.

Messrs. METHUEN propose to issue a series of Commentaries upon such Books of the Bible as still seem to need further explanation.

The object of each Commentary is primarily exegetical, to interpret the author's meaning to the present generation. The editors will not deal, except very subordinately, with questions of textual criticism or philology; but taking the English text in the Revised Version as their basis, they will try to combine a hearty acceptance of critical principles with loyalty to the Catholic Faith. It is hoped that in this way the series may be of use both to theological students and to the clergy, and also to the growing number of educated laymen and laywomen who wish to read the Bible intelligently and reverently.

THE BOOK OF JOB. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by E. C.
S. GIBSON, D.D., Vicar of Leeds. _Demy 8vo. 6s._

The Churchman's Bible.

General Editor, J. H. BURN, B.D., Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Aberdeen.

Messrs. METHUEN propose to issue a series of expositions upon most of the books of the Bible. The volumes will be practical and devotional rather than critical in their purpose, and the text of the authorised version will be explained in sections or paragraphs, which will correspond as far as possible with the divisions of the Church Lectionary.

The volumes will be produced in a very handy and tasteful form, and may be obtained in cloth or leather bindings.

The first volume will be:

THE EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL TO THE GALATIANS. Explained by A. W.
ROBINSON, B.D., Vicar of All Hallows, Barking. _Fcap. 8vo. 2s._
Leather, _3s. net._

Handbooks of Theology.

General Editor, A. ROBERTSON, D.D., Principal of King's College, London.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE CREEDS. By A. E. BURN,
Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Lichfield. _Demy 8vo. 10s.
6d._

The Library of Devotion.

_Pott 8vo. Cloth 2s.; leather 2s. 6d. net._

_NEW VOLUMES._

A SERIOUS CALL TO A DEVOUT AND HOLY LIFE. By WILLIAM LAW.
Edited, with an Introduction by C. BIGG, D.D., late Student of
Christ Church.

This is a reprint, word for word and line for line, of the
_Editio Princeps_.

LYRA INNOCENTIUM. By JOHN KEBLE. Edited, with Introduction and
Notes, by WALTER LOCK, D.D., Warden of Keble College, Oxford.

This is edited on the same scale as 'The Christian Year.' Dr.
Lock has corrected the printed text by collating it with the MS.
in the Keble College Library, and has added an Introduction, and
an analysis and explanatory notes to each of the more difficult
poems.

General Literature

The Arden Shakespeare.

General Editor, EDWARD DOWDEN, Litt. D.

MESSRS. METHUEN have in preparation an Edition of Shakespeare in single Plays. Each play will be edited with a full Introduction, Notes on the text, and a Commentary at the foot of the page.

The first volume will be:

HAMLET. Edited by EDWARD DOWDEN. _Demy 8vo. 2s. 6d._

The Novels of Charles Dickens.

_Crown 8vo. Each Volume, cloth 3s., leather 4s. net._

Messrs. METHUEN have in preparation an edition of those novels of Charles Dickens which have now passed out of copyright. Mr. George Gissing, whose critical study of Dickens is both sympathetic and acute, has written an Introduction to each of the books, and a very attractive feature of this edition will be the illustrations of the old houses, inns, and buildings, which Dickens described, and which have now in many instances disappeared under the touch of modern civilisation. Another valuable feature will be a series of topographical notes to each book by Mr. F. G. Kitton. The books will be produced with the greatest care as to printing, paper and binding.

The first volumes will be:

THE PICKWICK PAPERS. With Illustrations by E. H. NEW. _Two
Volumes._

NICHOLAS NICKLEBY. With Illustrations by R. J. WILLIAMS. _Two
Volumes._

BLEAK HOUSE. With Illustrations by BEATRICE ALCOCK. _Two
Volumes._

OLIVER TWIST. With Illustrations by E. H. NEW. _Two Volumes._

The Little Library.

_Pott 8vo. Each Volume, cloth 2s.; leather 2s. 6d. net._

Messrs. METHUEN intend to produce a series of small books under the above title, containing some of the famous books in English and other literatures, in the domains of fiction, poetry, and belles lettres. The series will also contain several volumes of selections in prose and verse.

The books will be edited with the most sympathetic and scholarly care. Each one will contain an Introduction which will give (1) a short biography of the author, (2) a critical estimate of the book, (3) short bibliographical details. Where they are necessary, short notes will be added at the foot of the page.

The Little Library will ultimately contain complete sets of the novels of W. M. Thackeray, Jane Austen, the sisters Bronté, Mrs. Gaskell and others. It will also contain the best work of many other novelists whose names are household words.

Each book will have a portrait or frontispiece in photogravure, and the volumes will be produced with great care in a style uniform with that of 'The Library of Devotion.'

The first volumes will be:

A LITTLE BOOK OF ENGLISH LYRICS.

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE. By JANE AUSTEN. With an Introduction by E.
V. LUCAS. _Two Volumes._

VANITY FAIR. By W. M. THACKERAY. With an Introduction by S.
GWYNN. _Three Volumes._

EOTHEN. By A. W. KINGLAKE. With an Introduction.

CRANFORD. By Mrs. GASKELL. With an Introduction by E. V. LUCAS.

JANE EYRE. By CHARLOTTE BRONTÉ. With an Introduction by R.
BAYNE. _Two Volumes._

The Little Guides.

_Pott 8vo, cloth 3s.; leather 3s. 6d. net._

_NEW VOLUME._

SHAKESPEARE'S COUNTRY. By B. C. WINDLE, M.A. Illustrated by E.
H. NEW.

Uniform with Mr. Wells' 'Oxford' and Mr. Thomson's 'Cambridge.'

Fiction

_A NEW DEPARTURE IN PUBLISHING._

Messrs. METHUEN contemplate a very interesting experiment in publishing. They are about to issue at Sixpence, under the general title of 'Methuen's Library of Fiction,' stories by some of the best known writers of the day. A few books will be reprints, but most will be new works hitherto unpublished in book form.

A considerable number of Sixpenny Editions of old books have already been issued by various publishers, but in no case has the work of an author of high repute been published in the first instance at that price. This Messrs. Methuen will attempt, and the first book thus published will be by E. W. Hornung. Mr. Robert Barr and Mr. Cutliffe Hyne will follow, and later will be published books by Mr. Baring Gould and others. In some cases the same book will be published simultaneously both at Sixpence and at a higher price. Messrs. Methuen recognise the inevitable tendencies of an age of cheap literature. The theatre has its stalls and its pit, the railway its first and its third classes: so the novelist may well have a double audience, and while the wealthy will still pay Six Shillings for their novels, those of limited means will be able to purchase the same book in a decent but less luxurious form.

A NEW NOVEL. By E. W. HORNUNG. _Demy 8vo. 6d._

JENNY BAXTER. By ROBERT BARR. _Demy 8vo. 6d._

THE COUNTESS TEKLA. By ROBERT BARR, Author of 'The Mutable
Many.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A romance of adventure.

THE CAPSINA. By E. F. BENSON, Author of 'Dodo.' With
Illustrations by G. P. JACOMB-HOOD. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE HUMAN BOY. By EDEN PHILPOTTS, Author of 'Children of the
Mist.' _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A series of studies of the English schoolboy, the result of keen
observation, and of a most engaging wit.

ANNE MAULEVERER. By Mrs. CAFFYN (Iota). Author of 'The Yellow
Aster.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

RACHEL. By JANE HELEN FINDLATER, Author of 'The Green Graves of
Balgowrie.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

BETTY MUSGRAVE. By MARY FINDLATER, Author of 'Over the Hills.'
_Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE PATH OF A STAR. By SARA JEANETTE DUNCAN, Author of 'A Voyage
of Consolation.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE AMATEUR CRACKSMAN. By E. W. HORNUNG, Author of 'Young
Blood.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

THE PATHS OF THE PRUDENT. By J. S. FLETCHER, Author of 'When
Charles I. was King.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

GILES INGILBY. By W. E. NORRIS. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

ROSE A CHARLITTE. By MARSHALL SAUNDERS. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A romantic story of Acadie.

ADRIAN ROME. By E. DOWSON and A. MOORE, Authors of 'A Comedy of
Masks.' _Crown 8vo. 6s._

THINGS THAT HAVE HAPPENED. By DOROTHEA GERARD, Author of 'Lady
Baby,' 'Orthodox,' etc. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

LONE PINE. By R. B. TOWNSHEND. _Crown 8vo. 6s._

A romance of Mexican life.

TALES OF NORTHUMBRIA. By HOWARD PEASE. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

A CATALOGUE OF

MESSRS. METHUEN'S

PUBLICATIONS

Poetry

=Rudyard Kipling.= BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS. By RUDYARD
KIPLING. _47th Thousand. Crown 8vo. 6s._

'Mr. Kipling's verse is strong, vivid, full of character....
Unmistakeable genius rings in every line.'--_Times._

'The ballads teem with imagination, they palpitate with emotion.
We read them with laughter and tears; the metres throb in our
pulses, the cunningly ordered words tingle with life; and if
this be not poetry, what is?'--_Pall Mall Gazette._

=Rudyard Kipling.= THE SEVEN SEAS. By RUDYARD KIPLING.
_41st Thousand. Cr. 8vo. Buckram, gilt top. 6s._

'The new poems of Mr. Rudyard Kipling have all the spirit and
swing of their predecessors. Patriotism is the solid concrete
foundation on which Mr. Kipling has built the whole of his
work.'--_Times._

'The Empire has found a singer; it is no depreciation of the
songs to say that statesmen may have, one way or other, to take
account of them.'--_Manchester Guardian._

'Animated through and through with indubitable genius.'--_Daily
Telegraph._

"=Q.=" POEMS AND BALLADS. By "Q." _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'This work has just the faint, ineffable touch and glow that
make poetry.'--_Speaker._

"=Q.=" GREEN BAYS: Verses and Parodies. By "Q." _Second
Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

=E. Mackay.= A SONG OF THE SEA. By ERIC MACKAY. _Second
Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 5s._

'Everywhere Mr. Mackay displays himself the master of
a style marked by all the characteristics of the best
rhetoric.'--_Globe._

=H. Ibsen.= BRAND. A Drama by HENRIK IBSEN. Translated by
WILLIAM WILSON. _Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'The greatest world-poem of the nineteenth century next to
"Faust." It is in the same set with "Agamemnon," with "Lear,"
with the literature that we now instinctively regard as high and
holy.'--_Daily Chronicle._

"=A. G.=" VERSES TO ORDER. By "A. G." _Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.
net._

'A capital specimen of light academic poetry.'--_St. James's
Gazette._

=James Williams.= VENTURES IN VERSE. By JAMES WILLIAMS,
Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'In matter and manner the book is admirable.'--_Glasgow Herald._

=J. G. Cordery.= THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER. A Translation by J.
G. CORDERY. _Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d._

'A spirited, accurate, and scholarly piece of work.'--_Glasgow
Herald._

Belles Lettres, Anthologies, etc.

=R. L. Stevenson.= VAILIMA LETTERS. By ROBERT LOUIS
STEVENSON. With an Etched Portrait by WILLIAM STRANG. _Second
Edition. Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

'A fascinating book.'--_Standard._
'Full of charm and brightness.'--_Spectator._
'A gift almost priceless.'--_Speaker._
'Unique in Literature.'--_Daily Chronicle._

=G. Wyndham.= THE POEMS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. Edited with
an Introduction and Notes by GEORGE WYNDHAM, M.P. _Demy 8vo.
Buckram, gilt top. 10s. 6d._

This edition contains the 'Venus,' 'Lucrece,' and Sonnets, and
is prefaced with an elaborate introduction of over 140 pp.

'One of the most serious contributions to Shakespearian
criticism that have been published for some time.'--_Times._

'A scholarly and interesting contribution to
literature.'--_Literature._

'We have no hesitation in describing Mr. George Wyndham's
introduction as a masterly piece of criticism, and all who love
our Elizabethan literature will find a very garden of delight in
it.'--_Spectator._

'Mr. Wyndham's notes are admirable, even
indispensable.'--_Westminster Gazette._

=W. E. Henley.= ENGLISH LYRICS. Selected and Edited by W.
E. HENLEY. _Crown 8vo. Buckram, gilt top. 6s._

'It is a body of choice and lovely poetry.--_Birmingham Gazette._

=Henley and Whibley.= A BOOK OF ENGLISH PROSE. Collected by
W. E. HENLEY and CHARLES WHIBLEY. _Crown 8vo. Buckram, gilt top.
6s._

'Quite delightful. A greater treat for those not well acquainted
with pre-Restoration prose could not be imagined.--_Athenæum._

=H. C. Beeching.= LYRA SACRA: An Anthology of Sacred Verse.
Edited by H. C. BEECHING, M.A. _Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

'A charming selection, which maintains a lofty standard of
excellence.'--_Times._

"=Q.=" THE GOLDEN POMP. A Procession of English Lyrics.
Arranged by A. T. QUILLER COUCH. _Crown 8vo. Buckram. 6s._

'A delightful volume: a really golden "Pomp."'--_Spectator._

=W. B. Yeats.= AN ANTHOLOGY OF IRISH VERSE. Edited by W. B.
YEATS. _Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'An attractive and catholic selection.'--_Times._

=G. W. Steevens.= MONOLOGUES OF THE DEAD. By G. W.
STEEVENS. _Foolscap 8vo. 3s. 6d._

'The effect is sometimes splendid, sometimes bizarre, but always
amazingly clever.'--_Pall Mall Gazette._

=W. M. Dixon.= A PRIMER OF TENNYSON. By W. M. DIXON, M.A.
_Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d._

'Much sound and well-expressed criticism. The bibliography is a
boon.'--_Speaker._

=W. A. Craigie.= A PRIMER OF BURNS. By W. A. CRAIGIE.
_Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._

'A valuable addition to the literature of the poet.'--_Times._

=L. Magnus.= A PRIMER OF WORDSWORTH. By LAURIE MAGNUS.
_Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d._

'A valuable contribution to Wordsworthian
literature.'--_Literature._

=Sterne.= THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTRAM SHANDY. By
LAWRENCE STERNE. With an Introduction by CHARLES WHIBLEY, and a
Portrait. _2 vols. 7s._

'Very dainty volumes are these: the paper, type, and light-green
binding are all very agreeable to the eye.'--_Globe._

=Congreve.= THE COMEDIES OF WILLIAM CONGREVE. With an
Introduction by G. S. STREET, and a Portrait. _2 vols. 7s._

=Morier.= THE ADVENTURES OF HAJJI BABA OF ISPAHAN. By
JAMES MORIER. With an Introduction by E. G. BROWNE, M.A., and a
Portrait. _2 vols. 7s._

=Walton.= THE LIVES OF DONNE, WOTTON, HOOKER, HERBERT AND
SANDERSON. By IZAAK WALTON. With an Introduction by VERNON
BLACKBURN, and a Portrait. _3s. 6d._

=Johnson.= THE LIVES OF THE ENGLISH POETS. By SAMUEL
JOHNSON, LL.D. With an Introduction by J. H. MILLAR, and a
Portrait. _3 vols. 10s. 6d._

=Burns.= THE POEMS OF ROBERT BURNS. Edited by ANDREW LANG
and W. A. CRAIGIE. With Portrait. _Second Edition. Demy 8vo,
gilt top. 6s._

This edition contains a carefully collated Text, numerous Notes,
critical and textual, a critical and biographical Introduction,
and a Glossary.

'Among editions in one volume, this will take the place of
authority.'--_Times._

=F. Langbridge.= BALLADS OF THE BRAVE; Poems of Chivalry,
Enterprise, Courage, and Constancy. Edited by Rev. F.
LANGBRIDGE. _Second Edition. Cr. 8vo. 3s. 6d. School Edition.
2s. 6d._