Chapter VII: Verbs

=103.= The Portuguese verbs are either _transitive_ or _intransitive_, _reflexive_, or _impersonal_. They have _voice_, _mood_, _tense_, _number_, and _person_.

CONJUGATIONS

=104.= The verbs have three conjugations which are distinguished by the endings of the infinitives.

+Example+

ENDING INFINITIVE MEANING First conjugation: =-ar= =andar= to walk Second conjugation: =-er= =receber= to receive Third conjugation: =-ir= =punir= to punish

=105.= =Regular and Irregular Verbs.=--Those verbs which are conjugated like one of the three types are called _regular_; those which are not so conjugated, or lack some of the parts, are called _irregular_ verbs.

GENERAL TERMINATIONS OF THE REGULAR VERBS

(See Exercise XXI, page 141)

=106.= The following are the terminations of all the forms of the regular verbs. These are to be added to the roots of the verbs, except in the cases of the _future_ and _conditional_ of the indicative where the infinitive is used as the root.

+Indicative Mood+

TENSES 1ST CONJUG. 2D CONJUG. 3D CONJUG.
{ =o= =o= =o=
{ =as= =es= =es=
_Present_ { =a= =e= =e=
{ =amos= =emos= =imos=
{ =aes= =eis= =is=
{ =am=[34] =em= =em=

{ =ava= =ia= =ia=
{ =avas= =ias= =ias=
_Imperfect_ { =ava= =ia= =ia=
{ =avamos= =iamos= =iamos=
{ =aveis= =ieis= =ieis=
{ =avam=[34] =iam= =iam=

{ =ei= =i= =i=
{ =aste= =este= =iste=
_Preterit_ { =ou= =eu= =iu=
{ =amos= =emos= =imos=
{ =astes= =estes= =istes=
{ =áram=[34] =êram= =iram=

{ =ei= =ei= =ei=
{ =ás= =ás= =ás=
_Future_ { =á= =á= =á=
{ =emos= =emos= =emos=
{ =eis= =eis= =eis=
{ =ão=[34] =ão= =ão=

The future endings are added to the _infinitive_.

{ =ia= =ia= =ia=
{ =ias= =ias= =ias=
_Conditional_ { =ia= =ia= =ia=
{ =íamos= =íamos= =íamos=
{ =ieis= =ieis= =ieis=
{ =iam= =iam= =iam=

The conditional endings are added to the _infinitive_.

{ =ara= =era= =ira=
{ =aras= =eras= =iras=
_Pluperfect_ { =ara= =era= =ira=
{ =aramos= =eramos= =iramos=
{ =areis= =ereis= =iraes=
{ =aram=[35] =eram= =iram=

+Subjunctive Mood+

{ =e= =a= =a=
{ =es= =as= =as=
_Present_ { =e= =a= =a=
{ =emos= =ámos= =âmos=
{ =eis= =aes= =aes=
{ =em= =am= =am=

{ =asse= =esse= =isse=
{ =asses= =esses= =isses=
_Imperfect_ { =asse= =esse= =isse=
{ =assemos= =êssemos= =issemos=
{ =asseis= =esseis= =isseis=
{ =assem= =essem= =issem=

{ =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =ares= =eres= =ires=
_Future_ { =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =armos= =ermos= =irmos=
{ =ardes= =erdes= =irdes=
{ =arem= =erem= =irem=

+Imperative Mood+

_Present_ { =a= =e= =e=
{ =ae= =ei= =i=

+Infinitive+

_Impersonal_ =ar= =er= =ir=

{ =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =ares= =eres= =ires=
_Personal_ { =ar= =er= =ir=
{ =armos= =ermos= =irmos=
{ =ardes= =erdes= =irdes=
{ =arem= =erem= =irem=

+Participles+

_Pres. Part._ =ando= =endo= =indo= _Past Part._ =ado= =ido= =ido=

MODEL VERBS

=107.= The tone vowels in this table are indicated by italics.

+Indicative+

{ =f_a_lo= (I speak) =d_e_vo= (I owe) =p_a_rto= (I depart)
{ =f_a_las= =d_e_ves= =p_a_rtes=
_Present_ { =f_a_la= =d_e_ve= =p_a_rte=
{ =fal_a_mos= =dev_e_mos= =part_i_mos=
{ =fal_a_es= =dev_e_is= =part_i_s=
{ =f_a_lam= =d_e_vem= =p_a_rtem=

{ =fal_a_va= =dev_i_a= =part_i_a=
(I spoke or (I owed (I departed
was speaking) or was owing) or was departing)
{ =fal_a_vas= =dev_i_as= =part_i_as=
_Imperfect_ { =fal_a_va= =dev_i_a= =part_i_a=
[36] { =fal_a_vamos= =dev_i_amos= =part_i_amos=
{ =fal_a_veis= =dev_i_eis= =part_i_eis=
{ =fal_a_vam= =dev_i_am= =part_i_am=

{ =fal_ei_= =dev_i_= =part_i_=
(I spoke or (I owed) (I departed)
have spoken)
{ =fal_a_ste= =dev_e_ste= =part_i_ste=
_Preterit_ { =fal_ou_= =dev_eu_= =part_iu_=
[36] { =fal_á_mos= =dev_e_mos= =part_i_mos=
{ =fal_a_stes= =dev_e_stes= =part_i_stes=
{ =fal_a_ram= =dev_e_ram= =part_i_ram=

{ =falar_e_i= =dever_e_i= =partir_e_i=
(I shall speak) (I shall owe) (I shall depart)
{ =falar_á_s= =dever_á_s= =partir_á_s=
_Future_ { =falar_á_= =dever_á_= =partir_á_=
{ =falar_e_mos= =dever_e_mos= =partir_e_mos=
{ =falar_e_is= =dever_e_is= =partir_e_is=
{ =falar_ão_= =dever_ão_= =partir_ão_=

{ =falar_i_a= =dever_i_a= =partir_i_a=
(I should or (I should or (I should or
would speak) would owe) would depart)
{ =falar_i_as= =dever_i_as= =partir_i_as=
_Conditional_ { =falar_i_a= =dever_i_a= =partir_i_a=
{ =falar_i_amos= =dever_i_amos= =partir_i_amos=
{ =falar_i_eis= =dever_i_eis= =partir_i_eis=
{ =falar_i_am= =dever_i_am= =partir_i_am=

{ =fal_á_ra= =dev_ê_ra= =part_í_ra=
(I had spoken) (I had owed) (I had departed)
{ =fal_á_ras= =dev_ê_ras= =part_í_ras=
_Pluperfect_ { =fal_á_ra= =dev_ê_ra= =part_í_ra=
{ =fal_á_ramos= =dev_ê_ramos= =part_í_ramos=
{ =fal_á_reis= =dev_ê_reis= =part_í_reis=
{ =fal_á_ram= =dev_ê_ram= =part_í_ram=

+Subjunctive+

The subjunctive is to be translated into English according to the context, by _may_, _can_, _must_, _might_, _could_, _would_, and _should_. When it is used in place of the imperative it is translated as a command or request.

{ =f_a_le= =d_e_va= =p_a_rta=
(I may speak) (I may owe) (I may depart)
{ =f_a_les= =d_e_vas= =p_a_rtas=
_Present_ { =f_a_le= =d_e_va= =p_a_rta=
{ =f_a_lemos= =dev_á_mos= =p_a_rtamos=
{ =f_a_leis= =d_e_vaes= =p_a_rtaes=
{ =f_a_lem= =d_e_vam= =p_a_rtam=

{ =fal_a_sse= =dev_e_sse= =part_i_sse=
(I should speak) (I should owe) (I should depart)
{ =fal_a_sses= =dev_e_sses= =part_i_sses=
_Imperfect_ { =fal_a_sse= =dev_e_sse= =part_i_sse=
{ =fal_a_ssemos= =dev_ê_ssemos= =part_i_ssemos=
{ =fal_a_sseis= =dev_e_sseis= =part_i_sseis=
{ =fal_a_ssem= =dev_e_ssem= =part_i_ssem=

{ =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
(I should speak) (I should owe) (I should depart)
{ =fal_a_res= =dev_e_res= =part_i_res=
_Future_ { =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
{ =fal_a_rmos= =dev_e_rmos= =part_i_rmos=
{ =fal_a_rdes= =dev_e_rdes= =part_i_rdes=
{ =fal_a_rem= =dev_e_rem= =part_i_rem=

+Imperative+

_Present_ { =f_a_la= (speak) =d_e_ve= (owe) =p_a_rte= (depart)
{ =f_a_lae= (_pl._) =d_e_vei= =p_a_rti=

+Infinitive+

_Impersonal_ { =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
(to speak) (to owe) (to depart)

{ =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
{ =fal_a_res= =dev_e_res= =part_i_res=
_Personal_ { =fal_a_r= =dev_e_r= =part_i_r=
{ =fal_a_rmos= =dev_e_rmos= =part_i_rmos=
{ =fal_a_rdes= =dev_e_rdes= =part_i_rdes=
{ =fal_a_rem= =dev_e_rem= =part_i_rem=

+Participles+

_Pres. Part._[37] =fal_a_ndo= (speaking)
=dev_e_ndo= (owing)
=part_i_ndo= (departing)
_Past Part._ =fal_a_do= (spoken)
=dev_i_do= (owed)
=part_i_do= (departed)

OBSERVATIONS ON THE REGULAR VERBS

(See Exercise XXII, page 142)

=108.= Formerly the third person plural of the indicative present of the first conjugation ended in =ão=; now it is written =am=; only the future indicative retains the =ão= ending except in short words where the =ão= is the predominant sound as =são=, =dão=, =hão=.

The following changes (_a._ to _g._) are required by the necessity of preserving the hard or soft sounds.

Verbs ending in

_a._ =car= change the =c= to =qu= before =e=: =arrancar=, pret. =arranquei=, pres. sub. =arranque=; =ficar=, pret. =fiquei=.

_b._ =gar= change the =g= to =gu= before =e=: =apagar=, =apague=; =jogar=, =jogue=; =cegar=, pret. =ceguei=; =julgar=, pret. =julguei=.

_c._ =ger= and =gir= change the =g= to =j= before =o= and =a=: =abranger=, =abranjo=; =fugir=, =fujo=, =fuja=.

_d._ =guer= and =guir= drop the =u= before =a= and =o=: =erguer=, =ergo=; =distinguir=, =distingo= (except =arguir=).

_e._ =çar= drop the cedilla before =e=: =alcançar=, =alcance=.

_f._ =cer= change =c= to =ç= before =a= and =o=: =adoecer=, =adoeço=, =adoeça=.

_g._ In the third conjugation verbs that have =u= in the final syllables change it to =o= in the present:

=consume=, 3d per. =consome= =destruo=, ” ” =destroe= =acudo=, ” ” =acode= =fujo=, ” ” =foge= =cuspo=, ” ” =cospe= =engulo=, ” ” =engole= =tusso=, ” ” =tosse= =bulo=, ” ” =bole= =cubro=, ” ” =cobre= =subo=, ” ” =sobe= =sumo=, ” ” =some=

Analogous changes are made in the first person of the present indicative of the following: =dormir= becomes =durmo=; =servir=, =sirvo=; =seguir=, =sigo=; =impedir= (formerly =impido=, now) =impeço=.

AUXILIARY VERBS

(See Exercise XXIII, page 143)

=109.= The principal auxiliary verbs are =ter=, _to have_, and =haver=, =ser=, and =estar=, _to be_. These verbs, however, are not used exclusively as auxiliaries, while other verbs are often used as such, especially =andar= and =ir=, _to go_, and =vir=, _to come_. =Ando procurando uma casa=, _I am looking for a house_.

_a._ =Ter= and =haver= when used with an infinitive require the preposition =de=: =tenho de escrever=, or =hei de escrever=, _I have to write_. In such uses of these verbs, =ter= shows that the thing is done by necessity, as =temos de morrer=, _we must die_; while =haver= is used to indicate that it will be done with certainty, or the resolution to do it.

=Ter= sometimes means _to have_ in the sense of possession, as =tenho um cavallo=, _I have a horse_; =teve razão=, _he had reason_ or _he was right_, but it is also used as an auxiliary verb just as it is in English.

_b._ These particular auxiliaries are often used in place of the regular future forms of the verbs: =hei-de ir= for =irei=, =ha-de ir= for =irá=, etc. The hyphen is not always used before the =de=; it may be written =ha de ir=.

_c._ In the use of =haver= with the preposition =de= the latter is joined to the verb form: =hei-de escrever=; =hão-de dizer=.

_d._ In general =ter= is used more than =haver=.

_e._ When =andar= is used as an auxiliary it is either followed by the present participle of another verb or by =a= and the infinitive, and conveys the idea that the subject of the first verb constantly practises the action implied by the second: =José anda vadeando= or =José anda a vadear= means that _Jose is idling constantly_.

_f._ The verbs =ir= and =vir= followed by the present participle of another verb expresses the gradual realization of the action of the second verb: =vou acabando=, _I am gradually finishing_, _I am nearing the end_.

_g._ The verb =ir= followed by the infinitive expresses immediate future action: =vou passear=, _I am going to take a walk_.

_h._ =Haver= is generally defined as meaning _to have_, but in the third person it is more nearly equivalent to the verb _to be_. For example: =não ha agua=, _there is no water_; =houve um temporal=, _there was a storm_; =se houvesse tempo=, _if there were time_.

_i._ =Ser= means _to be_ in a permanent sense: =sou Americano=, _I am an American_. It is used as an auxiliary, but only in the passive voice: =a terra é cultivada=, _the land is cultivated_.[38]

_j._ =Estar= means _to be_, in a transitory or temporary sense: =estou aqui=, _I am here_; =estou com fome=, _I am hungry_; =estou doente=, _I am ill_; but =sou doente= means _I am ill beyond recovery_, that is, _I am an invalid_. =Estou cego=, _I am blind_ (temporarily); =sou cego=, _I am blind_ (permanently).

_k._ =Estar= is sometimes used to indicate nearness in point of time where =ser= indicates remoteness, as =elle está morto= means _he has just died_, whereas =elle é morto= implies that _he died long ago_. Sometimes either =ser= or =estar= can be used with equal propriety as: =é claro que= or =está claro que=, _it is evident that_....

_l._ The verb =estar= followed by the preposition =a= or =para= and an infinitive means that the action of the second verb is to take place shortly: =Carlos está para casar=, _Charles is on the point of marrying_; =o vapor está a partir=, _the steamer is about to start_.

_m._ =Estar a= indicates an act in process at the time of the remark: =ha mais de meia hora está aquelle menino a chorar=, _for more than half an hour that boy has been crying_.

_n._ =Vir= followed by the preposition =a= and an infinitive expresses the same idea as would be expressed by the second verb and =por fim=: =estas palavras veem a significar or estas palavras por fim significam=, _in the end these words mean_, or _these words amount to_.

_o._ The English auxiliary _do_ has no equivalent in Portuguese.

+Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs+

=Ter=[39] =Haver=[39] =Ser=[40] =Estar=[39] _to have_ _to be_ _to be_ _to be_ _to have_

+Indicative+

{ =tenho= (I have) =hei= =sou= (I am) =estou= (I am)
{ =tens= =has= =és= =estas=
{ =tem= =ha= =é=[42] =está=
_Present_ { =temos= =havemos=[41] =somos= =estamos=
{ =tendes= =haveis= =sois= =estaes=
{ =têm= =hão= =são=[43] =estão=

{ =tinha= (I had) =havia= =era= (I was) =estava= (I was)
{ =tinhas= =havias= =eras= =estavas=
{ =tinha= =havia= =era= =estava=
_Imperfect_ { =tinhamos= =haviamos= =éramos= =estavamos=
{ =tinheis= =havieis= =ereis= =estaveis=
{ =tinham= =haviam= =eram= =estavam=

{ =tive= (I had) =houve= =fui= (I was) =estive= (I was)
{ =tiveste= =houveste= =foste= =estiveste=
{ =teve= =houve= =foi= =esteve=
_Preterit_ { =tivemos= =houvemos= =fomos= =estivemos=
{ =tivestes= =houvestes= =fostes= =estivestes=
{ =tiveram= =houveram= =foram= =estiveram=

{ =terei= =haverei= =serei= =estarei=
{ =terás= =haverás= =serás= =estarás=
_Future_ { =terá= =haverá= =será= =estará=
{ =teremos= =haveremos= =seremos= =estaremos=
{ =tereis= =havereis= =sereis= =estareis=
{ =terão= =haverão= =serão= =estarão=

{ =teria= =haveria=[45] =seria= =estaria=
{ =terias= =haverias= =serias= =estarias=
_Conditional_[44] { =teria= =haveria= =seria= =estaria=
{ =teriamos= =haveriamos= =seriamos= =estariamos=
{ =terieis= =haverieis= =serieis= =estarieis=
{ =teriam= =haveriam= =seriam= =estariam=

{ =tivera= =houvera= =fôra= =estivera=
{ =tiveras= =houveras= =fôras= =estiveras=
_Pluperfect_[44] { =tivera= =houvera= =fôra= =estivera=
{ =tiveramos= =houvéramos= =foramos= =estiveramos=
{ =tivereis= =houvereis= =foreis= =estivereis=
{ =tiveram= =houveram= =foram= =estiveram=

+Subjunctive+

{ =tenha= =haja= =seja= =esteja=
{ =tenhas= =hajas= =sejas= =estejas=
_Present_ { =tenha= =haja= =seja= =esteja=
{ =tenhamos= =hajamos= =sejamos= =estejamos=
{ =tenhaes= =hajaes= =sejaes= =estejaes=
{ =tenham= =hajam= =sejam= =estejam=

{ =tivesse= =houvesse= =fosse= =estivesse=
{ =tivesses= =houvesses= =fosses= =estivesses=
_Imperfect_ { =tivesse= =houvesse= =fosse= =estivesse=
{ =tivessemos= =houvessemos= =fossemos= =estivessemos=
{ =tivesseis= =houvesseis= =fosseis= =estivesseis=
{ =tivessem= =houvessem= =fossem= =estivessem=

{ =tiver= =houver= =fôr= =estiver=
{ =tiveres= =houveres= =fôres= =estiveres=
_Future_ { =tiver= =houver= =fôr= =estiver=
{ =tivermos= =houvermos= =fôrmos= =estivermos=
{ =tiverdes= =houverdes= =fôrdes= =estiverdes=
{ =tiverem= =houverem= =fôrem= =estiverem=

+Imperative+

_Present_ { (_sing._) =tem= =ha= =sê= =esta=
{ (_pl._) =tende= =havei= =sêde= =estae=

+Infinitive+

_Impersonal_ } =ter= =haver= =ser= =estar=

{ =ter= =haver= =ser= =estar=
{ =teres= =haveres= =seres= =estares=
_Personal_ { =ter= =haver= =ser= =estar=
{ =termos= =havermos= =sermos= =estarmos=
{ =terdes= =haverdes= =serdes= =estardes=
{ =terem= =haverem= =serem= =estarem=

+Participles+

_Pres. Part._ =tendo= =havendo= =sendo= =estando= _Past Part._ =tido= =havido= =sido= =estado=

IRREGULAR VERBS

(See Exercise XXIV, page 144)

=110.= Some of the irregular verbs are so nearly regular that they are omitted from the following reference list of the verbs most commonly regarded as irregular. Such are verbs ending in =ahir= and =air=. These follow the succeeding models in the Present Indicative and Subjunctive but are otherwise regular.

=Sahir=, _to go out_ =Esvair=, _to disperse_

+Indicative Present+ +Indicative Present+

=saio= =esvaio=
=saes= =esvais=
=sae= =esvae=
=sahimos= =esvaimos=
=sahis= =esvais=
=saem= =esváem=

+Subjunctive Present+ +Subjunctive Present+

=saia= =esvaia=
=saias= =esvais=
=saia= =esvaia=
=saiâmos= =esvaiâmos=
=saiaes= =esvaiaes=
=saiam= =esváiam=

_a._ +Note.+--The verbs =sahir=, =cahir=, and their compounds are generally written with =h= in those forms in which the =sa= and =ca= are followed by accented =i= or =ir=, in which cases the =h= is used to indicate that the =a= and =i= do not form diphthongs.

_b._ Verbs ending in =uzir= take =uz= instead of =use= in the third person of the present indicative: =produzir=, _to produce_, =produz=; =reluzir=, _to shine_, =reluz=.

Reference List of the Irregular Parts of Irregular Verbs

=111.= +FIRST CONJUGATION+

=Dar=, _to give_.
_Indic. Pres._ =dou=, =das=, =da=, =damos=, =daes=, =dão=.
_Pret._ =dei=, =deste=, =deu=, =demos=, =destes=, =déram=.
_Plup._ =déra=, =déras=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =dê=, =dês=, =dê=, =dêmos=, =deis=, =dêem=.
_Imp._ =désse=, =désses=, etc.
_Fut._ =dér=, =déres=, =dér=, =dermos=, =derdes=, =derem=.

=112.= +SECOND CONJUGATION+

=Caber=, _to hold_, _contain_.
_Indic. Pres._ =caibo=, =cabes=, =cabe=, =cabemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =coube=, =coubeste=, =coube=, =coubemos=, etc.
_Plup._ =coubera=, =couberas=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =caiba=, =caibas=, =caibâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =coubesse=, =coubesses=, etc.
_Fut._ =couber=, =couberes=, etc.

=Crer=, _to believe_. _Indic. Pres._ =creio=, =crês=, =crê=, =cremos=, =credes=, =creem=. _Subj. Pres._ =creia=, =creias=, =creia=, =creiamos=, =creiaes=, =creiam=. _Imperative._ =crê=, =crede=.

=Dizer=, _to say_.
_Indic. Pres._ =digo=, =dizes=, =diz=, =dizemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =disse=, =disseste=, =dissemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =direi=, =diras=, =dirá=, etc.
_Condit._ =diria=, =dirias=, etc.
_Plup._ =dissera=, =disseras=, =disseramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =diga=, =digas=, =digâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =dissesse=, =dissesses=, =disséssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =dissér=, =disséres=, etc.
_Pres. Part._ =dito=.

+Note.+--The following compounds of =dizer= are conjugated in the same way: =bemdizer=, =condizer=, =contradizer=, =maldizer= and =predizer=.

=Estar=, _to be_, see page 79.

=Fazer=, _to do_, _to make_ (Lat. _facere_).
_Indic. Pres._ =faço=, =fazes=, =faz=, =fazemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =fiz=, =fizeste=, =fez=, =fizemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =farei=, =farás=, =fará=, etc.
_Condit._ =faria=, =farias=, =faria=, =fariamos=, etc.
_Plup._ =fizera=, =fizeras=, =fizéramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =faça=, =faças=, =faça=, =façâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =fizesse=, =fizesses=, =fizesse=, =fizéssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =fizer=, =fizeres=, etc.
_Past Part._ =feito=.

+Note.+--The following compounds of =fazer= are similarly conjugated: =afazer=, =contrafazer=, =desfazer=, =perfazer=, =refazer=, and =satisfazer=.

=Haver=, see page 79.

=Jazer=, _to lie_, _to repose_.
_Indic. Pres._ =jazo=, =jazes=, =jaz=, =jazemos=, =jazeis=, =jazem=.
_Pret._ =jouve= (_antiquated_).

=Ler=, _to read_.
_Indic. Pres._ =leio=, =lés=, =lê=, =lemos=, =ledes=, =leem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =leia=, =leias=, =leia=, =leiamos=, =leiais=, =leiam=.

=Perder=, _to lose_.
_Indic. Pres._ =perco=, =perdes=, =perde=, =perdemos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =perca=, =percas=, =perca=, =percamos=, etc.

=Poder=, _to be able_.
_Indic. Pres._ =posso=, =podes=, =póde=, =podêmos=, etc.
_Pret._ =pude=, =podeste=, =pôde= or =poude=, =podémos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =possa=, =possas=, =possa=, =possâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =podesse=, =podesses=, =podesse=, etc.
_Fut._ =poder=, =poderes=, etc.

The Imperative of this verb is wanting.

=Por=, _to put_, _to place_.

This word and its compounds have the peculiar infinitive ending =or=;[46] it is, however, only a modification of its ancient form =poer=.

_Indic. Pres._ =ponho=, =pões=, =põe=, =pômos=, =pondes=, =põem=.
_Pret._ =pus=, =poseste=, =pôs=, =posémos=, =posesetes=,
=pozeram=.[47]
_Fut._ =porei=, =porás=, =porá=, =poremos=, =poreis=, =porão=.
_Imper._ =punha=, =punhas=, =punha=, =punhamas=, =punheis=,
=punham=.
_Condit._ =poria=, =porias=, =poria=, =poriamos=, etc.
_Plup._ =posera=, =poseras=, etc.[48]
_Subj. Pres._ =ponha=, =ponhas=, =ponhamos=, etc.
_Imp._ =posesse=, =posesses=, =posessemos=, etc.[48]
_Fut._ =poser=, =poseres=, =posermos=, etc.
_Pres. Part._ =pondo=.
_Past Part._ =pôsto=.

Similarly are conjugated the compounds =antepôr=, =oppôr=, =compôr=, =contrapôr=, =dispôr=, =impôr=, etc.

=Prazer=, _to please_ (Impersonal).
_Indic. Pres._ =praz=.
_Pret._ =prouve=.
_Plup._ =prouvera=.
_Subj. Imp._ =prouvesse=.
_Fut._ =prouvera=.

=Querer=, _to wish_.
_Indic. Pres._ =quero=, =queres=, =quer=, =queremos=, etc.
_Pret._ =quis=, =quiseste=, =quis=, =quisemos=, etc., _or_
=quiz=, =quizeste=, =quiz=, =quizemos=, etc.
_Plup._ =quisera=, =quiseras=, =quiseramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =queira=, =queiras=, =queirâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =quisesse=, =quisesses=, =quiséssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =quiser=, =quiseres=, =quisermos=, etc.

This verb has no Imperative form and the Subjunctive is used in its stead.

=Requerer=, _to request_.
_Indic. Pres._ =requeiro=, =requeres=, =requer=, =requeremos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =requeiras=, etc.
_Imperative._ =requere=, =requerei=.

=Saber=, _to know_.
_Indic. Pres._ =sei=, =sabes=, =sabe=, =sabemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =soube=, =soubeste=, =soube=, =soubémos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =saiba=, =saibas=, =saibâmos=, =saibaes=, etc.
_Imp._ =soubesse=, =soubesses=, =soubessemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =souber=, =souberes=, etc.

=Ser=, _to be_. See page 79.

=Ter=, _to have_. See page 79.

The following compounds of =ter= are similarly conjugated: =abster=, =ater=, =center=, =deter=, =entreter=, =manter=, =obster=, =reter=, and =suster=.

=Trazer=, _to bring_.
_Indic. Pres._ =trago=, =trazes=, =traz=, =trazemos=, etc.
_Pret._ =trouxe=, =trouxeste=, =trouxemos=, etc.
_Plup._ =trouxera=, =trouxeras=, =trouxéramos=, etc.
_Fut._ =trarei=, =trarás=, =trará=, etc.
_Condit._ =traria=, =trarias=, =trariamos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =traga=, =tragas=, =tragamos=, =tragaes=, etc.
_Imp._ =trouxesse=, =trouxesses=, =trouxessemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =trouxer=, =trouxeres=, etc.

=Valer=, _to be worth_.
_Indic. Pres._ =valho=, =vales=, =vale=, =valemos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =valha=, =valhas=, =valhâmos=, =valhaes=, etc.

=Ver=, _to see_ (Lat. _videre_).
_Indic. Pres._ =vejo=, =vês=, =vê=, =vêmos=, =vêdes=, =vêem=.
_Pret._ =vi=, =viste=, =viu=, =vimos=, =vistes=, =viram=.
_Plup._ =vira=, =viras=, =viramos=, =vireis=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =veja=, =vejas=, =vejâmos=, =vejaes=, etc.
_Imp._ =visse=, =visses=, =vissemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =vir=, =vires=, =virmos=, etc.
_Past Part._ =visto=.

Similarly conjugated are the compounds =antever=, =entrever=, =prever= and =rever=.

=113.= +THIRD CONJUGATION+

=Despedir=, =Expedir=. See =Pedir= below.

=Frigir=, _to fry_.
_Indic. Pres._ =frijo=, =friges=, =frege=, =frigimos=, =frigis=,
=fregem=.
_Past Part._ =frigido= and =frito=.

=Ir=,[49] _to go_.
_Indic. Pres._ =vou=, =vaes=, =vae=, =vamos= or =imos=, =ides=, =vão=.
_Pret._ =fui=, =foste=, =foi=, =fômos=, =fostes=, =fôram=.
_Fut._ =irei=, =iras=, =irá=, =iremos=, =ireis=, =irão=.
_Imp._ =ia=, =ias=, =ia=, =iamos=, =ieis=, =iam=.
_Condit._=iria=, =irias=, =iria=, =iriamos=, etc.
_Plup._ =fôra=, =fôras=, =fôra=, =fôramos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =vá=, =vás=, =vá=, =vâmos=, =vades=, =vão=.
_Imp._ =fôsse=, =fôsses=, =fôsse=, =fôssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =fôr=, =fôres=, =fôr=, etc.
_Imper. Pres._ =vae=, =ide=.
_Pres. Part._ =indo=.
_Past Part._ =ido=.

=Medir=, _to measure_.
_Indic. Pres._ =meço=, =medes=, =mede=, =medemos=, =medem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =meça=, =meças=, =meça=, =meçamos=, etc.

=Ouvir=, _to hear_.
_Indic. Pres._ =ouço=, =ouves=, =ouve=, =ouvimos=, =ouvis=,
=ouvem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =ouça=, =ouças=, =ouça=, =ouçamos=, =ouçaes=,
=ouçam=.

=Pedir=, _to ask_.
_Indic. Pres._ =peço=, =pedes=, =pede=, =pedimos=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =peça=, =peças=, =peça=, =peçamos=, =peçaes=, =peçam=.

The compounds =despedir= and =impedir= are conjugated in the same way.

=Remir=,[50] _to redeem_.
_Indic. Pres._ =redimo=, =redimes=, =redime=, =remimos=, =remis=,
=redimem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =redima=, =redimas=, =redima=, =redimâmos=, etc.

=Rir=, _to laugh_.
_Indic. Pres._ =rio=, =ris=, =ri=, =rimos=, =rides=, =riem=.
_Subj. Pres._ =ria=, =rias=, =ria=, =riâmos=, =riaes=, =riam=.

=Vir=, _to come_.
_Indic. Pres._ =venho=, =vens=, =vem=, =vimos=, =vindes=, =vêm=.
_Pret._ =vim=, =vieste=, =veio=, =viemos=, =viestes=, =vieram=.
_Imp._ =vinha=, =vinhas=, =vinha=, =vinhamos=, =vinheis=, etc.
_Plup._ =viera=, =vieras=, =vieramos=, =viereis=, etc.
_Subj. Pres._ =venha=, =venhas=, =venhâmos=, etc.
_Imp._ =viesse=, =viesses=, =viéssemos=, etc.
_Fut._ =vier=, =vieras=, =viermos=, etc.
_Past Part._ =vindo=.

In the same way are conjugated the compounds: =advir=, =avir-se=, =contravir=, =convir=, =desavir=, =intervir=, =sobrevir=.

VARIABLE PARTICIPLES OF REGULAR VERBS

(See Exercise XXV, page 145)

=114.= Many verbs that are otherwise regular have two forms of the past participle. These participles are not always interchangeable, however, as will be seen from the following examples:

=Naquelle tempo já meu irmão era morto=, at that time my brother was
already dead.

=Naquelle tempo já meu irmão tinha morrido=, at that time my brother
had already died.

=Muitos povos eram sujeitos a Roma=, many people were subject to Rome.

=Roma tinha sujeitado muitos povos=, Rome had subjected many people.

In general when a verb has two forms of the past participle one of them is commonly used in the active voice and the other in the passive voice as in the examples above; some of them, however, are used in either voice, though preference is generally given to the short forms: =elle tem gasto=, =pago=, =ganho=. It should be observed that one form is regular and the other irregular or rather contracted.

=115.= =List of Verbs having Two Forms of the Past Participle.=--[In this list (_a._) indicates that the preceding form is used in the active voice, (_p._) that it is used in the passive, (_a._ and _p._) that it is used in both voices.]

FIRST CONJUGATION

=acceitar=, to accept =acceitado= (_a. p._) =acceito= (_p._) =assentar=, to sit =assentado= (_a. p._) =assento= (_p._) =dispersar=, to disperse =dispersado= (_a. p._) =disperso= (_p._) =entregar=, to deliver =entregado= (_a. p._) =entregue= (_p._) =enxugar=, to dry =enxugado= (_a. p._) =enxuto= (_p._) =expressar=, to express =expressado= (_a. p._) =expresso= (_p._) =expulsar=, to expel =expulsado= (_a._) =expulso= (_p._) =fartar=, to satiate =fartado= (_a._) =farto= (_p._) =findar=, to finish =findado= (_a. p._) =findo= (_p._) =ganhar=, to gain =ganhado= (_a. p._) =ganho= (_a. p._) =gastar=, to spend =gastado= (_a._) =gasto= (_a. p._) =isentar=, to exempt =isentado= (_a._) =isento= (_p._) =juntar=, to collect =juntado= (_a. p._) =junto= (_a. p._) =limpar=, to clean =limpado= (_a._) =limpo= (_a. p._) =matar=, to kill =matado= (_a._) =morto= (_a. p._)[51] =occultar=, to hide =occultado= (_a. p._) =occulto= (_p._) =pagar=, to pay =pagado=[52] (_a._) =pago= (_a. p._) =salvar=, to save =salvado= (_a. p._) =salvo= (_a. p._) =soltar=, to loose =soltado= (_a._) =solto= (_p._) =sujeitar=, to subject =sujeitado= (_a. p._) =sujeito= (_p._)

=116.= +SECOND CONJUGATION+[53]

=accender=, to set fire =accendido= (_a. p._) =acceso= (_p._) =eleger=, to elect =elegido= (_a._) =eleito= (_a. p._) =envolver=, to involve =envolvido= (_a. p._) =envolto= (_a. p._) =prender=, to take =prendido= (_a._) =preso= (_p._) =suspender=, to suspend =suspendido= (_a. p._) =suspenso= (_p._)

=117.= +THIRD CONJUGATION+

=abrir=, to open =abrido=[54] (_a._) =aberto= (_a. p._) =erigir=, to erect =erigido= (_a. p._) =erecto= (_p._) =extinguir=, to extinguish =extinguido= (_a. p._) =extincto= (_p._) =frigir=, to fry =frigido= (_a._) =frito= (_a. p._) =imprimir=, to print =imprimido= (_a. p._) =impresso= (_a. p._) =tingir=, to dye =tingido= (_a._) =tinto= (_p._)

=118.= There are still other verbs having two forms of the past participle:

=afeiçoar=, to fashion afeiçoado afecto =annexar=, to annex annexado annexo =ignorar=, to ignore ignorado ignoto =manifestar=, to manifest manifestado manifesto =sepultar=, to bury sepultado sepulto[55] =suspeitar=, to suspect suspeitado suspeito =absolver=, to absolve absolvido absolto =absorver=, to absorb absorbido absorto =extender=, to extend extendido extenso =torcer=, to twist torcido torto =contrahir=, to contract contrahido contracto =extrahir=, to extract extrahido extracto =opprimir=, to oppress opprimido oppresso =reprimir=, to repress reprimido represso =submergir=, to submerge submergido submerso

DEFECTIVE VERBS

(See Exercise XXVI, p. 146)

=119.= In addition to those already mentioned in the list of irregular verbs, the following verbs are defective:

{ =advir= }
{ =colorir= }
{ =descommedir-se= }
{ =emollir= }
{ =empedernir= } These verbs are used only in
I. { =extorquir= } the forms in which the =i= of
{ =fallir= } the infinitive occurs.
{ =florir= }
{ =renhir= }
{ =retorquir= }

II. =Precaver=, _to prevent_, =fremir=, _to roar_, and =soer=, _to be accustomed_, are only used in the forms in which the roots =precav=, =frem=, and =so= are followed by =e= or =i=: =precaves=, =precavia=.

THE SUBJECTS OF VERBS

(See Exercise XXVI, page 146)

=120.= In the main verbs agree with their subjects in number and person as they do in English, but such a general rule is not always applicable in Portuguese. The following rules cover the most important cases in which there is a departure from English usage.

_a._ In case of compound subjects the verb may be plural as in English, as =o sol e a lua são brilhantes=; but in certain cases it is singular, as follows:

_b._ It is singular when a gradation is emphasized: =una palavra=, =um gesto=, =um olhar bastava=.

_c._ It is singular when an enumeration ends with =tudo=, =nada=, =nenhum=, =ninguem= or =cada um=. =O ouro, os diamantes, e as perolas tudo é terra e da terra.=

_d._ It is singular when the compound subject follows the verb: =passará o céo e a terra=. In case of proper names it is considered better for the verb to be plural: =do mesmo pal nasceram Esau e Jacob=.

_e._ Infinitives and phrases take the verb in the singular: =perdoar erros e engrandecer bons intentos é de espirito generoso=.

_f._ In case of contrasts the verb is plural: =amar, aggravar, e empecer não se compadecem=.

_g._ The following have the verb either singular or plural indifferently: =um e outro, nem um nem outro, mais de um=. =Um e outro quer morrer.= =Um e outro fugiram.=

_h._ In certain idiomatic expressions singular subjects appear to have plural verbs. (1) =Nos é que somos patriotas.= In this sentence =nos é que= may, however, be regarded as an adverbial expression. Some grammarians regard it as analytically equivalent to =que nós somos patriotas é (facto)=. (2) =Tudo são trevas; o mundo são homens.=

_i._ Similarly a first person may be used with a verb of the third person: =eu é que digo adeus=, _it is I who say good-by_.

_j._ When one subject is in the first person and another is of the second or third, the verb is first person plural. =Eu e tu temos=, the =eu= and =tu= being equivalent to =nós=. =Nem eu nem vós sabemos come nasce amor=, literally, _neither I nor you_, (that is, _we_) _do not know how love begins_.

_k._ When one subject is in the second person and another is in the third, the verb is second person plural. =Tu e Carlos estaes bons=, _you and Carlos are good_.

=121.= =Impersonal Verbs.=[56]--(See Exercise XXVII, page 147.) Impersonal verbs are used only in the third person. The English impersonal _it_ is not separately expressed in this impersonal use.

Examples: =ha homens sabios=, _there are wise men_; =houve festas=, _there were feasts_ (festivities); =faz calor=, _it is warm_; =faz uma semana hoje=, _it is a week to-day_; =é facil=, _it is easy_; =é justo=, _it is just_; =é bem que=, _it is well that_; =é preciso=, _it is necessary_; =são duas horas=, _it is two o’clock_; =dizem=, _they say_. Other forms especially characteristic of the Portuguese, but used in various tenses, are:

=acontece=, it happens

=apraz-me=, it pleases me

=basta=, it is enough

=carece=, it is necessary, there is need that

=chega=, that will do

=convem=, it is well, it suits

=cumpre=, it is necessary: =cumpre dizel-o=, it must be said

=custa=, it costs: =custa dormir=, it is hard to sleep

=dar-se=, to happen: =deu-se esse facto=, this is what happened

=é=, =era=, =foi=, etc., from =ser= (§ 109), it is, was, etc.

=faz=, =fazia=, =fez=, from =fazer= (§ 112), it is, was, etc.

=fica=, it remains, rests, is, etc., as =fica combinado=, it is agreed

=ha=, =havia=, =houve=, from =haver= (§ 109), there is, there are,
there was, there has been

=importa=, it matters

=parece=, it seems

=praz-me=, it pleases me, I am pleased

=urge=, it is urgent

=resta=, it remains

_a._ There are also the usual forms expressing operations of nature, such as =chove=, _it rains_.

_b._ The impersonal verbs are often used in the passive voice, as =alli se vive sem desejo=, _there one lives without desire_; =diz-se que=, _it is said that_; =precisa-se de um criado=, _a servant is wanted_.

=122.= =Prepositions Required by Verbs.=--Some verbs are followed by certain prepositions, such as =a=, =até=, =com=, =de=, =em=, =para=, =por=, =sobre=, in their various forms. Some of these usages correspond to the English, but most of them do not. Only a few of the cases where the usage differs from English are given here.

_a._ =A=, _to_, _of_, is used after =perguntar=, =prohibir=, and =perdoar=: =perguntou ao medico=, _he asked the physician_; =prohibiu ao moço=, _he forbade the youth_. =Eu perdôo a quantos me fizeram mal=, _I forgive all those who have ill used me_. =A= is used with the infinitive when it is the object of a verb, as explained at § 123_d_.

_b._ The use of =a= after =querer= determines the meaning of the verb: =querer a alguma pessoa= is _to esteem_ or _love some one_, while =querer alguma cousa= is _to desire something_.

_c._ =Até=, _to_, _at_, is used after =chegar= and =ir=: =fui até a cidade=, _I went as far as the city_.

_d._ =Com=, _with_, is used after =estar=, _to be_, =ter=, _to have_, and =casar=, _to marry_; =estou com fome=, _I am hungry_; =estou com frio=, _I am cold_; =fui ter com elle=, _I went to have an interview with him_; =casou com a filha de T=, _he married the daughter of T_.

_e._ =De=, _of_, is used after:

=approveitar-se=, to improve the opportunity =cessar=, to cease =depender=, to depend =deixar=, to leave =gostar=, to like =morrer=, to die =precizar=, to need

and after certain reflexive forms, such as,

=lembrar-se=, to remember =esquecer-se=, to forget

and verbs implying _motion from_. Examples:

=Gosto de café=, I like coffee

=Morre de fome e de frio=, he is dying of hunger and cold

=Deixa de asneiras=, stop your folly

=Lembrou-se da occasião=, he remembered the occasion

For =de= before an infinitive objective, see § 123_f_.

_f._ Classic writers use =de= with several other verbs, such as,

=d’esta agua não beberei=, I shall not drink of this water;

=d’este pão não comerei=, I shall not eat of this bread.

_g._ =Em=, _in_, is used after =estar=: =o dono está em casa?= _is the proprietor at home?_

_h._ =Para=, _for_, _to_, is used after certain verbs implying motion towards: =ir=, =partir=, =vir=, =buscar=, =olhar=, and =deitar=:

=Vou para casa=, I am going home

=Partiu para Lisboa=, he has gone to Lisbon

=Olhe para cá=, look this way

=A janella deita para o rio=, the window opens toward the river

_i._ +Note.+--On the other hand several verbs which in English are followed by prepositions do not require prepositions in Portuguese. Such are:

=Agradecer=, to thank for: =agradeço-lhe o presente=, I thank you for
the present.

=Almoçar=, to breakfast on: =almoçou peixe=, he breakfasted on fish.

=Calçar=, to put on (the feet): =calcei chinellas=, I put on slippers.

=Cear=, to sup on: =ceou cha=, he supped on tea.

=Falar=, to speak of: =falou politica=, he talked about politics.

=Subir=, to climb up: =subiu a serra=, he climbed up the mountain.

=Vestir=, to put on: =vesti o paletó=, I put on the coat.

OBJECTS OF VERBS

(See Exercise XXVIII, page 148)

=123.= The objects of verbs differ in the following respects from usages in English:

_a._ When the direct object of a verb is a person or living being, that name is preceded by the preposition =a=, _to_, especially when it is necessary to distinguish the object from the subject. =Ama a Deus=, _love God_; =a Pompeu venceu Cesar=, _Cæsar overcame Pompey_; =elle subjugou ao tigre=, _he overcame the tiger_. But when the object is an animal other than man the =a=, _to_, may be omitted as =subjugou o tigre=.

_b._ When the direct object precedes the verb or when ambiguity is possible, the preposition =a=, _to_, precedes the object: =vence o dia á noite= or =á noite vence o dia=, _day overcomes night_.

_c._ When the direct object is one of the pronouns =mim=, =ti=, =si=, =elle=, =a=, =nos=, =vos=, =elles=, and =os= they are preceded by the preposition =a=: =elle os colheu a mim e não a ti=.

_d._ When the direct object is an infinitive the following verbs take the preposition =a=: =aprender=, =começar=, =ensinar=, =principiar=. Example: =ensinou a falar=.

_e._ These verbs, when followed by the infinitive denoting the beginning of action, require =a=: =começar=, =deitar=, =entrar=, =meter=, =desatar=, =botar=. =Começou a escrever=, _he began to write_; =deitaram a fugir=, _they began to flee_.

_f._ When the direct object of a verb is an infinitive, certain of these verbs when signifying the beginning, continuation or cessation of action, take =de= before that infinitive. These verbs are: =acabar=, =arrancar=, =cessar=, =começar=, =continuar=, =deixar=, =tomar=, =travar=. Example: =acabou de escrever=, _he has done writing_; =comecei de= (_or_ =a=) =almoçar=, _I began to breakfast_.

SPECIAL USES OF VERBS

(See Exercise XXVIII, page 148)

=124.= _a._ To express existence in its various phases, besides =estar= and =ser=, many verbs are used. Some of these are here illustrated: =acho-me doente=, literally, _I find myself ill_; =sinto-me envelhecido=, literally, _I feel myself grown old_; =viu-se empobrecido=, literally, _he saw himself impoverished_; =anda alegre=, literally, _he goes joyous_, that is, _he is happy_.

_b._ Certain verbs are combined to express movement and perception: =ouvi cantar=, _I heard_ (_him_) _sing_; =vi sahir=, _I saw_ (_him_) _go out_; =mandei fazer=, _I ordered made_; =fiz concertar=, _I had_ (_it_) _mended_.

_c._ When a participle is used as an adjective it is often followed by =de=: =cercada e ornada de flores=, _surrounded and decorated with flowers_. This is especially true of the verbs =acompanhar=, =seguir=, =preceder=, =cercar=, =forrar=, =cobrir=, =pintar=, =fazer=, =vestir=.

Some grammarians explain the use of =de= in these instances as part of elliptical phrases.

PERIPHRASTIC VERB PHRASES

(See Exercise XXIX, page 149)

=125.= The Portuguese has periphrastic active, and passive verb phrases formed by the aid of auxiliaries. (See auxiliaries § 109).

_a._ _Periphrastic active phrases_ are made by placing the required forms of =ter=, _to have_ (see page 79), before the perfect participle masculine singular of the main verb: =tenho escrito a carta=, _I have written the letter_.

=tenho escrito=, I have written =tens escrito=, thou hast written =tem escrito=, he (she) has written =temos escrito=, we have written

_b._ _Periphrastic passive phrases_ are formed by the use of =ser= or =estar=, _to be_, and the participle of the main verb which must agree with the subject. (See notes on =ser= and =estar= on page 78.)

=Tenho sido transportado=, I have been carried

=José foi morto=, Jose was killed

=Maria estava molhada pela chuva=, Maria was wet by the rain

_c._ The active voice is often used where the passive would be used in English. =Mandou preparar o jantar=, _he ordered dinner to be prepared_. =Mandei trazer um livro=, _I ordered a book to be brought_. =É de suppor=, =é de ver=, =é de crer= are all translatable only in passive forms.

_d._ Progressive phrases are formed by the use of =estar=, _to be_, =ficar=, _to remain_, =ir=, _to go_, and some others with the present participle of the main verb. =Estou fallando=, _I am speaking_; =fica sabendo que ----=, _know that ----_.

REFLEXIVE VERBS

(See Exercise XXX, page 150)

=126.= The reflexive verbs are conjugated by connecting the reflexive pronouns =me=, =te=, =se=, =nos=, and =vos= with the verb: =não me metto nisto=, _I do not meddle in this affair_; =vá se deitar=, _go lie down_; =vá se embora=, _go away_:

_a._ A certain force and grace are sometimes imparted by the use of reflexive forms even when the verb is intransitive. =Ella morre de tristeza=, _she is dying of grief_, is grammatically correct, but =ella se morre de tristeza= is a more expressive way to say the same thing owing to the attention called to the subject by the use of =se=.

_b._ Certain verbs are much used in the reflexive sense: =queixar-se=, _to complain_, and =arrepender-se=, _to repent_, are used only in the reflexive forms; =despedir-se=, _to take leave_, and =calar-se=, _to hush_, are used in both the active and reflexive forms, but the active forms have different meanings.

_c._ Neuter or impersonal reflexives with =me=, =se=, etc., are much used: =me dizem= or =dizem-me=, _they tell me_; =me parece= or =parece-me=, _it seems to me_.

_d._ The reflexive verbs do not take as objects the pronouns =o=, =a=, =os=, =as=.

IMPERATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE

(See Exercise XXXI, page 151)

=127.= Colloquially the imperative is not so much used as the subjunctive which is used in its place. Thus =fale= (subj. pres.) =com ella= would be used in place of =fala= (imper.) =com ella=, _speak to her_; the latter is regarded as less polite, possibly because =fala= has =tu= (understood) as its subject, while =fale= has for its subject =o Senhor=, =você=, etc. For the same reason =tenha paciencia= (subj.), _have patience_, is used in place of =tem paciencia= (imper.).[57] =Preste= (not =presta=) =attenção=, _pay attention_.

_a._ It is especially to be noted that when there is a negative the subjunctive should be used instead of the imperative: =não deva=, _you ought not_ (not =não deve=); =não me fale= (subj.), _don’t talk to me_ (not =não me fala=, imperative).

_b._ One of the most common errors in Portuguese is the use of the present indicative in place of the imperative (or subjunctive). The following are examples: =Traz-me um copo d’agua=, should be =traze-me= (_or_ =traga-me=) =um copo d’agua=, _fetch me a glass of water_; =diz a seu pai que=, should be =dize a teu pai= (_or_ =diga a seu pai=) =que=, _tell your father that_; =traduz este carta=, should be =traduze esta carta=, _translate this letter_.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND THE INDICATIVE

=128.= In certain dependent sentences the subjunctive or the indicative is used according to circumstances. When the fact is doubtful the subjunctive is used, otherwise the indicative:

=É incerto que venha=, it is uncertain about his coming.

=É certo que vem=, it is certain that he is coming.

=Não conheço pintor que faça este quadro=, I know no painter who could make this picture.

=Não conheço o pintor que fez este quadro= means: I do not know the painter who made this picture.

=129.= When the adverb =talvez=, _perhaps_, precedes a verb it should be subjunctive; when it follows the verb, it should be indicative: =talvez seja isso exacto=, or =isso é talvez exacto=, _perhaps this_ (or _it_) _is so_.

=130.= Certain idiomatic expressions use the subjunctive with the indefinite and relative pronouns as explained at § 102.

=131.= Similarly the subjunctive is used with =como=: =seja como for=, _be that as it may_.

=132.= The subjunctive is sometimes used in the sense of a conjunction: =estão ao alcance de todos os que as buscam, seja como estudo, seja como curiosidade= (+Herculano+). _They are within the reach of all who seek them whether for study or (as a mere matter of) curiosity._

PERSONAL INFINITIVE

(See Exercise XXXI, page 151)

=133.= The personal infinitive is an inflected form of the infinitive. It is found in the oldest Portuguese writings, and it is likewise different in use from anything in any other language.[58] Its use is best explained by examples:

Impersonal: =comprei este livro para estudar=, _I bought this book (for me) to study_.

Personal: =comprei este livro para estudardes=, _I bought this book for you to study_. =O nosso mestre está contente por sabermos a lição=, _our teacher is pleased because we know the lesson_. =Ficou surprehendido de não estarem os soldados devidamente em ordem=, _he was surprised that the soldiers were not duly in order_. =É preciso comprarmos=, _it is necessary to buy (that we buy)_.

FOOTNOTES:

[34] On the ending =am= and =ão= see § 9_b_ foot-note and § 108.

[35] On the ending =am= and =ão= see § 9_b_ foot-note and § 108.

[36] The English _perfect_ tense is represented by the _imperfect_ and _preterit_ of the Portuguese, and the discriminate use of these tenses in the Portuguese is one of the greatest difficulties for English speaking persons.

[37] Some grammarians call this the gerund.

[38] For its use in expressing the time of day see § 64.

[39] For meanings see § 109.

[40] =Ser= is an auxiliary only in the passive voice. It is called a mixed verb on account of its being made up of different verbs: =sou=, =somos= (Lat. _sum_, etc.); =era=, =eramos= (Lat. _eram_); =fui=, =fomos= (Lat. _fui_); =serei=, =seria=, =seja= (Lat. _sedere_).

[41] Contracted to =hemos=, =heis=.

[42] This was formerly written =he=.

[43] Formerly written =sam=.

[44] See note on page 71 on the conditional and pluperfect.

[45] Contracted to =hia=, etc.

[46] Some grammarians regard =por= and its compounds as a fourth conjugation.

[47] In these forms Bento José de Oliveira in his _Nova Gramatica Portuguesa_, ed. of 1904, uses =u= instead of =o=, =os=:--=puseste=, =pusera=, =pusesse=.

[48] In these forms Bento José de Oliveira in his _Nova Gramatica Portuguesa_, ed. of 1904, uses =u= instead of =o=, =os=:--=puseste=, =pusera=, =pusesse=.

[49] This is really a defective verb made up of parts of three different verbs: =ir=, =irmos=, =irdes=, etc., from the Latin _ire_; =vou=, =vaes=, =vão=, etc. from the Latin _vadere_; =fui=, =fosse=, =fôr=, etc., from =fui= of the verb =ser=.

[50] =Remir= and =redimir= are forms of the same verb.

[51] The form =morto= is usurped from the verb =morrer=, _to die_.

[52] =Pagado= is now quite antiquated.

[53] Grammarians often give =escrevido= here as a regular participle from =escrever=, but as a matter of fact the word is not used.

[54] Used only in the compound form =desabrido=.

[55] =Sepulto= used only in compound form =insepulto=.

[56] These verbs are sometimes called “unipersonal” in Portuguese, for their forms are not always confined to the third person. For example, =haver=, =ser=, and =fazer= and others have all the persons.

[57] One often hears =tenha a paciencia=, which is correct when the sentence has a complement, as =tenha a paciencia de ler esta carta=.

[58] Bento José de Oliveira, in his _Nova Gramática Portuguesa_, 26_a_ ed. p. 46, says that the personal infinitive should be regarded as an aorist form of the subjunctive.