Chapter I: H-- S---- V (6)

Now, there was living in England at the time of this war a lady named Florence Nightingale. She was very tender-hearted and always looking out for and taking care of those that were sick. Even as a little girl she had played that her dolls were sick with headache or a broken leg, and she would bandage the aching head or broken leg and pretend to take care of her sick patient. When her dog was ill she nursed him as carefully as if he were a human being.

Florence Nightingale heard that English soldiers were dying by the thousands in that distant land far away from home and that there were no nurses to take care of the wounded. So she got together a number of ladies, and they went out to the Crimea. Before she arrived almost half the soldiers who were wounded died--fifty soldiers out of a hundred; after she and her nurses came, only two in a hundred died. She went about through the camps and over the battlefields at night carrying a lamp looking for the wounded. The soldiers called her the Lady of the Lamp, and they all loved her.

When at last the war was over and she returned to England, the Government voted to give her a large sum of money for what she had done. She, however, refused the money for herself but took it to found a home for training nurses. Nowadays trained nurses are thought almost as necessary as doctors, and any one who is sick can call in a trained nurse to take care of him, but at that time there were no trained nurses and no one had ever heard of such a thing. Florence Nightingale was the first to start trained nursing, and so she is looked upon almost as a saint by trained nurses.

In one battle in the Crimea a company of soldiers mounted on horseback were given by mistake an order to attack the enemy. Though they knew it meant certain death, they never hesitated but charged, and two-thirds of them were killed or wounded in less than half an hour. Lord Tennyson, the English poet, has told this story in verse which you may know. It is called “The Charge of the Light Brigade.”

JAPANESE NEWS. Japan is a group of islands near China. Although I have not told you about it before, it was an old country, settled in its ways even before Rome was founded. In Europe there have been constant changes of kings and rulers and people and countries. But in Japan they have had the same line of kings since before Christ.

Japan wanted no white people in her country, and, with a very few exceptions, she had always kept them out. But in 1854, the same year that England began the Crimean War, an American naval officer named Commodore Perry went to Japan and made an agreement, or treaty, as it is called, by which Japan allowed white people to come in and do business with her people. The Japanese seemed hungry for knowledge, to learn how to do things in the white man’s way. When Perry first went to Japan the Japanese lived the same way they had a thousand years before. They knew nothing of the white man’s inventions or ways of living. But in fifty years’ time they have jumped a thousand years in civilization!

These are some of the things you might read about in those old newspapers. Such news would probably have taken up little space; perhaps they would have been found down at the bottom of a column if the newspaper were American. But if the paper was printed between 1861 and 1864, the greater part of it would be about a war that was going on in our own country at that time. This was a war between our own people, a family quarrel, which we call the Civil War.

Two parts of our country, the North and the South, did not agree on several matters, chief of which was the question whether the South could own slaves. So they went to war with each other. Each side fought for what it believed was right, and thousands upon thousands gave their lives for what they believed. The war lasted for four years, from 1861 to 1865, before it was decided that no one could ever again own slaves in the United States.

Some of you who read these pages had grandfathers or great-grandfathers who fought in this war. Some of these fought for the South; some fought for the North. Some of them may have died for the South; some of them may have died for the North.

The President of the United States at this time was a man named Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a very poor boy who had been born in a log cabin. He had taught himself to read by the light of a blazing knot of wood at night after his day’s work was done. As he was very poor, he had only a few books, and these he read over and over again. One of these books was the same “Æsop’s Fables” that you read. When Lincoln was a young man, he became a storekeeper. One day he found that he had given a poor woman a smaller package of tea than she had paid for, and so he closed the store and walked many miles to her house in order to return the change. People began to call him Honest Abe after that, for he was always very honest and kind-hearted.

He studied hard and became a lawyer and at last was elected President of the United States. One day while he was in a theater watching a play he was shot and killed by one of the actors who thought Lincoln had not done right in freeing the slaves.

Lincoln was one of our greatest Presidents. Washington started our country; Lincoln prevented its splitting into two parts, and kept it together as one big united land to grow into the great country it now is.

76

Three New Postage-Stamps

We are getting pretty close to the present time, to “Now.”

Let us look backward a minute to see what had been going on in Europe since the time of Napoleon.

After Napoleon had been sent to Elba, the French had to have another ruler. They wanted their old kings back again. The family name of their old kings was Bourbon. So the French thought they ought to have a Bourbon ruler over them. Accordingly they tried out three Bourbons one after the other, all relatives of their last king, whom they had beheaded.

But all of them proved no good, the French people had given the Bourbon family a good tryout, and so at last they stopped worrying with kings and started another republic.

Now, a republic has a president instead of a king, so that the people had to choose a president; and whom do you suppose they picked out? Why, the nephew of Napoleon. The nephew of Napoleon was named Louis Napoleon. He had planned and plotted again and again to make himself king of France, but again and again he had failed. And now he was elected president! But Louis Napoleon didn’t want to be _only_ president. He wanted to be like his uncle the great Napoleon. He dreamed of being emperor and conquering Europe, and so it was not long after this before he had himself made emperor, and he called himself Napoleon III.[5]

[5] Napoleon I had a young son who might have been Napoleon II if he had lived. The story is, that when Napoleon III was made emperor his name was printed simply with three exclamation marks after it--“Napoleon!!!” and this was by mistake read Napoleon III.

Napoleon III was jealous of the neighboring country of Prussia. She was getting to be too strong, he thought. Prussia had a king at this time named William who was very able himself, and he had an able assistant or prime minister named Bismarck, who was looking for an excuse to fight France. So presently a war was started between the two countries in 1870. Napoleon soon found he had made a bad mistake in picking the war with Prussia. Prussia was not _getting_ too strong; she was already too strong.

Napoleon III was completely beaten by Prussia, and he with a large army had to surrender. Then in disgrace he went to live in England.

The Prussians marched into Paris and made the French agree to pay them a billion dollars. When some of the French towns said they couldn’t pay, Bismarck lined up the leading citizens of the place and told them they would be shot if they didn’t raise the money that was demanded. So France paid, and to the wonder and amazement of everybody she paid this immense sum in two years’ time. But the French and the French children have never forgotten the way they were made to pay and the way they were treated by the Prussians, and so ever since then there has been deadly enmity between these two countries. This war was called the Franco-Prussian War, as it was between France and Prussia.

There were a number of little countries near Prussia. They were called German states. But though their people were related, the countries or states were separate. As a result of this war, Prussia was able to join all these German states together and to make for the first time one big, strong, powerful nation called Germany, feared by other countries on account of her great army of fighting men. William was made emperor of all Germany and called kaiser. He was crowned in the French palace at Versailles that Louis XIV had built.

The French thought the Germans had been able to win this war because they had public schools in which all their children were trained, and because of the way their soldiers were drilled. So France set to work and started public schools everywhere in France and imitated the German way of drilling their army so that they would be ready for them in the next war.

Ever since then France has been a republic with a president and an Assembly chosen by the people.

At that time Italy was not a single country as now but like Germany a collection of small states. Some of these were independent, some were owned by France, some were owned by Austria. The king of one of these Italian states was Victor Emmanuel. He wanted all the Italian states to unite and become one single country like our United States. He was helped by his prime minister, a very able man named Cavour, and by a rough but romantic popular hero named Garibaldi, who was called the hero of the Red Shirt.

Garibaldi, who had been a candle-maker in New York City, was always poor and seemed not to care for money. He was so popular that whenever he called for soldiers to fight with him for his beloved Italy, they at once flocked around him ready to fight to the death.

And so at last these three, Victor Emmanuel, Cavour, and Garibaldi, succeeded in making their country one big nation. The Italians erected monuments to them and named streets after them. To Victor Emmanuel they built a magnificent building on a hill in Rome overlooking the city, a building that was intended to be more beautiful than anything built in Athens during the time of Pericles or in Italy during the Renaissance.

If you collect postage-stamps it would be interesting for you to get, if you can, stamps of these countries at that time, the New French Republic, United Germany, and United Italy.

77

The Age of Miracles

You may think the Age of Miracles was when Christ lived.

But if a man who lived at that time should come back to earth now he would think _this_ the Age of Miracles.

If he heard you talk over a wire to a person a thousand miles away, he would think you a magician.

If you showed him people moving and acting on a movie screen, he would think you a witch.

If he heard you start a band playing by turning on a phonograph, he would think you a devil.

If he saw you fly through the air in an airplane, he would think you a god.

We are so used to the telephone, telegraph, and phonograph; to steamboats, steam railroads, and trolley-cars; to electric lights, motor-cars, moving pictures, radio, and airplanes, that it is hard to imagine a world in which there were none of these things--absolutely none of these things. Yet in the Year 1800 not a single one of these inventions was known.

Neither George Washington nor Napoleon ever saw a steam-engine, a steam-car, nor a steamboat. They had never used a telephone nor a telegraph nor a bicycle. My own grandfather never saw a trolley-car nor an electric light. Even my father never saw a phonograph, a moving picture, an automobile, nor a flying-machine.

More wonders have been made in the last hundred years than in all the previous centuries of the world put together.

A Scotchman named James Watt was one of the first of these magicians whom we call inventors. Watt had watched a boiling kettle on the stove and noticed that the steam lifted the lid. This gave him an idea that steam might lift other things as well as the lid of a tea-kettle. So he made a machine in which steam lifted a lid called a piston in such a way as to turn a wheel. This was the first steam-engine.

Watt’s steam-engine moved wheels and other things, but it didn’t move itself. An Englishman named Stephenson put Watt’s engine on wheels and made the engine move its own wheels. This was the first locomotive. Soon funny-looking carriages drawn by funny-looking engines were made to run on tracks in America. At first these trains ran only a few miles out from such cities as Baltimore and Philadelphia.

Then a young fellow named Robert Fulton thought he could make a boat go by putting Watt’s engine on board and making it turn paddle-wheels. People laughed at him and called the boat he was building “Fulton’s Folly,” which means “foolishness.” But the boat worked, and Fulton had the laugh on those who had laughed at him. He called his boat the _Clermont_, and it made regular trips up and down the river.

No one had ever before been able to talk to another far off until the telegraph was invented. The telegraph makes a clicking sound. Electricity flows through a wire from one place to another place which may be a long distance off. If you press a button at one end of the wire you stop the electricity flowing through the wire, and the instrument at the other end makes a click. A short click is called a dot, and a long click is called a dash. These dots and dashes stand for letters of the alphabet, so you can spell out a message by dots and dashes.

A is . -- dot-dash
B is -- ... dash-dot-dot-dot
E is . dot
H is .... dot-dot-dot-dot
T is -- dash

An American painter named Morse invented this wonderful little instrument. He built the first telegraph line in America between Baltimore and Washington, and this was the first message he clicked across it: “What hath God wrought!”

A school-teacher named Bell was trying to find some way of making deaf children hear, and in doing so he invented the telephone. The telephone carries words as the telegraph carries clicks. You do not have to know a special alphabet or spell out words by dots and dashes as you do on the telegraph. With the telephone any one can talk from one side of America to the other.

Many inventions now in every-day use have been partly invented by several people, so that it is hard to say just which one thought of the invention first. Several people thought of a way to run a machine by feeding it electricity. This was the electric motor. Then others thought of a way to run a machine by exploding gas. This was the motor used in automobiles.

Electric lights, such as we use indoors, were invented by Thomas Alva Edison. Edison is called a wizard, because in the Middle Ages wizards were supposed to be able to do and to make all sorts of wonderful and impossible things, to turn lead into gold, to make people invisible, and that sort of thing. But Edison has done things that no wizard of a fairy-tale had ever even thought of. Edison was a poor boy who sold newspapers and magazines on a train. He was interested in all sorts of experiments and fitted up a place in the baggage-car where he could make experiments. But he made so much of a mess in the car that at last the baggage-man kicked Edison’s whole outfit off the train. Edison invented many things connected with the phonograph and the movies, and he has probably made more useful and important inventions than any other man who has ever lived, so that he is much greater than those mere kings who have done nothing but quarrel and destroy--without whom the world would have been much better off if they had never lived!

Thousands of people who have lived in the past ages have tried to fly and failed. Millions of people have said it was impossible to fly and foolish to try. Some have even said it was wicked to try, that God meant that only birds and angels should fly. At last, after long years of work and thousands of trials, two American brothers named Wright did the impossible. They invented the airplane and flew.

An Italian named Marconi invented the radio, and others every day are still making wonderful inventions, but you will have to read about these yourself, for we are near the end of our history.

Here is a good subject for an argument or debate: Are we any happier _with_ all these inventions than people were a thousand years ago _without_ them?

Life is faster and more exciting; but it is more difficult and more dangerous. Instead of enjoying a book curled up in the corner of a sofa by a crackling fire, we leave a steam radiator and go out to the movies. Instead of singing or playing the violin, we turn on the graphophone or the player-piano and miss the chief joy in music, the joy of making it ourselves. Instead of the jogging drive in an old buggy behind a horse that goes along through the country-side almost by himself, we speed on in dangerous autos, to which we must pay constant, undivided attention or be wrecked.

78

GERMANY FIGHTS THE WORLD

The last chapter was one of the few without a fight in it. But now, to make up for that, I must tell you about the greatest and the worst fight in history.

There is a little country in Europe called Serbia. It is next door to Austria. A young man who lived in Serbia shot an Austrian prince. Little Serbia apologized to Austria for what one of her people had done. But Austria insisted that the Serbian nation was to blame for what had been done; she refused to accept the apology and started in to punish Serbia.

I once saw a little dog snap at a big boy. The owner of the little dog apologized to the big boy for what his dog had done. But the big boy did not accept the apology, and he started in to thrash the little boy for what his dog had done. Presently a crowd gathered round, the friends of each boy took sides, and there was a general free-for-all “scrap.”

So it was in this case. One of Austria’s big friends, Germany, took sides against Serbia, and Russia took the side of Serbia. Ever since the time of the Franco-Prussian War and Bismarck and William, Germany had been in training for a fight, and so had her neighbors. Nearly all the countries of Europe had for years been getting together into two groups, made up of the friends and the enemies of Germany; and the two were ready to jump at each other as soon as Austria, or Germany, or anybody else, struck at any one.

But Germany didn’t strike at Serbia; Austria didn’t really need her help against Serbia. Germany was sure that France, who was her enemy and Russia’s friend, would take sides against her; and so she rushed at France to destroy her before Russia could hit hard from the other side. Now, to get at France Germany had to get through the little country of Belgium. She and France had agreed that neither would march armies through Belgium, but when the war began her armies marched in anyway and pushed aside the Belgians, who tried to stop them. And so her armies rushed on toward the capital of France, Paris. She got as far as a little stream called the Marne, only twenty miles from Paris. But here the French under General Foch stopped her army. This battle of the Marne is probably the most famous of all the battles you have heard about in history, for though the war was not ended for four years after this battle, if the Germans had won at the Marne, the war would have been over, with Germany victor, and the rest of the world would have had to do what Germany said.

Germany was the first to use poison gas, trying to smother her enemy; she fought with submarines from under the sea; she attacked passenger ships that could not fight back. The English navy was the strongest, and it was only with submarines that Germany could fight at sea. This war was the first one in history in which battles were fought not only on land but up in the air and down under the water.

England took sides with France and Russia--and these were called Allies--to fight against Germany and Austria, and at first the war was between these countries only. Before the war ended, however, almost all the countries of the world had taken sides against Germany, for they knew that if she won she would be able to tell the rest of the world what to do. Then all of a sudden Russia had a revolution. The Russian people killed their ruler, the czar, and his family, and refused to fight any longer. Things began to look pretty bad for the Allies.

The United States did not start into the war until 1917, almost three years after it had begun; then she did so because German submarines were sinking American passenger ships and killing Americans.

America was so far off--three thousand miles away--and across an ocean that it seemed impossible that she could do much in the war. But in a very short time she had sent two million soldiers across in ships. Under General Pershing they fought great battles. At last Germany was utterly beaten, and on Armistice day, November 11, 1918, Germany signed a paper agreeing to do everything the Allies asked; and so the greatest war in history ended. The kaiser went to live in Holland, and Germany became a republic.

79

Yesterday, To-day, and To-morrow

There is a candy shop near where I live. On its sign it says, “Made Fresh Every Hour.” History is being made every day. It is being made fresh almost every hour. The newsboy even now is calling outside of my window, “Extra! Extra!” Is it a new war? Is it a new discovery? If you had clipped head-lines from the papers since the World War, here are some of the things you might have pasted in your scrapbook.

TREATY OF PEACE
SIGNED AT VERSAILLES

Nations Agree on Terms of Peace

The Mohammedan Turks in the East Are
Again Threatening the Christian
Nations of the West

THE IRISH FREE
STATE ESTABLISHED

After Centuries of Struggle to Become
Independent of England, Ireland at
Last, with England’s Permission, Has
Set Up a Government of Her Own

COLUMBUS OF THE AIR

Read, an American, Crosses Atlantic
Ocean for First Time in an Airplane;
Lands at the Azores and Then in
Portugal; Several Others Soon Follow,
and the Ocean Is Crossed a Number of
Times

WOMEN CAN VOTE AT LAST

All Through the Ages Women Have Had
Little or No “Say” in the Government;
Now, for the First Time, They Can
Vote in Our Country and in Most
Other Civilized Countries

STRONG DRINK PROHIBITED

The Use of Wine and Strong Drink,
Which Has Caused So Much Crime,
Disease, Death and Unhappiness, Has
Been Forbidden in the United States
and Limited in Many Other Countries;
in the Generations to Come, Men Will
Probably Marvel That There Was Once
a Time When People Drank Poison for
Pleasure

From now on you will have to read your history in the daily papers.

Up to this time, history has been marked by the story of one war after another, some big, some small, some short, some long. Almost always a fight has been going on somewhere. It has been War, War, War; Fight, Fight, Fight. Children scratch, kick, and bite. But the older we get, the less do we use our fists and feet to settle quarrels. So fighting seems to be a sign of childhood--that we are “kids”--and our fights, that we call wars, a sign of how young the world really is and we really are; a sign that the world is still but a minute or two old.

Now, we admire and praise as heroes Horatius, Leonidas, Joan of Arc, and General Foch and those others who have defended their countries against the attacks of the enemy, as we would admire a man who shoots a burglar or a murderer that attacks his family in the night. But those, whether kings, generals, or princes, who do the attacking and take life with no other excuse than to add to their power or wealth or glory, are no better than burglars who go forth with a gun and a blackjack to waylay, rob, and murder for the same purpose. War kills, war destroys, war costs millions of lives and billions of dollars--money that could be used to make us happy, instead of causing bitterness, suffering, misery, and unhappiness; blind men and cripples, widows and orphans. No one is better off, not even the winner. It is a terrible game, in which even the winner loses. And yet in the long run who knows? It may be the only way the world can grow!

But this is certain: if wars do not end, they will be fought with something more deadly, more terrible than shot and shell. Sooner or later, some man of science will invent a disease more catching than the terrible plague, more deadly than the Black Death with which to attack the enemy. But if such a disease is let loose, once started it will spread from one being to the next till every one has caught it and died and no one will escape. Or he will invent a poison to poison the air we breathe that will spread like the wind or like wildfire in dry grass, and there will be no stopping it. The air that wraps the globe will be a sea of poison gas. Every thing that breathes will take only one breath, and every man, woman, and child, every beast of the field, every bird and flying thing will drop dead. Or he will invent something a million times more powerful than gunpowder or dynamite--something so explosive that when discovered by some Mr. Swartz it will blow him, his house, his town, his country, and the whole world to kingdom come--and that will be the end of this little spark off the sun.

Perhaps you have looked through a microscope at what seem to be wars between germs. As germs might look up at the eye of the microscope through which we watch their life-and-death struggles, and wonder what is up above on the other side looking down at them, so we may look up at the blue eye of heaven above us and wonder what all-seeing, all-knowing, all-powerful being up there is watching our own life-and-death struggles here below.

Our little world, which seems so immense to us, is really only a tiny speck, only one of countless other specks floating in space; it is like one of the tiny motes which you may see any time in a sunbeam that shines in at the window. Who has an eye so keen that he can count the moving motes in such a beam of light? Who would miss one such grain of dust if it should disappear? So this grain of dust we call the World and all of us who live upon it could vanish without ever being noticed!

This story ends here, but only for the present, for history is a continued story and will never end.

If you were living in the Year 10,000 A.D., as some boy will be, your history would only be just begun when you had reached where we are now. Even the World War would then seem as long ago as the fights of the Stone Age men seem to us. You might think of us and all the inventions we consider so wonderful as we think of the discovery of copper and bronze.

Will the history that is written in the Year 10,000 have any wars to tell about? If the wars on Earth cease, will there be wars with other worlds?

And if there are no more wars, what will history tell about? Will it be new inventions? What kinds? Will it be new discoveries? We know every corner of the world now. Will it be the inside of this world or other new worlds or a spiritual world?

Perhaps then people will no longer use trains, steamboats, automobiles, or even flying-machines, but go from place to place as on some magic carpet, simply by wishing. Perhaps then they will no longer use letters, telephones, or telegraphs, or even radio, but read each other’s thoughts at any distance.

And so on--World without end--AMEN!

PRONOUNCING INDEX

This list of the most important names in the book tells you on what page you may find each name and how to sound those you may not know.

Sound a as in hat.
“ aw “ “ saw.
“ ah “ “ ah!
“ ee “ “ see.
“ e or eh “ “ get.
“ er “ “ her.
“ i or ih “ “ hit
“ igh “ “ right.
“ o “ “ hot.
“ oh “ “ oh!
“ ow “ “ how.
“ u or uh “ “ up.
“ ew “ “ few.

Aaron (air´ un), 262

Abednego (a bed´ nee go), 261

Abraham (ay´ bra ham), 49, etc.

Acropolis (a krop´ o lis), 145

Adolphus, Gustavus (a dolf´ us), 396

Æneas (ee nee´ as), 190 etc., 196

Æneid (ee nee´ id), 196

Æsop’s Fables (ee´ sop), 447

Africa, 169, 348, 352

Age of Discovery, 347

Age of Miracles, 454

Aix-la-chapelle (ayks - la - sha pell´), 258, 298

Alaric (al´ a rik), 224

Alcuin (al´ kwin), 259, 260

Alexander the Great, 159 to 168

Alexandria, 163, 164

Alfred the Great, 264 to 270

Allah (al´ ah), 244 to 247

Alps, 173, 429

America, 271, 346

Americus, 346

Angle-land, 223

Angles, 223 to 230

Anglo-Saxons, 223, 229

Anno Domini, 26

Antony (an´ to nih), 190 to 192

Aphrodite (af ro digh´ tih), 60

Apollo (a pol´ lo), 58 to 63

Arabesques (air a besks´), 252

Arabia, 242, 252 to 256

Arabian Nights, 442

Arabs, 244 to 256

Ares (ay´ reez), 58

Arch of Constantine, 216

Arch of Titus, 216

Aristides (air is tigh´ deez), 133, 134

Aristotle (air is tott´ ell), 160, 166

Artemis (ar´ tee mis), 58

Arthur, 234, 311

Aryans (ar´ yans), 23, 56, 220, 256

Asia, 162, 248

Assurbanipal (ass er ban´ ih pal), 97, 98, 164

Assyria (as seer´ ih ah), 42, 94 to 98

Astarte (ass tar´ tih), 76

Athene (a thee´ nih), 59, 60, 145 to 154

Athene Parthenos (par´ the nos), 194

Athenians, 83, 114, 140 to 145, 236

Athens, 60, 83, 114, 126, etc.

Attila (at´ tih lah), 225 to 227

Augustan Age, 196

Augustus, 195 to 197

Austria, Austrian, 396, 408, 409, 440, 462

Azores, 466

Aztecs (az´ tecks), 355 to 357

Baal (bay´ al), 76

Babylon (bab´ in lun), 98 to 103, 106 to 108

Babylonia, 43 to 48

Babylonians, 45 to 49, 75

Bach (bahk), 439

Bacon, Roger, 324

Bagdad, 243, 254, 262

Balboa (bal boh´ ah), 350, 351

Baltimore, 455, 456

Bastille (bas teel´), 421, 422

Beethoven, Louis (bay´ to ven), 441, 442

Belgium, 461

Bell, 457

Belshazzar (bel shaz´ zar), 108

Benedict and Benedictines (ben´ eh dickt), 237

Bethlehem, 197, 216

Bible, King James, 387

Bishop of Rome, 218

Bismarck, 450, 451, 461

Black Death, 328, 468

Black Sea, 21, 169, 444

Blondel (blon dell´), 300

Boleyn, Anne (bool´ in), 370

Bourbon (boor´ bun), 449

Brahma, Brahmanism, Brahmanists (brah´ mah), 111, 112

Britain, 186, 223, 229

British Museum, 33

Bronze Age, 19 to 22

Brutus, 121, 189, 190

Bucephalus (bew sef´ a lus), 160

Buddha, Buddhism, Buddhists (bood´ dah), 112, 113

Byron, 97

Byzantium (bi zan´ shi um), 217

Cabot (kab´ ut), 350, 379

Cadmus (kad´ mus), 74

Cæsar, Augustus (see´ zer), 193, 196

Cæsar, Julius, 184 to 192

Cairo (kigh´ ro), 38, 196

Canaan (kay´ nan), 50, 54, 55, 70

Canada, 350, 417

Canary Islands, 340

Canterbury Cathedral, 309

Cape of Good Hope, 348

Cape Horn, 351

Cape of Storms, 348

Carthage and Carthaginians (kar´ thij), 78, 170 to 176

Caspian Sea, 21

Cathay (ka thay´), 316 to 322, 328

Cathedral of Notre Dame (nohtr´ dam), 309

Cathedral of Rheims (rhance), 309

Cathedral of St. Peter, 201

Catherine, 406

Catholic, 365 to 371

Cave Man, Men, People, 12, 22, 66

Cavour (ka voor´), 452

Caxton, 334

Ceres (see´ reez), 61

Chaldea, Chaldeans (kal dee´ ah), 43, 49, 55

Châlons (sha lahng´), 226

Charge of the Light Brigade, The, 445

Charlemagne (sharl maign´), 257 to 263

Charles the Great, 257, 259, 264

Charles I, 390 to 393

Charles II, 393

Charles V. of Spain, 367 to 369

Charles XII, 404, 405

Charles the Hammer, 249, 250, 257

Cheops (k ee´ ops), 38, 39

China, 316, etc.

Christ, 197 to 202

Church of St. Peter, 258, 366

Cincinnatus (sin sin nah´ tus), 122

Circus Maximus, 195

Civil War, 446

Clavichord (klav´ ih kord), 438

Cleopatra (klee o pah´ tra), 30, 188, 192

Clermont (kler mont´), 456

Clisthenes (klis´ the neez), 116, 117 133

Clotilda (klo till´ dah), 233

Clovis (klo´ vis), 233, 234

Cologne Cathedral, 309

Colosseum (kol o see´ um), 195, 205

Columbia, 346

Columbus, Christopher, 337 to 345

Commodus (kom´ mo dus), 213, 214

Confucius (kon few´ shus), 113

Constantine, 215 to 218

Constantinople, 217, 228, 231, 232, 248, 335, 336

Corday, Charlotte (kor day´), 427

Cordova (kor´ do vah), 243, 254

Corinthian, 148, 149

Cornelia, 182, 183

Cornwallis, Lord, 418

Corsica, 428

Cortés (kor´ te), 356, 357

Crécy (kres´ sih), 327 to 329, 336

Crimea, Crimean War (krigh mee´ ah), 444, 445, 446

Crœsus (kree´ sus), 104 to 106

Cromwell, Oliver, 391 to 393

Crusades (kroo say´ dz), 297 to 299, 302, 303

Cuneiform (kee nee´ ih form), 45, 75, 97, 99

Cupid, 60

Cyrus (sigh´ rus), 104 to 109, 124

Czar (zahr), 190

da Gama, Vasco (day gah´ mah), 348 to 350

Damascus (da mas´ kus), 254

Danes, 265, 266

Dardanelles (dar da nellz´), 135

Dare, Virginia, 379

Darius (dah righ´ us), 124 to 127, 132

Dark Ages, 229, 231, 261

David, 70, 71

da Vinci, Leonardo (dah vin´ chih), 364

Declaration of Independence, 416, 417, 423

Declaration of Right, 394, 423

Defender of the Faith, 369

Delphi (dell´ figh), 63, 106, 139

Delphic Oracle, 63, 107

Demeter (dee mee´ ter), 61

Demosthenes (dee mos´ the neez), 157 to 159

De Soto, 354

Diana (digh an´ ah), 58

Divine Right of Kings, 386, 390, 398

Domesday Book, 290

Doric (dor´ ik), 148, 149

Draco (dray´ co), 114, 115

Dutch, Dutchman, Dutch Republic, 374

Edison, Thomas Alva, 457

Edward III, 327

Egypt and Egyptians, 22, 27, 28, 30 to 41, 188, 192, 430

Elba, 432, 449

El Dorado (el do rah´ do), 354, 355

Elizabeth Tudor, 372, 374 to 381

England, 186, 223, 264 to 268, 284, 312, etc.

Epicureans (ep ih kew ree´ ans), 236

Epicurus (ep ih kew´ rus), 213

Episcopalians, 304, 365

Eternal City, The, 195

Etruscans (ee trus´ kans), 121, 122

Euphrates River (ew fray´ tees), 21, 22, 26, 42, 100, 106

Excalibur (eks kal´ ih ber), 234

Exodus, 54

Fairfax, Lord, 416

Fates, 61

Father of his Country--Peter the Great, 402
Washington, 419

Ferdinand, King, 338, 344, 367

Feudal System (few´ dal), 273, 277

Florida, 354

Foch, General (fush), 461, 467

Forum of Rome, 195, 206, 216

France, 224, 297, 395, etc.

Franco-Prussian War (frang´ ko-prush´ an), 451, 461

Franklin, Benjamin, 414, 417

Franks, 224, 233

Frederick Barbarossa (bar bah ross´ ah), 297, 298

Frederick the Great, 407 to 410

French Assembly, 452

French Revolution, 420, 422, 429

Freya (fray´ ah), 222

Fulton, Robert, 456

Gabriel (gay´ brih ell), 244

Gargoyles (gar´ goilz), 308

Garibaldi (gar ih ball´ dih), 452

Gaul (gawl), 169, 186, 223

Gautama (gaw´ tah mah), 111 to 113

Genghis Khan (jen´ gis kahn), 316, 317, 402

Genoa (jen´ oh ah), 337

George II, 412

George III, 413 to 418

German, 297, 366, 407, 451, 460

Gipsies, 24, 26

Gladiators (gla dih ay´ tors), 181

Godfrey, 296

Goddess of Reason, 426

Golden Age, 19, 97, 143, 150

Goliath (go ligh´ eth), 70

Gordian Knot (gor´ dih an), 163

Goshen (go´ shen), 51

Goths (gahths), 224

Gracchi (grack´ igh), 183

Graces, 61

Grand Monarch (Louis XIV), 398

Great Fire, 394

Great War, 309

Greece, 56, etc., 64, etc., 124, etc.

Greene, General, 418

Greenland, 271

Guido (gwee´ doh), 437

Gutenberg (goo´ ten berg), 334

Guy, 437

Hamites (ham´ ights), 23, 26, 28, 56

Hamlet, 383

Hammurabi (hah mew rah´ bee), 48

Handel, 437 to 440

Hannibal, 173, 174, 175, 182, 395

Harold, 286, 287

Haroun-al-Rashid (hah roon´ al rah´ shid), 262, 263, 267

Hastings, Battle of, 289

Hathaway, Anne, 381

Hanging Gardens, 101, 108

Hegira (he jigh´ rah), 244 to 249

Hellas (hell´ as), 56

Hellen, 56

Helen, 65 to 67, 79

Helena, 216

Hellenes, 56

Hellespont (hell´ ess pont), 135, 162

Henry VIII, 369 to 372

Hephæstus (he fess´ tus), 58

Hera (hee´ rah), 57

Hercules (her´ kew leez), 214

Hermes (her´ meez), 58

Herodotus (he rod´ o tus), 149, 150, 157

Hieroglyphics (high´ er o gliff icks), 30, 33

Hiram, 76

Holland, 464, 374, 403

Holy City, Holy Land, 293, 296

Homer, 68, 69, 79, 89

Horace, 196

Horatius (ho ray´ shus), 121, 467

Horus (hoh´ rus), 34

Hundred Years’ War, 327 to 329, 335

Huns, 225 to 227

Iceland, 271

Iliad (ill´ ih ad), 67

Incas (in´ kas), 357

India, 109, etc., 165, 387

Indians, 109, 343

Indo-Europeans, 23

Inquisition, 373

Invincible Armada (ar mah´ dah), 375

Ionic (igh on´ ick), 148, 149

Ireland, 465

Irish Free State, 465

Iron Age, 19 to 22, 64, 66

Ironsides, 391

Isabelle, Queen, 339, 367

Isis (igh´ sis), 34

Islam (iss´ lam), 245 to 250

Israel (iz´ rah ell), 50, 51

Israelites (iz´ rah ell ights), 302

Italy, 89, etc., 173, 452

Jacob, 50

James I, 380, 385 to 387, 390, 412, 430

Jamestown, 413

Japan, 112, 445, 446

Jefferson Thomas, 416

Jerusalem, 70, etc., 205, 292, etc.

Jesus, 197, 363

Joan of Arc (jone of ark), 330 to 332, 467

John, King, 311 to 314, 390

Joseph, 50, 51

Juno, 57, 65, 211

Jupiter, 57, 61

Justinian (jus tin´ i an), 231 to 233, 336

Kaiser (kigh’ zer), 190

Knights of the Round Table, 235

Koran (koh´ ran), 245, 252

Kublai Khan (koo´ bli kahn), 318 to 320

Laconia (lah koh´ ni a), 82

Laconic (lah kon´ ik), 82

Lady of the Lamp, 445

Lafayette (la fay et´), 417, 442

Laocoon (lay ock´ oh on), 66

Last Supper, The, 364

Lavinia, 90

Lebanon, 72, 78

Leif Ericson (leef ehr´ ick son), 271

Leningrad (len´ in grad), 405

Leo I (lee´ oh), 226

Leonidas, 137 to 140

Lictor (lick´ tor), 121

Lincoln, President Abraham, 447, 448

Lion of the North, 396

Louis I (loo´ ih), 302, 395

Louis XIII, 395, 397

Louis XIV, 395, etc.

Louis XVI, 420

Lucy, Sir Thomas, 381

Luther, 366, 367

Lycurgus (ligh ker´ gus), 79 to 82

Lydia (lid´ i ah), 104 to 106

Macedonia (mass ee doh´ ni ah) 156, etc.

Madman of the North, 405

Magi (may´ jigh), 104

Magellan (ma jell´ an), 351,352

Magna Carta (mag´ nah kar´ tah), 313, 34

Marathon, 127 to 130

Marco Polo (mar´ koh po´ loh), 318, 337, 338

Marconi (mar koh´ nih), 458

Marcus Aurelius (mar´ kus ah ree´ li us), 211, 213, 220

Maria Theresa (ma righ a te ree´ sah), 408 to 409

Marie Antoinette (mah ree´ an toah net´), 321 to 423

Marne, 461

Mars, 58, 61, 222

Marseillaise (mar say ly ayz´), 425

Masks, 145

Massachusetts, 388

Mayflower, 388

Mazda, 104

Mecca (mek´ ah), 243 to 246, 248

Medes (meeds), 98, 103, 104

Media (mee´ di ah), 100

Medina (meh dee´ nah), 243, 244

Meditations, 212

Mediterranean Sea, 21, 22

Menelaus (men ee lay´ us), 65, 66

Menes (men eez), 28

Merchant of Venice, The, 383

Mercury, 58, 61

Merry Monarch (Charles II), 393

Mesopotamia (mes o po tay´ mi ah), 21, 42, 44, 95

Messiah, The (oratorio), 439

Methodists, 304, 365

Mexico, 355 to 357

Michelangelo (migh kell an jee loh), 360 to 366

Middle Ages, 304, 335, 336

Miltiades (mill tigh´ a deez), 128

Minerva, 59, 60, 65

Mississippi, 355

Mohammed (mo ham´ ed), 242 to 245, 247

Mohammedans, 245, etc.

Moloch (moh´ lock), 76

Mona Lisa (moh’ nah lee’ zah), 364

Mongols (mon´ golz), 316, 402

Montezuma (mon tee zoo´ mah), 356

Morse, 456

Moscow (mos´ koh), 405, 432

Moses, 52, 154, 360

Moslems, 247 to 257

Mount Ararat (ar´ a rat), 43, 321

Mount of Olives, 216

Mount Olympus (o lim´ pus), 57, 64

Mount Parnassus (par nas´ us), 62

Mount Sinai (sigh´ nigh), 54

Mozart (mo´ tzart), 440 to 442

Muezzin (moo ez´ in), 246

Muses (mewz´ ez), 61

Napoleon Bonaparte (na poh´ le on bon´ na part), 428 to 434

Napoleon, Louis, 449

Napoleon III, 449

National Assembly, 422, 423, 424

Nebuchadnezzar (neb oo kad nez´ ar), 99 to 103, 261

Nelson, Lord, 430, 431

Neptune, 57, 61

Nero, 203 to 205, 211

New Forest, 290

Nightingale, Florence, 444, 445

Nicæa (nigh see´ ah), 217

Nicene Creed (nigh´ seen), 218

Nile, 22, 27, 28

Niña (nee´ nah), 340

Nineveh (nin´ eh veh), 94 to 100, 168

Noah’s Ark, 48, 321

Normandy, 286, 287

Normans, 286, 288

Norsemen, 270, 284, 286, 357

North America, 340 to 344, 350

Notre Dame (nohtr dam), 309, 426

Oberammergau (oh ber am´ er gow), 397

Octavius (ock tay´ vi us), 192, 193

Odysseus (o dis´e us), 68, 90

Odyssey (od´ ih sih), 68

Olympia (o lim´ pi ah), 84, 85, 101, 147

Olympiad (o lim´ pi ad), 87, 89

Olympic games, 86 to 88

Orpheus (or´ fe us), 436

Omar (oh´ mar), 247, 248

Osiris (o sigh´ ris), 34

Ostracism (os´ tra sism), 117, 118

Oxford, 267

Palestine (pal´ es tighm), 216

Palestrina (pah les tree´ nah), 337, 442

Palos, 340

Pan, 436

Pantheon (pan’ the on), 194

Pariah (pay’ rih a), 110

Paris (the city), 234

Paris (the man), 65

Parliament, 386, etc.

Parthenon (pahr the non), 145 to 148, 194

Pass of Thermopylæ (ther mop’ ih lee), 140

Passion Play, 397

Peking, 318

Peloponnesian War (pellv oh poh nee´ shan), 153, 156

Peloponnesus (pell oh poh neev sus), 152

Pericles, Age of (per´ i klees), 144, 147, 149, 150

Perry, Commodore, 446

Pershing, General, 464

Persia, 124, etc.

Persian Bible, 104

Persian Gulf, 21, 22

Peru, 359

Peter the Great, 402 to 406

Peter the Hermit, 293, 295

Petrograd, 405

Pharaoh (fay´ roh), 33, 39, 52

Pharos (fay´ ros), 164

Pheidippides (figh dip´ ih dees), 127, 129

Phenicia (fee nish´ ih a), 95

Phenicians (fee nish´ ans), 74 to 78, 170, 171

Phidias (fid´ ih as), 146, 147, 154, 359

Philip, 156 to 159

Philip II, 369, 373 to 375

Philip of France, 297 to 299

Philippics (fih lip´ icks), 158

Philippine Islands, 352

Pilate, 198, 199

Pillars of Hercules, 77

Pinta (pin´ ta), 340

Pisistratus (pi sis´ tra tus), 115, 116

Pizarro (pi zair´ oh), 357

Plato, 161, 166, 211

Pluto, 61

Polo, 318 to 320

Pompeii (pom pay´ yee), 207, 208

Pompey (pom´ pih), 186 to 188

Ponce de León (pon thee dee lee´ on), 354

Portugal, 338, 339, 350, 351, 466

Portuguese (por´ chew geese´), 348

Poseidon (poh sigh´ don), 57

Priam (prigh´ am), 65

Primitive Men, 13, 93

Primitive People, 16, 17

Protector, 393

Protestants, 368, 372, 373, 374, 395 to 397

Protestantism, 373

Prussia, 407 to 409, 431, 450, 451

Prussians, 450

Ptolemy I (tol’ ih mih), 167

Punic War (pew´ nick), 171, 172, 175, 182

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 378, 379, 380

Rameses (ram´ ih sees), 23, 52, 53

Raphael (raff´ ay ell), 362 to 366

Red Sea, 21, 54, 301

Red Shirt, Hero of, 452

Reformation (reff or may´ shun), 368

Reign of Terror, 425, 427

Remus (ree´ mus), 90, 91, 196

Renaissance (ren ay sahns´), 359, 360, 453

Revolution, 428

Richard of England (Richard the Lion-hearted), 297 to 301, 311

Richelieu (rish´ ih lew), 395, 397

Roanoke (roh´ a nohke), 379, 387

Robespierre (rob´ bes pyer), 425, 427

Robin Hood, 301

Rollo, 284, 286

Roma, 92

Roman Aqueduct (ack´ we duct), 179

Roman Catholics, 368

Roman Senate, 186, 189, 216

Rome, 89, etc.

Romeo and Juliet, 383

Romulus (rom´ yew lus), 90, 92, 93, 196

Romulus Augustulus (a gus´ tew lus), 228

Rosetta Stone (roh zet´ a), 32, 33

Roxana (rocks an´ a), 167

Rubicon (rew´ bih kon), 187

Runnymede (run´ ih meed), 313

Russia, 402 to 406

Sabines (say´ bighns), 92

Sahara (sa hah´ rah), 28

St. Helena (hell´ ee nah), 217, 434

St. John, 437

St. Louis, 302

St. Paul, 201 to 203

St. Peter, 201, 203, 217, 218

St. Petersburg, 405

St. Simeon Stylites (sim´ ee on stigh ligh´ tees), 236

Saladin, 300

Salamis, Bay of (sal´ ah mis), 140, 141, 151

Samuel, 55

San Salvador, 343

Santa Maria, 340

Santa Sophia, 232, 336

Saracens (sair´ ah sens), 248, 249

Saracenic Empire (sair ah sen´ ick), 243

Saratoga, 417, 418

Sargon I (sahr´ gon), 48

Saturn, 222

Saul, King, 55, 70

Saul (Paul), apostle, 200

Saxons, 223

Schwarz, 325

Scipio (sip´ ih oh), 175, 182

Scotland, 374 to 376, 385

Scots, 385

Semites (sem´ ights), 23, 52, 56, 76

Seneca (sen´ e kah), 203

Sennacherib (se nack´ e rib), 96, 97

Serbia, 460, 461

Seven-League Boots, 89

Seven Wonders of the World, 101, 147, 164

Seven Years’ War, 410, 417

Shakspere, William, 190, 380 to 383

Sheba, 72

Sicily, 170

Sidon (sigh´ don), 77

Sistine Chapel (sis´ teen), 361, 362

Sistine Madonna, 363, 364

Slavs, 402

Smith, Captain John, 388

Snow King, 396

Socrates (sock´ ray tees), 153 to 155, 161

Solomon, 71 to 73, 76, 101, 103, 104

Solon (soh´ lon), 115, 116

South Sea, 350, 351

Spain, 169, 339, etc.

Spanish Armada, 375, 376

Sparta, 79, 82, 83, 126 to 129, 134, 151, 152, 153

Sphinx, 39

Stephen, 301

Stephenson, 200

Stoic (stoh´ ick), 210 to 213, 236

Stone Age, The, 11, 14, 17

Strait of Gibraltar, 77, 248

Straits of Magellan, 351

Stratford, 381, 383

Stuarts, 385, etc.

Sweden, 396, 404

Tarquin (tahr´ kwin), 119 to 121, 189

Tartars (tah´ tahr), 316, 317

Ten Commandments, 54, 55, 113

Tennyson, Lord, 235, 445

Terrorists, 426

Teutons, 220 to 236

Thames River (temz), 289, 313

Themistocles (thee mis´ to klees), 133, 134, 140 to 142

Thermopylae (ther mop´ ih lee), 137, 140

Thirty Years’ War, 395, 396, 397

Thor, 222, 230, 233

Tiber River, 90, 91

Tigris River (tigh gris), 21, 22

Titus (tigh´ tus), 206 to 208

Tiu (tih´ ew), 222

Toledo, 254

Tours (toor), 243, 249, 250, 257

Tower of Babel (bay´ bel), 44, 45, 108

Tower of London, 289, 380

Trafalgar (trah fal´ gar), 431

Travels of Marco Polo, 320, 338

Treaty of Westphalia (west fay´ lia), 396

Trojan War, 64, 67, 234

Trojans, 66, 67

Troy, 65 to 67, 90, 104

Tudors, 385, 386

Turkish, 336

Turks, 293, 335, 465

Tu-tank-amen (too tank a´ men), 36

Twenty-third Psalm, 71

Tyre (tihr), 77, 170

Ultima Thule (ul´ tih mah thew lee), 20

Ulysses (yew liss´ ees), 68

United States, 413, etc.

Ur (er), 49, 55

Urban (er´ ban), 293

Valhalla (val hal´ lah), 222

Vandals (van´ dalz), 223, 224

Venetians, 318

Venice, 318, 319

Venus, 60, 61, 65, 154

Vergil, 90, 196

Versailles (ver´ sah´ ye), 399, 423, 451, 465

Vesta, 61

Vesuvius (vee soo’ vihus), 207, 208

Victor Emmanuel, 452

Victoria, 352, 443

Victorian Age, 443

Vikings, 270, 271

Vineland, 271

Virgin Queen, 374, 379

Virginia, 379, 387

Vulcan, 58, 60, 207

Wagner (vahg’ ner), 441, 442

Walter the Penniless, 295

Washington, George, 412, 415 to 419, 422

Waterloo (waw ter lew´), 433

Watt, James, 455, 456

Wellington, 434

Western Empire, 231

Westminster Abbey, 439

William the Conqueror, 286, 290

William and Mary, 394

William of Prussia, King, 450, 451, 461

William the Silent, 374

Wise Men of the East, 161

Wise Men of Greece, 161

Woden (woh´ den), 221, 222

World War, 465, 469

Worms (vohrms), 367

Wright, 458

Xantippe (zan tip´ e), 154

Xerxes (zerks´ eez), 132, etc., 140 to 143.

Yorktown, 418

Zama (zay´ mah), 175

Zeno (zee´ noh), 211, 212, 213

Zeus (zews), 57, 84

Zoroaster (zoh roh as´ ter), 103, 104

Transcriber’s Notes:

Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.

Small capitals have been capitalised.

Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.

Perceived typographical errors have been changed.