Chapter LXXV: Appendix (2)

Palestine
its position and extent, 28;
its adaptation to the Divine purpose, 29;
ancient routes through it, 29;
its physical geography, 30;
its produces and fertility, 31;
its division amongst the twelve tribes, 195, 216–222
Palmyra
built by Solomon, 361
Paradise
its probable position, 3;
life of our first parents there, 4
Paran, deserts of
the long wandering in, 178
Parents
Mosaic law regarding, 159
Passover, the
institution of, 95;
rites observed at, 150;
its typical meaning, 151;
celebration of, on the plains of Jericho, 204
Patriarchal age, the
survey of, 73
Patriarchs, the
their nomadic life, 73;
their family relations, 74;
civilization, 74;
religion and worship, 76;
their character, 76
Patriarchs, the twelve
and their descendants, genealogical table of, 485
Peace offerings
various kinds of, 138;
the ritual observed at, 138;
meaning of, 139
Pekah
king of Israel, 433;
defeated by the Assyrians, 434
Pekahiah
king of Israel, 433
Pentecost
the feast of, 152
Penuel
fortified by Jeroboam, 371
Perizzites
their locality, 32, 201
Persian Empire
table of its connection with Israel, 491
Pharaoh
his dreams, 61;
interpreted by Joseph, 62;
he exalts Joseph, 62;
receives Jacob’s blessing, 70
his hardness of heart, 87–94;
lets the Israelites go, 90, 96;
pursues after them, 97;
drowned in the Red Sea, 99
Pharpar, River
412
Philistines, the
their immigration into Palestine, 258;
their five cities, 259;
Samson’s exploits against them, 261–264;
their deities, 263;
they capture the ark, 271;
defeated at Mizpeh, 275;
and by Jonathan at Michmash, 291;
their invasion under Achish, 311;
their victory, at Gilboa, 315;
their defeat in the valley of Rephaim, 325;
David’s conquest over them, 329, 345
Phinehas, grandson of Aaron
his righteous zeal, 193;
the priesthood settled in his race, 193;
routs the Midianites, 194
Phinehas, son of Eli
wickedness of, 269;
his death, 271
Phrygians
their tradition of the Flood, 16
Pillar of cloud
67, 98, 167
Pillar of fire
97, 98
Pison, River
3
Plague, the
at Kadesh-Barnea, 177;
at Baal-Peor, 193;
in the reign of David, 346
Plagues
of Egypt, 88–94, 96
Polygamy
institution of, 11;
Mosaic law regarding it, 160
Porch
of Solomon’s Temple, 357
Potiphar
buys Joseph, 59;
etymology of his name, 59;
profligacy of his wife, 60
Priests, the
their consecration, 128;
their vestments, 129;
the qualifications necessary for, 129;
their duties, 130;
their provision, 130, 134;
their functions and courses, 358
Prince, the
of the army of Jehovah, appears to Joshua, 204
Promise, the
to Adam, gradual fulfilment of, 482–484
Property
Mosaic law respecting, 165
Prophetical order, the
its duties and position, 276, 277
Prophet
the disobedient, 373;
his tomb spared by Josiah, 446
Prophets
the Chronological Table of, 487
Proverbs
of Solomon, 354
Psalms
of David, their pre-eminence as sacred poetry, 350
Pul, king of Assyria
bought off by Menahem, 432
Purim
the feast of, 154
Purity
Jewish laws regarding, 156

Q.

Quails
sent in the wilderness, 170

R.

Rabbah
trophy of Og there, 186;
its position, 332;
besieged by Joab, 333;
taken by David, 335
Rachel
her meeting with Jacob, 51;
becomes his wife, 52;
the mother of Joseph, 52;
and of Benjamin, 57;
her death, 57
Rahab
protects the spies, 202;
preserved at the destruction of Jericho, 206
Rainbow, the
pledge of the Covenant with Noah, 17
Ramah
the residence of Samuel, 275;
school of the prophets there, 276
Rameses
its probable position, 97
Ramoth-gilead
situation of, 398;
the battle of, 399
Rebekah
wife of Isaac, 45
Redemption
the first promise of, 8;
its gradual fulfilment, 482–484
Red Sea, the
Israelites arrive at, 97;
their passage over it, 98
Refuge
the cities of, 164;
their names, 220
Rehoboam
succeeds Solomon, 368;
his impolitic conduit, 369;
the ten tribes revolt from him, 369;
his idolatry, 375;
overcome by Shishak, 376;
his death, 376
Religion
in the Patriarchal age, 75
Rephidim
Moses smites the rock there, 103;
the Israelites attacked by the Amalekites at, 103;
Jethro meets Moses there, 104
Reuben
Jacob’s son, 52;
intercedes for Joseph, 58;
Jacob’s dying blessing upon, 71;
tribe of, rebels against Moses, 176;
its pastoral pursuits, 78, 194;
its portion, 195
Revolt
of the ten tribes, 369;
predisposing causes of, 370
♦Rezin
revolts against Solomon, 365
Riblah
position of, 449
Rimmon, the fortress of
233
Rimmon, the Syriac deity
412
Rizpah
her sons killed, 344;
her devotion, 344
Ruth
history of, 265;
its value and interest, 265

S.

Sabbath, the
institution of, 102;
Mosaic law regarding it, 142
Sabbatical year, the
144;
its meaning, 145
Sacrifice
first institution of, 10;
Noah’s, 16;
Abraham’s, 43;
Elijah’s, 386
Sacrifices of the Mosaic law
unbloody, 133;
of blood, 137
Samaria
built by Omri, 381;
its position, 218, 381;
sieges of by Benhadad, 391, 414;
slaughter of priests of Baal there, 422;
besieged by Shalmaneser, 435;
captured by Sargon, 435
Samson
his birth announced, 259;
his exploits, 260–264;
his riddle, 261;
betrayed by Delilah, 263;
his death, 264
Samuel
his early dedication to the Lord, 268;
called by God, 270;
recognized as a Prophet, 271;
becomes Judge, 274;
establishes Schools of the Prophets, 276;
meets Saul, 280;
declares him king, 281;
his farewell to the people, 285;
rebukes Saul at Gilgal, 287;
rejects Saul, 292;
anoints David, 295;
his death, 308;
appears to Saul at Endor, 314;
traditionary site of his tomb, 267
Sanballat
his opposition to Nehemiah, 478
Sarah
wife of Abraham, 27;
her name changed, 39;
gives birth to Isaac, 41;
her death and burial, 44
Sargon, king of Assyria
captures Samaria, 435;
ends the kingdom of Israel, 436
Satan
Scripture testimony respecting, 5;
tempts Eve, 5;
is cursed, 8;
afflicts Job, 25
Saul
met by Samuel, 280;
anointed, 281;
joins the prophets, 281, 301;
chosen king, 282;
defeats the Ammonites, 284;
assumes the government, 285;
his sin, 287;
rebuked by Samuel, 287;
destroys the Amalekites, 292;
his disobedience, 292;
rejected by Samuel, 292;
his jealousy of David, 299;
his cruelty at Nob, 305;
spared by David, 307;
at Endor, 314;
Samuel’s sentence upon him, 315;
his death, 315;
his body rescued, 316;
his sons crucified, 344
Saviour, the
first promise of, 8;
its gradual fulfilment, 482–484
Scape-goat, the
148;
its meaning, 149
Schools of the Prophets
established by Samuel, 276;
their object and purpose, 276
Seir
mountains of, 55
Sennacherib
invades Judah, 438;
summons Jerusalem, 439;
destruction of his army, 440
Serpent, the Brazen
182;
typical of Christ, 183;
destroyed by Hezekiah, 436
Serpents in the Wilderness
the plague of, 182
Servants
Mosaic law regarding, 161
Seth
son of Adam, 11;
his descendants, 12;
their righteousness, 12;
repositories of the promise, 12;
they become corrupt, 13
Shadrach
at Babylon, 457;
in the fiery furnace, 454
Shallum
usurps the throne of Israel, 432
Shalmaneser, king of Assyria
invades Israel, 435
Shamgar, the Judge
assaults the Philistines, 237
Sharon, the vale of
its position, 30
Sheba, Queen of
visits Solomon, 364
Sheba
revolts against David, 342;
his death, 343
Shechem
description of, 31;
Abram builds his first altar there, 32;
Jacob’s abode there, 55, 58;
Joseph’s bones buried there, 210, 222;
Joshua assembles the tribes at, 222;
temple of Baal there, 252;
destroyed by Abimelech, 254;
Rehoboam’s convention at, 368;
rebuilt by Jeroboam, 371
Shem
son of Noah, 13;
the blessing upon, 18;
his descendants and their settlements, 20
Shew-bread
account of, 122;
obtained by David, 303;
placed in Solomon’s Temple, 357, 358
Shibboleth
meaning of, 258
Shiloh
conjectures concerning, 71;
the tabernacle there, 125, 267;
its position, 217;
the rape at, 234;
Samuel ministers there, 268;
Eli dies at, 272;
date of its supposed destruction, 272
Shimei
curses David, 339;
is forgiven, 342;
put to death, 353
Shinar
the Plain of, 18;
the site of Nimrod’s Empire, 21
Shishak
king of Egypt, 366;
overcomes Rehoboam and despoils the Temple, 376
Sihon, king of the Amorites
opposes the Israelites, 184;
is slain, 185
Simeon
Jacob’s son, 52;
attacks Shechem, 56;
bound hostage for Benjamin, 64;
Jacob’s dying blessing upon, 71;
tribe of, its portion, 217
Sinai, Mount
the Israelites encamp before it, 105, 117;
scenery around it, 106;
the Covenant renewed there to Moses, 106, 116;
the Law delivered from, 108;
the ascents of Moses, 111, 116;
events accomplished there, 167
Sinai, Peninsula of
Moses flies there, 82;
description of it, 100
Sin-offering, the
139;
its peculiar ritual, 140;
its intention, 141
Sisera
Jabin’s captain, 237;
overthrown by Barak, 240;
killed by Jael, 242
Slavery
in the Patriarchal age, 74;
under the Mosaic law, 161
Sodom
Lot settles there, 34;
its destruction, 41
Solomon
the birth of, 334;
proclaimed king, 347;
David’s last charge to him, 348;
his accession, 350;
his prayer for Wisdom, 353;
his judgment, 354;
his proverbs and songs, 354;
commences the Temple, 355;
dedicates it, 358;
his public works, 360;
commercial activity of his reign, 361–363;
bad tendency of this, 363;
his splendour, 364;
his failings, 363, 367;
his troubles, 365;
his death and character, 366;
causes of the dismemberment of his kingdom, 370
Song of Witness
composed by Moses, 197
Songs of Solomon
354
‘Sons of God’
conjectures concerning, 13
Spies
mission of the twelve, 173;
the faithless ten struck dead, 175;
two sent to Jericho, 201
Springs in the East
183
Succoth
Jacob settles at, 55;
the Israelites first halt there, 97

T.

Tabernacle, the
pattern of, revealed to Moses, 111, 118, 125;
its construction, 119;
its area, 119;
description of, 121;
its history, 125;
fixed at Shiloh, 216;
David’s new one on Zion, 326
Tabernacles
the feast of, 153;
its observances, 153;
other customs connected with it, 154
Table of Shewbread
in the Tabernacle, 122;
in Solomon’s Temple, 357, 358
Tadmor
built by Solomon, 361
Tarshish
probable situation of, 362;
Jonah at, 430
Tekoa
position of, 401
Temple, the
site of purchased by David, 346, 356;
treasures accumulated for it, 356;
the building of, by Solomon, 355–358;
its dedication, 358, 359;
despoiled by Shishak, 376;
repaired by Joash, 419;
rifled by ♦Jehoash, 425;
despoiled by Nebuchadnezzar, 450, 451;
its destruction, 452;
the rebuilding of, commenced, 469;
its interruption and completion, 470, 471
Ten Tribes
their revolt, 368
Terah
father of Abraham, 27
♦Tarshish
silver mines of, 362
Thebez
its position, 255
Theft
Mosaic law regarding, 165
Things unclean
forbidden by the Law, 156
Tiberias
Lake of, 30
Tibni
rival king to Omri, 380
Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria
his successes, 433
Tigris, River
3, 17, 18
Tiphsah
position of, 361
Tirzah
capital of Israel, 380
Tithes
assigned to the Levites, 128;
and Priests, 134
Tola the Judge
255
Tongues
the confusion of, 16–20
Tree of Knowledge
4
Trespass Offering, the
141;
occasions for presenting it, 141
Tribal wars, the
232, 256
Trumpets, feast of
144;
its intention, 144
Tubal Cain
inventor of metal working, 11

U.

Unclean
things forbidden by the law, 156
Ur
probable locality of, 27
Uriah
David’s treachery to, 333
Urim, the, and the Thummim
132
Uz, the land of
its probable site, 22
Uzzah
sudden death of, 326
Uzziah, king of Judah.
_See_ Azariah.

V.

Victims
used for sacrifice, 135;
the requisites of, 136

W.

Wanderings, the
in the desert, 175–178
‘Waters of strife,’ the
180
Weeks, the feast of
or Pentecost, 152;
its character, 152
Weights
Jewish Tables of, 492
Wells in the East
183
Widow’s son, the
raised by Elisha, 409
Wives
Mosaic law regarding, 160
Worship, religious
of the Patriarchs, 75

Y.

Year of Jubilee, the
145
Year-Sabbath, the
144

Z.

Zachariah, king of Israel
brief reign of, 432
Zadok the priest
joins David, 323;
has charge of the Ark, 326, 338;
anoints Solomon, 347;
becomes High-priest, 352
Zarephath
the widow of, 384;
Elijah there, 384
Zebulun
Jacob’s son, 52;
tribe of, its portion, 219;
its neglect of duty, 227;
its firmness under Barak, 239
Zechariah
the stoning of, 425
Zechariah, the prophet
471
Zedekiah
the false prophecy of, 398
Zedekiah or Mattaniah
king of Judah, 451;
taken captive to Babylon, 452
Zerah
invasion and defeat of by Asa, 378
Zerubbabel
Governor of Jerusalem at the restoration, 469
Ziklag
David at, 311
Zimri
usurps the throne of Israel, 380
Ziph
David at, 306;
spares Saul there, 310
Zipporah
wife of Moses, 83
Zobah
defeated by David, 330
Zophar
friend of Job, 24

THE END.

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY & SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

Footnotes.

1 – The Edition of Dr Robinson’s _Biblical Researches_
referred to is the second American Edition, 3 Vols. 1860;
that of Dean Stanley’s _Sinai and Palestine_, the 3rd,
1856.

2 – Hence the idea of an _envious_ and jealous God so common
in heathenism, as in Herodotus, I. 32, III. 40, VII. 46.

3 – The Ninth Article of the Church of England.

4 – Kurtz’s _History of the Old Covenant_, I. 49: “However
weakened and darkened by sin, the divine image in man is
not wholly destroyed (Gen. ix. 6, James iii. 9), and even
after the Fall man continues the offspring of God (Acts
xvii. 28).”

5 – Kurtz’s _Sacred History_, p. 48.

6 – Davison, _On Prophecy_, p. 55.

7 – This seems to be the true meaning of the expression, _the
Lord set a mark upon Cain_. Compare the sign given to
Noah (Gen. ix. 13), to Moses (Ex. iii. 2, 12), to Elijah
(1 Kings xix. 11), to Hezekiah (Isai. xxxviii. 7, 8).

8 – Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._ Art. _Noah_.

9 – The traditions of many nations preserve the recollection
of the Flood. They may be found in the Chaldæan and
Phœnician mythology, among the Persian, Indian, Chinese,
and American nations. The Greeks had their tradition of
Deucalion and Pyrrha. Among the Phrygians was a legend of
a King Annakos or Nannakos in Iconium, who lived to the
age of 400 years, foretold the Flood, and in prospect of
the destruction awaiting them, wept and prayed for his
people. As late as the time of Septimius Severus, a medal
was struck at Apamea commemorating this event. On it is
the representation of a square vessel floating on the
water, and through an opening in it two persons, a man and
a woman, are visible. On the top a bird is perched, while
another is flying towards it carrying a branch between its
feet. In front of the vessel the same pair stand as though
they had just landed on dry ground. On some specimens the
letters ΝΩ or ΝΩΕ have been found. See Kurtz’s _Sacred
History_, p. 56.

10 – This prediction that Canaan should become the servant of
Shem is thought to have been primarily fulfilled, when the
nations of Palestine were conquered by Joshua (Josh. xviii.
10; xxiii. 4; 2 Chron. viii. 7, 8), when Tyre fell before
the arms of Alexander, and, again, when the Carthaginians
were subdued by the Romans.

11 – The words _he shall dwell in the tents of Shem_ are
somewhat obscure. If they denote that God would dwell
in his tents, they probably refer to the fact that the
“promised Seed” was restricted to this line, and the
special presence of God with the Jews (Rom. ix. 4, 5);
if they mean that Japheth should dwell in his tents, they
probably point to the occupation of Palestine and the
surrounding countries by the Romans, and in a spiritual
sense to the adoption of the Gentiles into the Church of
God (Eph. iii. 6).

12 – An approximate indication of the Time when this Dispersion
took place is afforded in Gen. x. 25, where we find one of
the descendants of Shem named Peleg (“_Division_”), _for
in his days was the earth divided_.

13 – Smith’s _Dictionary of the Bible_, Article _Nimrod_.

14 – Jemima = _day_ or a _dove_, Kezia = _cassia_, a sweet
aromatic plant, and Keren-Happuch = either _horn of
antimony_, the pigment used by Eastern ladies to colour
the eye-lashes, or, according to the LXX., _horn of
plenty_.

15 – Called by the Greeks Edessa, and Callirrhoe, “the
Beautiful Spring,” from a “pool of transparent clearness”
hard by. Others place Ur at _Mugheir_, much further to the
south, and on the right bank of the Euphrates, about six
miles from the present course of the stream.

16 – Haran, or Charræ, now _Harrán_, in N.W. Mesopotamia,
situated “on the point of divergence between the great
caravan routes towards the various fords of the Euphrates
and the Tigris,” was afterwards celebrated for its temple
of Luna, the Moon-goddess, and still more as the scene
of the famous defeat of Crassus by the Parthian general
Suræna. Here the descendants of Abraham’s brother Nahor
settled, so that Haran is called _the city of Nahor_
(Gen. xxiv. 10; xxvii. 43).

17 – The distance from London to York or Exeter. The limits
here taken are the parallels of 31° and 33½° north
latitude, and the meridian of 34° to that of 36° east
longitude. “In Palestine, as in Greece, every traveller
is struck with the smallness of the territory. He is
surprised, even after all that he has heard, at passing,
in one long day, from the capital of Judea to that of
Samaria; or at seeing within 8 hours, three such spots
as Hebron, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem.” Stanley, _Sinai and
Palestine_, 114; see Note 337.

18 – Stanley’s _S. and P._ p. 113.

19 – Kurtz’s _History of the Old Covenant_, I. 147, 8.

20 – “All the _routes_――both by land and water――which connected
the three parts of the ancient world, passed through
Palestine. The commerce between Asia on the one, and
Europe and Africa on the other hand, had its centre in the
great mercantile cities of Phœnicia and Philistia. Towards
the South the ♦Arabah led to the Gulf of Elath, and the
Shephelah to that of Heroopolis, while toward the East the
ordinary caravan road led to the neighbouring Euphrates,
to the Persian Gulf, and thence to the important countries
of Southern Asia. Even the highways which connected Asia
and Africa touched Palestine. A much frequented commercial
route led from Egypt to Gaza, and from Damascus over the
plain of Jezreel to the Phœnician coast.” Kurtz, I. 149.

21 – Hence the cities of Judah are higher than the summits of
many mountains of Samaria and Galilee. Thus while Tabor is
1865 feet above the sea-level, and Carmel 1800, as high as
the Peak in Derbyshire, Jerusalem is 2610 feet, or higher
than Plynlimmon, and Hebron 3029 feet, or nearly as high
as Helvellyn.

22 – While the lake of Cinneroth (or as it is called in the
New Testament _Tiberias_), is only 653 feet below the
same level. The two principal features in the course of
the Jordan are its _descent_ and its _sinuosity_. From
its fountain-head it rushes down one continuous plane,
only broken by a series of rapids or precipitous falls,
traversing, in a space of 60 miles of latitude and 4 or 5
miles of longitude, at least 200 miles. See Smith’s _Bib.
Dict._ Article _Jordan_.

23 – “Shechem” (now _Nablous_) = “shoulder,” “ridge,” like
_dorsum_ in Latin, was situated on the “saddle” or
“shoulder” of the heights which divide the waters there
that flow to the Mediterranean on the west and the Jordan
on the east.

24 – “Here there are no impetuous torrents, yet there is water;
water, too, in more copious supplies than any where else
in the land; and it is just to its many fountains, rills,
water-courses, that the valley owes its exquisite beauty.”
Van de Velde, I. 386. Stanley, _S. and P._ 142, 235. “The
whole valley,” writes Dr Robinson, “was filled with gardens
of vegetables, and orchards of all kinds of fruits, watered
by fountains, which burst forth in various parts and flow
westwards in refreshing streams,” _Bibl. Res._ II. 275.

25 – “_The Canaanite was then in the land_,” Gen. xii. 6. Of
these seven Canaanitish nations, descended from Canaan the
son of Ham (Gen. x. 15–19), (i) the JEBUSITES inhabited
Jerusalem (Jebus) and its neighbourhood (Num. xiii. 29;
Josh. xi. 3; xv. 8, 63); (ii) the HITTITES, Hebron and
its vicinity (Gen. xxiii. 7, 10; Num. xiii. 29); (iii)
the HIVITES were located (a) north of the Jebusites about
Gibeon and Bethel (Josh. xi. 19) and Shechem (Gen. xxxiv.
2), (b) in the neighbourhood of Hermon (Josh. xi. 3;
Judg. iii. 3); (iv) the AMORITES, or “_highlanders_,”
the most powerful and warlike tribe, occupied the country
(a) between the Hittites and the Dead Sea (Gen. xiv. 7, 13;
Judg. i. 34–36); (b) at a later period, the east of Jordan,
where they founded two great kingdoms, that of Og in
Bashan and Sihon in S. Gilead (Num. xxi. 13–26; Deut. iii.
8; Judg. xi. 13, &c.); (v) the CANAANITES, “_lowlanders_,”
were distributed along the sea-coast (Gen. xv. 21; Exod.
xxiii. 23; Josh. xi. 3) and the valley of the Jordan
(Num. xiii. 29), thus encircling (vi) the PERIZZITES, who
probably inhabited the high plains of the west country
under the range of Carmel (Gen. xiii. 7; Josh. xi. 3);
the position of (vii) the GIRGASHITES (Gen. x. 16; Deut.
vii. 1) is uncertain.

26 – Stanley’s _S. and P._ 218.

27 – See Article _Oak_, in Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._

28 – For other notices of Melchisedec see Heb. vii. 1–21;
Psalm cx. 4. His relation to Christ, as type and antitype,
consists in the fact that each was a priest, (i) not of
the tribe of Levi, (ii) superior to Abraham, (iii) whose
beginning and end are unknown, (iv) and not only a priest,
but a priest-king, of righteousness and peace.

29 – Corresponding to _Padishah_ (_father-king_) the title of
the Persian kings, and _Atâlîh_ (father) the title of the
Khans of Bucharia. Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._ Art. _Abimelech_.

30 – Either, (1) according to the prevailing belief, the hill
at Jerusalem on which the Temple was afterwards built, or
(2) Mount Gerizim, near Sychem. See Stanley’s _S. and P._
251; and compare Thomson’s _Land and the Book_, 474, 475.

31 – “The tomb of Machpelah is a proof, standing to this day,
of the long predetermined assurance that the children of
Abraham should inherit the land in which this was their
ancestor’s sole, but most precious possession. It is like
the purchase of the site of Hannibal’s Camp by the strong
faith and hope of the besieged senators of Rome.” Stanley,
_Lectures on the Jewish Church_, p. 40.

32 – On the consistent insignificance of Bethuel in this affair,
see Blunt’s _Coincidences_, p. 32.

33 – On Abraham’s character, see p. 76.

34 – The red lentile is still a favourite article of food in
the East. “I can testify,” writes Dr Thomson, “that when
cooking, it diffuses far and wide an odour extremely
grateful to a hungry man. It was, therefore, no slight
temptation to Esau, returning weary and famished from
an unsuccessful hunt in this burning climate.” _Land and
the Book_, p. 587. See also Robinson, _Bib. Res._ I. 246.

35 – From this transaction Esau acquired the name of EDOM,
or “_Red_,” though the name is more usually applied
to the land of his descendants. “The ruddy hue of the
mountain-range given to Esau would at once suggest the
word _Edom_, and cause it to be preferred to the better
known Esau.” Comp. Obad. 8, 9, 21.

36 – For the fulfilment compare 2 Kings viii. 20–22; 2 Chron.
xxi. 8–10, and see p. 327.

37 – Bethel lay in the direct thoroughfare of Palestine. “...
The track of this thoroughfare winds through an uneven
valley, covered, as with gravestones, by large sheets of
bare rock; some few here and there standing up like the
cromlechs of Druidical monuments.”――Stanley, _S. and P._
219.

38 – Mount Seir (“rough” or “rugged,” see Jer. xlix. 16,
Obad. 4) extended along the east side of the Arabah, from
the Dead Sea to the Elanitic gulf, and “was originally
inhabited by the Horites, or ‘troglodytes,’ who were
doubtless the excavators of those singular rock-dwellings
found in such numbers in the ravines and cliffs around
Petra.” These Horites were dispossessed by the descendants
of Esau, who gave to the country the name of Edom, and
were divided into tribes under a sheikh or duke (Gen.
xxxvi. 15–19).

39 – See Smith’s _Bib. Dict._ I. 452 b.

40 – Dothan has been discovered by Van de Velde and Dr Robinson,
“still bearing its ancient name, and situated at the S.
end of a plain of the richest pasturage, 4 or 5 miles S. W.
of En-gannim or _Jenîn_, and separated only by a swell or
two of hills from the plain of Esdraelon.”――Smith’s _Bib.
Dict._

41 – Close to the large mound, on which Dothan stood, “is an
ancient road running N. and S., the remains of the massive
pavement of which are still visible. The great road from
_Beisân_ to Egypt also passes near _Dothân_.” Rob. III.
122. The caravan coming from the spice-district of Gilead
would cross the Jordan below the Sea of Galilee, pass
over the plain of Jezreel, and thence proceed along the
sea-shore to Egypt. Thomson’s _Land and the Book_, 466.

42 – Also written Potipherah = the Egyptian PET-P-RA or
PET-PH-RA, “_belonging to the sun_.” Compare Pharaoh =
P-RA or PH-RA, “_the sun_,” as the representative on earth
of the god RA, “_the sun_.”

43 – The Greek translation of the Septuagint, which was made
in Egypt, has here the word “_Psonthomphanech_” = “the
preserver of the world” or “of the land.”

44 – Asenath, interpreted by some “_the servant of Neith_,”
the Egyptian Minerva. Others take it to be a Hebrew word,
denoting “_storehouse_.”

45 – Divining out of cups was practised in Egypt. “The
soothsayer drew his auguries either from the rays of light
which played upon the water in the cup, or threw in pieces
of gold and silver with jewels, and then pretended to see
signs of future events from the figures which appeared on
the surface, after an incantation had been pronounced.”
For instances of a similar mode of divination in the South
Sea Islands, see Kitto’s _Daily Biblical Illustrations_,
I. 424.

46 – Comp. Is. ix. 6. Others, not understanding the word to
have a personal reference, translate it “Rest.”

47 – “The reason of this may be attributed to political
circumstances, with which we are unacquainted. So
large a procession, attended by an armed guard, would
probably have met with difficulties from the contentious
Philistines. It is a remarkable coincidence, however,
that Jacob’s corpse should have taken, or have been
compelled to take the same road, which his descendants
were afterwards obliged to follow in their journey to
the Promised Land.” Kurtz, _History of the Old Covenant_,
II. 91. Abel-Mizraim is placed by some on the east, by
some on the west of the Jordan.

48 – See Kurtz, _History of the Old Covenant_, II. 115.

49 – Blunt’s _Scriptural Coincidences_, Pt. I. 1.

50 – Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._ I. 1140 b.

51 – This, with the keepers of his flocks and herds, would make
the adult males in his service certainly not less than 500
or 600, “implying a household of about 2000.” See Kurtz,
II. 149.

52 – Kurtz’s _History of the Old Covenant_, II. 156–161.

53 – Stanley’s _Jewish Church_, p. 90.

54 – Josephus tells us that he became a distinguished military
commander, and led an expedition against Meroe, and
married an Egyptian princess. _Ant._ Lib. II. 10. 1.

55 – Called also Jether “_excellence_,” Ex. iv. 18 (marg.),
Hobab “_beloved_,” Num. x. 29, and Reuel or Raguel, Ex.
ii. 18.

56 – “The wild acacia (_Mimosa Nilotica_) under the name of
‘sont,’ everywhere represents the ‘seneh’ or ‘senna’ of
the Burning Bush.”――Stanley’s _S. and P._ p. 20.

57 – On account, however, of the incident related in Ex.
iv. 24–26, Zipporah and her sons returned to Midian.

58 – Their names are given in 2 Tim. iii. 8, as _Jannes_ and
_Jambres_. The same names are also found in the Targum and
the Talmud.

59 – As Oceanus, or the “Watery Element,” the Nile was a member
of the first Ogdood of the Egyptian theology, and the
opponent of Phtah or the “Element of Fire;” its sacred
emblem was the “tame crocodile.” On the monuments it is
still called the god Nile, “the life-giving Father of
all that exists,” “the Father of the Gods,” &c. “What
the heart is to the body,” says an Egyptian, “the Nile
is to Egypt; it is one with Osiris and the Supreme God.”
Herodotus (II. 90) speaks of priests of the Nile, and at
Nilopolis there was a temple to it. “Flowing, as it did,
between sand and rock, the sole giver and sustainer of
life in that valley of death, it was both in its increment
and its decrease, in its course through vast solitudes and
thronged populations alternately, the most expressive and
suggestive of emblems for a religion which represented
in such marked contrast the realms of creation and
destruction, of Osiris and Typhon.”――See Kurtz, II. 273, 4,
and Article _Nile_ in Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._

60 – Frogs were regarded as sacred by the Egyptians; like
the crocodile they were included in the second class
of objects of worship. Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._ Article,
_Plagues of Egypt_.

61 – The meaning of the Hebrew word is doubtful. The LXX. has
σκῖφες, and the Vulgate _sciniphes_, mosquitos; which
Herodotus (II. 95) mentions as an intolerable plague in
Egypt. Josephus (_Ant._ II. 14. 3) makes them lice; if so,
this would have been especially humiliating to the priests,
who regarded cleanliness as a religious duty.

62 – The exact meaning of the Hebrew word is here also unknown:
1. Some, as the English Version, understand it to denote
_swarms of flies_, but see Margin at Ex. viii. 21;
2. Others, as the LXX., take it to be the _dog-fly_;
3. Others, the _beetle_.

63 – Stanley’s _Lectures_, p. 119. Smith’s _Bibl. Dict._
II. 885.

64 – Hail and thunderstorms are by no means of rare occurrence
in Egypt, but by the concurrent testimony of all
travellers mild and harmless in their effects.

65 – For a wonderfully vivid description of the ravages of the
locust see Joel ii. 1–11.

66 – The horrors of the Egyptian Samoom or _Chamsîn_, which
is regarded by some as the basis of this Plague, has been
described by many travellers. See Robinson’s _Bib. Res._
I. 207. Kurtz, II. 287. Smith’s _Bib. Dict._ II. 888.

67 – Moses had already _before_ the tenth day of Nisan (Ex.
xi. 1–3) notified to the elders (xii. 21) what was to
be done respecting the Departure, and, therefore, ample
preparations had doubtless been made.

68 – The triangular peninsula of Sinai, bounded on the west by
the Gulf of Suez, and on the east by the Gulf of Akaba,
consists of three main divisions. (i) The northern part,
the desert of Et-Tîh, or “the Wanderings,” is a high
table-land of limestone, of which the _western_ portion is
called in Scripture _the wilderness of_ SHUR (Ex. xvi. 22),
and the _eastern, the wilderness of_ PARAN. (ii) To this
succeeds a range called _Jebel-et-Tîh_, which extends in
a curved direction from the upper end of the Gulf of Suez
to that of the Gulf of Akaba, and skirts the sea for some
distance on either side. (iii) South of this ridge, and
separated from it by “a narrow plain or belt of sand”
is the great triangular mass of red granite mountains
called the Tôr (_rock_), the approach to which from its
three sides is through rugged passes leading upwards
to the cliffs and mountains, “beginning in a gradual,
but terminating usually in a very steep ascent――almost
a staircase of rock.” Of this mountain-mass the chief
heights are (a) on the N.W. _Jebel-Serbâl_, overlooking
_Wady Feirân_ = Rephidim; (b) in the centre, _Jebel
Katherin_ (5705 ft.) and _Jebel Mousa_ (7560 ft.); (c) on
the S. _Um Shômer_ (8850 ft.). On which summit the Law was
given is uncertain, but not improbably it was the majestic
height of _Ras Sasâfeh_ at the N.W. end of Jebel Mousa,
which overlooks the plain of _Er-Raheh_. The country
between the _Jebel-et-Tîh_ and the Gulf of Suez is called
in Scripture the wilderness of ETHAM (Num. xxxiii. 8);
that between the Gulf and the western base of the Tôr _the
wilderness of_ SIN (Num. xxxiii. 11, 12) = the N. portion
of the present _plain of El-Kâa_, which must be carefully
distinguished from _the wilderness of_ ZIN (Num. xx. 1;
xxxiii. 36), a desert tract between the Dead Sea and the
Gulf of Akaba, now _the Arabah_.

69 – See note 68.

70 – “If I were to make a model of the end of the world, it
would be from the valley of the convent of Mount Sinai.”
Quoted in Stanley, _S. and P._ 43, n.

71 – Stanley, _S. and P._ 14; _Lectures_, p. 140.

72 – Probably, if it was a laminated figure, he destroyed the
wooden portion of it with fire, reduced the gold to dust,
and then strewed it upon the water. Kurtz, III. 162.

73 – See the LXX. Version of Exod. xxxiv. 30–35, and Alford’s
and Wordsworth’s Notes on 2 Cor. iii. 13.

74 – The ordinary cubit was = 18¼ English inches; there was
a shorter one = 15 inches; the Babylonian cubit was = 21
inches.

75 – It seems probable that the Tabernacle did not stand in the
centre of the area, but 20 cubits from N., S., and W., so
that there was a square of 50 cubits in front, where the
sacrifices were offered, and the worshippers assembled.

76 – The position of the altar of Burnt-offering was very
striking. It was the first object that confronted the
worshipper on his entrance. The High-priest could not go
into the sanctuary to burn incense before the Lord without
taking live coals from this altar, nor could he enter
and perform his holy functions without being himself
sprinkled with the blood of the victims slain thereon.
See Fairbairn’s _Typology_, II. 282.

77 – Seals were numerous on the shores of the Sinaitic
peninsula. Pliny mentions the use of the skins of seals as
a covering for tents, and as a protection from lightning.
The exact meaning, however, of the Hebrew word _tachash_
is very uncertain. See Smith’s _Bib. Dict._ III. 21;
article _Badger_.

78 – Comp. Matt. xii. 4; Mark ii. 26; Heb. ix. 2; and, for the
importance of the Shewbread, the words of Abijah (2 Chron.
xiii. 11)

79 – In Heb. ix. 4, it is mentioned among the objects within
the _second veil_, and in 1 Kings vi. 22 is said to belong
to the _Oracle_ or _Holy of Holies_. Possibly, from its
position and great typical importance, it was considered
to belong to the “second Tabernacle.”

80 – From Heb. xi. 4 it appears that the _pot of manna_ and
_Aaron’s rod that budded_ were also laid up before the Ark.

81 – Hardwick’s _Religions of Egypt_, p. 114.

82 – See Art. _Tabernacle_ in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

83 – See p. 75.

84 – Kurtz, _Sacrificial Worship of the Old Testament_, 341.

85 – NADAB and ABIHU, his two elder sons, having been suddenly
struck dead for presuming to burn incense with common or
_strange_ fire (Levit. x. 1–11).

86 – (i) _Stacte_ (Heb. _drops_), probably the gum from the
storax tree, a plant about twelve feet high, like the
quince; (ii) _Onycha_, the name of the covering of a
shell-fish, met with in the Red Sea, yielding a scent not
pleasant in itself, but giving strength and continuance
to other perfumes; (iii) _Galbanum_, resin from a shrub
growing on the Syrian mountains, with a strong and
disagreeable odour, but when mixed with other perfumes,
increasing their sweetness; (iv) _Frankincense_, the
highly prized resin of a small shrub, about ten feet high,
growing in Arabia (Is. lx. 6; Jer. vi. 20), especially
Saba and India. Successive incisions were made in the bark
of the tree, the first yielded the purest and whitest kind,
the succeeding incisions yielding the same, but spotted
with yellow. For the comparison of prayer to incense, see
Ps. cxli. 1, 2; Rev. v. 8; viii. 3, 4.

87 – The animals offered by the Greeks and Romans were
generally of the domestic kind, but also included pigs,
dogs, horses, and sometimes even fish, which are mentioned
as pleasing to certain gods. The Hebrew sacrificial
system, therefore, which rejected all animals caught in
the chase, as stags, gazelles, antelopes, could never
have contemplated such a sacrifice as that of the Roman
emperors, who not unfrequently slaughtered for their
hecatombs a hundred lions, and as many eagles. See
Hengstenberg, _On the Sacrifices of Holy Script_. p. 377;
Kurtz, p. 59; Michaelis’ _Laws of Moses_, III. 95.

88 – Kurtz’s _Sacrificial Worship_, p. 250.

89 – The chief public burnt-offerings were presented at (i) the
daily morning and evening service; (ii) on the Sabbath,
which was double that of every day, with a double meat-
and drink-offering (Num. xxviii. 9, 10); (iii) at the
New Moon, the three great Festivals, the great Day of
Atonement, and the Feast of Trumpets (Num. xxviii. 11).
Private burnt-offerings were appointed (i) for the
consecration of the priests (Ex. xxix. 15); (ii) the
purification of women (Lev. xii. 6–8); (iii) the
cleansing of the leper (Lev. xiv. 10); (iv) removal of
any ceremonial uncleanness (Lev. xv. 15, 30); (v) any
accidental breach, and the conclusion of the Nazarite vow
(Num. vi. 10, 14; and comp. Acts xxi. 26).

90 – Bähr’s _Symbolik_ quoted in Kurtz’s _Sacrif. Worship_,
p. 163.

91 – From this circumstance also arises the fact that
Peace-offerings were offered on the most magnificent
scale at seasons of great solemnity and rejoicing; _e.g._
at the inauguration of the Covenant (Ex. xxiv. 5); the
consecration of Aaron and the Tabernacle (Lev. ix. 18);
the solemn reading of the Law on Ebal and Gerizim (Josh.
viii. 31); at the accession of Saul (1 Sam. xi. 15); at
the introduction of the Ark by David into Mt. Zion (2 Sam.
vi. 17); at the dedication of the Temple by Solomon (1 Kin.
viii. 63; ix. 25); at the great Passover of Hezekiah
(2 Chron. xxx. 22); while on two occasions only do we find
them connected with national sorrow (Judg. xx. 26; 2 Sam.
xxiv. 25).

92 – See Kurtz’s _Sacrificial Worship_, p. 192; Fairbairn’s
_Typology_, II. 348; Browne’s _Hebrew Antiquities_,
114, 115.

93 – Von Gerlach, _On the Pentateuch_. After the return from
the Captivity the observance of the Sabbath was fenced
about by a multitude of petty prohibitions. Not only
was marketing prohibited (Neh. x. 31; xiii. 15–19), but
travelling beyond a Sabbath-day’s journey, i.e. 2000 paces
or about 6 furlongs, bearing arms even in time of war
(1 Macc. ii. 36), plucking ears of corn, healing the sick,
carrying a bed (comp. Matt. xii. 10; Mk. iii. 2; Lk. vi. 7;
Jn. ix. 14, 16).

94 – Of these there were two at the Passover, one at Pentecost,
one at the feast of Trumpets, one on the Day of Atonement,
and two at the feast of Tabernacles.

95 – The tendency of the Eastern nations to worship the Moon
was inveterate. In Egypt this luminary, under the name of
Isis, was one of the only two deities which commanded the
reverence of all the Egyptians (Herodotus, II. 42, 47);
in Syria she was worshipped under the name of Ashtaroth
Karnaim, the _horned Astarte_; in Babylonia under the name
of Sin, and called _Lord of the Month_. We see, therefore,
how necessary it was that the Israelites should have,
besides a penal prohibition, some positive preservative
against such worship, and by the blast of the sacred
trumpets and the additional sacrifices be taught to pay
honour to the Eternal One, the Creator and Sustainer of
all things, who _appointed the moon for seasons_ (Ps.
civ. 19).

96 – Both Alexander and Julius Cæsar exempted the Jews from
tribute during it. Comp. Joseph. _Ant._ XIV. 10, § 6.
See article _Sabbatical Year_, in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._ At
first sight, it is there observed, the provisions of this
enactment seem impracticable. But it is to be remembered
(i) that the land would actually derive much benefit from
lying fallow at a time when the rotation of crops was
unknown; (ii) in no year was the owner allowed to reap the
whole harvest (Lev. xix. 9; xxiii. 22); and the remainder
would in the fertile soil of Palestine resow itself and
produce a considerable result; (iii) the vines and olives
would naturally yield their fruit; (iv) owners of land
were expected to lay in provision during previous years
(Lev. xxv. 20–22).

97 – Von Gerlach, _On the Pentateuch_.

98 – This most difficult word is variously explained, as a
designation (i) of the _goat_ itself, and = _the goat
sent away_, or _let loose_, the _scape-goat_; (ii) of the
_place_ to which it was sent, and = _desert places_, or
the name of a mountain near Sinai; (iii) of a _personal
being_ to whom the goat was sent, and = _the apostate,
the unclean_, an evil demon, or the devil himself; (iv)
of the lot cast upon it, = for _complete sending away_, or
_removal of sin_. Of these explanations, No. i. has in its
favour the most ancient authorities; No. ii. the largest
majority of the latest commentators, who compare Isai.
xiii. 22; xxxiv. 14; Lev. xvii. 7; Matt. xii. 43; Lk.
viii. 27; Rev. xviii. 2.

99 – And, according to Num. xxix. 7–11, other sacrifices with
the usual meat-offering.

100 – The Passover was eminently an Historical Festival. Year
after year, from generation to generation, it was to
recall, as in “a living drama,” the great facts of the
national deliverance, the awful night when there was not
a house in Egypt where there was not one dead, when the
Destroying Angel passed over the houses of the Israelites,
and the people were delivered, not by their own might or
by their own strength, but by the uplifted hand of Jehovah.
It was the nation’s annual Birth-day Feast, the Festival
of Redemption. Its chief features were (i) the offering
of a _single victim_ for each Paschal company; (ii) the
_Paschal Meal_ with which the Festival began; (iii) the
eating of _unleavened bread_ during the whole time it
lasted.

No other Festival was so full of typical meaning, or
pointed so clearly _to good things to come_ (Heb. x. 1).
(i) It was a Feast of Redemption foreshadowing a future
and greater Redemption (Gal. iv. 4, 5); (ii) The Victim,
a lamb _without blemish and without spot_, was a striking
type of the _Lamb of God that taketh away the sin of the
world_ (Jn. i. 29; 1 Cor. v. 7; 1 Pet. i. 19); (iii) Slain
not by the priest but by the head of the Paschal company,
its blood shed and sprinkled on the Altar, roasted whole
without the breaking of a bone, it symbolized Him who
was put to death by the people (Acts ii. 23), whose Blood
during a Paschal Festival was shed on the Altar of His
Cross, whose side the soldier pierced, but brake not His
legs (Jn. xix. 32–36); (iv) Eaten at the sacrificial meal
(peculiar to the peace-offering) with bitter herbs and
unleavened bread (the symbol of purity) it pointed to
that one Oblation of Himself once offered, whereby Christ
has made us at peace with God (Eph. ii. 14, 15), in which
whosoever truly believes must walk in repentance, and
sincerity and truth (1 Cor. v. 7, 8); (v) It was at a
Paschal Supper that its Antitype the Christian Eucharist
was instituted by our Lord. (Matt. xxvi. 17; Mark xiv. 12.)

101 – Though nowhere mentioned in Scripture, the later Jews saw
in this Festival a commemoration of the giving of the Law
on Mount Sinai, which is made out from Ex. xix. to have
taken place on the fiftieth day after the departure from
Egypt, and may possibly be hinted at in Deut. xvi. 12.
Certainly Christians in the early ages of the Church
observed the coincidence between the bestowal of the Holy
Spirit on the Apostles at Pentecost (Acts ii. 1), and the
giving of the Law on the same day. “It may have been on
this account that Pentecost was the last Jewish Festival
(as far as we know) which St Paul was anxious to observe
(Acts xx. 16; 1 Cor. xvi. 8), and that _Whitsunday_
came to be the first annual Festival instituted in the
Christian Church.”――Art. _Pentecost_ in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

102 – Other customs are alluded to in the New Testament in
connexion with this Feast. (a) On the evening of the first
day the Court of the Women at the Temple was illuminated
with golden candelabra (Jn. viii. 12), accompanied by the
chanting of eleven Psalms, cxx–cxxxi, and the same joyous
ceremony was renewed on each of the seven days. (b) Every
day, at the time of morning sacrifice, the Israelites
in festive attire, and bearing branches in their hands,
repaired to the Temple, and the priest having drawn
water in a golden vessel from the fountain of Siloam,
advanced to the Brazen Altar amidst the sound of trumpets,
and poured it into a vessel on the western side furnished
with small openings at the bottom, and wine into a
similar vessel at the eastern side, whence by pipes it
was conveyed to the Kidron (comp. Jn. vii. 37–39 with
Isai. xii. 3).

103 – Browne’s _Hebrew Antiquities_.

104 – Æschylus, _Choeph_. 271.

105 – Archbp. Trench _On the Miracles_, pp. 210–214.

106 – See p. 74.

107 – Milman’s _History of the Jews_, I. 171.

108 – The same respect for the sacredness of human life marked
other regulations. If an ox gored a man to death, it was
to be killed, and if its owner, conscious of its ferocity,
did not keep it in, he was also liable to death, but in
this case a compensation was allowed to be assessed by
the Avenger (Ex. xxi. 29–32). For other offences, such as
cutting, maiming, wounding, assault, the _lex talionis_,
_an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth_, was enforced,
and, in certain cases, compensation for loss of time,
and the expenses of the cure (Ex. xxi. 24, &c. Lev. xxiv.
19, 20; Deut. xix. 21).

109 – For subsequent traces of the descendants of Hobab in
connection with the Israelites, see Judg. i. 16; iv. 11;
1 Chron. ii. 55; 2 Kings x. 15; Jer. xxxv. 2. See Blunt’s
_Coincidences_, Pt. I. xxii.

110 – See note 68.

111 – See Robinson, II. 175; Stanley, _S. and P._ 81, 82;
Article _Hazer_ in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

112 – See Article _Kadesh_ in _Bib. Dict._ See Map.

113 – See Calendar, p. 155.

114 – See p. 30, and note 21.

115 – See pp. 115, 116.

116 – Kurtz, _History of the Old Covenant_, p. 293. See Blunt’s
_Coincidences_, Pt. I. 75–79.

117 – See Kurtz’s _History of the Old Covenant_, III. 310.

118 – A recurrence also to idolatry was not uncommon, and
especially the worship of the heavenly bodies. (Comp. Ezek.
xx. 16, with Amos v. 25–29, and Acts vii. 42, 43.)

119 – Even now called _Jebel Nebi-Haroûn_, the “Mount of the
prophet Aaron.” Robinson, _Bib. Res._ II. 125.

120 – Drew’s _Scripture Lands_, p. 84.

121 – “The snakes against which the Brazen Serpent was
originally raised as a protection, were peculiar to the
eastern portion of the Sinaitic desert. There and nowhere
else, and in no other moment of their history, could this
symbol have originated.”――Stanley, _Lectures_, 182. “The
sand on the shore (of the Gulf of _Akaba_) showed traces
of snakes on every hand. They had crowded there in various
directions. Some of the marks appeared to have been made
by animals which could not have been less than two inches
in diameter. My guide told me that snakes were very common
in these regions, and that the fishermen were very much
afraid of them, and put out their fires at night before
going to sleep, because the light was known to attract
them.”――Burckhardt’s _Travels_, II. 814, quoted in Kurtz,
_History of the Old Covenant_, III. 343.

122 – Comp. Deut. ii. 13, 18; Isai. xv. 7; Amos vi. 14.

123 – “The _well_ of the Hebrew and the Arab is carefully
distinguished from the _spring_. The _spring_ (_ain_) is
the bright, open source――the _eye_ of the landscape, such
as bubbles up among the crags of Sinai, or rushes forth
in a copious stream from En-gedi or from Jericho. But the
_well_ (_beer_) is the deep hole bored far under the rocky
surface by the art of man.... Such wells were the scenes
of the earliest contentions of the shepherd-patriarchs
with the inhabitants of the land; the places of meeting
with the women who came to draw water, ... the natural
halting-places of great caravans, or wayfaring men,
as when Moses gathered together the people to the well
of Moab, which the princes dug with their sceptered
staves.”――Stanley, _S. and P._ 147.

124 – See p. 32, note.

125 – Porter’s _Syria and Damascus_, II. 220; _Handbook_, II.
506; Article _Argob_, _Dictionary of the Bible_, p. 42.

126 – Article _Edrei_, Smith’s _Bib. Dict._ “Ibrahim Pasha,
flushed with victory, and maddened by the obstinacy of
a handful of Druzes, attempted to follow them into the
_Lejah_, but scarcely a soldier who entered it returned.
Every rock concealed an enemy. From inaccessible nooks
death was dealt out; and thousands of the bravest of
the Egyptian troops left their bones amid the defiles
of the Lejah. The Turks were still less successful in
1852.”――Porter’s _Handbook_, p. 504.

127 – Probably one of the common flat beds used at times on
the housetops in Eastern countries, and made of bars
of iron instead of the usual palm-sticks, Kitto’s _Bib.
Illustrations_, II. 210. Others, however, suppose it
was “sarcophagus of black basalt.”――Smith’s _Bib. Dict._
Stanley’s _Lectures on Jewish History_, p. 216.

128 – Stanley, _S. and P._ p. 298. Porter’s _Handbook_, I. 198.

129 – “Even at the present day the pagan Orientals, in their
wars, have always their magicians with them to curse their
enemies, and to mutter incantations for their ruin. In
our own war with the Burmese, the generals of the nation
had several magicians with them, who were much engaged in
cursing our troops; but as they did not succeed, a number
of witches were brought for the same purpose.”――Kitto’s
_Bible Illust._ II. 214, where he also quotes such a
formula of imprecation from Macrobius. Comp. also Butler’s
_Sermon on the Character of Balaam_. Blunt’s _Script.
Coincidences_, Pt. I. xxiv.

130 – Article _Kirjath-huzoth_, in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

131 – Porter’s _Handbook_, p. 300.

132 – Keble’s _Christian Year_, 2nd Sunday after Easter;
Stanley’s _S. and P._ p. 299.

133 – Num. xxiv. 17 _Margin_.

134 – Article _Sheth_ in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._

135 – For the version here adopted, and on this early prophecy
of the future rise of the power of Greece and of Europe,
see Dr Pusey’s _Lectures on the Prophet Daniel_, pp.
58, 59.

136 – Stanley, _S. and P._ p. 324. “It is still the favourite
tract of the Bedouin shepherds.”

137 – See p. 78.

138 – “And the eastern side of the Jordan valley up to the
lake of Chinnereth, or Gennesareth” ( Num. xxxii. 34–38),
Article _Gad_ in _Bib. Dictionary_.

139 – Article _Manasseh_ in Smith’s _Bib. Dict._; Stanley,
_S. and P._ p. 327.

140 – Milman’s _History of the Jews_, p. 211.

141 – On the expressive figure of _the Rock_, as applied to God
six times in this Song, xxxii. 4, 15, 18, 30, 31, 37, see
Stanley, _Lectures_, 198.

142 – Stanley’s _Lectures on Jewish History_, pp. 199, 200; Comp.
also _S. and P._ p. 301.

143 – See p. 32, note.

144 – Stanley, _S. and P._ p. 307; _Lectures_, p. 235. Its
modern name is _Erîha_, or, as it is more commonly
pronounced, _Rîha_, “a degenerate shoot, both in name and
character, of the ancient Jericho.” One single solitary
palm now timidly rears its head where once stood the
renowned “City of Palm-trees,” Deut. xxxiv. 3; Judg. i. 16;
Rob. _Bib. Res._ I. 552.

145 – Stanley, _S. and P._ p. 307. Comp. 2 Kings ii. 7.

146 – See the _Calendar_, p. 155.

147 – By some the Captain of the Lord’s Host is supposed to have
been a created being, by others an uncreated Angel, the
Son of God.

148 – Never again did Jericho become a _fortified city_: as a
_town_, it was assigned to the tribe of Benjamin (Josh.
xviii. 21), and as such was inhabited (Judg. iii. 13;
2 Sam. x. 5); but not till the time of Ahab was the attempt
made by the Bethelite Hiel (1 Kings xvi. 34), to make
it once more a fortified city. In his case the curse of
Joshua was fulfilled: his eldest son Abiram died at its
foundation, and his youngest, Segub, when the gates were
set up.

149 – Probably a stiff embroidered robe, made in the loom with
the needle and of several colours. See Layard’s _Nineveh_,
II. 319, quoted by Kitto, _Bib. Illustrations_, II. 204.
This seems to indicate the existence of a trade between
Canaan and Mesopotamia.

150 – See Keil’s _Commentary on Joshua_, p. 208. And for the
situation of Ai, Smith’s _Bib. Dict._, Article _Ai_.

151 – Stanley’s _S. and P._ p. 203.

152 – See p. 196.