Chapter XII: Part I

[1] There is a widespread recognition among psychologists and students of character that the study of conduct should begin with these unreasoned impulses. For examples of such a recognition see the following: Jas. R. Angell, _Chapters from Modern Psychology_, pp. 24, 25; Wm. McDougall, _An Introduction to Social Psychology_, pp. 2, 3, 43; Gilbert Murray, Herd Instinct and the War, a lecture in _The International Conflict_ by Murray and others, p. 23; Wilfred Trotter, _The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War_, p. 15; Graham Wallas, _The Great Society_, p. 41; E. B. Holt, _The Freudian Wish_, p. 132; Walter Lippmann, _The Stakes of Diplomacy_, p. 50; A. F. Shand, _The Foundations of Character_, Introduction, pp. 1-9.

[2] Cf. Francis Galton: _Inquiries Into Human Faculty and Its Development_, p. 72.

[3] Wm. James: _The Principles of Psychology_, Vol. II, p. 430. Quoted by Wm. McDougall: _Social Psychology_, pp. 85, 86.

[4] Wilfred Trotter: _The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War_. Other writers have emphasized gregariousness, but Trotter’s book is the most elaborate and important in recent literature. Aristotle declared that man was a social animal. See _Politics_, Book I, Chap. I. Cf. also McDougall: _Social Psychology_, p. 84.

[5] W. G. Sumner: _Folkways_, p. 15.

[6] Martin Conway: _The Crowd in Peace and War_, p. 76.

[7] Gilbert Murray: _Herd Instinct and the War_, p. 34.

[8] _Ibid._, p. 37.

[9] Conway: _The Crowd_, p. 79.

[10] Bertrand Russell: _Why Men Fight_, p. 51.

[11] We have been following here an article by Anne C. E. Allinson entitled “Virgil and the New Patriotism” in the _Yale Review_, October, 1917.

[12] Prof. Max F. Meyer, of the University of Missouri, in a letter in the _New York Times_ of August 16, 1917.

[13] McDougall: _Social Psychology_, p. 208. Footnote.

[14] The terms _out-group_ and _in-group_ are borrowed from Sumner. See W. G. Sumner: _Folkways_.

[15] Alfred Loisy: _The War and Religion_.

[16] _Ibid._, p. 65.

[17] _Ibid._, p. 62.

[18] _Ibid._, p. 20.

[19] _Ibid._, p. 79.

[20] J. M. Robertson: _Patriotism and Empire_.

[21] _Ibid._, p. 36.

[22] Wm. McDougall: _Social Psychology_, p. 55.

[23] Walter Lippmann: _The Stakes of Diplomacy_, p. 208.

[24] J. M. Robertson: _Patriotism and Empire_, p. 138.

[25] Goethe: _Faust_, Part II, Act 2. The translation here used is quoted by F. M. Stawell: Patriotism and Humanity. _I. J. E._, April, 1915, p. 299.

[26] McDougall: _Social Psychology_, p. 140.

[27] For a book that emphasizes the emulative impulse in its account of the behavior of nations see Thorstein Veblen: _The Nature of Peace_. Cf. pp. 31 ff.

[28] William James has contended that the center of the problem of peace and war is that there is an impulse of pugnacity. Cf. The Moral Equivalent of War and Remarks at the Peace Banquet in _Memories and Studies_.