Chapter IX: Part 9

Abiquiu, Ancient cemetery of 111
Acaxers and Yaquis, cairn burial 143
“Adjedatig” 197
Aerial burial in canoes, Chinooks 171
---- sepulture, 152
Alaric’s burial 181
Alaska cave burial 129
Alaskan mummies 134, 135
Alden, E. H., Scaffold burial 161
Aleutian Islanders, embalmment 135, 136
Algonkins, Burial fires of the 198
Alibamans, Aquatic burial of suicides by 180
Allen, Miss A. J., Burial sacrifice 189
Ancient burial customs of barbaric tribes 152
---- cemetery of Abiquiu 111
---- nations, Tree burial of 165, 166
Ancients, Curious mourning observances 165, 166
Antiquity of cremation 143
Apingi burial 125, 126
Aquatic burial, Alibamans, of suicides 180
---- Cherokees 180
---- Chinooks 180
---- Gosh-Utes 181
---- Hyperboreans 180
---- Ichthyophagi 180
---- Itzas 180
---- Kavague 180
---- Lotophagians 180
---- Obongo 180
Ascena or Timber Indians 103
Atwater, Caleb, Burial mounds 117
Australian scaffold burial 167
Aztecs and Taracos, Burial sacrifice 190
Baldwin, C. C., Pottawatomie surface burial 141
Balearic Islanders, Cairn burial 143
Bancroft, H. H., Burial sacrifice 190
----, Canoe burial in ground 112
----, Costa Rica hut burial 154
----, Doracho cist burial 115
----, Esquimaux burial boxes 155
----, Mourning, Central Americans 185
----, Pima burial 98
----, Superstitions regarding dead 201
Barbaric tribes, Ancient burial customs of 152
Barber, E. A., Burial urns 138
----, Partial cremation 151
Bari of Africa, burial 125
Bartram, John, Cabin burial 122
----, Choctaw ossuary 120
----, Partial scaffold burial 169
Bechuana burial 126
Beckwourth, James, Crow mourning 183
Beechey, Capt. F. W., Lodge burial 154
Beltrami, J. C., Burial feast 190
----, Burial posts 197
Benson, H. C., Choctaw burial 186
Bessels, Dr. Emil, Esquimaux superstition 198
Beverly, Robert, Virginia mummies 131
Birgan, Meaning of word 93
Blackbird’s burial 139
Blackfeet burial lodges 154
---- cairn burial 143
---- tree burial 161
Bonaks, Cremation 144
Bone cleaning of the dead 168
Boner, J. H., Moravian mourning 166
Bossu, M., Burial denied to suicides 180
Boteler, Dr. W. C., Oto burial ceremonies 96
Box burial, Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee 155
----, Esquimaux 155, 156
----, Indians of Talomeco River 155
----, Innuits and Ingaliks 156, 158
----, Kalosh 156
Bransford, Dr. J. C., U.S.N., Burial urns discovered by 138
Brebeuf, Pere de, Burial feast 191
Brice, W. A., Surface burial 141
Brinton, Dr. D. G., Burial of collected bones 170
Bruhier, J. J., Corsican customs 147
---- Persian burial 103
Brule Sioux, tree and scaffold burial 158, 160
Burchard, J. L., Pit burial 124
Butterfield, H., Shoshone cairn burial 143
Burial, Apingi 125, 126
----, Aquatic 180
---- canoes and houses 177-179
----, Bari of Africa 125
----, Bechuanas 126
---- beneath or in cabins, wigwams, or houses 122
----, Box 155
----, Carolina tribes 93
----, Caddos 103
----, Cairn 142
----, Cairn, Ute 142
---- case, Cheyenne 162, 163
----, Cave 126
----, Chieftain, of the 110, 111
----, Classification of 92-93
----, Damara 126
---- dance, Yo-kaí-a 192, 194
---- dances 193
---- feast, Description of, by Beltrami 190, 191
---- ----, Hurons, of the 191
---- feasts 190
---- ----, superstitions regarding 191
---- fires, Algonkins 198
---- ----, Yurok 198
---- ----, Esquimaux 198
---- food 192
---- games 195
----, Grave 101
----, Ground, in canoes 112
---- in logs 138, 139
---- in mounds 115
---- in standing posture 151, 152
----, Indians of Virginia 125
----, Iroquois 140
----, Kaffir 126
----, Klamath and Trinity Indians 106, 107
----, Latookas 126
----, Lodge 152
---- lodges, Blackfeet 154
---- ----, Cheyenne 154
---- ----, Shoshone 153, 154
----, Muscogulges 122, 123
----, Meaning and derivation of word 93
----, Moquis, 114
----, Navajo, 123
----, Obongo, 139, 140
---- of Alaric, 181
---- of Blackbird, 139
---- of De Soto, 181
---- of Long Horse, 153
---- of Ouray, 128
----, Parsee, 105, 106
----, Pit, 93
----, Pitt River Indians, 151
---- posts, Sioux and Chippewa, 197, 198
----, Round Valley Indians, 124
---- sacrifice, Aztecs and Tarascos, 190
---- ----, Indians of Northwest, 180
---- ----, Indians of Panama, 180
---- ----, Natchez, 187, 189
---- ----, Tsinūk, 179
---- ----, Wascopums, 189, 190
----, Sacs and Foxes, 94, 95
---- scaffolds, 162
---- song, Schiller’s, 110, 111
---- ---- of Basques and others, 195
---- superstitions, Chippewas, 199, 200
---- ----, Indians of Washington Territory, 201
---- ----, Karok, 200
---- ----, Kelta, 200
---- ----, Modocs, 200, 201
---- ----, Mosquito Indians, 201
---- ----, Tlascaltecs, 201
---- ----, Tolowa, 200
----, Surface, 138, 139
----, Urn, 137
---- ---- and cover, Georgia, 138
---- ----, New Mexico, 138

Cabins, wigwams, or houses, Burial beneath or in, 122
Caddos, Burial, 103
Cairn burial, Acaxers and Yaquis, 143
----, Balearic Islanders, 143
----, Blackfeet, 143
----, Esquimaux, 143
----, Kiowas and Comanches, 142, 143
----, Pi-Utes, 143
----, Reasons for, 143
----, Shoshonis, 143
Calaveras Cave, 128, 129
California steatite burial urn, 138
Campbell, John, Burial songs, 195
Canes sepulchrales, 104
Canoe burial in ground, 112
---- ----, Mosquito Indians, 112, 113
---- ----, Santa Barbara, 112
----, Clallam, 173, 174
----, Twana, 171, 173
Canoes and houses, Burial, 177-179
Canoes, Superterrene and aerial burial in, 171
Caraibs, Verification of death, 146
Carolina tribes, Burial among, 93
Catlin, George, Burial of Blackbird, 139
----, Golgotha of Mandans, 170
----, Mourning cradle, 181
Cave burial, 126
----, Alaska, 129
----, Calaveras, 128, 129
----, Utes, 127, 128
Cherokee aquatic burial, 180
Cheyenne burial case, 162, 163
---- lodges, 154
Chillicothe mound, 117, 118
Chinook aerial burial in canoes, 171
---- aquatic burial, 180
---- mourning cradle, 181, 182
Chippewa burial superstitions, 199, 200
---- mourning, 184
---- scaffold burial, 161, 162
---- widow, 184, 185
Choctaw mound burial, 120
---- scaffold burial, 169
Choctaws funeral ceremonies, 186
Cist burial, Doracho, 115
---- graves, Kentucky, 114, 115
---- ----, Indians of Illinois, 114
Cists or stone graves, 113
----, Solutré, 113
----, Tennessee, 113
Clallam canoe burial, 173, 174
---- house burial, 175
Classification of burial, 92
Cleveland, Wm. J., Tree and scaffold burial, 158
Collected bones, Interment of, 170
Comanche inhumation, 99, 100
Congaree and Santee Indians, embalmment 132, 133
Corsican funeral custom 147
Cox, Ross, Cremation 144
Coyotero Apaches, Inhumation 111, 112
Cradle, mourning, Illustration of 181
Crock, Choctaw, and Cherokee box burial 155
Creeks and Seminoles, Inhumation 95, 96
----, “Hallelujah” of the 195
Cremation, Antiquity of 143
----, Bonaks 144
---- furnace 149
----, Indians of Clear Lake 147
----, Indians of Southern Utah 149
---- mound, Florida 148, 149
----, Nishinams 144
----, Partial 150, 151
----, Se-nél 147, 148
----, Tolkotins 144-146
Crow lodge burial 153
---- mourning 183, 184
Curious mourning observances of ancients 165, 166
Curtiss, E., Exploration by 115, 116

Dakhnias 104
Dall, W. H., Burial boxes 156
----, Cave burial 129
----, Mummies 134
Damara burial 126
Dance for the dead 192
Dances, Burial 192
Danish burial logs 139
Dead, Dance for the 192
Delano, A., Tree burial 161
Description of burial feast 190, 191
De Soto’s burial 181
Devouring the dead, Fans of Africa 182
----, Indians of South America 182, 183
----, Massageties, Padæns, and others 182
Dolmens in Japan 115
Doracho cist burial 115
Drew, Benjamin, Schiller’s burial song 110
Dumont, M. Butel de, House burial 124

Eells, Rev. M., Canoe burial 171
Embalmment, Aleutian Islanders 135, 136
----, Congaree and Santee Indians 132, 133
----, or mummification 130
Engelhardt, Prof. C. 139
Esquimaux box burial 155, 156
---- burial fires 198
---- cairn burial 143
---- lodge burial 154
European ossuaries 191
Excavation of Indian mound, North Carolina 120-122

Fans of Africa devour the dead 182
Feasts, Burial 190
Fires, Burial 198
Fiske, Moses, Cists 113
Florida cremation mound 148, 149
---- mound burial 119, 120
Food, Burial 192
Ford, Lieut. Geo. E., U.S.A., Cabin burial 123
Foreman, Dr. E., Burial urns 138
---- Cremation 149
Foster, J. W., Urn burial 137
---- Cremation 150
Funeral ceremonies, Choctaws 186
----, Twanas and Clallams 176
---- custom, Corsican 147
Furnace, Cremation 149

Gageby, Capt. J. H., U.S.A., Box burial 155
Games, Burial 195
Gardner, Dr. W., U.S.A., Theory of scaffold burial 167
Ghost gamble 195-197
Gianque, Florian, Mound burial 120
Gibbs, George 106
----, Burial canoes and houses 177
Gilbert, G. K., Klamath burial 147
---- Moquis burial 114
Gillman, Henry, Exploration of mound 148
Given, Dr. O. G., Cairn burial 142
“Golgothas,” Mandans 170
Gosh-Utes, Aquatic burial amongst 181
Grave burial 101
Gregg, Dr. P., Surface burial 140
Grinnell, Dr. Fordyce, Comanche inhumation 99
---- Wichita burial customs 102
Grossman, Capt. F. E., Pima burial 98
Gros Ventres and Mandans, Scaffold burial 161

“Hallelujah” of the Creeks 195
Hammond, Dr. J. F., Burial lodges 154
Hardisty, W. L., Log burial in trees 166
Hidatsa superstitions 199
Hind, Henry Youle, Burial feast 191
Hoffman, Dr. W. J. 99
---- Drawing of Pima burial 111, 153
Holbrook, W. C., Burial mounds 118
Holmes, W. H., Drawings by 106, 203
Hough, Franklin B., Canoe burial in the ground 112
House burial, Clallams 175
----, Paskagoulas and Billoxis 124, 125
Hurons, Burial feast of 191
Hyperboreans, aquatic burial 180

Ichthyophagi, aquatic burial 180
Illinois mounds 118
Indian mound in North Carolina, Excavation of 120-122
Indians of Bellingham Bay, lodge burial 154
---- of Clear Lake, cremation 147
---- of Costa Rica, lodge burial 154
---- of Illinois, cist burial 114
---- of Northwest, burial sacrifice 180
---- of Panama, burial sacrifice 180
---- of South America devour the dead 182, 183
---- of Southern Utah, cremation 149
---- of Talomeco River, box burial 155
---- of Taos, inhumation 101, 102
---- of Virginia, burial 125
---- of Washington Territory, burial superstition 201
Inhumation 93
----, Comanches 99, 100
----, Coyotero Apaches 111, 112
----, Creeks and Seminoles 95, 96
----, Indians of Taos 101, 102
----, Mohawks 93
----, Otoe and Missouri Indians. 96, 97, 98
----, Pimas 98, 99
----, Wah-peton and Sisseton Sioux 107-110
----, Wichitas 102, 103
----, Yuki 99
Innuit and Ingalik box burial 156-158
Interment of collected bones 170
Iroquois scaffold burial 169, 170
---- surface burial 140
Itzas, Aquatic burial 180

Japan dolmens 115
Jenkes, Col. C. W., Partial cremation 150
Johnston, Adam, Cremation myth 144
Jones, Dr. Charles C., Stone graves of Tennessee 114
---- Natchez burial 169
Joseph, Judge Anthony, Inhumation of Taos Indians 101

Kaffir burial 126
Kalosh box burial 156
Kavague aquatic burial 180
Kaw-a-wāh 142
Keating, William H., Burial scaffolds 162
----, Burial superstitions 199
“Keeping the Ghost” 160
Kent, M. B., Sac and Fox burial 94
Kentucky cist graves 114, 115
---- mummies 133
Kiowa and Comanche cairn burial 142, 143
Kitty-ka-tats 102
Klamath and Trinity Indians, burial 106, 107
Klingbeil, William, Partial cremation 151

Lafitau, J. F. 182
“Last cry” 186
Latookas burial 126
Lawson, John, Partial embalmment 132
----, Pit burial 93
List of illustrations, Burial customs 87
Living sepulchers 182
Lodge burial 152
----, Crow 153
----, Esquimaux 154
----, Indians of Bellingham Bay 154
----, Indians of Costa Rica 154
----, Sioux 152, 153
Log burial 138, 139
----, Danish 139
---- in trees, Loucheux 166
Long Horse, burial of 153
Lotophagians, Aquatic burial 180
Loucheux, log burial in trees 166

McChesney, Dr. Charles E. 107-111
----, “Ghost gamble” 195
McDonald, Dr. A. J., Rock fissure burial 127
McKenney, Thomas L., Scaffold burial 161
----, Chippewa widow 184
Macrobrian Ethiopians, Preservation of the dead 136, 137
Mahan, I. L., Chippewa mourning 184
Mandan “Golgothas” 170
Matthews, Dr. Washington, U.S.A., Hidatsa superstition 199
----, Tree burial 161
Menard, Dr. John, Navajo burial 123
Miami Valley mound burial 120
Midawan, a ceremony of initiation 122
Miller, Dr. C. C., Assistance from 197
Mitchell, Dr. Samuel L., Kentucky mummies 133, 134
Mohawks, Inhumation 93
Monotheism defined 30, 32, 142
Moquis burial 114
Moravian mourning 166
Morgan, Lewis H., Burial dance 192
----, Partial scaffold burial 169
Morse, E. S., Dolmens in Japan 115
Mortuary customs of Parthians, Medes, etc. 104
---- Persians 103, 104
Mosquito Indians, Burial superstition of 201
----, canoe burial in ground 112, 113
Mound burial 115
----, Choctaws 120
----, Florida 119, 120
----, Miami Valley 120
----, Ohio 117, 118
Mounds, Illinois 118, 119
---- of stone 118
Mourning ceremonies, Sioux 109, 110
----, Chippewa 184
---- cradle, Chinook 181, 182
---- ----, engraving of 181
---- Crows 183, 184
---- customs of widows 185, 186
----, Indians of Northwest 179
---- Moravian 166
---- observances, Twana and Clallams 176
---- sacrifice, feasts, food, etc 183
Mummies, Alaskan 134, 135
----, Kentucky 133
----, Northwest coast 135
----, Virginia 131, 132
Mummification or embalmment 130
Mummification, Theories regarding 130
Muret, Pierre, Living sepulchres 182
----, Persian mortuary customs 103
Muscogulge burial 122, 123
Natchez burial sacrifice 187-189
---- scaffold burial 169
Navajo burial 123
Norm 142
New Mexico burial urn 138
Nishinams, Cremation among the 144
Norris, P. W., lodge burial 153
North Carolina Indians, Partial cremation 150, 151
Northwest coast mummies 135
----, Indians of, mourning 179

Obongo aquatic burial 180
---- surface burial 139, 140
Observers, Queries for, regarding burial 202, 203
Ohio mound burial 117
Oh-sah-ke-uck 94
Ojibwa and Cree surface burial 141
Ossuaries, European 191
Otis, Dr. George A., U.S.A., Burial case 162
Oto and Missouri Indians, Inhumation 96-98
Ouray, Burial of 128
Owsley, Dr. W. J., Cist graves 114

Partial cremation 150
---- ----, North Carolina Indians 150, 151
---- scaffold burial and ossuaries 168
Parsee burial 105, 106
Paskagoulas and Billoxis, House burial 124, 125
Persians, Mortuary customs of the 103, 104
Pimas, Inhumation among 98, 99
Pinart, M. Alphonse, Pima burial 98
Pinkerton, John, Virginia mummies 131
Piros 101
Pit burial 93
Pitt River Indians, Burial and cremation 151
Pi-Ute cairn burial 143
Posts, Burial 197
Potherie, De la M., Surface burial 140
Powell, J. W., Stone graves or cists 113
Powers, Stephen, Burial dance 192
----, Burial song 194
----, Origin of cremation 144
----, Se-nél cremation 147
----, Yuki burial 99
Preparation of dead,
---- Similarity of, between Comanches and African tribes 100
Preservation of dead, Macrobrian Ethiopians 136, 137
----, Werowance of Virginia 131, 132
Priest, Josiah, Box burial 155
Putnam, F. W., Stone graves or cists 115, 116

Queries for observers regarding burial 202, 203
Quiogozon or ossuary 94

Reason for cairn burial 143
Remarks, Final 203
Review of Turner’s narrative 165
Robertson, R. S., Surface burial 139
Roman, Bernard, Choctaw hone houses 168
----, Funeral customs of Chickasaws 123
Round Valley Indians, burial among 124

Sacrifice 187
Sacs and Foxes, burial among 94, 95
----, surface burial 140, 141
Sauer, Martin, Aleutian mummies 135
Sauks, Foxes, and Pottawatomies, surface burial among 151
Scaffold burial, Australia 167
---- ----, Chippewas 161, 162
---- ----, Choctaw 169
---- ----, Gros-Ventres and Mandans 161
---- ----, Iroquois 169, 170
---- ----, Natchez 169
---- ----, Sioux 163, 164
----, Tent burial on 174
Scaffolds, Theory regarding 167, 168
Schiller’s burial song 110
Schoolcraft, Henry R., Burial posts 197
----, Cremation myth 144
----, Mohawk burial 93, 95
----, Partial embalmment 132
Seechaugas 158
Sellers, George Escoll, Cist burial 114
Se-nél, Cremation among the 147, 148
Sepulture, Aerial 152
Sheldon, William, Caraib burial customs 146
Shoshone burial lodges 153, 154
---- cairn burial 143
Sicaugu 158
Simpson, Capt. J. H., U.S.A., Aquatic burial 181
Sioux and Chippewa burial posts 197, 198
---- lodge burial 152, 153
---- mourning ceremonies 109, 110
Sioux, scaffold burial of the 163, 164
----, tree burial of the 161
Solutré cists 113
Songs, Burial 194
---- ----, of Basques and others 195
Southern Indians, Urn burial among 137
Spainhour, Dr. J. Mason, Curious burial 120
Spencer, J. W., Partial surface burial 140
Standing posture, Burial in 151, 152
Stansbury, Capt. H., U.S.A., Lodge burial 152
Steatite burial urn, California 138
Sternberg, Dr. George M., U.S.A., Grave mounds 119
----, Burial case discovered 162
Stone graves or cists 113
---- mounds 118
Superstition, Hidatsa 199
---- regarding burial feasts 191
Superstitions, Burial 199
Superterrene and aerial burial in canoes 171
Surface burial 138, 139
----, Ojibways and Crees 141
----, Sacs and Foxes 140, 141
----, Sauks, Foxes, and Pottawatomies 141
Swan, James G., Canoe burial 171
----, Klamath burial 106
----, Superstitions 201

Tāh-zee 142
Tegg, William, Antiquity of cremation 143
----, Towers of silence 104
Tennessee cists 113
Tent burial on scaffold 174
Theories regarding mummification or embalmment 130
---- regarding use of scaffolds 176, 168
Tiffany, A. S., Cremation furnace 149
Timberlake, H., Aquatic burial 180
Tolkotin cremation 144, 146
Tompkins, Gen. Chas. H., U.S.A., Partial cremation 151
Towers of silence, Description of 104-106
Tree and scaffold burial 158
---- ----, Brulé Sioux 158, 160
---- burial, ancient nations 165, 166
---- ----, Blackfeet 101
---- ----, Sioux 101
Tsinūk burial sacrifice 179
Turner, Dr. L. S., Scaffold burial 163
Turner’s narrative, Review of 165
Twana and Clallam mourning observances 176
---- canoe burial 171-173
Twanas and Clallams, funeral ceremonies 176

Urn burial by Southern Indians 137
Ute cairn burial 142
---- cave burial 127, 128

Van Camper, Moses. Mode of burial of Indians inhabiting
Pennsylvania 112
Van Vliet, Gen. Stewart, U.S.A., Tree and scaffold burial 153
Verification of death, Caraibs 146
Virginia mummies 131, 132

Wah-peton and Sisseton Sioux, Inhumation among 107-110
Wascopums, Burial sacrifice of 189, 190
Wee-ka-nahs 101
Welch, H., Surface burial 141
Werowance of Virginia, preservation of the dead 131, 132
Whitney, J. D., burial cave, Description of a 128
Whymper, Frederic, Burial boxes 156
Wichitas, Inhumation among the 102, 103
Widow, Chippewa 184, 185
Widows, Mourning customs of 185, 186
Wilcox, E., Partial cremation 150
Wilkins, Charles, Kentucky mummies 133
Williams, Monier, Parsee burial 104
Wood, Rev. J. G., African surface burial 139
----, Bari burial 125
----, Fans of Africa devour the dead 182
----, Obongo aquatic burial 180
Wright, Dr. S. G., Superstitions regarding burial feasts 191

Yo-kaí-a burial dance 192-194
Young, John, Tree burial 161
Yuki inhumation 99
Yurok burial fires 198

* * * * *
* * * *

_Errata_

Unless otherwise noted, spelling and punctuation are unchanged. Differences in punctuation or hyphenization between the List of Illustrations and the captions themselves are not noted.

[List of Illustrations]
1.--Quiogozon or dead house [Quiogozeon]

two small arroyas
[_spelling “arroya” consistent throughout the quoted passage_]
chanting the following chorous:
[_spelling in quoted passage unchanged_]
the Colchians enveloped their dead [Colchiens]
these are considered apochryphal [_spelling unchanged_]
Horace and Tertullian both affirm [Tertulian]
cum grana salis [_error unchanged: correct form is “grano”_]
the same _Dodem_ [_sic_] (family mark) of her husband.
[_bracketed “sic” in original_]
Fröebel states that among the Woolwas
[_spelling unchanged: probably error for “Froebel” (two letters)
or “Fröbel” (o-umlaut alone)_]
tear myself from you (_sic_) arms
[_error unchanged; parenthetical “sic” in original_]

[Footnote 54]
Amer. Naturalist, November, 1878, p. 753. [1878.]

[Index]
[Missing commas within entries or before sub-entries have been
silently supplied.]
McKenney, Thomas L., Scaffold burial [Scafford]