Chapter XXIII: Section VI (2)

"It is remarkable, that in different years, seasons, and places of the
sea, we found the ice differently situated. In the year 1772, December
10th, we saw the ice between 50° and 51° of southern latitude. In
1773, on December 12th, we found the first ice in 62° S. In 1775, on
January 27th, we saw the ice in about 60° S. On February 24th, we came
to the same place, where, about twenty-six months before, we had met
with such an impenetrable body of ice, as had obliged us to run to the
east, but where, at this last time, no vestige of it appeared, no more
than at the place where Bouvet had placed his Cape Circumcision, we
having sailed over the whole tract which he suspected to be land; nor
could we be mistaken in its situation, as we had been on the same
parallel for a considerable time; so that it is impossible to have
missed the land, if any had existed, as we had frequent opportunities
to ascertain our latitude."--F.

It is well known, that considerable masses of ice have been met with
as low down as 46° of south latitude; but hitherto no very
satisfactory solution has been given of the phenomenon.--E.

[3] "Our friend Mahine had already expressed his surprise at several
little snow and hail showers on the preceding days, this phenomenon
being utterly unknown in his country. The appearances of "white
stones," which melted in his hand, was altogether miraculous in his
eyes, and though we endeavoured to explain to him that cold was the
cause of their formation, yet I believe his ideas on that subject were
never very clear. A heavy fall of snow surprised him more than what he
had seen before, and after a long consideration of its singular
qualities, he told us he would call it the _white rain_ when be came
back to his country. He did not see the first ice, on account of the
early hour in the morning; but two days after, in about 65° S., he was
struck with astonishment upon seeing one of the largest pieces, and
the day following presented him with an extensive field of ice, which
blocked up our farther progress to the south, and gave him great
pleasure, supposing it to be land, We told him that so far from being
land, it was nothing but fresh water, which we found some difficulty
to convince him of at first, till we shewed him the ice which was
formed in the scuttled cask on the deck. He assured us, however, that
he would, at all events, call this the _white land_, by way of
distinguishing it from all the rest."--G.F.

[4] "About one o'clock, whilst the people were at dinner, we were
alarmed by the sudden appearance of a large island of ice just a-head
of us. It was absolutely impossible either to wear or tack the ship,
on account of its proximity, and our only resource was to keep as near
the wind as possible, and to try to weather the danger. We were in the
most dreadful suspension for a few minutes, and though we fortunately
succeeded, yet the ship passed within her own length to windward of
it,"--G.F.

[5] On a moderate calculation, one may reckon the bulk of immersed ice
to be ten times greater than that which appears above the surface.
This will afford the reader some notion of the prodigious magnitude of
these floating islands; and he will readily comprehend the hazard of
sailing amongst them, when he considers the mischief occasioned by the
collision of a large ship and a small boat.--E.

[6] "About this time many persons were afflicted with violent
rheumatic pains, headaches, swelled glands, and catarrhal fevers,
which some attributed to the use of ice-water."--G.F.

Without any way calling in question, what is so often said of the
injurious effects of sea-water, when long used, it is evidently more
rational, in the present instance, to ascribe these complaints to the
inclemency of the weather.--E.

[7] There is something very peculiarly affecting in the following
observations of Mr. G.F.--"This being Christmas day, the captain,
according to custom, invited the officers and mates to dinner, and one
of the lieutenants entertained the petty officers. The sailors feasted
on a double portion of pudding, regaling themselves with the brandy of
their allowance, which they had saved for this occasion some months
beforehand, being solicitous to get very drunk, though they are
commonly solicitous about nothing else. The sight of an immense number
of icy masses, amongst which we drifted at the mercy of the current,
every moment in danger of being dashed in pieces against them, could
not deter the sailors from indulging in their favourite amusement. As
long as they had brandy left, they would persist to keep Christmas
"like Christians," though the elements had combined together for their
destruction. Their long acquaintance with a sea-faring life had inured
them to all kinds of perils, and their heavy labour, with the
inclemencies of weather, and other hardships, making their muscles
rigid and their nerves obtuse, had communicated insensibility to the
mind. It will easily be conceived, that as they do not feel for
themselves sufficiently to provide for their own safety, they must be
incapable of feeling for others. Subjected to a very strict command,
they also exercise a tyrannical sway over those whom fortune places in
their power. Accustomed to face an enemy, they breathe nothing but
war. By force of habit, even killing is become so much their passion,
that we have seen many instances during our voyage, where they have
expressed a horrid eagerness to fire upon the natives on the slightest
pretences. Their way of life in general, prevents their enjoying
domestic comforts; and gross animal appetites fill the place of purer
affections.

At last, extinct each social feeling, fell
And joyless inhumanity pervades
And petrifies the heart.--

THOMSON.

Though they are members of a civilized society, they may, in some
measure, be looked on as a body of uncivilized men, rough, passionate,
revengeful, but likewise brave, sincere, and true to each other."

In place of inveighing against the illiberality of this statement, or
attempting to dispute its truth, as many persons, from an affectation
of enthusiastic regard for the honour of our tars, or positive
ignorance or contempt of the most incontrovertible obligations of
morality and religion, would incline, it will be vastly more
philosophical to investigate what are the principles of human nature
and the circumstances in their situation, which give rise to such a
character, that if possible some adequate remedy, or check at least,
may be discovered. This is certainly not the place for such a
discussion, as the importance of the subject demands; and the writer
can by no means imagine himself called on to enter upon it. But he
hazards a remark. He would consider British sailors as made up of
precisely the same elements as the rest of men, and that the obvious
peculiarities in which they differ from others, are the result of the
circumstances of their professional situation. It follows, that his
censure falls on the profession itself, rather than on those who are
members of it. But in fact, he conceives that there has been a
culpable neglect on the part of those who at different periods acquire
authority, to the moral condition of this class of men. It is obvious
indeed, that governments in general are little careful about the
characters of their subordinate agents, unless in so far as is
essential to the purposes for which they are employed; and
accordingly, where the base and savage principles of mankind can be
converted into so powerful an instrument, as we know they are in the
present case, we shall find, that scarcely any pains have been taken
to superinduce refinement, or even to favour the salutary operation of
those causes, by which, in the ordinary course of things, society is
gradually emancipated from barbarism. The rough virtues of the seaman
are in their estimation of sufficient excellence, without the
enhancement of moral attainments; and it is questionable, indeed, if a
sort of prejudice may not lurk in the minds of many, that the latter
would be the destruction of the former. Clearly, however, it seems to
be conceived, that there is no adequate inducement to run the risk of
the experiment; and, therefore, some gross immoralities are connived
at, under the plausible title of necessary evils, provided they do not
interfere with the technical duties of the profession. Though it be
admitted, that the reformation of men's manners forms no part of the
office of a politician, yet it may be fairly pleaded, on the other
hand, as vice is in its own nature a debilitating power, independent
altogether of reference to a Supreme Being, that to eradicate it, or
to apply a restraint to its influence, may be no injudicious labour of
his vocation. This, it is presumed, may be attempted in three ways,
(in addition to certain indulgences, which there appears to be an
imperious necessity to admit, with a view of preventing greater
evils,) viz. the improvement of discipline, the increase of knowledge,
and the application of a higher tone of public sentiment. There cannot
be room for a moment's controversy, that to the efficacy of these
three causes, is to be ascribed, the superiority in the appearance, at
least, of the morals and conduct of the present day, above that of
even the preceding half century. Who can deny, e.g, that the odious
vice of drunkenness is much more disreputable now than formerly,
throughout the whole of Europe? It may be said to be almost unknown in
genteel circles; and there seems not the least reason to doubt, that
as improvements in arts and sciences advance, and as education extends
to the lower classes, so as to supply sources of mental enjoyment and
exercise, it will be almost altogether extirpated from society. Let
this and other vices be held as positively dishonourable, because
unfitting for professional duty, and inconsistent with professional
dignity--let them be visited by certain punishment--give free scope to
the emulation of intellect and to the cultivation of proper self-
interest--and vindicate to popular opinion, the claims of this most
useful class, to the character of moral and rational beings, so that
no flattering but injurious unction may be applied to film over the
real turpitude of their offences--then, and then only, may it be
safely asserted, that such descriptions as we have been considering,
are the offspring of prudery or inflamed imagination, and have no
prototype in nature.--E.

[8] "We had scarcely any night during our stay in the frigid zone, so
that I find several articles in my father's journal, written by the
light of the sun, within a few minutes before the hour of midnight.
The sun's stay below the horizon was so short, that we had a very
strong twilight all the time. Mahine was struck with great
astonishment at this phenomenon, and would scarcely believe his
senses. All our endeavours to explain it to him miscarried, and he
assured us he despaired of finding belief among his countrymen, when
he should come back to recount the wonders of petrified rain, and of
perpetual day."--G.F.

[9] "To-day, while we were observing the meridian altitude of the sun,
a shower of snow came from the west, and passed a-head of the ship;
during which, a large island of ice, considerably within the visible
horizon, and directly under the sun, was entirely hid by it; yet the
horizon appeared as distinct, and much the same as it usually does in
dark hazy weather. When the shower was over, I found that it required
the sun to be dipped something more than his whole diameter to bring
his lower limb to the nearest edge of the ice island, which must have
been farther off than the visible horizon, during the shower; and yet
this would have been taken as the real horizon, without any suspicion,
if it had been every where equally obscure. Hence may be inferred the
uncertainty of altitudes taken in foggy, or what seamen, in general,
call hazy weather.--W.

[10] A few days before, according to Mr G.F.'s relation, his father
and twelve other persons were confined to bed with rheumatism; and
though the scurvy had not appeared in any dangerous form, yet a
general languor and sickly look were manifested in almost every face,
and Captain Cook himself was pale and lean, and had lost all
appetite.--E.

[11] "Our situation at present was indeed very dismal, even to those
who preserved the blessing of health; to the sick, whose crippled
limbs were tortured with excessive pain, it was insupportable. The
ocean about us had a furious aspect, and seemed incensed at the
presumption of a few intruding mortals. A gloomy melancholy air loured
on the brows of our shipmates, and a dreadful silence reigned amongst
us. Salt meat, our constant diet, was become loathsome to all, and
even to those who had been bred to a nautical life from their tender
years: The hour of dinner was hateful to us, for the well known smell
of the victuals had no sooner reached our nose, than we found it
impossible to partake of them with a hearty appetite. In short, we
rather vegetated than lived; we withered, and became indifferent to
all that animates the soul at other times. We sacrificed our health,
our feelings, our enjoyments, to the honour of pursuing a track
unattempted before. The crew were as much distressed as the officers,
from another cause. Their biscuit, which had been sorted at New
Zealand, baked over again, and then packed up, was now in the same
decayed state as before. This was owing partly to the revisal, which
had been so rigorous, that many bad biscuit was preserved among those
that were eatable; and partly to the neglect of the casks, which had
not been sufficiently fumigated and dried. Of this rotten bread the
people only received two-thirds of their usual allowance, from
economical principles; but as that portion is hardly sufficient,
supposing it to be all eatable, it was far from being so when nearly
one half of it was rotten. However, they continued in that distressful
situation till this day, when the first mate came to the capstern and
complained most bitterly that he and the people had not wherewith to
satisfy the cravings of the stomach, producing, at the same time, the
rotten and stinking remains of his biscuit. Upon this, the crew were
put to full allowance. The captain seemed to recover again as we
advanced to the southward, but all those who were afflicted with
rheumatisms, continued as much indisposed as ever."--G.F.

[12] "The thermometer here was 32°, and a great many penguins were
heard croaking around us, but could not be seen, on account of the
foggy weather which immediately succeeded. As often as we had hitherto
penetrated to the southward, we had met with no land, but been stopped
sooner or later by a solid ice-field, which extended before us as far
as we could see: At the same time we had always found the winds
moderate and frequently easterly in these high latitudes, in the same
manner as they are said to be in the northern frozen zone. From these
circumstances, my father had been led to suppose, that all the south
pole, to the distance of 20 degrees, more or less, is covered with
solid ice, of which only the extremities are annually broken off by
storms, consumed by the action of the sun, and regenerated in winter.
This opinion is the less exceptionable, since there seems to be no
absolute necessity for the existence of land towards the formation of
ice, and because we have little reason to suppose that there actually
is any land of considerable extent in the frigid zone."--G.F.

"Mr F. has most amply and ably discussed the point in his
observations, controverting unanswerably, as the writer thinks, the
opinion of Buffon and others, as to the existence of southern lands
being necessary for the production of such large masses of ice. The
limits of the present note preclude the insertion, in any satisfactory
shape, of the opposing arguments; but there is ground for anticipating
an opportunity of considering the subject, and some others of an
interesting nature, in a manner more suitable to their importance,
than a mere notice implies. We go on then with the narrative.--E.

[13] Captain Cook, from an excess of delicacy, rarely specifies his
personal sufferings; but one really requires to know something of
them, in order to make a proper estimate of his magnanimous resolution
in fulfilling his instructions, and to entertain a just conception of
the self-denial which such an expedition demanded. We shall be aided
by the following particulars, which, besides, imply the very extensive
distress of the whole crew: "A great number of our people were
afflicted with very severe rheumatic pains, which deprived them of the
use of their limbs; but their spirits were so low, that they had no
fever. Though the use of that excellent prophylactic, the sour krout,
prevented the appearance of the scurvy during all the cold weather,
yet, being made of cabbage, it is not so nutritive that we could live
upon it, without the assistance of biscuit and salt-beef. But the
former of these being rotten, and the other almost consumed by the
salt, it is obvious that no wholesome juices could be secreted from
thence, which might have kept the body strong and vigorous. Under
these difficulties all our patients recovered very slowly, having
nothing to restore their strength; and my father, who had been in
exquisite torments during the greatest part of our southern cruise,
was afflicted with toothaches, swelled cheeks, sore throat, and
universal pain, till the middle of February, when he went on deck
perfectly emaciated. The warm weather, which was beneficial to him,
proved fatal to Captain Cook's constitution. The disappearance of his
bilious complaint during our last push to the south, had not been so
sincere, as to make him recover his appetite. The return to the north,
therefore, brought on a dangerous obstruction, which the captain very
unfortunately slighted, and concealed from every person in the ship,
at the same time endeavouring to get the better of it by taking hardly
any subsistence. This proceeding, instead of removing, increased the
evil, his stomach being already weak enough before. He was afflicted
with violent pains, which in the space of a few days confined him to
his bed, and forced him to have recourse to medicines. He took a
purge, but instead of producing the desired effect, it caused a
violent vomiting, which was assisted immediately by proper emetics.
All attempts, however, to procure a passage through his bowels were
ineffectual; his food and medicines were thrown up, and in a few days
a most dreadful hiccough appeared, which lasted for upwards of twenty
four hours, with such astonishing violence, that his life was entirely
despaired of. Opiates and glysters had no effect, till repeated hot
baths, and plasters of theriaca applied on his stomach, had relieved
his body and intestines. This, however, was not effected till he had
been above a week in the most imminent danger. Next to providence it
was chiefly owing to the skill of our surgeon, Mr Patten, that he
recovered to prosecute the remaining part of our voyage, with the same
spirit with which it had hitherto been carried on. The care and
assiduity with which that worthy man watched him during his whole
illness, cannot be sufficiently extolled, as all our hopes of future
discoveries, as well as union in the ship, depended solely on the
preservation of the captain. The surgeon's extreme attention, however,
had nearly cost him his own life. Having taken no rest for many nights
together, and seldom venturing to sleep an hour by day, he was so much
exhausted, that we trembled for his life, upon which that of almost
every man in the ship, in a great measure, depended. He was taken ill
with a bilious disorder, which was dangerous on account of the extreme
weakness of his stomach, and it is more than probable, that if we had
not speedily fallen in with land, from whence we collected some slight
refreshments, he must have fallen a sacrifice to that rigorous
perseverance and extreme punctuality with which he discharged the
several duties of his profession."--G.F.