Chapter III: Monochlamydeæ

Perianth simple, lobes or segments 1–2-seriate and often sepaloid, or small, or wanting.

Series I. =Curvembryeæ.= Endosperm frequently farinaceous. Embryo curved, excentric, lateral or peripheral, rarely straight. Ovules most frequently 1 in the ovary, or 1 in each loculus. Flowers ☿, in some genera unisexual or polygamous. Petals very rare. Stamens equal to the segments of the perianth, rarely fewer or more.

Order 128. Nyctagineæ.
„ 129. Illecebraceæ.
„ 130. Amarantaceæ.
„ 131. Chenopodiaceæ.
„ 132. Phytolaccaceæ.
„ 133. Batideæ.
„ 134. Polygonaceæ.

Series II. =Multiovulatæ Aquaticæ.= Aquatic herbs, submerged. Ovary syncarpous; ovules numerous in each loculus or on each placenta.

Order 135. Podostemaceæ.

Series III. =Multiovulatæ Terrestres.= Terrestrial trees or shrubs. Ovary syncarpous; ovules numerous in each loculus or on each placenta.

Order 136. Nepenthaceæ.
„ 137. Cytinaceæ.
„ 138. Aristolochiaceæ.

Series IV. =Micrembryeæ.= Ovary syncarpous, monocarpous, or apocarpous. Ovules generally solitary in each carpel, rarely 2 or few. Endosperm copious, fleshy, or rarely farinaceous. Embryo very minute.

Order 139. Piperaceæ.
„ 140. Chloranthaceæ.
„ 141. Myristiceæ.
„ 142. Monimiaceæ.

Series V. =Daphnales.= Ovary monocarpous, very rarely syncarpous, with 2–4 loculi; ovules in the ovary or in each loculus, solitary, or in pairs. Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs; flowers generally ☿. Perianth perfect, sepaloid, 1–2 seriate. Stamens perigynous, equal to the lobes of the perianth, or double unless fewer.

Order 143. Laurineæ.
„ 144. Proteaceæ.
„ 145. Thymelæaceæ.
„ 146. Penæaceæ.
„ 147. Elæagnaceæ.

Series VI. =Achlamydosporeæ.= Ovary unilocular, 1–3 ovules. Ovules most frequently poorly developed before flowering. Seeds endospermous, but without testa, either free in the pericarp or attached to its walls. Perianth generally perfect, sepaloid or petaloid.

Order 148. Loranthaceæ.
„ 149. Santalaceæ.
„ 150. Balanophoreæ.

Series VII. =Unisexuales.= Flowers unisexual. Ovary syncarpous or monocarpous, ovules in the ovary or in each loculus, solitary, or in pairs. Endosperm copious, fleshy, or scanty, or absent. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Stipules generally present. Perianth sepaloid, or minute, or absent. Styles equal in number to the carpels, not rarely bifid.

Order 151. Euphorbiaceæ.
„ 152. Balanopseæ.
„ 153. Urticaceæ.
„ 154. Platanaceæ.
„ 155. Leitnerieæ.
„ 156. Juglandeæ.
„ 157. Myricaceæ.
„ 158. Casuarineæ.
„ 159. Cupuliferæ.

Series VIII. =Ordines Anomali.= Anomalous Orders.

Order 160. Salicineæ.
„ 161. Lacistemaceæ.
„ 162. Empetraceæ.
„ 163. Ceratophylleæ.

GYMNOSPERMEÆ

Order 164. Gnetaceæ.
„ 165. Coniferæ.
„ 166. Cycadaceæ.

MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Series I. =Microspermæ.= At least the inner series of the perianth petaloid. Ovary inferior, unilocular, with 3 parietal placentæ, or rarely 3-locular, with axile placentation. Seeds minute, numerous, without endosperm.

Order 167. Hydrocharideæ.
„ 168. Burmanniaceæ.
„ 169. Orchideæ.

Series II. =Epigynæ.= At least the inner series of the perianth petaloid. Ovary most often inferior. Endosperm copious.

Order 170. Scitamineæ.
„ 171. Bromeliaceæ.
„ 172. Hæmodoraceæ.
„ 173. Irideæ.
„ 174. Amaryllideæ.
„ 175. Taccaceæ.
„ 176. Dioscoreaceæ.

Series III. =Coronarieæ.= At least the inner series of perianth petaloid. Ovary free, very rarely slightly adnate at the base. Endosperm copious.

Order 177. Roxburghiaceæ.
„ 178. Liliaceæ.
„ 179. Pontederiaceæ.
„ 180. Philydraceæ.
„ 181. Xyrideæ.
„ 182. Mayaceæ.
„ 183. Commelinaceæ.
„ 184. Rapateaceæ.

Series IV. =Calycinæ.= Perianth sepaloid, small, rigid, or herbaceous (inner series subpetaloid or small). Ovary free. Endosperm copious.

Order 185. Flagellarieæ.
„ 186. Juncaceæ.
„ 187. Palmæ.

Series V. =Nudifloræ.= Perianth absent, or reduced to hairs or scales. Ovary superior, carpel solitary, or if many, syncarpous, 1–∞-ovuled. Endosperm most frequently present.

Order 188. Pandaneæ.
„ 189. Cyclanthaceæ.
„ 190. Typhaceæ.
„ 191. Aroideæ.
„ 192. Lemnaceæ.

Series VI. =Apocarpæ.= Perianth 1–2-seriate, or absent. Carpels superior, solitary, or if more, apocarpous. Endosperm absent.

Order 193. Triurideæ.
„ 194. Alismaceæ.
„ 195. Naiadaceæ.

Series VII. =Glumaceæ.= Flowers solitary, sessile in the axils of bracts and arranged in capitula or spikelets with bracts. Segments of perianth small, scale-like, glumaceous or absent. Ovary 1-ovuled, or divided into 1-ovuled loculi. Endosperm present.

Order 196. Eriocauleæ.
„ 197. Centrolepideæ.
„ 198. Restiaceæ.
„ 199. Cyperaceæ.
„ 200. Gramineæ.

Classification of the Thallophytes proposed by SACHS (_Text-Book of Botany_, English Edition, 1882).

THALLOPHYTES.

_Containing chlorophyll._ | _Not containing chlorophyll._

Class I. =Protophyta.=

Cyanophyceæ. | Schizomycetes.
Palmellaceæ (in part). | Saccharomycetes.

Class II. =Zygosporeæ.=
Conjugating cells motile.

Pandorineæ. | Myxomycetes.
(Hydrodictyeæ). |

Conjugating cells stationary.

Conjugatæ (including | Zygomycetes.
Diatomaceæ). |

Class III. =Oosporeæ.=

Sphæroplea. |
Vaucheria (_Cœloblastæ_). | { Saprolegnieæ.
| { Peronosporeæ.
Volvocineæ. |
Œdogonieæ. |
Fucoideæ. |

Class IV. Carposporeæ.

Coleochæteæ. | Ascomycetes (including Lichens).
Florideæ. | Æcidiomycetes (Uredineæ).
Characeæ. | Basidiomycetes.

System of A. W. EICHLER (1883).

A. =Cryptogamæ.=
I. =Thallophyta.=
1. Class. ALGÆ.
1 Group. Cyanophyceæ.
2 „ Diatomeæ.
3 „ Chlorophyceæ.
1 Series. Conjugatæ.
2 „ Zoosporeæ.
3 „ Characeæ.
4 Group. Phæophyceæ.
5 „ Rhodophyceæ.
2. Class. FUNGI.
1 Group. Schizomycetes.
2 „ Eumycetes.
1 Series. Phycomycetes.
2 „ Ustilagineæ.
3 „ Æcidiomycetes.
4 „ Ascomycetes.
5 „ Basidiomycetes.
3 Group. Lichenes.
II. =Bryophyta.=
1 Group. Hepaticæ.
2 „ Musci.
III. =Pteridophyta.=
1 Class. EQUISETINÆ.
2 „ LYCOPODINÆ.
3 „ FILICINÆ.
B. =Phanerogamæ.=
1. Gymnospermæ.
2. Angiospermæ.

The subdivisions of the Phanerogamæ have with little variation been adopted in this book.

Classification of the THALLOPHYTES, adopted in the 3rd Danish Edition (1891). [Algæ by Wille; Fungi by Rostrup (_after Zopf_).]

=I. DIVISION. THALLOPHYTA.=
I. Sub-division. =Algæ.=
1 Class. CHLOROPHYCEÆ (GREEN ALGÆ).
1 Family. Conjugatæ.
2 „ Protococcoideæ.
3 „ Confervoideæ.
4 „ Siphoneæ.
5 „ Gyrophyceæ.
2 Class. PHÆOPHYCEÆ (BROWN ALGÆ).
1 Family. Syngeneticæ.
2 „ Dinoflagellata.
3 „ Pyritophyceæ (Diatomeæ).
4 „ Phæosporeæ.
5 „ Cyclosporeæ.
6 „ Dictyoteæ.
3 Class. ACILIATÆ.
A. Sub-class. _Schizophyceæ._
1 Family. Myxophyceæ (Blue-Green Algæ).
2 „ Bacteria.
B. Sub-class. _Rhodophyceæ._
1 Family. Bangioideæ.
2 „ Florideæ.
II. Sub-division. =Myxomycetes.=
III. „ =Fungi.=
A. =Phycomycetes.=
1 Class. OOMYCETES.
2 „ ZYGOMYCETES.
B. =Mycomycetes.=
3 Class. BASIDIOMYCETES.
A. Sub-class. _Protobasidiomycetes._
B. „ _Autobasidiomycetes._
1 Family. Hymenomycetes.
2 „ Gasteromycetes.
3 „ Basidiolichenes.
4 Class. ASCOMYCETES.
1 Family. Gymnoasci.
2 „ Perisporieæ.
3 „ Pyrenomycetes.
4 „ Discomycetes.
5 „ Ascolichenes.

System of A. ENGLER (_Syllabus der Vorlesungen_, etc., 1892).

=I. DIVISION. MYXOTHALLOPHYTA.=
Sub-division. =Myxomycetes.=
1 Class. ACRASIEÆ.
2 „ PLASMODIOPHORALES.
3 „ MYXOGASTERES.
1 Series. Ectosporeæ.
2 „ Endosporeæ.

=II. DIVISION. EUTHALLOPHYTA.=
I. Sub-division. =Schizophyta.=
1 Class. SCHIZOPHYCEÆ.
2 „ SCHIZOMYCETES.
II. Sub-division. =Dinoflagellata.=
Class. DINOFLAGELLATA.
1 Series. Adinida.
2 „ Dinifera.
III. Sub-division. =Bacillariales.=
Class. BACILLARIALES.
IV. Sub-division. =Gamophyceæ.=
1 Class. CONJUGATÆ.
2 „ CHLOROPHYCEÆ.
1 Sub-class. _Protococcales._
2 „ _Confervales._
3 „ _Siphoneæ._
3 Class. CHARALES.
4 „ PHÆOPHYCEÆ.
1 Sub-class. _Phæosporeæ._
2 „ _Cyclosporeæ._
5 Class. DICTYOTALES.
6 „ RHODOPHYCEÆ.
1 Sub-class. _Bangiales._
2 „ _Florideæ._
1 Series. Nemalionales.
2 „ Gigartinales.
3 „ Rhodymeniales.
4 „ Cryptonemiales.
V. Sub-division. =Fungi.=
1 Class. PHYCOMYCETES.
1 Series. Zygomycetes.
2 „ Oomycetes.
1 Sub-series. Chytridiales.
2 „ Mycosiphonales.
2 Class. MESOMYCETES.
1 Sub-class. _Hemiasci._
2 „ _Hemibasidii._
3 Class. MYCOMYCETES.
1 Sub-class. _Ascomycetes._
1 Series. Exoasci.
2 „ Carpoasci.
1 Sub-series. Gymnoascales.
2 „ Perisporiales.
3 „ Pyrenomycetes.
Appended. Pyrenolichenes.
4 Sub-series. Hysteriales.
5 „ Discomycetes.
Appended. Discolichenes.
2 Sub-class. _Basidiomycetes._
1 Series. Protobasidiomycetes.
1 Sub-series. Uredinales.
2 „ Auriculariales.
3 „ Tremellinales.
4 „ Pilacrales.
2 Series. Autobasidiomycetes.
1 Sub-series. Dacryomycetes.
2 „ Hymenomycetes.
Appended. Hymenolichenes.
3 Sub-series. Phalloideæ.
4 „ Gasteromycetes.
Appended. Gasterolichenes.
Fungi imperfecti.

=III. DIVISION. EMBRYOPHYTA ZOIDIOGAMA= (Archegoniatæ).
I. Sub-division. =Bryophyta (Muscinei).=
1 Class. HEPATICÆ.
1 Series. Marchantiales.
2 „ Anthocerotales.
3 „ Jungermanniales.
1 Sub-series. Anacrogynæ.
2 „ Acrogynæ.
2 Class. MUSCI.
1 Sub-class. _Sphagnales._
2 „ _Andreæales._
3 „ _Archidiales._
4 „ _Bryales._
1 Series. Cleistocarpæ.
2 „ Stegocarpæ.
1 Sub-series. Acrocarpæ.
2 „ Pleurocarpæ.
II. Sub division. =Pteridophyta.=
1 Class. FILICALES.
1 Sub-class. _Filices._
1 Series. Planithallosæ.
2 „ Tuberithallosæ.
2 Sub-class. _Hydropterides._
2 Class. EQUISETALES.
1 Sub-class. _Isosporæ._
2 „ _Heterosporæ._
3 Class. SPHENOPHYLLALES.
4 „ LYCOPODICELES.
1 Sub-class. _Isosporæ._
2 „ _Heterosporæ._