Chapter IV

THE SACRED ARCHITECTURE OF EGYPT.
§ 1. The Temple under the Ancient Empire
§ 2. The Temple under the Middle Empire
§ 3. The Temple under the New Empire
§ 4. General Characteristics of the Egyptian Temple

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

COLOURED PLATES.
The Arab Chain, from near Keneh
The Pyramids, from old Cairo
Karnak, bas-reliefs in the Granite Chambers
Seti I., bas-relief at Abydos
General view of Karnak
Perspective view of the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak
Thebes, the plain, with the Colossi of Memnon

FIG.

1. During the Inundation of the Nile
2. Hoeing
3. Ploughing
4. Harvest scene
5. The Bastinado
6. Statue from the Ancient Empire
7. The _Sheikh-el-Beled_
8. Hunting in the Marshes
9. Shadouf
10. The White Crown
11. The Red Crown
12. The Pschent
13. Seti I. in his War-Chariot
14. Rameses II. in adoration before Seti
15. Homage to Amenophis III.
16. Construction of a Temple at Thebes
17. Columns in the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak
18, 19. Scribes registering the yield of the harvest
20. Colossi of Amenophis III.
21. Scribe registering merchandize
22. Boatmen
23. Cattle Drovers
24. Bakers
25. Women at a loom
26. Netting birds
27. Shepherds in the fields
28. Winnowing corn
29. Herdsmen
30. From the tomb of Menofre
31. Water Tournament
32. Mariette's House
33. Amenhotep, or Amenophis III., presented by Phré to Amen-Ra
34. Amen (or Ammon)
35. Ptah
36. Osiris
37. The goddess Bast
38. Painted bas-relief
39. Sekhet
40. Isis-Hathor
41. A Sphinx
42. Touaris
43. Rannu
44. Horus
45. Thoth
46. Sacrifice to Apis
47. Statue from the Ancient Empire
48. Woman kneading dough
49. The Scribe Chaphré
50. The Lady Naï
51. Ouah-ab-ra
52. Sculptor at work upon an arm
53. Sculptor carving a statue
54. Artist painting a statue
55. Isis nursing Horus
56. Chephren
57. Ti, with his wife and son
58. Square building
59. Rectangular and oblong building
60. The Libyan chain, above the Necropolis of Thebes
61. General appearance of an Egyptian Temple
62. Temple of Khons, at Thebes
63. Temple of Khons, Thebes
64. Temple of Khons, Thebes
65. From the second court of Medinet-Abou, Thebes
66. Ramesseum, Thebes
67. The Egyptian Gorge or Cornice
68. Capital and Entablature of the Temple of the Deus Rediculus
at Rome
69. The Egyptian "bond"
70. Double-faced wall
71, 72. Elements of the portico
73. Egyptian construction
74. Element of an off-set arch
75. Arrangement of the courses in an off-set arch
76. Off-set semicircular arch
77. Voussoir
78. Arrangement of voussoirs
79. Semicircular vault
80. Granaries, from a bas-relief
81. Modern pigeon house, Thebes
82. Elements of wooden construction
83. Wooden building (first system)
84. Wooden building (second system)
85. Seti I. striking prisoners of war with his mace
86. Stele of the eleventh dynasty
87. Mummy case from the eighteenth dynasty
88. Man and his wife in the style of the fifth dynasty
89. Sekhem-ka, his wife Ata, and his son Khnem, in the style
of the fifth dynasty
90. Stele of Nefer-oun
91. Preparation of the victims and arrival of funeral gifts
92. Table for offerings
93. Another form of the table for offerings
94. Labourers heaping up ears of corn
95, 96. Sepulchral statuettes
97. Vignette from a _Ritual_ upon papyrus
98. Arrival in Egypt of a company of Asiatic emigrants
99. The tomb of Ti; women, representing the lands of the
deceased, carrying the funeral gifts
100. Lid of the coffin of Entef
101, 102. Scarabs
103, 104. Funerary amulets
105. Pillow
106. Actual condition of a Mastaba. The Tomb of Sabou
107. Three mastabas at Gizeh
108. Restoration of part of the Necropolis of Gizeh
109. The Mastabat-el-Faraoun
110. Entrance to a Mastaba at Sakkarah
111. Lintel of the tomb of Teta
112. Plan of the tomb of Ti
113, 114. Mastaba at Sakkarah
115. Western wall in the chamber of the tomb of Ptah-Hotep
116. Plan of a Mastaba with four serdabs
117. Longitudinal section of the same Mastaba
118. Transverse section through the chamber
119. Transverse section through the serdabs
120. Figures in high relief, from a Mastaba at Gizeh
121. The upper chamber, well, and mummy-chamber
122. Double Mastaba at Gizeh
123. Sarcophagus of Khoo-foo-Ankh
124. Details of the Sarcophagus of Khoo-foo-Ankh
125. Bas-relief from Sakkarah
126. Head of a Mummy
127. Plans of the temples belonging to the Second and Third
Pyramids
128. Plan of the Pyramid of Cheops
129. The Great Pyramid and the small pyramids at its foot
130. The Three Great Pyramids; from the south
131. The Pyramid of Illahoun, horizontal section in perspective
132. Section of the Pyramid of Cheops
133. The southern Pyramid of Dashour
134. Section of the Stepped Pyramid
135. The Stepped Pyramid
136-142. Successive states of a pyramid
143. Section of the Stepped Pyramid at Sakkarah
144. Construction of the Pyramid of Abousir in parallel layers
145. Partial section of the Stepped Pyramid
146. The Pyramid of Meidoum
147. The Mastabat-el-Faraoun
148. Funerary monument represented in the inscriptions
149. Plan and elevation of a pyramid at Meroe
150. Method of closing a gallery by a stone portcullis
151. Portcullis closed
152. Transverse section, in perspective, through the
Sarcophagus-chamber and the discharging chambers of the
Great Pyramid
153. Longitudinal section through the lower chambers
154. Pyramidion
155. The casing of the pyramids
156. Plan of the Pyramids of Gizeh and of that part of the
Necropolis which immediately surrounds them
157. The Sphinx
158. Pyramid with its inclosure, Abousir
159. The river transport of the Mummy
160. Tomb at Abydos
161. Section of the above tomb
162. Tomb at Abydos
163. Section of the above tomb
164. Stele of the eleventh dynasty, Abydos
165. Stele of Pinahsi, priest of Ma; Abydos
166. Façade of a tomb at Beni-Hassan
167. Façade of a tomb at Beni-Hassan, showing some of the
adjoining tombs
168. Interior of a tomb at Beni-Hassan
169. Plan of the above tomb
170. Chess players, Beni-Hassan
171. General plan of Thebes
172. Rameses III. conducting a religious procession, at
Medinet-Abou
173. Rameses III. hunting
174. Rameses II. in battle
175. Painting in a royal tomb at Gournah
176. Amenophis III. presenting an offering to Amen
177. Flaying the funerary victim
178. Entrance to a royal tomb
179. Plan of the tomb of Rameses II.
180. Horizontal section of the same tomb
181. The smaller Sarcophagus-chamber in the tomb of Rameses VI.
182. Entrance to the tomb of Rameses III.
183. Hunting scene upon a tomb at Gournah
184. The weighing of actions
185. Anubis, in a funerary pavilion
186. Plan and section of a royal tomb
187, 188. Theban tombs from the bas-reliefs
189. Theban tomb from a bas-relief
190. A tomb of Apis
191. The tomb of Petamounoph
192. The most simple form of Theban tomb
193. Tomb as represented upon a bas-relief
194. Stele in the Boulak Museum, showing tombs with gardens
about them
195. The sarcophagus of a royal scribe
196. Canopic vase of alabaster
197. View of the grand gallery in the Apis Mausoleum
198. Sepulchral chamber of an Apis bull
199. Section in perspective of "Campbell's tomb"
200. Vertical section in perspective of the Sarcophagus-chamber
of the above tomb
201. A Tomb on El-Assasif
202. The Temple of the Sphinx
203. Interior of the Temple of the Sphinx
204. The Temple of the Sphinx, the Sphinx, and the neighbouring
parts of the Necropolis
205. Ram, or _Kriosphinx_
206. Gateway and boundary wall of a temple
207. Principal façade of the Temple of Luxor
208. The Temple of Khons; horizontal and vertical section
showing the general arrangement of the temple
209. The _Bari_, or sacred boat
210. Portable tabernacle of painted wood
211. Granite tabernacle
212. General plan of the Great Temple at Karnak
213. Longitudinal section of the Temple of Luxor
214. Plan of the anterior portion of the Great Temple at Karnak
215. The Great Temple at Karnak; inner portion
216. Karnak as it is at present
217. Plan of the Temple of Luxor
218. Bird's-eye view of Luxor
219. Plan of the Ramesseum
220. The Ramesseum. Bird's-eye view of the general arrangement
221. General plan of the buildings at Medinet-Abou
222. Plan of the Temple of Thothmes
223. Plan of the Great Temple at Medinet-Abou
224. Plan of the Temple at Abydos
225. Seti, with the attributes of Osiris, between Amen, to whom
he is paying homage, and Chnoum
226. Plan of the Temple of Gournah
227. Façade of the _naos_ of the Temple of Gournah
228. Longitudinal section of the Temple of Gournah, from the
portico of the _naos_ to the back wall
229. Plan of the Temple of Elephantiné
230. View in perspective of the Temple of Elephantiné
231. Longitudinal section of the Temple of Elephantiné
232. Temple of Amenophis III. at Eilithyia
233. Temple of Amenophis III. at Eilithyia; longitudinal section
234. The speos at Addeh
235. The speos at Addeh; longitudinal section
236. Plan of speos at Beit-el-Wali
237. Longitudinal section of the speos at Beit-el-Wali
238. Plan of the hemispeos of Gherf-Hossein
239. Gherf-Hossein; longitudinal section
240. Plan of the hemispeos of Derri
241. Longitudinal section; Derri
242. Façade of the smaller temple at Ipsamboul
243. Plan of the smaller temple
244. Perspective of the principal Chamber in the smaller temple
245. Longitudinal section of the smaller temple
246. Plan of the Great Temple
247. Perspective of the principal Hall in the Great Temple
248. Façade of the Great Temple at Ipsamboul
249. Longitudinal section of the Great Temple
250. Dayr-el-Bahari
251. Restoration in perspective of Dayr-el-Bahari
252. The ruins on the Island of Philæ
253. The battle against the Khetas, Luxor
254. Rameses II. returning in triumph from Syria
255. The goddess Anouké suckling Rameses II., Beit-el-Wali