Chapter XXVI: Introduction (18)

Colonialism, 278, 283, 329
(_see_ Imperialism)

Colonization, 97, 102, 111, 116, 153, 209, 248 ff.
(_see_ Migration, Assimilation)

Colour prints, 256

Communes, 331

Communism, 314, 320 ff.
(_see_ Marxism, Socialism, Soviets)

Concubines, 100, 227

Confessions, 102

Confucian ritual, 78-9;
Confucianism, 93, 136, 145, 150, 163-4, 168, 175, 183-4, 188, 306;
Confucian literature, 78;
false Confucian literature, 93-4;
Confucians, 40 ff., 134
(_see_ Neo-Confucianism)

Conquests, 122, 270
(_see_ War, Colonialism)

Conservatism, 219

Constitution, 311

Contending States, 40 ff.

Co-operatives, 319

Copper, 17, 211
(_see_ Bronze, Metal)

Corruption, 51, 200

Corvee (forced labour), 82, 173, 187, 196, 238
(_see_ Labour)

Cotton, 250

Courtesans, 182
(_see_ Brothel)

Coxinga, rebel, 267, 271

Craftsmen, 26, 105, 183, 197, 216, 247-8
(_see_ Artisans)

Credits, 215

Criminals, 146, 218, 248

Crop rotation, 249

Dalai Lama, religious ruler of Tibet, 278, 310

Dance, 105

Deflation, 215

Deities, 23
(_see_ Tien, Shang Ti, Maitreya, Amithabha, etc.)

Delft, city, 256

Demands, the twenty-one, 311, 313

Democracy, 305, 301

Denshiring, 12

Despotism, 81, 196
(_see_ Absolutism)

Dewey, J., educator, 307

Dialects, 64-5
(_see_ Language)

Dialecticians, 59

Dictators, 38, 47
(_see_ Despotism)

Dictionaries, 65

Diploma, for monks, 208

Diplomacy, 223, 226

Disarmament, 115, 120

Discriminatory laws, 189, 233 ff., 270
(_see_ Double Standard)

Dog, 54

Dorgon, prince, 269

Double standard, legal, 80

Drama, 242, 255, 280

Dress, changes, 53

Dungan, tribes, 292

Dynastic histories
(_see_ History), 2

Dzungars, people, 277

Eclipses, 43

Economy, 53 ff., 94 ff., 100, 109, 112-13, 142 ff.;
Money economy, 198;
Natural economy, 107-8, 116
(_see_ Agriculture, Nomadism, Industry, Denshiring, Money, Trade,
etc.)

Education, 73, 103, 201, 306, 326, 327
(_see_ Schools, Universities, Academies, Script, Examination
system, etc.)

Elements, the five, 60

Elephants, 26

Elite, 73, 74, 196, 218
(_see_ Intellectuals, Students, Gentry)

Elixir, 187 (_see_ Alchemy)

Emperor, position of, 81, 92, 210, 304;
Emperor and church, 218
(_see_ Despotism, King, Absolutism, Monarchy, etc.)

Empress (_see_ Lue, Wu, Wei, Tzu Hsi)

Encyclopaedias, 219, 264, 279

England, 265, 283, 285 (_see_ Great Britain)

Ephtalites, tribe, 150

Epics, 133

Equalization Office, 91, 94 (_see chuen-t'ien_)

Erotic literature, 254

Estates (_chuang,_) 154, 175, 181, 212, 236

Ethics, 45
(_see_ Confucianism)

Eunuchs, 91, 100, 191, 253, 259-60, 261, 267, 272

Europe, 143, 212; Europeans, 209, 233, 237, 246, 263, 272, 297, 299

Examination system, 74, 78, 85-6, 91, 175, 197, 216, 252-3, 259, 280;
Examinations for Buddhists, 207

Fables, 259

Factories, 250, 251

Fallow system, 54, 249

Falsifications, 93
(_see_ Confucianism)

Family structure, 24, 29, 31, 42, 54, 138-9, 196, 332;
Family ethics, 58;
Family planning, 331

Fan Chung-yen, politician, 212, 213

Fascism, 264

Federations, tribal, 117

Felt, 33

Feng Kuo-chang, politician, 312

Feng Meng-lung, writer, 254, 255

Feng Tao, politician, 201

Feng Yue-hsiang, war lord, 312, 315

Ferghana, city, 88

Fertility cults, 23;
differential fertility, 73

Fertilizer, 54

Feudalism, 24, 29, 30 ff., 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 85;
end of feudalism, 51, 59, 62-3;
late feudalism, 71-2, 77 ff.;
new feudalism, 81;
nomadic feudalism, 76, 131
(_see_ Serfs, Aristocracy, Fiefs, Bondsmen, etc.)

Fiefs, 30, 54, 78, 82

Finances, 209
(_see_ Budget, Inflation, Money, Coins)

Fire-arms
(_see_ Rifles, Cannons)

Fishing, 94

Folk-tales, 254, 258

Food habits, 54-5, 155

Foreign relations, 84
(_see_ Diplomacy, Treaty, Tribute, War)

Forests, 26

Formosa (T'aiwan), 152, 267, 276, 277, 295, 296, 323 ff.

France, 287, 295, 296, 313, 317

Frontier, concept of, 38

Frugality, 58

Fu Chien, ruler, 126 ff., 130, 131, 136, 139, 157-8

Fu-lan-chi (Franks), 263

Fu-lin, Manchu ruler, 269

Fu-yue, country, 141

Fukien, province, 167, 228, 237, 248, 249, 250, 251, 276

Galdan, leader, 277

Gandhara, country, 146

Gardens, 154

Geisha (_see_ Courtesans), 217

Genealogy, 52, 167, 196

Genghiz Khan, ruler, 225, 230, 241

Gentry (Upper class), 44, 78, 80, 101, 108, 133, 138, 143, 144, 166,
173, 174, 196, 197, 203, 209, 210, 214, 236, 239, 252 ff., 257, 268,
272, 297, 303-4, 307;
colonial gentry, 163;
definition of gentry, 72;
gentry state, 71 ff.,
southern gentry, 153

Germany, 296, 311, 312, 317

Goek Turks, 149 ff.

Governors, role of, 184 ff.

Grain
(_see_ Millet, Rice, Wheat)

Granaries, 216, 290

Great Britain, 285, 293, 294, 295, 310
(_see_ England)

Great Leap Forward, 331

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 333

Great Wall, 57

Greeks, 59, 60

Guilds, 58, 197

Hakka, ethnic group, 228, 289, 323

Hami, city state, 245

Han, dynasty, 71 ff., 122;
Later Han dynasty, 206

Han Fei Tzu, philosopher, 59

Han T'o-wei, politician, 226-7

Han Yue, philosopher, 182, 217, 218

Hankow (Han-k'ou), city, 38, 156, 162, 251, 290, 314

Hangchow (Hang-chou), city, 38, 225, 228

Heaven, 42, 81
(_see_ Shang Ti, T'ien)

Hermits, 46 ff.
(_see_ Monks, Sages)

Hinayana, religion, 135

Historians, 2

Histories, dynastic, 2, 242;
falsification
of histories, 43, 52, 93;
Historiography, 43, 103-4
Hitler, Adolf, dictator, 317, 319

Hittites, ethnic group, 25

Ho Ch'eng-t'ien, scholar, 255

Ho-lien P'o-p'o, ruler, 139, 140, 159, 225

Ho Ti, Han ruler, 99

_hong_, association, 286

Hong Kong, colony, 286, 319, 325

Hopei, province, 296

Horse, 11, 90, 186, 223, 237;
horse chariot, 25;
horse riding, 53;
horse trade, 63

Hospitals, 216

Hou Ching, ruler, 161-2

Houses, 19, 33
(_see_ Adobe)

Hsi-hsia, kingdom, 214, 221, 223, 224 ff., 231

Hsi-k'ang, Tibet, 310

Hsia, dynasty, 17-18, 21, 25;
Hunnic Hsia dynasty, 139
(_see_ Hsi-hsia)

Hsia-hou, clan, 113

Hsia Kui, painter, 221

Hsiao Tao-ch'eng, general, 160

Hsiao Wu Ti, Chin ruler, 158

Hsieh, clan, 157

Hsieh Hsuean, general, 128

Hsien-feng, period, 294

Hsien-pi, tribal federation, 98, 102, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123,
126, 127, 128 ff., 130, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 140, 148, 169

Hsien Ti, Han ruler, 100

Hsien-yuen, tribes, 21

Hsin, dynasty, 92

Hsin-an merchants, 251, 263

_Hsin Ch'ing-nien_, journal, 307

Hsiung-nu, tribal federation, 67 ff., 75 ff., 81, 86 ff., 90, 95, 96,
97 ff., 102, 108, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 224, 226
(_see_ Huns)

Hsue Shih-ch'ang, president, 312

Hsuean-te, period, 259

Hsuean-tsang, Buddhist, 181

Hsuean Tsung, T'ang ruler, 181;
Manchu ruler, 259, 288

Hsuean-t'ung, period, 300

Hsuen Tzu, philosopher, 57-8

Hu, name of tribes, 118
(_see_ Huns)

Hu Han-min, politician, 314-15

Hu Shih, scholar and politician, 307, 320

Hu Wei-yung, politician, 257

Huai-nan Tzu, philosopher, 50, 104

Huai, Ti, Chin ruler, 123, 124

Huan Hsuean, general, 158, 159

Huan Wen, general, 157-8

Huang Ch'ao, leader of rebellion, 189 ff., 195, 203

Huang Ti, ruler, 52

Huang Tsung-hsi, philosopher, 247, 352

Hui-chou merchants, 251, 254

_hui-kuan_, association, 197

Hui Ti, Chin ruler, 120;
Manchu ruler, 257

Hui Tsung, Sung ruler, 221

Hui Tzu, philosopher, 59

Human sacrifice, 19, 23

Hung Hsiu-ch'uean, leader of rebellion, 289 ff.

Huns, 57, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 136, 139,
140, 147, 148, 151, 278
(_see_ Hu, Hsiung-nu)

Hunting, 25-6

Hutuktu, religious ruler, 310

Hydraulic society, 56

_i-chuang_, clan manors, 213

Ili, river, 282 ff., 293, 330

Imperialism, 76, 265, 285 ff., 294, 295, 329
(_see_ Colonialism)

India, 20, 26, 34, 45, 60, 89, 106, 111, 118, 125, 134-5, 145, 146, 164,
181, 182, 198, 243, 265, 287, 288, 310, 329
(_see_ Brahmans, Bengal, Gandhara, Calcutta, Buddhism)

Indo-China, 234, 258
(_see_ Cambodia, Annam, Laos).

Indo-Europeans, language group, 15, 25, 29, 150
(_see_ Yueeh-chih, Tocharians, Hittites)

Indonesia, 10, 201, 209, 319
(_see_ Java)

Industries, 198, 214, 250 ff.;
Industrialization, 275, 325-26, 327-28, 331-32;
Industrial society, 212
(_see_ Factories)

Inflation, 20, 211, 215, 237

Inheritance, laws of, 24, 54

Intellectuals, 300, 309
(_see_ Elite, Students)

Investments, 198, 212, 212-14

Iran (Persia), 60, 61, 234

Iron, 40, 55, 96, 198;
Cast iron, 56;
Iron money, 202
(_see_ Steel)

Irrigation, 56, 62

Islam, 179, 183, 202-3
(_see_ Muslims)

Istanbul (Constantinople), 256, 259, 293

Italy, 317

Japan, 9, 10, 26, 44, 88, 106, 112, 114, 126, 144, 145, 170, 178, 179,
181, 196, 201, 234, 245-6, 254, 256, 258, 263, 264, 265, 275, 294 ff.,
297, 298, 300, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317 ff., 322, 323,
324, 325
(_see_ Meiji, Tada, Tanaka)

Java, 234

Jedzgerd, ruler, 178

Jehol, province, 11, 287 Jen Tsung, Manchu ruler, 285

Jesuits, 266, 278

Jews, 179

_Ju_ (scribes), 34, 41

Ju-chen (Chin Dynasty, Jurchen), 221-2, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229 ff, 244,
265

Juan-juan, tribal federation, 114, 140, 149

Jurchen
(_see_ Ju-chen)

K'ai-feng, city
(_see_ Yeh, Pien-liang), 203, 230

Kalmuk, Mongol tribes, 282, 283, 284
(_see_ Oeloet)

Kang-hsi, period, 272, 277, 279

K'ang Yo-wei, politician and scholar, 298-99

Kansu, province, 12, 14, 86, 87, 121, 124, 125, 129, 131, 132, 139, 140,
142, 159, 163, 225, 292, 293, 324
(_see_ Tun-huang)

Kao-ch'ang, city state, 177

Kao, clan, 148

Kao-li, state, 126, 141, 222
(_see_ Korea)

Kao Ming, writer, 242

Kao Tsu, Han ruler, 71, 77

Kao Tsung, T'ang ruler, 179, 180

Kao Yang, ruler, 148

Kapok, textile fibre, 250

Kara Kitai, tribal federation, 223-4

Kashgar, city, 99, 282, 292

Kazak, tribal federation, 282, 283

Khalif (_see_ Caliph), 293

Khamba, Tibetans, 310

Khan, Central Asian title, 149, 169, 176, 177, 186

Khocho, city, 177

Khotan, city, 99, 135, 174

King, position of, 24, 34, 42, 43; first kings, 19;
religious character of kingship, 37
(_see_ Yao, Shun, Hsia dynasty, Emperor, Wang, Prince)

Kitan (Ch'i-tan), tribal federation, 184, 186, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207,
208, 209, 221, 222 ff., 229, 241
(_see_ Liao dynasty)

Ko-shu Han, general, 184-5

Korea, 9, 88-89, 112, 126, 169 ff., 178, 181, 201, 219, 222, 265, 268,
295, 296, 324, 329
(_see_ Kao-li, Pai-chi, Sin-lo)

K'ou Ch'ien-chih, Taoist, 147

Kowloon, city, 287

Ku Yen-wu, geographer, 279

Kuan Han-ch'ing, writer, 242

Kuang-hsue, period, 295 ff.

Kuang-wu Ti, Han ruler, 96 ff.

Kub(i)lai Khan, Mongol ruler, 234, 241

Kung-sun Lung, philosopher, 59

K'ung Tzu (Confucius), 40 ff.

Kuo-min-tang (KMT), party, 313, 321, 323, 324, 325

Kuo Wei, ruler, 206

Kuo Tzu-hsing, rebel leader, 239

Kuo Tzu-i, loyal general, 184, 186

Kyakhta (Kiachta), city, 278

Labour, forced, 235, 237
(_see_ Corvee);
Labour laws, 198;
Labour shortage, 251

Lacquer, 256

Lamaism, religion, 242-3

Land ownership, 31, 32, 54
(_see_ Property);
Land reform, 94, 142-3, 172-3, 229, 290, 315, 325, 330
(_see chuen-t'ien, ching-t'ien_)

Landlords, 54, 55, 154, 155, 198, 212, 213, 236-7, 251;
temples as landlords, 134

Language, 36, 46;
dialects, 64-5, 167;
Language reform, 307-8, 324

Lang Shih-ning, painter, 281

La Tzu, philosopher, 45 ff., 101, 136

Laos, country, 12

Law codes, 56, 66, 80, 81-2, 93
(_see_ Li K'ui, Property law, Inheritance, Legalists)

Leadership, 73-4

League of Nations, 316

Leibniz, philosopher, 281

Legalists (_fa-chia_), 47, 63, 65, 66, 80, 81

Legitimacy of rule, 44, 111
(_see_ Abdication)

Lenin, V., 320, 333

Lhasa, city, 278, 329

Li An-shih, economist, 142

Li Chung-yen, governor, 315

Li Hung-chang, politician, 291, 296, 297

Li K'o-yung, ruler, 190, 191, 203, 204

Li Kuang-li, general, 88

Li K'ui, law-maker, 56, 80

Li Li-san, politician, 320

Li Lin-fu, politician, 184

Li Lung-mien, painter, 220

Li Shih-min
(_see_ T'ai Tsung), T'ang ruler, 170, 172, 178

Li Ssu, politician, 66

Li Ta-chao, librarian, 320

Li T'ai-po, poet, 182

Li Tzu-ch'eng, rebel, 268, 269, 271

Li Yu, writer, 280

Li Yu-chen, writer, 280

Li Yuean, ruler, 172

Li Yuean-hung, politician, 301, 302, 312

Liang dynasty, Earlier, 124, 130;
Later Liang, 130, 150, 162, 191, 203 ff., 207;
Northern Liang, 130 ff., 132, 133, 140;
Southern Liang, 132;
Western Liang, 131, 140

Liang Ch'i-ch'ao, journalist, 280-1

_liang-min_ (burghers), 143

Liao, tribes, 12;
Liao dynasty (_see_ Kitan), 203, 208, 222 ff.;
Western Liao dynasty, 224

_Liao-chai chih-i_, short-story collection, 280

Libraries, 66, 201-2

Lin-chin, city, 55

Lin-ch'uan, city, 263

Lin Shu, translator, 280

Lin Tse-hsue, politician, 286

Literati, 73
(_see_ Scholars, Confucianists)

Literature, 66, 103 ff., 182 ff., 220, 253 ff.
(_see_ _pien-wen_, _pi-chi_, Poetry, Drama, Novels,
Epics, Theatre, ballads, Folk-tales, Fables, History, Confucians,
Writers, Scholars, Scribes)

Literary revolution, 307, 320

Liu Chi, Han ruler, 68, 71 ff.

Liu Chih-yuean, ruler, 206

Liu Chin, eunuch, 261

Liu Hsiu
(_see_ Kuang-wu Ti), Han ruler, 96

Liu Lao-chih, general, 158

_liu-min_ (vagrants), 198

Liu Pang
(_see_ Liu Chi)

Liu Pei, general and ruler, 100, 101, 102

Liu Shao-ch'i, political leader, 333

Liu Sung, rebel, 284

Liu Tsung-yuean, writer, 182

Liu Ts'ung, ruler, 123, 124

Liu Yao, ruler, 124

Liu Yue, general, 158, 159;
emperor, 225

Liu Yuean, sculptor, 243;
emperor, 119, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 131, 137, 139

Lo Kuan-chung, writer, 254

Loans, to farmers, 94;
foreign, 288

Loess, soil formation, 9

Logic, 46

Long March, 321

Lorcha War, 287, 291

Loyang (Lo-yang), capital of China, 32, 33, 36, 37, 55, 97, 113, 122,
127, 142, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 160, 168, 176, 180, 184, 185, 215

Lu, state, 41, 43

Lue, empress, 77 ff.

Lu Hsiang-shan, philosopher, 263

Lu Hsuen, writer, 320

Lue Kuang, ruler, 130

Lue Pu, general, 100

Lue Pu-wei, politician, 63, 103

Lun, prince, 120

_Lun-heng_, book, 104

Lung-men, place, 150

Lung-shan, excavation site, 14, 15 ff., 19

Lytton Commission, 316

Ma Yin, ruler, 199-200

Ma Yuean, general, 97;
painter, 221

Macchiavellism, 60, 164, 263-4

Macao, Portuguese colony, 227, 266, 286

Mahayana, Buddhist sect, 135, 145

Maitreya, Buddhist deity, 147, 189
(_see_ Messianic movements)

Malacca, state, 263

Malaria, 249

Managers, 212-13

Manchu, tribal federation and dynasty, 76, 232, 265, 267, 270 ff., 301,
312, 329, 330

Manchuria, 9, 11, 14, 111, 114, 137, 222, 246, 275, 277, 296, 311, 316,
317

Manichaeism, Iranian religion, 46, 179, 187

Manors (_chuang_, _see_ Estates), 154

Mao Tun, Hsiung-nu ruler, 75, 76, 119, 122, 139, 170

Mao Tse-tung, party leader, 320, 321, 333

Marco Polo, businessman, 238, 317

Market, 56;
Market control, 85

Marriage systems, 73-5, 167, 196, 332

Marxism, 304, 306, 322, 331, 333;
Marxist theory of history, 75
(_see_ Materialism, Communism, Lenin, Mao Tse-tung)

Materialism, 58, 164

Mathematics, 61

Matrilinear societies, 24

Mazdaism, Iranian religion, 101, 179, 187, 342

May Fourth Movement, 307, 320

Medicine, 219;
Medical doctors, 144, 216-17

Meditation
(_see_ Ch'an)

Megalithic culture, 20

Meiji, Japanese ruler, 294

Melanesia, 10

Mencius (Meng Tzu), philosopher, 57

Merchants, 31, 55, 56, 62, 63, 65, 79, 90-1, 104-5, 134, 160, 163, 179,
189, 198, 200, 201, 202, 212, 215-16, 247-8, 251, 276-7, 297;
foreign merchants, 190, 234, 237, 281-2
(_see_ Trade, Salt, Caravans, Businessmen)

Messianic movements, 61, 147

Metal, 15, 20
(_see_ Bronze, Copper, Iron)

Mi Fei, painter, 220

Middle Class, 195, 254, 297, 304, 309, 310, 314
(_see_ Burgher, Merchant, Craftsmen, Artisans)

Middle East
(_see_ Near East)

Migrations, 54, 116, 120 ff., 130, 142, 152 ff., 228, 237, 248, 275-6, 294;
forced migrations, 54, 167
(_see_ Colonization, Assimilation, Settlement)

Militarism, 63

Militia, 174, 215, 291

Millet, 11, 21, 32

Mills, 181, 213

Min, state in Fukien, 205

Ming dynasty, 243 ff.

Ming Jui, general, 283

Min Ti, Chin ruler, 123

Ming Ti, Han ruler, 99;
Wei ruler, 114;
Later T'ang ruler, 204

Minorate, 24

Missionaries, Christian, 266, 281, 287, 289
(_see_ Jesuits)

Mo Ti, philosopher, 58

Modernization, 296-7

Mohammedan rebellions, 292 ff.
(_see_ Muslim)

Mon-Khmer tribes, 10

Monarchy, 47, 247, 281
(_see_ King, Emperor, Absolutism, Despotism)

Monasteries, Buddhist, 144, 207, 236;
economic importance, 125, 134, 180-1, 187 ff.

Money, 20, 55, 180-1;
Money economy, 56, 58, 107-8;
Origin of money, 40;
paper money, 202, 211, 347
(_see_ Coins, Paper, Silver)

Mongolia, 8, 9, 11, 98, 283, 317

Mongols, tribes, tribal federation, dynasty, 17, 40, 53, 57, 76, 102,
114, 117, 119, 120, 137, 140, 175, 220, 225, 227, 228, 230 ff.,
232 ff., 240, 243, 244, 257, 259, 264, 266, 268, 270, 277, 281, 284,
291, 329, 330
(_see_ Yuean dynasty, Kalmuk, Tuemet, Oirat, Oeloet, Naiman, Turgut,
Timur, Genghiz, Kublai)

Monks, Buddhist, 134, 146, 164, 188, 207, 218, 239, 246, 253-4

Monopolies, 85, 91, 200, 215

Mound-dwellers, 16

Mu-jung, tribes, 119, 126, 128-9

Mu Ti, East Chin ruler, 157

Mu Tsung, Manchu ruler, 294

Mulberries, 143

Munda tribes, 10

Music, 163, 182-3, 255
(_see_ Theatre, Dance, Geisha)

Muslims, 179, 233, 278, 289;
Muslim rebellions, 289, 292 ff.
(_see_ Islam, Mohammedans)

Mysticism, 46

Naiman, Mongol tribe, 233

Nan-chao, state, 171

Nan-yang, city, 96

Nanking (Nan-ching), capital of China, 38, 121, 156, 162, 225, 228, 235,
246, 250, 254, 257, 262, 263, 266, 270, 286, 287, 290, 291, 302, 315,
316, 318;
Nanking regime, 314 ff.

Nationalism, 76, 131, 233, 284-5
(_see_ Kuo-min-tang)

Nature, 46;
Nature philosophers, 60

Navy, 258

Near East, 16, 81, 106, 109, 111, 140, 146, 221, 238
(_see_ Arabs, Iran, etc.)

Neo-Confucianism, 218 ff., 263

Neolithicum, 9

Nepal, 243, 283

Nerchinsk, place, 278

Nestorian Christianity, 187

Ni Tsan, painter, 243

Nien Fei, rebels, 291-2

Niu Seng-yu, politician, 188

Nobility, 31, 80, 124, 131, 138;
Nomadic nobility, 76
(_see_ Aristocracy)

Nomadism, 10, 40, 67, 222-3;
Economy of nomads, 35-6, 137;
Nomadic society structure, 75

Novels, 254 ff., 280

Oil, 294

Oirat, Mongol tribes, 260

Okinawa (_see_ Ryukyu)

Oeloet, Mongol tribes, 277

Opera, 242, 255-6

Opium, 276, 286;
Opium War, 286

Oracle bones, 22, 24

Ordos, area, 9, 17, 20, 67, 86, 125, 129, 133, 148, 170, 225

Orenburg, city, 282

Organizations, 58
(_see hui-kuan_ Guilds, _hong_, Secret Societies)

Orphanages, 218

Ottoman (Turkish) Empire, 293

Ou-yang Hsiu, writer, 254

Outer Mongolia, 310-11, 330

Pagoda, 243

Pai-chi (Paikche), state in Korea, 141

Pai-lien-hui (_see_ White Lotos) 239

Painting, 56, 105, 183, 220 ff., 243, 255, 281

Palaeolithicum, 8 ff.

Pan Ch'ao, general, 99, 100

_pao-chia_, security system, 173

Paper, 105, 183, 251;
Paper money, 202, 228, 237
(_see_ Money)

Parliament, 300-1

Party (_see_ Kuo-min-tang, Communists)

Pearl Harbour, 319

Peasant rebellions, 238 ff.
(_see_ Rebellions)

Peking, city, 169, 184, 197, 207, 208, 221, 223, 235, 239, 246, 256,
257, 262, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 272, 278, 283, 287, 290, 291, 297,
299, 305, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 318;
Peking Man, 8

Pensions, 217, 247

People's Democracy, 294

Persecution, religious, 147, 188, 207

Persia (Iran), 256, 258, 259;
Persian language, 234

Peruz, ruler, 178

Philippines, state, 295, 323, 325

Philosophy, 44, 217 ff., 263 ff.
(_see_ Confucius, Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu, Huai-nan Tzu,
Hsuen Tzu, Mencius, Hui Tzu, Mo Ti, Kung-sun Lung, Shang
Tzu, Han Fei Tzu, Tsou Yen, Legalists, Chung-ch'ang,
T'ung, Yuean Chi, Liu Ling, Chu Hsi, Ch'eng Hao, Lu Hsiang-shan,
Wang Yang-ming, etc.)

_pi-chi_, literary form, 220

_pieh-yeh (see_ Manor), 154

Pien-liang, city (_see_ K'ai-feng), 230

_pien-wen_, literary form, 253

Pig, 54, 199

Pilgrims, 245

P'ing-ch'eng, city, 122

Pirates, 245, 263

Plantation economy, 154

Plough, 54

Po Chue-i, poet, 182, 220

Po-hai, state, 171, 222, 229

Poetry, 48, 163, 175, 182 ff., 227, 241, 255;
Court Poetry, 105;
Northern Poetry, 133

Poets, 219 ff.
(_see_ T'ao Ch'ien, Po Chue-i, Li T'ai-po, Tu Fu, etc.)

Politicians, migratory, 52

Pontic migration, 16

Population changes, 21, 55, 62, 78, 108, 236, 238, 273-4;
Population decrease, 107
(_see_ Census, Fertility)

Porcelain, 20, 183, 201, 221, 251, 256, 281

Port Arthur, city, 296

Portsmouth, treaty, 296

Portuguese 262, 263
(_see_ Fu-lan-chi, Macao)

Potter, 32;
Pottery, 14, 15 ff., 20;
black pottery, 16
(_see_ Porcelain)

Price controls, 212

Priests, 24, 34
(_see_ Shamans, Ju, Monks)

Primogeniture, 54

Princes, 115, 120, 123

Printing, 201-2
(_see_ Colour, Book)

Privileges of gentry, 173

Proletariate, 305, 320
(_see_ Labour)

Propaganda, 93

Property relations, 31, 54, 196
(_see_ Laws, Inheritance, Primogeniture)

Protectorate, 82

Provinces, administration, 85

_pu-ch'ue,_ bondsmen, 143, 174

Pu-ku Huai-en, general, 185, 186

P'u Sung-lin, writer, 280

P'u Yi, Manchu ruler, 300, 312

Puppet plays, 255

Railways, 301, 324; Manchurian Railway, 296

Rebellions, 95-6, 156, 158, 184 ff., 189 ff., 238 ff., 261 ff., 267 ff.,
284, 289 ff., 291 ff., 299, 301
(_see_ Peasants, Secret Societies, Revolutions)

Red Eyebrows, peasant movement, 95 ff.

Red Guards, 333

Reforms, 298, 299;
Reform of language, 307-9
(_see_ Land reform)

Regents, 89

Religion, 8, 22-4, 37, 42, 44, 48, 135-6;
popular religion, 101
(_see_ Bon, Shintoism, Persecution, Sacrifice, Ancestor cult,
Fertility cults, Deities, Temples, Monasteries, Christianity,
Islam, Buddhism, Mazdaism, Manichaeism, Messianic religions,
Secret societies, Soul, Shamanism, State religion)

Republic, 303 ff.

Revolutions, 244;
legitimization of revolution, 57
(_see_ Rebellions)

Ricci, Matteo, missionary, 266

Rice, 12, 155, 219, 235, 249

Rifles, 263

Ritualism, 34, 42

Roads, 30, 56, 65

Roman Empire, 31, 51, 107, 144, 210

Roosevelt, F.D., president, 322

Russia, 246, 259, 278, 282, 283, 284, 293, 294, 296, 298, 300, 310,
311, 313-14, 315, 317, 320, 321, 322, 323, 328-29, 330, 333, 334
(_see_ Soviet Republics)

Ryukyu (Liu-ch'iu), islands, 295

Sacrifices, 19, 23, 26

Sages, 47

Sakhalin (Karafuto), island, 295, 296

Salar, ethnic group, 292

Salary, 213, 227

Salt, 40;
Salt merchants, 189, 238, 248-9, 262;
Salt trade, 200-1

Samarkand, city, 45, 183, 241

_San-min chu-i,_ book, 305

Sang Hung-yang, economist, 91

Sassanids, Iranian dynasty, 178

Scholars (_Ju_), 34, 41, 52, 59, 60, 100
(_see_ Literati, Scribes, Intellectuals, Confucianists)

Schools, 79, 196, 324-25
(_see_ Education)

Science, 60-1, 104-5, 219, 281
(_see_ Mathematics, Astronomy, Nature)

Scribes, 34

Script, Chinese, 22, 29, 65, 225, 308

Sculpture, 19-20, 106, 147, 183, 243;
Buddhist sculptures, 146

_se-mu_ (auxiliary troops), 233

Seal, imperial, 92-3

Secret societies, 61, 95 ff., 289
(_see_ Red Eyebrows, Yellow Turbans, White Lotos, Boxer,
Rebellions)

Sects, 135;
Buddhist sects, 188

Seng-ko-lin-ch'in, general, 291

Serfs, 21, 26, 31, 32, 33, 53-4, 72, 143, 197, 216
(_see_ Slaves, Servants, Bondsmen)

Servants, 32

Settlement, of foreigners, 177;
military, 248
(_see_ Colonization)

Sha-t'o, tribal federation, 187, 190, 203, 204, 206, 207, 222, 230

Shadow theatre, 255

Shahruk, ruler, 258

Shamans, 160, 184;
Shamanism, 34, 242, 135 ff., 146

Shan tribes of South East Asia, 12

_Shan-hai-ching_, book, 103

Shan-yue, title of nomadic ruler, 88, 89, 90, 95, 103, 119, 125, 151

Shang dynasty, 19 ff., 41

Shang Ti, deity, 23, 24, 25

Shang Tzu, philosopher (Shang Yang), 59

Shanghai, city 246, 250, 287, 288, 301, 305, 308, 314-15, 316, 318

Shao Yung, philosopher, 220

Sheep, 54, 118

Shen Nung, mythical figure, 52

Shen Tsung, Sung ruler, 196;
Manchu ruler, 265, 267

Sheng Tsu, Manchu ruler, 272

_Shih-chi_, book, 103

Shih Ching-t'ang, ruler, 204, 222

Shih Ch'ung, writer, 49

Shih Heng, soldier, 260

Shih Hu, ruler, 125 ff.

Shih Huang-ti, ruler, 63 ff., 78

Shih Lo, ruler, 123, 124, 125, 126

Shih-pi, ruler, 170

Shih Ssu-ming, 185

Shih Tsung, Manchu ruler, 264, 282

Shih-wei, Mongol tribes, 141

Shintoism, Japanese religion, 44

Ships, 168 (_see_ Navy)

Short stories, 255

Shoulder axes, 10

Shu (Szechwan), area and/or state, 219

Shu-Han dynasty, 108, 110, 111, 115

Shun, dynasty, 268;
mythical ruler, 17

Shun-chih, reign period, 270

Sian (Hsi-an, Ch'ang-an), city, 31, 33, 35, 97

Siao Ho (Hsiao Ho), jurist, 80

Silk, 20-1, 56, 90-1, 105, 116, 143, 185, 186, 209, 214, 276, 289, 303;
Silk road, 86

Silver, 211, 251-2, 276

Sin-lo (Hsin-lo, Silla), state of Korea, 141

Sinanthropos, 8

Sinkiang (Hsin-Chiang, Turkestan), 14, 248, 294, 329, 330

Slash and burn agriculture (denshiring), 12

Slaves, 26, 32, 79, 94, 123, 137-8, 143;
Slave society, 26;
Temple slaves, 146

Social mobility, 73-4, 196, 197, 218-19;
Social structure of tribes, 117

Socialism, 93 ff., 291
(_see_ Marxism, Communism)

Sogdiana, country in Central Asia, 45, 60, 134-5, 163, 174, 184

Soul, concept of soul, 32

South-East Asia, 9, 10, 14, 198, 201 250, 275, 324
(_see_ Burma, Champa, Cambodia, Annam, Laos, Vietnam,
Tonking, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Mon-Khmer)

Soviet Republics, 294, 312, 328
(_see_ Russia)

Speculations, financial, 227

Ssu-ma, clan, 113-14

Ssu-ma Ch'ien, historian, 103-4

Ssu-ma Kuang, historian, 220

Ssu-ma Yen, ruler, 114, 115

Standardization, 64 ff.

States, territorial and national, 37, 51;
State religion, 145-6, 180

Statistics, 83
(_see_ Population)

Steel, 56, 198

Steppe, 9

Stone age, 8 ff.

Stratification, social, 29
(_see_ Classes, Social mobility)

Strikes, 198

Students, 304-5, 306, 320

Su Chuen, rebel, 156

Su Tsung, T'ang ruler, 185

Su Tung-p'o, poet, 219

_su-wang_ (uncrowned king), 43

Sui, dynasty, 151

Sun Ts'e, ruler, 100, 101 Sun Yat-sen (Sun I-hsien), revolutionary leader, president, 280, 299, 300, 302, 305, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315, 318, 321

Sung, dynasty, 207, 208 ff., 238;
Liu-Sung dynasty, 159 ff.

Szechwan (Ssu-ch'uan), province, 101, 139, 156, 157, 159, 185,
190, 199, 200, 202, 207, 214, 215, 219, 262, 301
(_see_ Shu)

Ta-tan (Tatars), tribal federation, 233

Tada, Japanese militarist, 295

Tai, tribes, 17, 19, 21, 111, 152
(_see_ Thailand)

Tai Chen, philosopher, 279

Tai Ch'ing dynasty (Manchu), 267

T'ai P'ing, state, 274, 289 ff., 333

T'ai Tsu, Sung ruler, 209; Manchu ruler, 257

T'ai Tsung, T'ang ruler 174, 178
(_see_ Li Shih-min)

Taiwan (T'ai-wan, _see_ Formosa), 323 ff, 334

T'an-yao, priest, 146

Tanaka, Japanese militarist, 295

T'ang, dynasty, 83-4, 144, 147, 172 ff.;
Later T'ang dynasty, 204 ff.

T'ang Hsien-tsu, writer, 255

T'ang Yin, painter, 255

Tanguts, Tibetan tribal federation and/or state, 99, 102, 118, 224-5,
233
(_see_ Ch'iang)

Tao, philosophical term, 42, 46, 47

Tao-kuang, reign period, 285 ff., 288

_Tao-te-ching,_ book, 46

T'ao-t'ieh, mythical emblem, 22

Tao-yen, monk, 264

Taoism, religion, 101-2, 133, 136, 150, 183, 188, 236, 266; Taoists, 46,
61, 104, 241, 263-4
(_see_ Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu, Chang Ling, etc.)

Tarim basin, 89, 179

Tatars (Ta-tan) Mongolian tribal federation, 190, 230, 233

Taxation, 33, 55, 65, 78, 143, 154, 173, 175, 178, 210, 211, 212, 213,
247, 252;
Tax collectors, 55, 74, 116;
Tax evasion, 214, 226, 246;
Tax exemptions, 188, 213, 236;
Taxes for monks, 208;
Tax reform, 187

Te Tsung, Manchu ruler, 295, 299

Tea, 276; Tea trade, 200; Tea house
(_see_ Brothel), 182

Teachers, 74
(_see_ Schools)

Technology, 219

Tell, archaeological term, 16

Temples, 101, 183
(_see_ Monasteries)

Tengri khan, ruler, 186

Textile industry, 198
(_see_ Silk, Cotton)

Thailand, state, 12, 248, 265
(_see_ Tai tribes)

Theatre, 182-3, 242
(_see_ Shadow, Puppet, Opera)

Throne, accession to, 150
(_see_ Abdication, Legitimacy)

Ti, Tibetan tribes, 21, 118

Tibet, 12, 15, 19, 29, 30, 35, 102, 110, 116, 118-19, 120, 121, 126,
127, 130, 131, 132, 135, 139, 145, 169, 174, 177, 179, 181, 186, 187,
200, 224-5, 242, 273, 278, 283, 284, 293, 310, 329
(_see_ Ch'iang, Ti, T'u-fan, T'u-yue-hun, Lhasa Tanguts)

T'ien, deity, 32

Tientsin (T'ien-chin), city, 287, 290, 299

Timur, ruler, 258

Tin, 17

Ting-ling, tribal federation, 89, 102

T'o-pa
(_see_ Toba)

T'o-t'o, writer, 241-2

Toba, Turkish tribal federation, 76, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 126,
127, 132, 136 ff., 159, 160, 161, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 177, 214,
222, 224

Tocharians, Central Asian ethnic group, 150

Tokto (_see_ T'o-t'o)

Toeloes, Turkish tribal group, 169, 178, 185

Tombs, 19, 34

Tonking, state, 10, 54, 295, 330

Tortoise, 22, 47-8

Totalitarianism, 80
(_see_ Dictatorship, Fascism, Communism)

Tou Ku, general, 99

T'ou-man, ruler, 67

Towns
(_see_ City)

Trade, 88-9, 90, 99, 127;
barter trade, 57;
international trade, 60, 62, 86, 127-8, 139, 178, 179, 198, 209, 223,
245, 258, 264-5, 276, 286
(_see_ Merchants, Commerce, Caravans, Silk road)

Translations, 135, 182, 280, 307

Transportation, 56, 168, 235, 247, 283
(_see_ Roads, Canals, Ships, Post, Caravans, Horses)

Travels of emperors, 66

Treasury, 84, 206

Treaty, international, 77, 226, 278, 286, 290-1, 293, 295, 296

Tribal organization, 76, 223, 224
(_see_ Banner, Army, Nomads)

Tribes, disappearance of, 133, 151-2;
social organization, 117;
military organization, 149

Tribute (_kung_), 33, 88, 209, 214, 226, 230, 248

_tsa-hu,_ social class, 144

Tsai T'ien, prince, 295

Ts'ai Yuean-p'ei, scholar, 307

Ts'ao Chih, poet, 48

Ts'ao Hsueeh-ch'in, writer, 280

Ts'ao K'un, politician, 312

Ts'ao P'ei, ruler, 102, 109, 113

Ts'ao Ts'ao, general, 100, 101, 102

Tsewang Rabdan, general, 277

Tseng Kuo-fan, general, 291

Tso Tsung-t'ang, general, 293

Tsou Yen, philosopher, 60-1

Ts'ui, clan, 113, 147, 181

T'u-chueeh, Goek Turk tribes, 149
(_see_ Turks)

Tu Fu, poet, 182

T'u-fan, Tibetan tribal group, 171, 177, 205

Tu-ku, Turkish tribe, 124, 151

_T'u-shu chi-ch'eng_, encyclopaedia, 279

_tu-tu_, title, 174

T'u-yue-hun, Tibetan tribal federation, 130, 141, 169, 177

Tuan Ch'i-jui, president, 312

Tuemet, Mongol tribal group, 265

Tung Ch'i-ch'ang, painter, 255

T'ung-chien kang-mu, historical encyclopaedia, 43

T'ung-chih, reign period, 294

Tung Chung-shu, thinker, 80, 104

Tung Fu-hsiang, politician, 298

Tung-lin academy, 267

Tungus tribes, 11, 19, 117, 222, 229, 265
(_see_ Ju-chen, Po-hai, Manchu)

Tunhuang (Tun-huang), city, 85, 324

Turfan, city state, 245

Turgut, Mongol tribal federation, 283

Turkestan, 45, 60, 62, 85, 86 ff., 88, 95, 97, 99, 113, 114, 125,
127, 130, 132, 134, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 159, 163,
176, 177, 178, 187, 220, 224, 241, 245, 259, 273, 277, 278,
282, 289, 293, 294
(_see_ Central Asia, Tarim, Turfan, Sinkiang, Khotan,
Ferghana, Samarkand, Khotcho, Tocharians, Yueeh-chih, Sogdians,
etc.)

Turkey, 259

Turks, 11, 15, 17, 25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 53, 57, 108, 109, 117, 119,
122, 127, 133, 135, 137, 140, 146 ff., 149 ff., 169 ff., 174,
176 ff., 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 203, 206, 230, 282, 294, 329
(_see_ Goek Turks, T'u-chueeh, Toba, Toeloes, Ting-ling, Uighur,
Sha-t'o, etc.)

Tzu Hsi, empress, 294 ff., 296 ff.

Uighurs, Turkish federation, 171, 174, 176, 177, 178, 181, 185, 186
ff., 190, 233, 234, 278

United States, 287, 304, 309, 313, 322, 342
(_see_ America)

Ungern-Sternberg, general, 311

Urbanization, 31, 250
(_see_ City)

Urga, city, 310

University, 304-5, 306, 307, 318, 320

Usury, 94

Vagrants (_liu-min_), 198, 213

Vietnam, 330, 334
(_see_ Annam)

Village, 23;
Village commons, 94, 154

Vinaya Buddhism, 188

Voltaire, writer, 242

Walls, 57;
Great Wall, 57, 67, 256

Wan-li, reign period, 265, 266

_Wang (king), 38_

Wang An-shih, statesman, 215 ff., 217-18, 254

Wang Chen, eunuch, 260

Wang Ching-wei, collaborator, 315, 318

Wang Ch'ung, philosopher 104-5

Wang Hsien-chih, peasant leader, 189-90

Wang Kung, general, 158

Wang Mang, ruler, 92 ff., 97, 100, 101

Wang Shih-chen, writer, 255

Wang Shih-fu, writer, 242

Wang Tao-k'un, writer, 254

Wang Tun, rebel, 156-7

Wang Yang-ming, general and philosopher, 261 ff.

War, 82;
size of wars, 21, 53;
War-chariot, 25, 29, 30, 53;
cost of wars, 90;
War lords, 309 ff.;
Warrior-nomads, 36
(_see_ Army, World War, Opium War, Lorcha War, Fire-Arms)

Washington, conference, 313

Wei, dynasty, 102, 113 ff.;
small state, 40;
empress, 180

Wei Chung-hsien, eunuch, 267-8

Wei T'o, ruler in South China, 77

Welfare state, 215 ff.

Well-field system (_ching-t'ien_), 33

Wen Ti, Han ruler, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86;
Wei ruler 113;
Toba ruler, 144;
Sui ruler, 167 ff.

Wen Tsung, Manchu ruler, 294

Whampoa, military academy, 314

Wheat, 11, 21, 32

White Lotos sect (Pai-lien), 239, 267, 284-5

Wholesalers, 200

Wine, 21

Wood-cut, 251, 256
(_see_ Colour print)

Wool, 21, 33, 286
(_see_ Felt)

World Wars, 295, 310, 311, 312, 317

Women rights, 280, 332

Writing, invention, 18, 22
(_see_ Script)

Wu, empress, 179 ff.;
state, 38, 111-12, 115, 121

Wu-ch'ang, city, 301
(_see_ Hankow)

Wu Ching-tzu, writer, 280

Wu-huan, tribal federation, 98, 102, 114

Wu P'ei-fu, war lord, 312

Wu San-Kui, general, 269, 271, 272, 277

Wu Shih-fan, ruler, 271

Wu-sun, tribal group, 89

Wu Tai (Five Dynasties period), 199 ff.

Wu Tao-tzu, painter, 183

Wu(Ti), Han ruler, 86, 89, 91;
Chin ruler, 115;
Liang ruler, 161, 164

Wu Tsung, Manchu ruler, 261, 264

Wu Wang, Chou ruler, 30

_wu-wei,_ philosophical term, 47

Yakub beg, ruler, 293

Yamato, part of Japan, 112

Yang, clan, 119, 120

Yang Chien, ruler, 151, 163, 166 ff.
(_see_ Wen Ti)

Yang (Kui-fei), concubine, 184

Yang-shao, archaeological site, 12 ff., 29

Yang Ti, Sui ruler, 168, 178

Yao, mythical ruler, 17;
tribes in South China, 12, 16, 19, 21, 111, 152

Yarkand, city in Turkestan, 97, 98, 282

Yeh (K'ai-feng), city, 125, 148

Yeh-ta (_see_ Ephtalites)

Yehe-Nara, tribe, 294

Yellow Turbans, secret society, 101, 158

Yeh-lue Ch'u-ts'ai, politician, 241

Yen, state, 114;
dynasty, 112;
Earlier Yen dynasty, 126, 127;
Later Yen dynasty 127, 128 ff.;
Western Yen dynasty, 129

Yen-an, city, 321-2

Yen Fu, translator, 280

Yen Hsi-shan, war lord, 315

Yen-ta (Altan), ruler, 264-5

_Yen-t'ieh-lun_ (Discourses on Salt and Iron), book, 91

Yin Chung-k'an, general, 158

Yin-ch'ue, city, 21

Yin and Yang, philosophical terms, 60

Ying Tsung, Manchu ruler, 259, 260

Yo Fei, general, 226

Yue Liang, general, 156, 157

Yue-wen, tribal group, 119, 148, 169, 172

Yuean Chen, 182

Yuean Chi, philosopher, 50

Yuean Mei, writer, 280

Yuean Shao, general, 100

Yuean Shih-k'ai, general and president, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 309,
310, 311, 312

Yuean Ti, Han ruler, 92;
Chin ruler, 152, 156

Yueeh, tribal group and area, 12, 16, 38, 77, 152

Yueeh-chih, Indo-European-speaking ethnic group, 75, 88, 118, 150

Yuen-kang, caves, 146-7, 344

Yuennan, (Yuen-nan), province, 10, 89, 97, 110, 248, 258, 275, 292

Yung-cheng, reign period, 278, 282

Yung-lo, reign period, 257, 264

Zen Buddhism
(_see_ Ch'an), 164

Zoroaster, founder of religion, 342

Transcriber's Notes

Most typos/misspellings were left as in the original text. In some obvious cases they are noted here. There are cases of American and UK English. There are cases of unusual hyphenation. There are more than one spelling of Chinese proper nouns. There are cases, like Marxism, which are not capitalized. There are cases of double words, like 'had had'. These are correctly used.

Additionally, the author has spelled the following words inconsistently. Those have not been changed, but are listed here:

Northwestern Southwards Programme re-introduced practise Lotos Ju-Chen cooperate life-time man-power favor advise

Page 25. (conceived as a kind of celestrial court) This should be celestial court.

Page 25. (the middle of the second millenium B.C.). Normally 'millenium' is spelled 'millennium', with a double n.

Page 26. (they re-settled the captured). Normally 're-settled' is spelled without a hyphen.

Page 80. ("Collected Statues of the Manchu Dynasty") This is likely a typo for "Collected Statutes of the Manchu Dynasty".

Page 197. (allowed to enter the state examina) This may be a typo for state examinations.

Page 209. (accounted for 25 per cent cent) I removed the duplicate cent.

Page 255. ("The Peony Pavillion") Pavillion/Pavilion is spelled with one 'l' in other places thoughout this work.

Page 264. (Ling's church Taosim.) This may be Taoism, but I left as was printed.

Page 275. (could allevitate the pressure) Alleviate was probably meant.

Page 278. (particulary in regard) Typo for particularly.

Pages 335 and 336. The spelling of J. G. Andersoon/Andersson is not consistent. Johan Gunnar Andersson appears to be associated with studies of China.

Page 342. The name W. Eichhorn is apparently misspelled here as Eichhron.

Page 323. Equipped is spelled equiped.

Page 337. (and when it florished,) Typo for flourished.

Index and page 60. Machiavellism/Machiavellian is spelled with 2 'c's. Machiavelism is more common as Machiavellianism.