Chapter XII: Present-Day China

1 The growth of communism 320 2 Nationalist China in Taiwan 323 3 Communist China 327

Notes and References 335

Index 355

ILLUSTRATIONS

1 Painted pottery from Kansu: Neolithic. _Facing page_ 48 _In the collection of the Museum fuer Voelkerkunde, Berlin_.

2 Ancient bronze tripod found at Anyang. 49 _From G. Ecke: Fruehe chinesische Bronzen aus der Sammlung Oskar Trautmann, Peking 1939 plate 3._

3 Bronze plaque representing two horses fighting each other. Ordos region, animal style. 64 _From V. Griessmaier: Sammlung Baron Eduard von der Heydt, Vienna 1936, illustration No. 6._

4 Hunting scene: detail from the reliefs in the tombs at Wu-liang-tz'u. 64 _From a print in the author's possession_.

5 Part of the "Great Wall". 65 _Photo Eberhard._

6 Sun Ch'uean, ruler of Wu. 144 _From a painting by Yen Li-pen (c. 640-680)._

7 General view of the Buddhist cave-temples of Yuen-kang. In the foreground, the present village; in the background the rampart. 145 _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson._

8 Detail from the Buddhist cave-reliefs of Lungmen. 160 _From a print in the author's possession._

9 Statue of Mi-lo (Maitreya, the next future Buddha), in the "Great Buddha Temple" at Chengting (Hopei). 161 _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson._

10 Ladies of the Court: Clay models which accompanied the dead person to the grave. T'ang period. 208 _In the collection of the Museum fuer Voelkerkunde, Berlin._

11 Distinguished founder: a temple banner found at Khotcho, Turkestan. 209 _Museum fuer Voelkerkunde, Berlin. No. 1B 4524, illustration B 408._

12 Ancient tiled pagoda at Chengting (Hopei). 224 _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson._

13 Horse-training. Painting by Li Lung-mien. Late Sung period. 225 _Manchu Royal House Collection._

14 Aborigines of South China, of the "Black Miao" tribe, at a festival. China-ink drawing of the eighteenth century. 272 _Collection of the Museum fuer Voelkerkunde, Berlin. No. 1D 8756, 68._

15 Pavilion on the "Coal Hill" at Peking, in which the last Ming emperor committed suicide. 273 _Photo Eberhard._

16 The imperial summer palace of the Manchu rulers, at Jehol. 288 _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson._

17 Tower on the city wall of Peking. 289 _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson._

MAPS

1 Regions of the principal local cultures in prehistoric times 13

2 The principal feudal States in the feudal epoch (roughly 722-481 B.C.) 39

3 China in the struggle with the Huns or Hsiung-nu (roughly 128-100 B.C.) 87

4 The Toba empire (about A.D. 500) 141

5 The T'ang realm (about A.D. 750) 171

6 The State of the Later T'ang dynasty (923-935) 205