Chapter II: Part IV: Recent Commerce

XXVIII. COMMERCE AND COAL 270

XXIX. MACHINERY AND MANUFACTURES 280

XXX. ROADS AND RAILROADS 290

XXXI. MEANS OF NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION 302

XXXII. THE WARES OF COMMERCE 317

XXXIII. THE MODERN ORGANIZATION 329

XXXIV. COMMERCIAL POLICY 345

XXXV. ENGLAND: COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 1800-1850 357

XXXVI. ENGLAND: REFORM OF COMMERCIAL POLICY 368

XXXVII. ENGLAND: COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 1850-1914 376

XXXVIII. ENGLAND: PRE-WAR PROBLEMS 386

XXXIX. GERMAN STATES 400

XL. GERMANY UNDER THE EMPIRE 408

XLI. FRANCE 422

XLII. MINOR STATES OF CENTRAL AND NORTHERN EUROPE 431

XLIII. STATES OF SOUTHERN EUROPE 442

XLIV. EASTERN EUROPE 454

PART V

UNITED STATES

XLV. ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION, 1789 469

XLVI. INTERNAL TRADE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE, 1789 485

XLVII. COMMERCE AND POLICY, 1789-1815 498

XLVIII. NATIONAL EXPANSION, 1815-1860 511

XLIX. EXPORTS, 1815-1860 530

L. IMPORTS, POLICY, DIRECTION OF COMMERCE, 1815-1860 540

LI. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 1860-1914 552

LII. EXPORTS, 1860-1914 566

LIII. IMPORTS, POLICY, DIRECTION OF COMMERCE, 1860-1914 578